Second Nature

Second Nlature ADAPTINGLAS LANDSCAPE FORSUSTAINABLE LIVING

Commentary by Paul Hawken Prefaceby Andy Lipkis Edited by Patrick Condon and StacyMoriarty

-!){ 0 Trans-AgencyResoitrces for Enairpnntental , and Eco.nom ir S us t ai n)bi I i ty

- ature AdaptingLAs Landscape fo'rSustainable Living

utitlt Com(nentary by Pau! Haouken Preface tiy Andy Lipkis

Edited bv Patrick Condon andSr".y Moriarty with PS ENTERPRISES

Design. blt Deborah Daly

-:. ------.PRtNtEl gy r-lll MWn ITTT llll unnopotiTnituuATER DtsTBtcT 0FIIITHEBN cALtFlRNtA v How to'l(eep Up with Oui Progress.

The T.R.E.E.S.Project has a web site http://www.treepeopl,e.org/trees that-details every .aspectof the projelt.The site includes a cistern- model, informzrtion on the demonstration site, this'illustrated book, ?nd L self-guided,HomeForester.workshop with tips for applying the Best Managemen_tPractices (BMPs).It als

'i. Copyright @lgggbyAndylipkis,TreePeople All righF reserved. N9 part of this work may,be reproduted or tmnsmitted in any fofm by anyYn€ans, electronic or mechanical, includirtg photocopying and recordlng, or by any . information storagr or retrieyal sysiep, qgept as m4y be expresqlypermitte dby ttre 1576 Copyright Act or in wdting by Treefeople. Requists'for such permissions should be addressed to: Treeleople , : ' l26fl Mulholland Dr.,Beveily Hi{s, CA 9O2LO ' (818) 7554ffi,FAX (8r8>753-4625 . [email protected] 1-

Contents

21 28 29

;40 41

. Designs ',Site . 1: Single-family Homq Site 43 Site 2: Multi-family Housing Site_ 53 Site 3: Public Site l 64 . Site 4: Qornmercial Site 73 '81 _ Site 5: Industrial Site

C6ncluiion 90

Glossary 93

a- AppendixA: ,' . Qr gdnizationalProf ile s 98 ' Appendix B: CharfetteParticipants, 99

Appendix C: ' T.R.E.E.S:Resources 107

- eCknowledgmentsl ' 115

A \Vord About Our Sponsors

The T.R.E.E.S. Project: is about creating connections-between iamilies, communities;organi,zations, and agencies at bll levels of government-so that together we.can create the nurturing and sustainable lifestyles we require to survive and thrive.' : Before becoming ^paft ofT.R.E.E.S.,mostof the participating government agencies worked on their separate part of ih. tor Ang€les infrastructure independent of one another. As i result of theT.RE.E.S. Project, we now have a model that demonstrates the rapid progfess that cah be achieved through a.unified, systcmic approach to meeting - the cpstly, environme;rtal challenges of our city. As you will read in- the Exbcutive Summary, profound levels of implementation of sustainable systems have akeady occurred in the short time since the design chamette-on which this book is based- took place in May of 1997. This would never have been possible without the willingness of our sponsors to create new protocols for working together in innovative ways. The first agency to offer its assistance was the U.S. Forest Service . Oncb we received their graht, TrbePeople set abou,t assembling an interagency advisory task force to bring together national, state, and local-agencies that .each play an essential role in dgaling wit$ our urban environment. ' Atl of the triebple involved needed tq be educated and informed about the T.R.E.E.S. concept of integrated ecosystem managdment before they'were ready to look at collaborating with _.other depart- ments, developing a program, and identifing funds and resources. But when the implications and ramifications of such an approach.were fully grasped, cooperation.was forthcoming. 'We \ are deeply grateful to the foilowing organizations who joined with TreePeople to form Transagency Resources for Environmental and Economic Sustainability: - r

The U.S. Forest Service/N ational Urban. and Comnunity Forestry Advisory Council (IIUCFAC) This agency served as the lead sponsor and iwarded the cirallenge graintthat enabled us to create the multi-agency T.R.E.E.S. partnership. ' The City of Los Angeles ' . Fnnding was provided by the Stormwater Management Division of the Department of Pirblic Works, and the Department pf Water and . Power. Initial inter-departmental coordination was provided by the Departrirent of Environmental Affairs,. and {eadership wis provided by

A WORDABOUT OUR SPONSORS the. Board of Public'Works, Other active agencies include the Bureau of Sanitation, the Street Tree Divisioo and the Recreation and Parks Department. The City Council resolution authorizing city pafticipl- tion was introduced by Couneilmember Ruth Galanter.

The City of Santa Monica Funding was provided by the Environmental and Public W'orks Management Department and the Community and Cultural Services Department.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agehcy TR.E.E.S.was'a special projegt of Region 9 and was managed by the Clean'Water Division.

The Los Angeles County Department of Public Vorks This department has combined authority for'flood control, water conservation, environmental protection, waste management and othef aspects of County infrastructure. The DPW provided funding for the charrette and this book. Bas,edon the results of the first phase of the T.R.E.E.S.Project, they have now launched a study of sustainable systems to handle flooding problems in the Upper and Lower SunValley Watersheds.

The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California The M${rD provided assistance in public education programs by preparing printed materials and a video of the charrette and demonstration sit€ construction process. The also publisheO itris book.

The Los Angeles,Urban Resources Partnership This organization provided funding for the public education and signage at the Demonstration Site.

The Southern California Association of Govdrnments , Provided large amounts of datz for the Cost-Benefit Analysis.

Environment Now Provided the total funding for theT.R.E.E.S.Cost-Benefit Model and is also assisting Nrith the first real-world implementation of T.R.E.E.S. Best Management Practices at the 400 schools in the L.A. Unified School District which are scheduled for re-paving under Proposition BB.

A WORDABOUT OUR SPONSORS Preface

Los Angeles is a .grcat city in a beautiful environment. But it a'as built with little understand.ingor appreciation for the powei and function of nature and its cycles. Environmental problems,- cornpounded by human behavior, take a h'e4vy.toll on our city's economy and ecosystemand thus on the health and safety of all residents. In natural systems,rainfall is caught by trees or shrubs and released slowly into th'e ground. This cycle produces nutrients, fresh water and clean.air. Even in a semi-arid landscafle like Los Angeles,the ecosystemwas once inbalance , providing eyerythiqg that ngtive,people,plants, ar1d animals needed for a sustainablelife. ''We have interfered with the natural cycles of energy and water by sealing the soil'with thousands of squaie miles of con- . crete and asphalt.In this artificial iystem, rainfall is channeled to our roadways where it picks up oil, asbestos,pesticides, animal , wastes and other pollutants and washes; as a toxic soup, down ,our storm drain system directly out to our beachesand bays. With well oier 6U/o of tfre eity's surface covered,with pavement, very little of the"sun's energy is absdrbed by vegetation. Inst

PREFACE nomic, environmental and sbcial benefltd to be gained throrigh a coop- erative approach to designing our urban landscapes as,functloning mini-watersheds. ' T.R.E.E.S.-Trans-Agency. Resqurces for Environmental and Eco- nomic Sustainability-is creating cross-jurisdictional and cross-disciplinary connections between those people and institutions respohsible for component parts of the urban ecology, especially in the areas of energy, wate! waste removal, and air quality systems. The T.R.E.E.S. ' Planbook enumgrates and demonstrates the diverse benefits to be , derived from such a unified, cost-effective approach to managing our environmental challenges. The architectural and landscape designs and retrofits described in thiS book could solve our environlnental dilemmas, beautify our city, and fulfill our dream cif sustainabiliqv for Los Angeles in the 21st Cen- tury.We believe that a system-wide retrofit with designs such as these,. if fully implemented over time, would yield benefits to justify'the costs, including:

. Reduction of fresh water imports to LosAngeles by 50%; . Dramatic reduction of pollution flowing into Santa Monica and San Pedro Bays; ' . Removal of the-loO-year flood threat on the LosAngeles River; . Elimination of green waste froin the wast€ stream,leading tb . a reduction of landfill content by 3o%;and . Significant improvement in air quality.

In the T.R.E.E.S.vision for the future of Los Angbles, public utiqties, - flood contiol and water agencies will work together to achieve these gods. As many' as 50,00O people will be trairled to work in the new "green industry" re-landscaping property, building and installing cisterns, and.monitoring and maintaining th€se systelils'Th€ air will be cleaner . because thouSands of trucks now used to transport green waste to landfills will be idled.Water bills will shrink and energy bills will also drop. .We are convinced that these goals are now within our reach.The ' ' purpose of the T.R.E.E.S.Project is to provide tangible evidence that this is so and to start us on'the path of implementation. We hope the informatiori contained in this book will be of great use / and interest to many different grpups and individuals,inclu{ing the government agencies that mmage our enviro'nmeht; the politicians who struggle to develop ways to improve our environment;enviroflmental gtoups who need communication tools and technical support; devel-. opers,who. wish to practice the highest form bf sirstainable develop- 'who ment; educators work to teach people that'.environmental- prcblems, often begin and end at home; and members of the general public who want to plrticipate in making their local and regional envi- roff-nent a healthier place in which to dwell. Andy Lipkis President of TreePeople

10 PREFACE Executive Summary TheT.R.E.E.S. Story

. Urban and community forestry hold the key to saving aur cities in ways we could'not have envisioned twenty-five years ago when TreePeople first started.W-hat began as simple tree planting,has grown into a project that extends to urban infrastructure. managernent. Through programs like those offerEd by TreePeople-including citizen-activist training, public and youth education, and community- based researCh-we have discovered a set of principles and practices that will enable. us to re-invent citiesin the new century. By following these plinciples and implementing a set of .rrb"r forest-based Best Management Practices @MPs), our cities can become econbmically and environmentally sustainable as well as aesthetically uplifting and' enlivening for all who dy'ell there. This book for the T.R.E.E.S.project introduces a selection of land- 'retrofits' scape redesigns and architectural that (an help solve many of our region's most serious erlvironmental problems. The book also includes a benefit_analysis that lists the cost value per yer-over a thirty year period:-for a full remediation of the five typical land uses in LosAngelesfor which these BMPs were designed. Thb intention of thos€ who came together in 1997 to develop these BMPs lvas to create a set of designs that would be so aitractive, compelling and sensiple, they would spark a widespread desire to implement them throughout the City. As you will read, this goal is akerdy closer to rcahzatlon. 'We . knew at the outset that the way to gathef the consensus and momentu{n to. propose and facrlita;te such a city-wide transformation was to forge links betweeh disciplines, bufeaucracies, businesse s!community and environmental groups and to gain public suppoft through heightened awafeness. If we afe to successfully mzlnage our ecosystem as an urban forest watershed, we need both inulti-agency paLrt- nefships and an educated, erypowered ciltlzeffy. This unified, systemic approach represents a new parudigm.It riquires profound.neW levels ofl education about how to live in a wholesome relationship with nature.It casts individuals and families in the role of siewards. It also allows agencies-to serye as educators, facilitators, and monitors father than as enforcers.

A SYSTEM-BASEDAPPROACH TO URBANFOREST WATERSHEDMANAGEMENT

The T.R.E E.S project developed out of frustration that the profound benefits of planting tre'es, and of managing our local fesources

EXECUTIVESUMMARY 11 more efficiently and effectively, were. not fully recognized or utilized. . Trees can sarre watef, clean the air, and revitalize {ommunities but'it was clear we needed to do more than plant and care for tr_ees. A sustainable environment requires that ws stop the leaking away of' our natural ..rorrr.Lr-including wildlife, nutrients, energy, money, wate! and the energy of people who either do not participate or whose participation is not coordinated so as to maximize its value.We also must find ways to involve and employ more people to help main- , trin the inti:gr-ity and sustainabillty of the city. - Money always seems aVailable to construct large-scale public infra- structur€ projects thdt attempt to solve" problems caused by urban developmett. An example is the flood threat on the lo.nrer portions of - the Los Angeles River.These projects, however, tend to be single-purpose. They usually leave the local population out of the picture'and often exacerbate other linked problems.'We must begin to spend pub- , lic money in r way tf:lat integrates the management of all of our resources. so we can build a leautiful, sustainable environment and enjoy a thriving economy. The T.R.E E.S. Projeci is designed to prove the technical and eco- . _nomic feasibility of accomplishing ihis integration.W'e set out to sbow that the waste of resources,like q/ater flowing out of L river, could be redirected so that urban forest watershed-based projects 5rould be economically sustainable.

' TheT.R.EIE.S..Pioject aims to: 1). Re-design urban sites'to functicin as miniature urbah-forest ' watefsheds; 2). Demonsfrate that the designs actually work; 3). Make evident the economic viability of the integrated water- 'shed approach; , 4). Bring together key agencies and Jtakeholders to plan the , financing and implementation of a large-scale retrofit of the watershed

1. Re-designurban sites to fundtionas miniatureurban-foreit watersheds

The nmps dedcribed in this book were developed at a'chartett6'-61 ' crossdisciplnary workshop-that took place in May of 1997. Fot that ' occasion,TreePeople brought to$ether 75 of the nation's most talented and- forward-thinking landscape and building architects, engineers, hydrologists, urban foresters, government officials, and community leaders to work in an intensive,.fi.rlly-integrated prodess to accomplish in four days what might otherwise have taken months. Charrette participants sought to address a number of broad areas of concern for Los Angeles. These included: the excessive consumption of potable water;the difficulty of flood fiIanagement;the resultant , ,

12 EXECUTIVESUMMARY pollution of storm drains, beaches, ahdbays; the high rate of air-cool: ing energy consumption with its direct relationship to air pollution (and possibly to global warming);the masSivd amount of green waste which has contributed'to the closure of landfills;the desertification of outlying regions from which we import water;inner city urban blight with its disheartening impact bn residents;and youth.unemployment. The intention of the char.rette was to fulfill tWo primary qoals:-

1. To show how regional policy objectives may be achieved . more efficiently through building and retrofitting sites for irnproved pnvironme-ntal function. This required developing ' BMPs suitable for testing at demohstration sites or by government agencies, including workable prototypeq for alternative flood control technologigs capable of removing thq lOo-year flood threat bn the tos Angel-es River. 2. To provide an inspirational vision that illuminates the rela- ,' tionship between sustainable landscape designs and an enhanced Aua.titf of life for all LosAngeles residents . The outcome of the charrette process was more than a set of- BMPs. It was a collection of designs capable of addresSing all of these issues at once-by retrofitting residenti4li public, commercial, and industrial properties to function as urban forest micro-watersheds. For less thaq it costs to supplement our piecemeal strategies to fight with hature's cycles, ctiarrette pafticipants discovered that ive can achieve sustainability, beautify the epvironment, and employ oUr citizens to become caretakers of their own urban forest environment. To date, only one of our five sites-the single-family dwelling-has received a fufl retrofit (as described in the seconil section of this summary).The BMPs created for the other four sites are detailed in this / boo[rand are mentioned in brief below. As you read of these designs,it is important to understand that given the short time allowed at th€ charrette, none of .them are complete. Additional design and engineering work woulp be reiluired before they could be built as shown. But the designs provide points of departure for later work and demOnstrate broadly applicable principles. .

The MultiFamily Site is an abandoned set of buildings which are now being.rehabilitated for low cost housing.The site is located near industry and freeways.The bulk of the site is a parking lot. Under the T.R.E.E.S.proposal, all stormwater is treated on site by directing it through'sartd aod glass filters and through composted mulch from the gfeen \ /aste on site.The first half inch of rain permeates.into strbsur- f,ace storage under the parking lot which is raised over a bed of gravel. The site thus is,able to handle four inches of on-site runoff. (This site was also the focus of another charrette hosted by Global Green USA, to dpvelop sustainable designs for the interior of the buildings)

EXECUTIVESUMMARY 13 The Public Site, Crenshaw High School,'is currently two-thirds paved. The only areas unpaved are the.athletic fields and a central courflzard lawn. The proposed retrofit includes converting the adult school parking lot into an oak grove with parking on a permeable surface under the trees. Riparian s*ales Qoth absorb and direct rain' runoff to cisterns under the football field. Both the football field and baseball fields can bi flooded for as long as thre'e days dudng a'10O- year stom evgnt without creating runoff into the.storm drain system. - Gray watef from the athletic showers and .from rainwater stored in the Cistern is sufficient for all irigation needS even after the installation of, low flow-showerheads in the gyms..Crushed stone parking lots are pprous so as to filter pollution as the Water seeps into the ground. Stpte- grcally placed trees shade air conditioning equipment on the south and west sides of the buitdings.There is enough water storage on site not only to take care of a lOGyear flood event, but to handle the runoff from an additional 25 acres of paved land fiom the surrorrnding neighborhood.

The Commercial Site includes a convenience cornmercial,building with three sm4ll businesses, and aJiffy tube automotive oil-changing service on the adjacint'parcel. Corrmrercial buildings-line the' stieet, but . the neighborhood around this heavily developed commercial area coh- sists of-well-maintained single-family homes and several schools. Taking permeable advantage-design of subsgils on.tlulssite,the underlying . strategy for ihe and management is as follows: to make the site surfaces more permeable to facilitate'water infiltratior.r and to enhance -reduce flood control; fo the requirement for imigation water| by installing drought-tolerant plants;to capture, store, and re,use rainwater for irrigation;to captrre and remove pollutants from stoffiwater runoff; and to maxknize the use of trees and plant covef for aesthetic pu4ioses, energy conservation, and reductioir of air and water pollution.

.The Industrial Site is located next to Ballona Creek. Under the T.R:E.E.S.proposal, the creek is re-thanneled and widened, with less concfete, to increase flood control and recreational opportunities. Parking lots are reconstructed with permeable paving materials and the creek edge is landsqaped to include a pedestri4n walk. Rainwater from the roof is used fdr flushing toilets and landscape irrigation.The water storage tanks and'green wall'shade the walls and roof o{the building to help lower air conditioning energy needs.

2. Demonstratethat the designsactually work

A-fter the charrette, the basic designs wele given to engineers at CHZM Hill for conversioninto BMPs for the demonstration s'ite and for use in-stormwatbr progf,ams now being implemented across the city and county. Four BMPs were installed at our der,nonstration site-a single-fam-

.T4 EXECUTIVESUMMARY ily home in South Central Los Angeles. These include fwo modular, - 1800 gallon cisterns-made from recycled plastic-for capturing rainwater from the rooftop both to reduce stormwater runoff and for use in landscape irrigation-during dry months. A berrh was placed around the front and back lawns to retain up to 9 inches of stormwater as it percolates into the,groundwater table. A dry well was installed to capttre polluted runoff from the driveway and send it through a sand filter befot€ directing it further down the well for ground water recharge. A mirlched swale was also installed in the backyard to convey water away from the house and to filter out pollutants.The swale is designed to attractively consumq all of the garden or greenuaste that is generated on the site, completely removing it from the waste stream.The whole site is designed to handle a 100-ybar flood eVent. The demonstration site was formall.y ofened onAugust ti,t998 at a ceremony attended by representatives of sponsodng agencies and other' distinguished guests.To begln the process of educating the public about the TR.E,E.S.vision, we qrgated,a flash-flood on this property-in the midst of the region's driest season-which generated national news coverage by the leading print and electronic media in LosAngeles. ' We wilf be (nonitorihg the efficacy of the BMPs at the demonstration-site for some time to come and will'makb_improvements as needed.The site now seryes as a working model for agency officials, engineers, landscape architects, pfope{ty managefs, gardeners, and the general public and will enable them to examir.re the efficacy of these . systems for implementation on othef sites.

3. Todemonstrate the economicviability of the integrated watershedapproach

Aside from proving that an urban forest retrofit was techniqally feasible, the T.R.E.E.S.Project sought to prove that it was also economically fqasible. To achieve this goal, we created a Cost-Benefit . Analys_isto allow urbanBlanners to evaluate the socioeconomic and natural fesoufce-related consequerrces of implementing urban 'forestry BMPs in the Los Angeles area. By so doing, we could ensure that these practices would be given reasbnable consideration as alter- 'We natives tb conventional design strategies. hiredJeffVallace, one of the early members of Silicon Graphics Computer Systems, to design and manage.the process, and' the firm of Jonbs & Stokes Associates, Inc. to help conduct the analysis. The Cost-Benefit Analysis bvaluates the BMPs in relation to such conditions as water quality and avillabiltty, flood control, air quality, energy demdnd, greenwaste supply, capital'and operational costs, social benefits, and environrnental impacts. In its preliminary form; the Cost Benefit Analysis served as a basis for the BMPs that were developed at the design charrette.The briefing

EXECUTIVESUMMARY 15 reports subsequentlyunderwent a review by staff rhembers from such organrzationsas theAir Quality ManagementDistfict, the coalition fof- CleanAir, thdU.S. Forest Service,the.LosAngeles Bureau of Sanitation, - ' ' the U.S.EPA, and various academic institutions.\trfith their comments incorpdrated, additional feedback was received from focus groups attended by agency decision-makersand other technical experts. We thep recogniled the need for an interactive tool that would make it possible for planners and'urban f.oresterseverywhere to pfove ,the economic casefor urban forestry.Using the researchacconiplisheil for the Cost Benefit Analysis(which uliimately involved over 20Opeo- 'Wallace , ple and generated 16,000 pages of.material),Jeff created the Cost Benefit Model with funding provided by Environment Now. Thq model is an interactive corirputer progfam that makes it pos- 'envirbn- sible to ,select Specific geographic areas Io detertnirie the - mentaf and eionomic benefit of using chosen BMPs.Because the Cost Benefit Model involves a geographic information system (GIS) inter- .face, users canr Work with geographically-referenced,study'areas within LosAngeles County ranging from a single ceflsus block to the ' enti-recounty. , The model shows the multiple, systemic benefits and costs associated with an individual BMP or combination of.them:.It quantifies the . energy,air qualiryflood control, and pollution-prevention benefits and l also calculatesihe number of jobs that would be created as a result of - impl'ementing the BMPs. Thus, a Lo'3Angeles city planner could select a neighborhood block and by a few clickq of the mouse discover frow planting a cer- : tain number, of trees might affect energy costs for ttre arca. Or a city touncilmembef's field representative could highlight a council.dis- . trict and readily genefate data on how using BMPs to decrease stormwater runoff and prevent flood damagewoutd also iave energy, ., prevent air pollution, and produce a specific number of local employ- .ment.opport-unities-Because the Cost-BenefitModel indicates the full- range of environmental and economic benifits that result f-m "oy particular strategy,it makes evident other possible funding sources and"poterltial,part-ners whe are likely to share an inter.estin partici: pating in a Siven project.

4). Bring together key ag.dnciesand stakeholdersto plan the financing and implementation of a large-scaleretrofit of the watershed

Th'enext phaseof'theT.R.E.E.S. Proiect is to cfeate a multi-agency Implemintation Board to devise a strategic outreach, education, and implementatiott pIan,t[at can facilitate broad acceptance and use of the BMPsthroughout Los Angelbs. . . The Board will consist of core T.R.E.R.S.Project stakeholders, including leaders of government agencies,the building trades, envi-

16' EXECUTIVESUMMARY ronmental organizatioris,businesses and other groups.The goal of the Board will be to accomplish the fgllowing tasksi . Identi$ and develop capital funding meehanisms. ' Identify institutional and other barriers to achieving widg- scaleimplementation of the T.R.E.E.S.project concept. - o Develop strategies-forovercoming these barriers. ' . Create permanent pathways for ongoing intgragehcy imple_ - mentation of BMPs. ' Determine the timelinefor phased project irhplementation. Devise a comprehensive public education and outreach plan. ' ' Facilitate and managethe stateholder participation process.

urba4 forestefs and decision-makers throughout the country ' - as well as to local officilals;agencies, and piofessional groups.

This book and the'cost-Benefit uooet will serve as tools for this process.w'orking'intcams, the stakeholdirs will create strategies;builj 'a consensusof commitment among their peers, agencies and otganiza- tions; and then hold a conference in which a finatr.R.E.E.s.rrolect repoft will be released..

PROGRESSSINCE THE CHARRETTE ' The cost-Benefit Model has proven to be an invaluable tool, allow: ing for the rapid progress made since the charrette. An example of one opportunity that would have been lost, if not for the cost Benefit Model,involves the planned repaving of school yards in the LosAnge- les uirified school Districf. This areacollectively representsone of the largesttracts of pave{ land in the combined LosAngelesRiver and Bal_ lona Creeldwatefsheds. , r

Greeningthe Schools

rh 1997,-Los Angeles vorers ippioved proposition BB-a $2.5 billion bond for school repair that illocates $lg7 million simply for ' replacing age{ asphalt,play-yardswith new asphalt at 4oo schools. und.er the leadership of the proposition BB oversight committee, TreePeopleand other interested parties were able to use data from the TR.E.E.S.costfenefit Analysi$and Model to. persuade the Board of Education to authorize the use of t'rees,lawns,green spacesand permeable-surfacesbn u-pto ao%,of the surfacesttrat trac been scheduled for repaving -. Environment Now, the local foundation that funded development of the cost Benefit Model, also financed creation of the engineering specificationsre(uired to enable every campus to function as a watershed. In addition, Errvironment Now is helping to underwrite.our

EXECUTIVESUMMARY 17 recruitment of various other funding agencies to contribute the. extra money necessary to change the performance of the campuses from sources of pollution and dangerous flooding to places of respite and restoration-as well as stofmwater retention and utilization. Overall, approxirhately 2O million square feet of heat-retaining asphalt will be replaced with strarsgically-pld4ted shade trees and other forrns of vegetation.This will ultimately result in cooler temperatures on campuses leaiJing to energy conservation and lower energy costs, improved air qualitg the reduction of rainwater fllnoff into storm drains, and the beautification of school yards. The redesign of many of these schools ,is already. underway, and T.R.E.E.S.is providing the School Board with a package of recom- mended BMPs that will enable each campus to function as a mini- watershed-if fully implemented. TreePeople is also participating in the development of a workshop to train a group of landscape architects and construction rnanagers from the LosAngeles Unified School District in the use of these T.R.E.E.S.BMPs. - Currently, the School Board's budget for this ploject is limited to $3/sq.ft. which will cover only the planting and m4intenance of trees and lawns. However, father than posing an obstacle, this limitation cre- ates an opportunity to dernonstrate the mutr;al advantages to be derived through interagency cooperation in fhe pooling of resources to achieve shared goals. By using the Cost Benefit Model,T.R.E.E.S.ian make evident to various related agencies how each will be served by supportingthe fuller retrofit of the schools.This more extensive retrofit includes the.use of cisterns, vegetatbd swales, retention grading,'and various othef means for. increasing water retentiori on site and filtering pollutants out. of ""tfrHtJilffi1",", theFlood control division of therorerg.r., County Department of Public Wofks has akeady expressed its willing: ness to add funds where a fuller retrofit of a particular school can help in the abatement of a.local flooding problem.T.R.E.E.S.is also pursu- ing averlues for additional funding with other agencies whose goals will be advanced through the full retrofit of specific campuses. The effectiveness of errergy conservation through strategic tree planting has been well defined by the Cost Benefit Model. Now this system is being put to the test ny tne LosAngeles Department of'Water and Power (DIMP) in its'Cool Schools'program-a 4}-carnpus pilot project for the LosAngeles Uriified School District. The D\WP has allocated approximately $3 million ($40,OOO per school) for this pilot program; and TreePeople, along with three otKer community-based organizations (Northeast Trees,,L.A. Conservation Cgrpr, and the Hollywodd Beautification Team), will be Working to impl€ment the program over a sixteen month ppriod.These 4O campuses will serve.as models for a district-vzide school greening program. $oTe of the BMPs,.designed at the T.R.E.E.S:charrette specifically for

18 EXECUTIVESUMMARY schools will be impleinented at two additional schools so that they may serve as demonstration sites forsuslainable practices

Flood Control

Qn Novembei 25,I9i8,Carl Blum, the Deputy Director of the Los Angeles County Department of Public W'orks and fhe head of Flood Control, launched,a _studydf alternativq multi-purppse solutions to a local flooding issue in the Upper and Lower Sun Valley Watersheds. The Department had,designed'a $42 million stom drain to solve the problem. If the alternative solutions prove feasibl€, the funds will instead-beused to implement the BMPsfrom the-T.R.E.E.S.Project; along with other multi-purpose,urban forest-basedsolutions. Mr. Blum hired Michael Drennan, an engineer who participated in theT.R.E.E.S. charrette, to facilitate the study. The Sun Valley watershed comprises approximatply :5O square miles (2,680 acres) and inbludes 8,000 homes,'plus multifamily dweilings, commercial and industrial sites, schools, open land, and gravel pits.Thrdugh use of the Cost Benefit Model, a mix of BMPSwill be testid io determine the b.rt *uy to retain all water on site.

Planningfor the Future

Prior to theT.R.E.E.S.project, the.urban fordst was not considered critical infrastructure. The ear$ work of the T.R.E.E.S.Project, arld much hard work by the Community Forest Advisory Council, has changed tlrat. The Ciry of Los Angeles has finally declared the urban forest an esseritialelementpf city infras-tructure and has added it to the new GeneralPlan.This means that funding for planting, tree maintenance, and management of the urban forest should teceive a fat ", higher priofity than ever before. .

THEWAVE OF THE FUTURE

- _ Fulfilling the vision of a sustainable city will not take new money but a different way of allocating what is already being planned. Funds are spent evefy day on both new projects'and redevelopment that could instead be made avaifable for watershed improvement. For instanpe, the Los Angeles rtea aflticipates an investment of up to $20 billion over the next ten years in watei supply, flood control and stormwater pollution facilities. This money could be invested more efficiently in sustainable systems like thoqe described in this book rather than on a peripheral canal. A Request for Proposal issuEd by the U.S. Envirqnmental Protec- tionAgency rnlanttary of 1999 states:

EXECUTIVESUMMARY 19 U.S. EPA needs surveys estimate ,n"r, orr., the next 20 ' years,we will have to spend \e1rly $140 billion each on our drinkihg water and wastewater (including storm water) infra- structures. Further, ouf current investment in wastewater '$7'ith infrastructure alone approaches.$1r8trillion. such alarge investment at.stake, wt would be remiss'in not seeking the best possible solutions to our infrastructure challenges.-'

, The maJor differences between the,solutions spelled out herein, and the huge engineered fixes of the past are that the T.R.E.E.S. approach requires more tifne for implementation and a high degree of public awareness'ahdparticipation. However, we are convinced that the multiple benefits of safery pollution prevention,'economic devel- opinent, and beauty resuiting from.this approach far otrtweigh the benefits of single-purposeprojectS. The truly good news is that stakeholder agenci€sare beginning to agree.They'haveinvested time'and money in spbnsoringtheT.R.E:ES. Project. ayd dre now ready to aut(rorize more to build demonstration projects that will test,and-improve on thest approaches.

20 EXECUTIVESUMMARY KEYNIOTE ADDRESS

PAULHAWKEN

you,Andy, Speakers' Comments from Thank for inviting me to speak here tonight. Annual TreePeople "Grolse" Andy Lipkis is one of my heroes because thefe are very few peo- Receptiort and Second Nature ple in the world who are "doing it." Cbarrette Kick off at tbe $(rhat isAndy doing? That's the question.'What is"it"? Andy is tack- Gettlt Centery,Los Angeles, ling the "Big One." This "Big One" is not simply a reframing or redesign- May 14, 1997 ing or re-imagination of industrial society. It is the process of creating a new and viable path to the future for humanity. This path is one that no single architect, designeE or person can Paul Hatuken is a business- describe or foresee by him or herself. We will create it together, but it tnAn, enuironmentalist and will require individual leadership and'courage. This has happened ctutbor He hcls founded seu- once before in recent history at the onset of the Industrial Revolution. eral cctmpanies including In that instance, colrrage was not required. Nevertheless, it was truly Smitlt & Hcnuken, tbe garden revolutionary because it completely upset the established order of retail and catalog cornpany. things and created new ways for humans to live, work and prosper. It He serues cts Cbairman of also created a terrible legacy of devastation and suffering which in Tbe Naturctl Step, a non-profit effect brings us together tonight. -' edu cat i o n al fo und ati o n Imagine addressing the British Padiament in l75O and saying, "I xalJosepuv'pose is to deuelop have this great idea.I'm going to improve the productivity of human ancl share a conxmon frame- beings by a factor of one hundred or two hundred in the next thirty tuork comprised of easily years." You would have been thrown out and bianded as daft and idi. understo od, scientifically- otic. That was impossible. But of course it wasn't impossible. It hap- based principles that can pened and the results are all around us. serug as a conxpass to guide The results produced a civrlization that works extraordinarily well societjt touarcl a sustainable in many respects, but in other ways it works very badly. Here's the future. Mr Hauken is tbe problem: industrialism is extraord.inarily inefficient arid getting more author of seueral books pub- so all the time. And this is the paradox. The conundrum of the indus- lished in ouer 50 countries, trial age is the contradiction between the efficiency and'elegance of including tbe best-selling, our industrial components, and the inefficiency and squalor of the Ecology of Commerce (1999. larger industrial society. His book, Growing a Busi- W'e can see this contradiction everlr/here: in this room, in our ness, beca.me the basis of a technology in our cars, our houses, and our buildings. We see that, PBS series tahiclt Mr Hatuken individually, the components of industrialism have become better and bosted and produced. Tbe more efficient every.year. But, in fact, the system as a whole is becom- program explorecl socially ing less efficient.It's a "systems" problem.When you try to optimize responsiue companies and is the components of a system,you pessimize tl:re overall system itself. sboun on teleuision in ouer And it happens because we're not thinking in terms of the larger sys- 115 countries. tem, which is our planet and the living systems that support us.

KEYNOTEADDRESS 21 It seems to me that what you're doing in this charrette is beginning to think of L.A. as a system,which indeed it is whether we act on it or not. It still operates as a system but now it is deeply concealed. I'll give you an example of just how hidden it is. Andy Lipkis and I were asked to talk with the U.S.Forest Service a couple of years ago regarding a watershed management project they were working on in the San Bernardino National Forest. One of the things we discovered was that the staff there did not knotu that the major rivers in the L.A. basin-the ones now paved by theArmy Corps of Engineers-were once banked rivers where water flowed year round. Not only do we not see L.A. as an interconnected system pop- ulated by people and other forms of life, but we have lost our ecological memory of what was here and, therefore , of what the possibilities are for the future. 'We The industrial system is similar. know what it produces and we consume it-some of us all too avidly.'Wehave learned over a couple of hundred ycars to transform natural resources into tools, services, products, engines, highways, buildings, infrastructure, and technolo, gies that make people more productive. But there is a cost. The cost is that every living system on earth is in decline and the rate of decline is speeding up. There is no exception to that. There are regional exceptions for sure. s[Ie hope L.A. will be one soon. But, in fact, there are no global-scale exceptions to this rule. Industrial systems,including municipalities, are destroying all living systems. If you doubt it is you, consider this: an LvetageUS citizen requires 1.3 million pounds of material ayear to support an average life style. Tlre biggest p^rt of this is the 780,000 pounds of water used every year per capita in this country. This figure does not include water used for agricultural purposes, nor does it include stormwater runoff. Think about how much you actually see or touch of this 1.3 million pounds. Not so much really. But, that amount is what is generated on your behalf. This amounts to ovef 100 semi-tractor trailer loads of material used by the average family of four every year. And most of you here are "above average."So that's the basic system: efficient in the components but enormously inefficient as a whole. The success and shadow of industrial civlization have created two completely different ways of looking at the world: one way I call "Blue" and the other "Green." The Blues symbolize business and are represented by the Vall Street Journal, Business Week; Forbes and other business publications. The Greens do not have a daily newspa- per with two and a half'million circulation. But they do have newslet- ters, NGO reports, books, journals and flyers. There are about 10,000 groups in the United States that arc oriented around green issues. Most are grassroots organizations. Some that you hear about are large, but most of them 2;tevety small. The media portrays the relationship between Blues and Greens as an irreconcilable argument between two disparate points of view.

22 KEYNOTEADDRESS And those arguments play out as anti- ancl neo-Malthusian:people who have predicted doom-and-gloom and have been wrong, and those who say that the world is better and point to the past as proof. The Greens do say"yes"and afe not as pcssimistic as portrayed,but there is definitely a Malthusian side. I think it was Garrett Hardiir who said, "Anybody who's been buried 773 times can't be dead yet."This, of coufse, refers tb Thomas Malthus. From the Greens point-of-view, the dynamics Malthus wrote about are still very much in play. The Blues talk about economic gfowth-that the countfies that are the most prosperous are doing the most to clean up their environment. Ergo, we should pfomote economic growth. The Greens talk about material suffieiency, cutting back, and the health of the envifonlxent. Blues emphasize human resources but they don't live up to it very well because they are the ones who are re-engineering, downsizing and restructuring corporations, which is all about getting rid of people. Nevertheless, the rhetoric plays very well to people, and business is seen as pro-work,pro-jobs. The Greens often focus on the depletion of natural fesoufces and keystone species. They get enmeshecl in the spotted owl vs. hardworking logger arguments and find themselves appearing to be indifferent to hunian resources. Because the Blues see the wodd as improved, they are much eas- ier to listen to. We don't want to see the wodd as going backward: The argument between the two seems endless:less government, more govefnment; increased output, reduced output; population as a resoufce vs. population as a problem. The Blues tfust economic models, almost maniacally, and the Greens tfust ecological models. And finally, there is an issue with two awkward terms: substitutability (Blues) and complementarity (Greens). Substitutability means if we run out of a resource, not to wofry, because there's mofe somewhere else in some other form. If we run out of copper, there'll be fiber optics; if we run:out of oil, there'll be natural gas; if we run out of gas, thefe'll be nuclear power. The point is that shortages are not to be feared in the environment because we'fe so ingenious and clever that every time we create a new substitute, we cfeate new industries, jobs, technologies, etc. The other side of substitutabilify is complementarify. Comple- ments are like this: If you afe up in the Rocky Mountains, and it's late fall or eady winter, and you afe in a remote location, you need three things-wafmth, food and water. They are all complements. You take away one and the others can't substitute fof it. You have no,water, but you have dry food;you're going to die. You have food and water but no warmth;you're going to die. You have warmth and water but no fbod;you will still die. You need all three. That's what a complement is. Thus, the limiting factor in a complementary system is that re- sourc€ which is in lowest supply or the most scarce. In a substitution model, if something diminishes, it promotes the use of alternative resources. Systems,it seems,are not substitutable.

KEYNOTEADDRESS 23 They are chatacterized by complemefltarity between cruci,al parts working together, providing what is called nctture's seruices. Thinking in terms of systems and complementarify allows us to think of nature in a very different way. What we know; as previously stated, is that all living systems are in decline, and their rate of decline is accelerating. If that is the case and nature and its functions are complements, then the relationship between sociery and nature must change quite dramatically.We are beginning to understand that nature 'commodities is not a repository of that we tfansform into useftil goods. We are beginning to see nature as a flow of'services,as natural capital. Natural capital provides us with these complementary sefvices, not iust materials. On May 15, 1997, Naturer magazine published an article that states there is a flow of $30 to $50 trillion ayeat iflto the global econ- 's omy from natllre servic€s. Now the world GDP is approximately $27 trillion dollars a year. We're talking about a flow of value coming in from nature that is almost twice the yeady value of the economic flow of the entire global industrial system. The problem is that these services are not replaceable. These afe not single'commodities like coal. These are ifiterconnected living systems that cannot be replaced once lost. Unfortunately we don't understand how the systems that provide these services work. We don't see that our actions threaten these systems, and that our under-valuation of one part of the system can threaten the whole. For example, you can do topsoil management in the Red River Valley, but it won't do you any good if climate change produces a five-hundred-year storm. I have been consulting lately with maior corporations-one of the largest in the world being one of theni-trying to help them get a handle on this new way of thinking. This is one of the world's premiere engineering firms. My question to them was this: "You afe business- men. You believe in substitutability. \Vhich of these natural systems can you substitllte for? Which technologies can replace these ecosystem services? And, if they can be replaced, how much will it cost?" And so we went over this list very slowly, one by one by one. At the end they agreed that there wasn't a single system that could be replaced -at any cost. So these are the services that are flowing into our economy. Some are tlre services that a;te flowing down the paved L.A. River into San Pedro Bay. These are the services that are being diminished, destroyed or prevented from flowing back into nature by our industrial systems, in the way they are presently designed. These services are diminish- ing and we afe now up against a new set of limits:the limits to natufe's services. This diminishment, then, is becoming the limiting factor to societal development and economic well-being. In other words, the 's loss of living systems and decline of nature sefvices fepresent a new

I Costanza,R.;d'Arge, R.;de Groot, R.;Farber,S; Grasso, M.; Harrnon,B.;Limburg, K ; Naeem, S ;O'Neill, R.V;Paruelo,J ;"The value of the wodd's ecosystemservices and natural capital," Nature, Vol 387 : 253-26O, May, 1997

24 KEYNOTEADDRESS pattern of scarcity that the world is only just beginning to compre- hend. Society has encountered limiting factors befbre, but this one- the limits on nature's services-is, as I said at the beginning of this talk, the "Big One." Let's go back to our example in the Rocky Moun- tall -water, food, warmth. In rny example those afe the limiting factors. How do you increase limiting factors? By inuesting in increasing them.It is that simple.You invest in what is called natural capital, foremost of which is the watershed. \illhen Industrialism began, there was a relative shortage of people. Sounds odd now but that was the case Tbis design cba,rcette then. We invested and created myriad ways to incfease the productiv- is a.bout re-imagining ity of human beings.W'e are still doing that. And we were successful. Los Angeles. So when we talk about sustainability or restoration, which is the term I prefer, we're talking about how a society can shift from a system that emphasizes human productivity to one that emphasizes the productivity of natural capital. And we-Andy and the other participants in this charrette-are standing up in front of a m)'thical Parlia- ment and say.ing, "In the next thirfy or forty years we can increase the productivity of our natural systems by ten, fifty, or a hundred times." And nobody will believe us because there is no framework of understanding, just as there was none at the beginning of the Industrial Rev- olution. But that's exactly what we have to do. This gives rise to the following thesis: the world is moving from an era in which nlan-ncade capital was the limiting factor to human development to one where natural capital is the limiting factor. It is not human capital we lack;it is living systems. It's not fishing boats; it's fisheries. It's not sawmills;it's forests. It's not tractors; it's viable and arable land. The limiting factor has become-irrevocably- nature's services. To overcome a limiting factor you need to maximize the productiviry of the limiting factor in the short run, while investing in increasing its supply in the long run. That's exactly what TreePeo- ple is doing for the city of LoSAngeles,even if L.A. doesn't know that it needs it yet. TreePeople is maximizing productivity of the limiting factor in the short run. There is an important human factor to all this as well. When the limiting factor changes, it then becomes very important to change human behavior. The behavior that used to be econornic becomes un- economic at that point. But old habits die hard. That is why you get the Blues saying,"This always worked before. V{hy are you talking this way? look around you. Be grateftil, Don't be so critical. W'e worked so hard for you." And this attitude prevents the Blues from realizing that a behavior that used to be economic is now un-economic. So economic logic remains the same.We're not talking about reinventing economics;we're actually talking about sticking to that same logic. But the pattern of scarcity in the world changes.It's not stuff that is scarce. It's not materials. It's not human productivity.What is now scafce are natufe's services.

KEYNOTEADDRESS 25 This design charrette is about re-imaginizg LosAngeles. But what is it-that we are imagining? Is'it an image of a city where trees grow and water flows? No, that's just the beginning. We are talking about restoring an entire working system. This is the city that got paved over.This city got roaded. over.This city got parking-lotted and trans- ported over. This city has been devasated. It's like almost every other cify inAmerica except worse. So if you can make it happen her'b,you can make it happen anl"where. I am asked sometimes-especially by younger people-if, given the rapid decline of the environment worldwide, whether there is enough time to turn things around. I don't know, but I believe we have enough time to do what we need to do, but no more. So we don't need to panic, but we do need to get right to work.It is in this sense that I agree with the poet,Adrienne Rich, who wrote,t'I cast my lot with those who, year aftet War,with no special powefs, choose to reconstitute the world." And that's what you're doing: reconstituting the world. It's going to take out-of-the-box thinking And it's going to take in-the-box thinking too, but with new boxes. It's going to take you, in the next four days, to places where you "I ca.st my lot uitlt don't know how to go.It's going to provide you, as city officials, both tbose ubo year a.jter elected and appointed, with new ways to see and re-imagine your city. year, witb no special This charrette isn't about being safe;it's about being courageous. It's powerq cltoose to not about being secure;it's about doing the right thing. Davidwhyte, a poet, speaks of the classicAmerican eiecutive who reconstitute tb e ta orld, " -Adrienne Rich works hard all his life.In his mind, Eome Dickensian-like ghost of the future takes the executive to his tombstone and scratches off the moss to read his epitaph, which says,"He made his mortgage payments." I tell you that story because another friend of mine,William Mer- win, another poet, tells of the day he left Robert Graves'household, where he was a tutor.As he left his employ, Graves turned to him and said,"You have one story to tell in your life and only one story." And so my question to you is this:What is your story? .\[hat story do you want to tell in your life? Los Angeles is your place.You don't know who you are unless you know ubere you are. So this four days is about finding out where we afe here in LosAngeles.'Where are we? 'What rW-hatdoes it do? did we cover up? What does it want to become? How beautiful can it be? 'What We don't know is your story? W-hat is L.A.'s story? \W-hatis the real story? That is your work, your stofy. When I say again that this is the "Big One," imagine somebody saying to you, "I want you to design an industrial system and you have a couple of hundred years to build it.'When you're done, this system should put endocrine disrupters into basically every animal and human, pollute the air, sully the water, change the climate, destroy living systems, put five million men in prison, make people commute an hours a day on freeways breathing poisonous gases,and pave over an areath,e size of Ohio and Pennsylvania with a toxic slurry of gravel and

26 KEYNOTEADDRESS Imagine a city that is oil. I also want yolrr kids to play with toys containing carcinogens. I so coaered witlt trees want your food to contain unknown hazardous chemicals that have never been fully tested on humans for their health effects. I want you it looks like aforest to dam and destroy as many rivers and forests as possible and please, from an airplane. wtrile you're at it, could you help cause the world to lose 6 million acres of arable land every year to desert? When you have accomplished that,I want you to introduce 70,000 other synthetic chemicals into the environment, cause the greatest rate of species extinction in 65 million years, and create enefgy systems whose radioactive wastes must be guarded for 250,000 years-Z5 times longer than human civ- ilization-before they are safe. Could you design such a system?"You couldn't. Nobody can"imagine designing such a system. But that is exactly what we did aryway. So here's the "Big One":Can you now imagine a world that really works? Imagine a wodd where the resources are not scafce, but sufficient to all. lmagine a world where there are more jobs than people, a planet where forests are increasing, topsoil is being formed, wetlands afe thfiving, coral reefs are growing, fisheries are healthy, and the atmosphere is not affected by our activities below. Imagine a cily with tree-lined rivers; promenades and restaurants alongside, and bays that are as pure as oceans any-where.Imagine a city that is so covered with trees, it looks like a forest from an airplane. Imagine, for a moment, a city that has become whisper-quiet. Hydrogen-powered hybrid electric cars exhaust only water vapor. Open space corridors have replaced unneeded freeways. Houses pay plrt of their mortgage costs by the energy they produce. Imagine a city where there are no active landfills. Imagine woddwide forest cover is increasing; atmospheric CO2 levels decreasing for the first time in 20O years; effluent water leaving factories cleaner than the water coming into them. Imagine industriAlized countries reducing resource use by 80 percent while improving the quality of life; dams being dismantled; environmental regulations regarded much like blue laws-as unneeded, quaint, and anachronistic;living stahdards doubling worldwide ;and a vibrant business sector depending upon and promoting these developments. Is this the vision of a.utopia? A Panglossian fantasy? In fact, the scenario is neither. The changes described could occur within as short a period as fifty years, as the product of economic and technological trends that you can implement an$ put in place. I know that we might be tempted to look at it and think,"Oh my God! Who made this mess called Los Angeles?" It's like Frank Lloyd Ifright once said: "If we shook the United States, everything loose would end up in L.A." Maybe, but at least it's loose, right? And it's not like Boston. Please do something. Re-configure the loose stuff and re- imagine it in such a way that this city of LosAngeles truly becomes the City ofAngels.Thank you very much.

KEYNOTEADDRESS 27 RUTHGALANTER

Ladies and gentlemen, it is my great hope that the work-that you Rutb Galanter is Los Angel.es are doing here will be presented in a form that will not only allow you" City Counciluoman from to dream, and me to dream, and my colleagues to dream, but that will Council District 6. also allow those of us who are charged with overseeing the future development of the city to translate that dream into simple instructions;instructions that we can incorporate into planning codes, building cocles, and the various regulatory instruments by which we manage the growth and change of our city. You know, everybody in California is an environmentalist. We live So our hope is tleat we in a stunning natural region that none of us wants to see degraded. can, utitlt tbe belp of tbe The most ardent environmentalists in California arc the 3rd and 4th .we graders.These boys and gids, as have now learned, won't take any cbildren, perform tlee nonsense from their pafents or btothers and sisters when they see sante miracle for caater them doing something that they think harms the planet. We have seen consel'aation tlcat we these boys and gids change the attitudes of their families, insisting that ba.aefor recyckng they get serious about recycling. And now you KNO\ff that mom is bousebold. Laa.ste. AL\flAYS going to put the aluminum can in the recycling bin because she is going to get nailed the minute she doesn't! So our hope is that we can, with the help of the children, perform the same miracle for water conservation that we have for recycling household waste. The water that we have now is all the water we will ever have. And as our population contiriues to expand, we will ahnost certainly have to figure out a way to get by with much less water per 'We person than we have become accustomed to. are akeady in a posi- tion where we have to make better use of the water we've got. This will most certainly become mofe and necessafy as the next few year pass. But we can do all this. \)[e can make these changes. All of this can be done, but it requires somebody thinking about it and someone asking the critical question and then getting the rest of the people, the public officials who are charged with the responsibility to direct and control growth in particular,to tealize that these folks are not unrealistic dreamers with unrealistic proposals. Rather they are serious and accomplished individuals who have spent a lifetime studying these problems. Individuals who understand that there are actually very dangerous economic implications associated with our ignorance of these burgeoning problems.And if we ignore them an}, longer we do so at our pefil. So what it takes is asking the questions, asking questions and providing some attempt at answers, even if the answers are incomplete. And you know ladies and gentlemen that it is very hard for me to imagine,in this day and age,why there are not many mofe people ask-

28 KEYNOTEADDRESS ing these questions and providing some sort of positive vision for the future.It just seems to me that we should have caught on by now. What we need, and what I really hope will come out of your experience here, is something that we can show people! Some physical vision of how we can change our way of doing business that works! \7.hat we really need from you, and from your vision, are simple, prac- tical, and enforceable rules. But first, before we get to the regulations, we need the vision behind them. Your job is to-come up with the grand vision and, second, to come up with the specific pieces from which this vision will be built.

FELICIAMARCUS

Above all else, one thing that becomes clear when we study the Felicia Marcus is tbe Region many complex and pressing environmental and social problems of thing, many things to solve 9 Administrator for tbe US. our time: It is that it takes not iust one but Excuironmental Protection them. First and foremost it takes vision. It also takes strength, moral Agency. strength strength of character. It also requires us to expend a lot of our creative energy in figuring out how to actually make things happen in the complex and fractured world we live in. I believe that the key to solving any environmental problem is to first recognize that the problem doesn't exist out there, away from us as people. The problem is us as people, It's a problEmfor us.Any environmental problem is, at its core, about how we behave as a people and how we work together to solve the problems that we create.

KEYNOTEADDRESS 29 THE DESIGN CIIARRETTE

The four-day Second Nature Design Charrette brought together engineers, landscape architects, building architects, urban foresters, and other experts to develop sustainable landscape designs for specific residential, commercial, industrial, pnd public propefties that arc repr€sentative of those found" in the Los Angeles region. Most people afe not famrliar with the word charrette. A charrette is a design activ- ity in which participants are assigned avery complicated design project and are asked to complete it within a yety short period of time. Members of the school of architecture at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris coined the phrase at the end of the nineteenth century. The faculty at this school would issue problems that were so difficult that only a few students could complete them. When the allotted time elapsed, a push cara,ot une cbarrette,tolled past the drafting tables where the students continued to work. The students would throvz theif drawings into the cart in various stages of completion, for to miss it meant an automatic grade of zero. The participants in the Second Na.ture Design Cbarrette produced the proposals and most of the illustrations contained in this book in a similar environrrient to that of 'We thb Ecole des Beaux-Arts. ailowed them only three days ro produce complete designs that would otherwise take several weeks or months. The "cart" came by at 5:O0 p.m. on Satufday,May 17th, the evening of the charrette public presentation. Chaffettes of this type have several major advantages over other problem-solving design activities. For one, they elicit the most creative solutions for addressing the most difficult problems, from the most accomplished designers, in the most compressed period of time possible. Under no other circumstances, would these individuals come together to stimulate each othef, teach each other (and.their student partners), and compiete with each other to produce the best possible answers to a design problem. Charrettes also create an exciting and fertile atmosphere for collaboration between members of different disciplines. Too often these people don't .talk to each other, even when they are working on very similar problems in the same location. Charrettes encourage members of different disciplines to comntuni- cate across the boundaries of their field in order to come up with holistic and appropriate design solutions. An important cautionary point must be made, however. Given the short time allowed, no one should think of the designs produced at this charrette as complete. It,is especially important not to assume that the technical questions have been worked out to the point where any of these designs could be built as shown. Much more design and engineering work is required. These designs are beginnings, rather,

30 THEDESIGN CHARRETTE than endings, and they provide points of departure for later work. They demonstrate broadly applicable principles rather than describe specific plans relevant to specific sites. The exception to this rule is the T.R.E.E.S.Demonstration Site, where many of the ideas from the Second Natuie Design Charrette have been irhplemented. The plans for this site were later elaborated upon by a team of landscape architects and engineers,before they began to renovate the site itself. A similar process would be required if any of the other four sites were retrofitted or if these plans were to be adapted for use at other sites.

CHARRETTEGOAL:

The goal of the charrette was to demonstrate, how retrofitting individual urban sites as functioning mini-watersheds would help to solve our region's most serious environmental problems.

CHARRETTEOBJ ECTIVES:

1. To show how regional policy objectives may be achieved more efficiently through building and retrofitting sites for improvgd environmental function. 2. To develop ideaS for workable prototypes as well as best management pfactices suitable for later testing at demonstration sites or by.government agencies. 3. To provide a compelling and inspirational vision of a more sustainable urban landscape. +. To create cross,iurisdictional and cross-disciplinary connections between those people and institutions who are responsible for component parts of the urban ecology (especially its energy systems, watef systems, waste removal systems, and air quality control systems). 5. To illuminate the connection between mofe sustainable sites and an enhanced quality of life for all citizens. 6. To support and inform LosAngeles'many citizen-based environmental groups.

Five design teams.were assembled for the charrette. Each team included two landscape architects, one building architect, one civil engineer, and one urban forester or plant specialist. Many of the team members came from Southern California, others were recruited for their particular expertise from other parts of NorthAmerica. Each of the five teams worked on a different site. We chose our five sites with the idea of providing a representative sample of the

TH.EDESIGN CHARRETTE 31 most cofiirnon types of'sites in thb Los Angeles-atea..These sites include a single-family home, a multi-family complex, a commercial and rctarl centef, an industrial site, and a public school. Eachteam attempted to improve the ecological pdrformance of its site with regard to_ each of the five environmental challenges discussed below. Each site had reasonable targets for water conservation, stormwater run off mitigation, air-cooling energy cost reductions, air quality improvements, and gfeen waste reduction. These targets wgre based on the best data avatJable'afld. were keyed to publicly establishedtargets for environmental improvemenr.

' FIVEENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FOR LOSANGELES

Challenge1: ExcessiveConsumption of PotableWater

Ratesof Use Southern Californians have an almost unquenchable thirst for water. Our history is one of going longer and longer distancesin-order to get more and more water. All of the water imported to our region is fit to drink, yet less than 2% of it is actually.consumed by humans. -Almost all of the rest goes to flushing toilets, washing clothing, bathing, landscape irrigation, and industrial processing.' Al'l residential uses combined account fot 59% of all water consumed in Southern California. The averageuse of fresh water per day is 256 gallons per dwe.lling unit with, on average,about75 gallons per day being used fof outside uses,primarily for irrigation. ' The cominercial sector aicounts for about 19% of all water used. The averageuse of fresh water is 80 gallons per day per employee, witl:' 23 gallons of this being used for outside purposes. The indusffial sector accolrnts for about 6o/opetcent of all water used.The averzgeuseof freShwatef per employee is 103 gallonSper day per employee, with 13 gallons of this being used for outside puq)oses. The public sector accounts for about 6% of all water used. Virtu- ally all of this water is used for irigation. The remaining 9% is attributable to "unaccounted uses" (e.g. not metered,system losses, etc.).3

Cost-effectiyeness Southern California water customers in all sectors are charged approximately $0.004 per gallon of water consumed.4 There is much debate about the extent to which this figure representseither the true cost of bringing a gallon of water to the consumer and to what extent

e MWD, UrbanWater Management Plan, 1990. +. Ciry of Los Angeles, Proposed Water Rates, 1992.

32 THEDESIGN CHARRETTE this figure factors in the environmental costs to the various *"',.r- sheds that xe tapped for this puqpose. Given this lack of clarity, and for the sake of this exercise, team membets were told to feel comfortable valuing water at up to $0.01 per gallon.5 At that rate,anSO%o reduction in off-site water imported for irrigation would be worth about $219 per year per dwelling unrt. A 4O%reduction in the volume of water imported for domestic consumption produces all additional benefit of about $264 pet dwelling unit. These figures may serve as a useful guide ih assgssing the cost-effectiveness, over time, of the proposed solutions. Vhatever the actual cost of imported water, ttreVest Basin Municipal Watir District is seeking to reduce water importation by 5o%by ZO2O,at which time it is expected that the poptrlation of the region willincrease py over 25%.6 Obviously, the performance of the region's sites will need to improve dramatically in order to meet this So{.

Reduction StrategiesEmployed by the Design Teams The five.charrette teams suggested a vafiety of strategies for reducing-wat€r use. Low-flow showers, faucets, and toilets can dtamatically reduce the use of water at little cost, and most teams assumed that this equipment would be installed. For site irrigation most teams adopted a strategy for capturing rain water in cisterns for later application to lawns and planting beds.The commercial site team suggested that the need for any irrigation could be virtually eliminated by using native plants which, once established, can easily withstand the long sufilm€r dry season

Challenge Two: Flood Management

The LosArigeles River has always been prone to flooding. Billions of dollars have been spent to channel this river in order to protect the valuable properties along its route. Presently, there is concern that in the event of a 133-yeal storfn, the Los Angeles River will overflow its banks; inundating much of Los Angeles County in the process. Gov- emment officials have proposed adding concrete parapet walls to the river banks. These walls will rise up to 8 feet above gndE along southern sections of the river and cost up to a quarter billion dollars.The existing system is no longer adequate because the Los Angeles urban landscape has become increasingly impermeable. Sites send stomwater into the storm drains immediately, taxing the Los Angeles River's flow eapacity as soon as it rains. If this discharge rate can be reduced, and the flood level lowered, then the present system could handle a maior rain event such as a 133-year storm.

5. Conservation rates in the real world,Thomas W Chesnutt andJaniceA. Beecher,lour- nal AlYVA,February 1998 Vol. 90, No. 2 6. Southern California Council on Environment and Development (SCCED),lummary Indicators for 1997.

THEDESIGN CHARRETTE 33 Run off Rates Presently, downtown LosAngeles averages about 80% impervious material. \$7'iththis degree of impermeability, the peak run off rate per urban block (3O0 X 600 ft.) is2,O2O gallons per minute. C'ompare this with Hacienda Heights,which averages about3O% impervious material. Hacienda Heights has a peak run off rate per urban block of I,257 gall6ns per minute. T

Reduction StrafegiesEmployed by Charrette Design,TeAms The storms that cause the most damage occuf after a series of back-. teback storms when the ground is saturated and when even lawn surfaces have run off rates approaching those of asphalt. Teams were asked to plan for this "wofst{ase" situation, as it represents'the conditions under which floods occur. TheArmy Corps of Engineers uses a 133-year "design stom" of 9.78 inches in a twenty-four-hour period.8 The alter, native systems proposed by the charrette design teams were designed to hold at least three inches of this L33-year design storm, since a 30% reduction in peak run off throughout the f,osAngeles CountyOrainage Area would obviate the need for the parapet walls on the LosAngeles River.9 All five teams included some noa of hybrid cistern to both con- serve watef and to p rtially alleviaite flooding. Cisterns that collect rain also reduce the amount of water flowing to the rivers, and thus help alleviati flooding. All five teams also made changes that enhanced their respective site's performance with tegard to flood rnanagement only. Generally, these changes had to do with strategies that held water in the soil, in the plants, in mulch beds, in infiltration and recharge basins, and in other inexpensive locations where later fetiieYal was not a concefn. Since the rains that cause flooding come almost entirely during December, Januaty,February and March, the problgm becomes one of balancing the desirability of storage capacity against the desirability of Iimiting cost. Each team struggled to reserve cistern or dry well cap?c- ity when floods.threatened. Most teams developed ways to efnpty these storage areas in advance of flooding,so that stofage areas would be available when needed the most.

7 . Linear regression of data for subareas by Jones and StokesAssociates, Inc. is baSed on information contained in: U.S.Army Corps of Engineers. LosAngeles County Drainage Area, Final feasibility Interim Report, Part I: HydrologyTechnical Report, Base Condi- tions. December 1991. LosAngeles District, LosAngeles, CA. 8. LosAngeles County DrainageArea (I-{CDA) Master Environmental Impact Report, I994,Woodward.Clyde Consultants: SantaAna, CA., prepared for the LosAngeles County Department of Public'Works. , t 9. Esiimate based on the current capacily of the LosAngeles River channel (approximately 125,000 cfs)., relative to the projected flow resulting from a 133-year stofin event (approximate$ f 78,000 cfs). Data source is the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers. LosAnge- Ies County DrainageArea Review, Final Feasibiliry Interim Report, Part I: HydrologyTech- nical Repon, Base Conditions. Decernber 1991. LosAngeles District, LosAngeles, CA.

34 THEDESIGN CHARRETTE Cost-effectiveness The cost-effectiveness of on-site flood management strategies is very difficult to calculate. However, for our pu{poses we determined that rt on-site storage systems were widespread enough'to reduce peak urban run off rates during storm events by 3O%,then the parapet walls being built on the Los Angeles River would no longer be 'We required. estimate that there ate about one-quarter milli6n xglsg in individual sites in the urban portion of the'LosAngeles River watershed, and we accept the projected cost for the phrapet walls to be a quarter billion dollars. Therefore the value per acre in avoided public costs of water holding systems would be $1,000. While this number probably,will not, by itself,"pay" for the on site-storage system, it can, when combined with other benefits in other areas,be of considerable importance. This figure includes neither the value of reducing the strain on existing drainage systems (ie.,those not needing upgrading)rO nor the value of avoiding the more frequent threats of local area floods on the Los Angeles River tributaries and channels that.would be the result of adopting these strategies on a wide'scale. Presently the flood management system for the LosAngeles River tributary storm lines and channels is designed to accommodate only the 25 yeat flood. Thiq analysis suggests that local area flooding will occur with much gfeater frequency than will wide scale inundation from the LosAngelEs River. On-site fetention of stormwater would,logically, be even more effective at pfeventing frequent and very costly local area flooding.

ChallengeThree: Water Pollution

MoSt urban stormwater run off flows directly into the San Pedro and Santa Monica Bays without being tr,gated.Thg suspended solids, trash, fecal matter (mostly from pets), and chemicals (mostly from cars) that sit on the region's sitei and streets are washed into the storm drains with the first winter rain. The first strong rain of winter always causes the most problems at the beaches, forcing frequent clo- sures. In 1995 the beaches of Santa Monica Bay received an "F"-rating on 39% of the days that it rained.ll If present trends continue, the number of "F"-fated days is expected to rise to 52o/oof rainy days by tlae year 2O2O.r2 On most rainy days far too much water is discharged into the bays to be effectively treated. Some treatment capacity has been, and will.continue to be, installed to treat watef that flows in the system on "dry flow" days. However, this limited treatment system will, at best,solve only a small part of the problem.

1O. The annual stomwater construction and maintenance costs for cites in the watershed area equals $72 million. (Source:Jones and Stokes Associates,Inc., from public records).This amounts eqtals $225/acre/year,arr amount which has not been, but could be, added to the cost benefit numbers used by the design charrette teams. 11. Southern California Council on Environment and Development (SCCED), Summary- Indicators for 1997. 12. Ibid.

THEDESIGN CHARRETTE 35 Reduction Strategies Employed by Charrette Design Teams - All design teams,incorporated strategies, systems, and devices for pollution mitigation. In most cases they were integfated with design strategies employed for water retention and flood management. In some cases polluted water ffom nearby stfeets was taken onto the site and bio-remediated. Design strategies include, but were not'limited to, vegetated swales and filter strips, recharge areas located under parking lots, holding tanks and cisterns under playfields,'strface atea holding ponds, turf grass filterS, and riparian retention and treatment areas.

Cost-effectiyeness The cost effectiveness of pollutioh control strategies is difficult to quantify, as no one has seriously considered alternatiyes to off-site end- of-the-pipe strategies for solving this problem. Plans exist to use "excess" capacity in sanitary'treatment plants to treat stofmwater when flow rates are low (eg., residual flowq, groundwatef seepage, hydrant flushing, watef from residents washing cars, some industrial water wastes, etc.). The cost of tfeating stormwater in central facilities will likely be close to the cost of treating an equal amount of sanitary waste.The cost of treatidg sartitary waste is now estimated to be approximately $1.37 per 100 cubic feet.13Assuming that the average urban site has a run off coefficient of 0.7, every 1 acre of urban land discharges 38,088 cubic feet of water into the storm system per year. The cost of treating this amount of storm discharge would therefore be $522 per acre per year. it shoutd be noted that no one is seriously considering treating all of the stomwater discharged from these sites. At niost, officials are proposing to treat the first tenth of an inch of each storm. Cleady, this end-of-the-pipe strategy will not solve the ploblem of water pollution in the lays and on the beaches. Withour some way of controlling the. lion's share of this discharge, by the year 2O2Owe can expect the beaches of Santa Monica Bay to be unswim- mable on more than half of the days following storms and on 15% of dry days (two to three months per year total). Thus,it seems clear that if this problem is to be solved at al7,it will be solved on the urban sites and city sffeets where it originates.

Challenge Four: Building Energy Use

In LosAngeles, more electric energy is used to cool buildings than for any other purpose. The demand for cooling is not spread evenly over the year or evenly over the day. The peak demand occurs when it is hot outside, and everyone trrns on his.or her air-conditionef at once.

13. Figure is a rough estimate based on best information available from Hyperion per- sonfiel. Much research remains to be done to determine a more precise figure The absence of such a figure makes planning for pollution mitigation difficult, and the assessment of alternative strategies even more difficult.

36 THEDESIGN CHARRETTE During peak periods,.over 4O%of electricity consumed goes to air-conditioning. The electrical system'that serves the region must be built to supply this peak demand. New capacity is always being added to the grid for this pfrpose, and such additions are many times more expensive per unit than is maintaining the old capacity. Thus, the real cost of the energy needed to supply this peak demand is much greater than is the average cost of electric energy. Meanwhile, those who live far from the cooling Pacific breezes-,and who cannot afford (or do not choose to have) air-conditioning, bake in poor$ designed and uhshaded homes. Finally, power plants are mrjor producers of CO2, the "greenhouse gas" produced by burning fossil fuels. Reducing our production of greenhouse gassesto l99O levels, as required by theTokyo Treaty on Global'Warming,would be facilitated if we cut ourpeak demand for ait conditioning. Trees and vines can be the means for this reduction.

Reduction StrategiesEmployed by the Charrette Design Teams This -charrette focused primarily on site-related retrofit strategies rather than cin construction techniques for the buildings themselves. Designers were asked to explore ways of reducing peakJoad energy consumption, primarily through the use of on-site systems, site structures, and plants. Since air tempefatufe affects cooling demand, design- ersused heavy tree planting to reduce the ambient air temperature,not just on the site, but also throughout the city, in an attempt to revefse the energy-wasting h€at island effect. Dramatic improvements in our local clim'ate would result if most of our city's sites included large shade trees. For example, neighborhoods in Houston that still retlin a virtually continuous overhead canopy, enjoy air temperatures several degfees lower than those of the adjacent downtown arca. Each degree reduction in air temperature significantly reduces the demand fot aX- conditioning. Ironically, in Los Angelesnwhere plants seem to be every- where, a very small percentage of the land surface is shaded by trees. In residential ateas thg figure is less than 2O%o,and in commercial and industrial zones there is virtually ho tree canopy at all. The, average canopy cover in the City of LosAngeles is about L0yo.14 Preventing.the direct rays of the sun from striking the building is even more important than is lowering ambient ak tempenture. In the summef months, when cooling demand is greatest, the sun strikes east and west walls for many hours, heating buildipg surfaces to temperatures far above that of the air. Much of this extreme heat build-up is ndiated back into the structure. Peak cooling energy demand occurs in the afternoon, when the sun is striking west facing walls. Thus, it is especially critical ro protect these particular walls. The strategic planting of trees is the most effective means of shading building surf,aces from the sun. - Vine-covered trellises, as well as vines that adhere to building surfaces, are also effective if planting trees is either not pos-

14. From aerial photo interpretation as part ofthis project.

THEDESIGN CHARRETTE 37 sible or is otherwise inappropriate. All five design teams found ways to add green to theii sites,thus cooling and moisturizing the air, providing shade,and lowerin$ energy use.

Cast-effectiveness Emerging research allows us to quantify some aspectsof the cost benefits associaledwith tree planting. Generally,tree planting has two benefits: the reduction of pollution and the, reduction of energy demand for heating and cooling. On average,mature urban trees reduce the amount of carbon dioxide (COz) in the air by about 115 pounds pet yeff.r5 They do this in two,ways: (1) by using CO2 in photosynthesis,and (2> by lowering the amount of CO2 releasedinto the atmod- . phere by power plants by reducing de-mandfor electricity through shading buildings and lowering air temperatures. Of (l) and (2), (2) is many times more important per urban tree than is (1). The California Energy Commission has estimated that reduced CO2 emission has a dollar value of $920 per ton pet year.rS Thus, for the purposes of this ctiarrette, it was suggestedthat each tree has ayearly value of $52.90,or a lifetime value over a thirty-yeat" amcir- tization period"of $1,587. This value is far in excessof the cost

ChallengeFiVe: Green Waste

Green waste consists of grass clippings, leaves, and branches temoved from sites as part of normal landscape maintenance. On average,eachhousehold in the LosAngeles'regiongenerate3 1.3-tons of green waste per year.rTThis representsroughly a third of all household waste. Removing orlanic material from sitesprevents trees'from recycling their own'detritus. In forest systems,the forest floor !s thick with decayed remnants of leaves and branches. This thick organic layer (humus layer) eventually decays and returns to the tree as food. ' It also irnprOves the structure of the soil over time, making it increasingly capable of supporting trees. Urban trees would be healthier if this natural cycle could be emulated. Thirry-three percent less waste would be delivered to the landfill if green waste was somehow returned to the soil of the site. The often heavy and sterile soils of the Los Angeles region would gain improved fertility, aeration,and water- storing caprcity if green waste was allowed to work its way back inro the soil.

15. Nowak, DJ. f 993.Atmospheric Carbon Reduction by UrbanTrees.Journal of Envi- ronmental Management, 37, 2O7-2,17 . 16. California Energy Commission. 1992. 1992 Electricity Report,Air Quality. Sacra- mento, CA. 17. Integrated Urban Forestry Inc. (n.d.). Greenwaste Reduction.Implementation Plan. Laguna Hills, CA.

38 THE DESIGNICHARRETTE Reduction StrategiesEmployed by the Charrette Design Teams systems, ateas,and devices for returning composted waste into the soil aie a feature of each of the designs.In some cases,mulch beds do double-duty as water'storage areas..Deep mulch beds.can store copi- ous amounts of water (up to 6O% of their volume) and hold it for a very long time. It was suggested that plants capable of \n/ithstanding this unusual hydrological situation be employed in these Lf,eas.

Cost-effectin",l"r, Direct cost-benefits associated with keeping green waste on-site are not insignificant.The cost of hauling and tipping the 1.3 tons of green waste generated by the typical Los Angeles region dwelling is $81 per year.l8 This figure- does not include labor costs related to gathering and collecting the waste for pickup. On a per-acre basis, a figure of $648 for atypically landscaped site (the school site,for exam- .ple) can be used as a reasonably accurate guide to cost.19 Perhaps of more significance, the Southern California Association of Govern- ments is committed to steady increases in the percentage of household wastes recycled. Presently, 25% of all household waste is recycled. The plan calls for that figure to rise to 67N by the year 2o20.2oThese reduction targets have been given the force of law inAB 2O2O,the legislation that requires-all solid waste to be reducedby 5O% by the year ZOZO.If that t^rget is to be reached,virtually all green materials will need to be kept out of the waste. stream.The only truly logical place to put 6his "green 'waste" is back on the site, thus transforming green waste into a "green resource."

18. Ibid. f9, This figure based on known per acre costs for typicd residential sites. 20. Southern California Council on Environment and Development (SCCED).1997 State of the Local Enaironment and Economy, Sumrnary Indicators for 1997.Santa Monica, CA.

THEDESIGN CHARRETTE 39 The Dollar Value of Enhanced Ecological Perfofmance

'We might all agree that no one can really put an.accurate dollar value on the environment. However, in the absence of an ascribed dollar value, the cost of environmental impacts have, until recently, been penciled in Lt zero. But with an environmental crisis becoming more and more immediate, many of the direct costs of our wasteful practices are becoming evident. For this charrette we used the direct costs that were available as the basis for our cost-benefit framework. In some cases, when there were no actual costs available (e.g., stormwater pollution), we used the costs of mitigating analogous environmental impacts (e.9., septic discharge).Ve believe that our approach to determining costs is quite conservative. Most expefts who attempt to ascertain the "filll cost" of environmental degradation place it much higher. Yet even on the conservative basis of immediate and avoided costs, a strong argument can be made for the cost-efficiency of the designs presented in this book. A "f-ull-cost" assessment wotrld only make our argument many times 'We strongef. used our best estimate of immediate and avoided costs per unit improvement in each of five environmental issue afeas. Each team was challenged to enhance the ecological performance of its site based on the size of their respective sites. Upon successfully meeting the performance thresholds for each of the five issue areas, they were able to rationalne spending up to about $ZOZ,SOOper acfe for the stfategies, systems, and devices needed to bring about perfor- 'We mance improvements. corfipiled all of the cost-benefits per unit performance improvement (discussed above) on the matrix shown below. This matrix was provided to each charrette participant and estiblished the cost-benefit envelope for each team's design proposals.

40 THEDOLLAR VALUE Cost'Benefit Matrix

lssue Amount Unit , , ' Estimatedvalue Estimatedvalue Estimat6of 30- year . (hanged/ per year per g0 years _ value per acre2l

Watei for irrigation 80% reduction. Perdwelling unit $219.00 $6,570.00 .. $52,550.00' _

Water for Domestic 40% reduction Per dwelling unit $254.00 $7,920.00 -. $63,360.00 !pnsumption

Flopd Hold three inchesof - Management w5ter during flood Peracre $1,000.0022 $tO,OOO.OOzs $10,000.0024'- emergency (r.e.parapet walls)

Water Bio-remediateall ' Pollution first-flushwater on site Reracre $522.000 $15,660.00 $15,660.00

Air pollution Strategicshade for Peracre, , structuies,general 20tre€s ' plantingfor heatislartd , strategically $1,058.00 $31,740.00 $31,740.00 placed @ 52.90/tree

Green waste Recycleall green waste ' on-site Pqrdwelling $81.00 ) , $2,43q.00 919,440.00

Total value of all remediation strategiesto airply to constrgctionand maintenanceper acre = $192.760.00.

,t -Fot sir"-tticiry this thirty-yeax amortization figure asspmed zero intbrest and constant dollars. , ,22. This figure was derived just from the cost of the concrete parapet walls proposbd,for the I,os A4geles fuver. No casts for local flooding or costs for sizing stotm systems for quick discharge is included. Real cosls are much higher. ' : 23.' Assumes the inclusion of othei end-of-thepipe investments reqirired during ttrp period. - 24, This figure is not changed-since we are asduming.that the savings derivedby not installing the concrete parapet walls is a one- time-only occuirence.

COST-BENEFITMATRIX 41 42 Single-Family Home Site 1828West 50th,Street, Los Angeles, CA

',} Tltis property nou PROTOTYPE serT)es cts tlJe T.,RE.E.S. ' This is.a typical older single-family home located on a 50' x lO' tot. demonstration site and I bas been retrolftned based on tbe tdeas gefl- SITE.PROFILE I erat

DEMONSTRATIONSITE 43 This property now serves as the T.R.E.E.S.demonstration site and Below: PIan produced by the chan has been retrofitted based on the ideas generated by the charrette, rett€ single.family Home team.. team. The late home-owner,Mrs. Rozella Hall, participated in the pro- The team proposed retention grading for both the front and back ject keeping a of energyand wafer use,costs, and landscape. by fournal Iawns, a uegetated swale at the maintenance practices. Thg information collected in the demonstra- east property line, and a cistern to tion project will serve as a basis for a more complete'assessmentof capture rain water (indjcated by the costs and benefits of retrofitting a rypical LosAngeletarea home. the cirile west of the garage).

SINGLE-FAMILY HOME SITE. SITEDESIGN PROPOSALS

' This design team had the benefit of working directly wittr the client inthe knowledge that .their design; or some variation of their design,would be built as theT.R.E.E.S.Demonstration Site. The owner of- the homg, Mrs. Hall, allowed TreePqople to retrofit her home in order to demonstrate what would happen if homes were designed to work with-not against-the city's natural cycles of water and waste.

DEMONSTRATIONSITE , Mrs. Hall had limited ability to perforin extensive yardwork, or to hire others to do it for her. Consequently,the Oeiign ieam produced. a design that would:rn€€t all of the envirorimental performance requirments without requirihg a burdensomgpmountbf work for the homeowner. The design strategyis simple. A cistern is installed on the site tti.capture rain water. Water captured in the cistern is later used to irrigate the lawns. The lawn areas themselves are depressed to allow rain witer that by-passesthe cistern to collect and be dbsorbed in the grass and soil below. The nati''ie soils underneath these lawns are relatively free of clay particles and consequently arc able to quickly absorb larg€ amounts of water. .Water from the driveway is also directed-into the soil. The flan for the site produced at the charrette illustrates many of the elements that are now constructed on the site including retention giradrng,avegetated ,*"i., and a cistern. These elements-arepart of the final demonstratiofr site design. A fourth qlement, the drivewiy dryweil, is ineluct'ed as part of ihe post-charrette design developmgnt and is avafiant on the permeable pavement stfategy proposed for the driveway at the charrette. 'Each 1,806gatton cistern urt i t wasp refab r icated off siteand |iftpd over ' the -h6useby a crane.

The operation trf the demonstration site is-illustratedin the axonci- metric di:6gnm on page 47. F.all;.falling on.the hard surfaces of the I ' site (the roofs and pavement) iq directed to depressedlawn aleas (C),

46 SINGLE-FAM,ILYHOME SITE *onomet)ic diagram of the or cistern (A). Overflow amounts are carried by the vegetated swale T{.E.E.S.demonstration siteas (B) which also serves to.accept gfeen waste from the site. Water flow- -Arrows i rection-of bu i It. i nd cate d i ing down -the driveway to the street is intercepted by the driveway water flow. BestManageingnt drywell (D). Practices(BMPs).on the. site are in'dicated with the |etters A - D. -The design strategy maximizes the storage of rain water on the site lot while minimizing the amount of earth thal may require removal

Most of thefront yard was recon- figured to hold, rather than shed, rainwater.

DEMONSTRATIONSITE 47 Vgrkers preparing_toinstall low mai ntena n ce,d ro u g ht-resi sta nt plants.Note the low earth berm surro'undingthe centerportion of the yard.

from the site. Low maintenance is.a must at this site, so all equipment and plantings that'are installed function with little or rlo maintenance. These constraints notwithslanding, the demonstration qite sirccessftrlly captures and holds all of the water.falling during a twGinch storm. To accomplish tliis end,all water panels afe designedas shallow retention basins. S$.ty considerations require that the maximum elevation dif- ferential Le kept at six inches for the sides of these ritention- basins. This is accomplished.by lowering the layn panels two inches below existing grade while building up suffoundirig berms by four inches to make atatal of six inches of water storage capacity on all lawn panels. The bordering berms are coverejdWith shrubs,ground covers,or turf, 'in order to stabilize thein and to'prevent foot tmffic over them'where it might campromise the effectiveness o{ retentibn system. the ' Cistern CollectionSystem

TWo 1,8OOgallgn.cistern-collects-rain water from. the southeast nearyard of the demonstration quadrant of the roof during lhe wef season and then gr4dually uses sr'feas it looks today. Grasspanel - this st

48 SINGLE-FAMILYHOME SITE BMPA, cisternallection system.

iegulate the ftow of water iqtq the'flood control system.. If imple- mbnted on a lhrgerscale, thousands of cisterns around the Los Ange- les basin can be.equipped with-remote cbntrol switches that will enable flood control authoritieS to'use them as a "networked reser- voir." This will ireate a highly effective water gonservation, pollution preVention and flood control system that is able to sto:e o:r releas€ watef as needed.

Vegetated/Multhed Swale

A swale is a lowJying or depressed,stretchof land. Swalesare used at the deinonstration site to create an airattive and functional-space that.also performs avital function in waste reduction. The mutched swale is composed of. re'cycled greenwaste from the property. It is

BMP B, vegetatedlmdlched swale.

DEMONSTRATIONSITE 49 B,MP C,'rete nti o n g rad i ng.

designed to slow the -fiory of stormwatel and to filter.pollutants so that water can be'absorbed into thgearth to remove toxic substances.' ,4."swale'canbe used in any residential sett-i.ngand may be composed of grass;ve glta:iolror brganic mufch : ,,

Retention Grading r_

The front aadbackyard-retentibn gr4ding is a "sunken garden" that - 'holds rain urater until it can be absorbEd into the ground. This type of gra.dr$gworks best in higlrty permeable soils @osAngelestyBe 2 and 3). At the denionstration site, the"runoff from the.front roof panels is diricted'rntq a six-inch dipression in the front lawn,yhil. the south-' east roof quadiant and half qf thp garzlgeroof dr4in* to tlie,back yard. Thepe mini-retention structures are capable of handling a {lash flood r that could occur during a lO0iyear storrn-ev€nt. During a'more .intense stom, ekcess .faifl,water would flow into the existing s.Iorm drain system.. The depressed area can also be placed over coarse xggr:egutercck to.achieve a higher infiltrationlrate. _

BMP.D, driveway drywell.

s0 SINGLE-FAMILYHOME SITE DrivewayDry Well

This drywell systemseryes the dual purpose of retaining and cleansing rain water, giving the water within it time,to percolate into the. ground rather than carrying motor oil and other pollutants into the City storm drain system to be di3charged into our beaches and bays. Rain water flowing down the driveway runs through a gnte (see D) into a box containing.sand and crushed rock thdt captures polhitants.

Front yard after T.R.E.E.S.retrofit. 'The front yard does not look dramatically diffe,rent, but it holds, and then absorbs,nearly 4,006 gal- lonsof stormwater.

DEMONSTRATIONSITE CONSTRUCTION

The charrette site plans were adapted for coqstruction and ,' then implemented by the land- scapedesign and conitruction firm of Robert Cornell and Asiociates.' A d d itio na Ily, Iand- scaperKaren Bragg assistedin the constructionand provides 'the ongoing site maintenance.

TEAM MEMBERS SUMMARY

More land is coverbd by siggle family homes than any otller Leo' Marmol,Architect by Team Facilitator type of land use in the LosAngeles Basin.Any program aimed at using Tom Richman, individual sites to help alleviate environmental problems must in- Landscape Architect clude new strategies for the single family home and its outdoor prop- Leslie Rvan. 'erty. The relatively small size of the typical single-family home site Landscape Architect makes it especially challenging to retrofit. Of the five sites studied, Gail Boyd, Engineer the preliminary cost/benefit assessment suggests that the single fam- Sharon Lockhart, Environrnental ily home will be the rnost economically challengihg. A street-by- street approach has the potential to ovefcome some of these .Counselor challenges, especially where the residential street and lane could be Landsca pe Architectu re used to mitigat€ site impacts,more economically than the private res- GraduateStudents:. idential yard. Such an exploration is beyond the scope of this project Ramsey R.adawi but should be considered in the,near futu,re. This notwithstanding, Bonnie DellAngelo the demonsti?tion site effectively proves that small sites can be con- Ellen Hri stfucted to hold water, reduce enef,gy bosts, prevent water pollution, and cut the consumption'of potable water. If all new housing were

DEMONSTRATIONSITE 51 , built to do the same,the,cost per household would be much lower than it is to retrofit existing homes. As the city matures and single family homes are rebuilt, the devices included at the Hall residence could be routtnely required as aspectsof any new construction (in the same way,that fire protettion sprinkler systemsare rtow required for new single.family homes in many jurisdictions). :

BENEFITANALYSIS

The following benefit analysis provides a cost value pet yea\ per thifry years; and r total value.over thirty years for remediation of the entire prope'ity. This inf

lssue PerformanceTarget Amount Changed Value / Value / vear 30 vears

Water for irrigation From73lday to 15 B0% reduction $219.00 $6,570.00

Water for From 181gals./ day domestic consumption to108 45% reduction $297.00 $8,910.00

Floodrnanagement Holds3'i of water $250.00 $7,500.00

Water pollution Bio-remediateall first 1O0o/o $6s.2s $1,9s9.s0 flush discharge

Air pollution 5 strategicallyplaced trees 40% canopy 66% canopyincrease $582.00 $17.460.00 1644-sq.ft.coverage

Green waste Recycleall green waste; start with 1.3tons 100%reduction $81.00 $2,430.00

Total value of all peforrhijnce improvements= $44,829.50 Estimatediost of sit6 improvements= *$55,000.00

*Theseestimates were generated by the charretteteam basedon i degignthat was substantiallydifferent than the design eventually built. TreePeo- ple will be using actual figures to calculatethe cosVbenefitratio of the actual,pioject.The above ratio of cost to benefit does, howbver,suggest that iost-effectivelyretrofitting small single-familyhome sitesmay be far more challengingthan retrofitting larger commercial,institutionat, multi- family housing, and industrialsites.

52 SINGLE=FAMILYHOME SITE Multi-Family Housing Site: HarborVista Apartments, .Los Angeles,

;'6stffi-F-r-i- , Tl_-& *d t

PROTOTYPE "Tb e undedying stra.tegy of tbe d,esign proposals . Thls is a typical multi-family residential site, with very high graywater dischargerates (1,50Ogallons per day) and very high stormwa- is to reduce tbe ailnount ter runoff rates(95 to iOOx). of d.omestic utater imported. to tbe site; to reuse imported. u)ater on SITEPROFILE tbe site; and to allotu tbe The HarborVistaApartments are located at 4lO-45OVilmington rain utater lltatfalls nat- Boulevard,in the N7ilmington district of I.osAngeles, within two blocks uralljt,on tbe site toflolo of the busy Port of L-dsAngeles.The surrounding residential neigh.- -borhood, back to tbe regional-. built during'the 195Osand 1960s,is a mii of single-family watersbed. systent", homes and two-story apartment buildings. The 2olacre Dana Stra!{ Village public. housing development is located to the east,"directly acrossWilmington Boulevard. Thp neighborhood is well served by public schools and parks. Bus stops and a small retail district are located nearby. Currently, the site is being considered for redevelopment as a family-oriented housing community. Global Green USAused this site as one of its study sites for its LosAngelesAffordable Housing . CharrettehbldApril 18 and i9,1997. Under the proposed plan, all of 'the existing wood-frarne.structureswould be remodeled to provide a total of L32 wo-,three., and four-bedroom pnits, with improved community services and facilities for families with children. Coordinaping with the Global Green effort allowed thi-stehm to focus on site related issues,assufing that the pressing social and housing issueswere also being addressedsimultaneously. Tlre 3.4-acreHarbor Vista Apartment site occupies,one city block and was deveioped as rental apartments n 1987. A total of 119 one- bedroom units and 64wo-bedroom'units are housed in five two- and

HARBORVISTA 53 three-story buildings. The vacancy rate.in the Harbor Vista Apirtments is hearly 8O%o,and the site suffers ffom severe physical neglect. The few units that remain occupied afe over-crowded and require basic maintenance and.repair. Nearly 95% of the site not'occupied by buildings is navef for pTking.or shargd courtyard sp?.c€:

SITEDESIGN PROPOSALS

Latge buildings, high on-site parking reqtiirements, and low rise/high density development prqduced a site that is covered with impervious pavement and roof surfaces. There a;re'very few green afeas on the iite ind none of thqse rernnanr gleen areas Lfe useful'for outdoor play or other activities. The underlying strategy of the team's design proposal is to reduce the amount of domestic watei imported to the site, to,re-use imported water on the site, and to allow the rain water thatfalls naturally on the site to flow back into the sdbsoil. The design proposals work with the existing buildings and basic organization of the sitq plan, and they propose the following construction and - management measufes:

Reduce Paved Areas and Increase Plant Cover

First, the parking area,was reorganized to reduce some unnecessary pavement, mostly by repainting the parking stall stripes in order to create snialler (8.5'x 18') parking stalls, and by adding stacked bays (one car parked in front of another-appropriati where these two stalls are assigned to the -samehouseholO along the west edge of the pfopeffy. Some pav,ed afea was eliminated in each court)'ard and along a walkway befiveen the parking Ltea and the courtyard buildings. Trees,_shrubs, and filter beds are proposed for these new open- ings in the-pavement. On this property, shade trees have been saCrificed to increase the number of cars that can be accommodated within the site. Using 'space gained by reducing the parking stall dimensions, the design team was able to add shadetrees at the edge of the large parkingarca. In order-to balance the need for shade with the design requirements for the subsuface infiltration basin located below the pavqment, the design team proposed that a lightweight overhead trellis be installed over the center bays of the parking area. The trellis would support {ast-growing vines that require limited amounts of growing medium. The vines would shade and cool the cars and pavement and filter out some airborne pollution. Posts for the trellis are strategieally located at the corners of parking stalls to avoid potefitial damage to the trellis, vines, or vehicles. Vines arc planted in two small islands of growing medium at the north and south edges of the infiltration basin area. fhese islands also help to organizevehigle movemenfwithin the parking area.

MULTI-FAMILYHOUSING SITE ilf iosf

A simplestrudure made of steel In the courtyardS and along the periphery of the property, trees, posts and cable provides support- 6hrubs, and lawn areas work to filter runoff and to provide shade and for vines. The vinesshade the shelter. Trees are strategiqaly located to shade the hot east-; south-, parking area and creatd a more and west-facing walls, windows, and roofs of the residences attractive atmosphere in the park- quality ing lot. In addition to the'water and flood control obiectives described above, the design strategies in this proposal also address some important community livability issues. Reducing pavement and planting trees, shrubs, and vines helps to create a more humane envi- ronmeflt and provides an opportunity to r€organize tlre site for the' pulpose of creating more usefirl outdoor spaces. Remodeling the site to provide grass or other landscape ate s ^t the periphery gf the prop-_ erty provides an opportunity-to create more attractive and neighborly streets,yaids, and allgys, while increasingi safety and security throulh strategic planting; fenci4g, and lighting

Graywate.r lrrigation

Graywater irrigation can be achieved by diverting risidential graywater from thq'fuildiqg's drain system-and using it as a water-supply source in the landscape irrigation system. In multi-family housing, laundri rooms alone can supply a constant and abundant source of water for irrigation purposes. The graywater irrigation system used in this plan captures relatively clean water draining from the washing machines of the complex ihto closed tanks.These tanks hold an xrerage of four dals worth of gny- water. An overflow drain feturns any excess water to the building sewer drain system. A small electric pump,powered by a photovoltaic cell mounted on the south-facing roof of the apartfnent building; pumps the'graywater to the landscaped areas using standard irrigation equipment. Because abundant graliwater is available year-round at this site,there is no need to design a secondary system or to attempt to har-

HARBORVISTA 55 A new retaining wall with vinespro- vides privacy and security at the Wilm- ingto,n Avenue property line. The new landscaped area servesa dual purpose: to shade the hot west side of the build- ingsand to clean storm water in the ynderlying filter beds.

\.est storfilwater for iffigation purposes. Irrigation lines afe located below the surfacC and ati operated with a standard remote electric. vatse system in order to lifiiit human contact with,the irrigation water. Graywater is stored in this system for very short peribds of time. It contains mostly organic detergents, which can be broken down by- soils. Phosphates, often a maior ingredient in laundry-room waste wate! provide nutrients to'plaots. With an estimated 530 residents at the Harbor Vista Apartments, laundry alone produces more gfaywater thafi the small landscape, areas could use if it were to.be recycled for'on-site irrigation; The remodeling project will allow access to, interior plumbing for the re- routing of gral'water, providing an excellent oppgrtunity to install a 1graywatet irrigation system. Operation and maintenance of the system involves the following: (1) Monitor and clean the storage tank's inflow filtgr; (2) monitor landscape areas for indicatiohs of salt build-up, then irrigate with city water for two to tfuee days to"leach out such build-up;and

P (3) leaching bi-a4nually with municipal water to prevent salt build-up.

56 MULTI-FAMILYHOUSING-sITE FilterBeds

A combined grass filter strip and organic filter bed removes solids and oils from the first-flush runoff at the beginning of each rain event. By pre-treating runoff, the downstream watersheds are profected from contamination and the subsurface infiliration basin is protected from clogging due to build-up of silt and other particulates. The saird filter medium is a peat-sand mixture that has the ability to filter out both solids and dissolved contaminants.-A perforated pipe wrapped vlith filtei fapric is placed at the bottom of the sand filter medium. The pipe then channels treated-waJer to the nearby subsur face infiltration basin. Given space limitations, many filter beds on retrofit sites will not have enough storage c pacity to treat all storms. In these instances, a standard stom drain inlet may be installed to handle excess flow,leaving behind solids and most floaling constituents. -The mulch filter medium is a.leaf comfost and peat mixture that has the ability to retain metals, oil, grease, and dissolved phosphorus. The mulch filter medium cdn be easily accessed and replaceil with new material, as required. The material can be produced on-site,using the green,waste produced ba normal landscape maintenance activitiai. Operation and maintenance of the filter bed system involves the following: (1) monitor the inulch filter medium for declining infiltration rates (when water infiltrates slowly or becomes permanently ponded, the rirulch filter medium must be replaced with new matefial, the normal reptacement rate being twice every four to six yeats);

_ (2) maintain the grass filter strip with irigation and mou"ing;and (fl keep drain inlets free'of debris. .

SubsurfaceInfiltration Basin

The filter-trcated runoff flows or is channelled into the subsurface infiltration basin beneath the parking area. From there, any remaining water infiltrates into'the existing subsoil just like stormwater on an undeveloQed or unpaved site. The 3-foot deep crushed stone infiltration basin in-this location stores the equivalerit of 4 inches of site. runoff. The dual filter system (surface and subsurface) reduces or elim- inates this site's contfibution to the region's storm-water ahd water pollution problems by treating .water on-site and returning it to the underlying soil. The underlying clay loam subsoil on this site carries an assumed infiltration rate of 0.5 inche,s per hour. Given the holding capacity'of the infiltration basin, this would allow it to empry into the underlying sub-soil within thirty hours of a mtjoi storm. The basin can be further vented to storm drains through an operable valve. This would assure available capacity when a ynajor storm is predicted.

HARBORVISTA 57 A mu'lchand grassfilter bed separates the parking area flom the buildings and provides a ('\\. \ shaded green edge. )" \ NilI \ ilt' N. Nft Iil

\' t'

\.\t".

A crushed stone material is used to fill the 3-foot deep subsurface in-filtration basin. This stone is clean, local, crushed angular quarry material with a 4OYowaterholding capacity. During dry periods, the rtotri material at the bottom of the basin is aerated by the natural movement of air through inlets and pipes that work to break dowh any organic deposits and.to regenerate the underlying soil's infiltration capacity. The existing asphalt in the parking area would be removed to ,install the infiltration basin and replaced with an impervious pavement. Imirervious pavement is preferred over pervious pavement in this application so that storm water can be directed to the filter beds for cleaning before it enters the subsurface infiltration basins.' Several considerations apply to the design and installation of subsurface infiltration basins. Existing underground utilities could raise installation costs and reduce the amount of the site's available water- holding capacitj. Groundwater withi{r five to six feet of the surface on this site is a constraint as it could lead to reduced infiltration basin volume, migration, and groundwater mounding, as well as problems concerning the overall dependability of the infiltration system. Latenl seepage into existing adjacent structures can be prevented with addi-' tional construction aed expense. The potential seismic and structural behavior of the watqr-fill€d storage area should be investigated on a project-by-proiect basis.

58 MULTI-FAMILYHOUSING SITE The filter bed and the subsurface infiltration basin work together to treat andrhold stoimwater runeff from the largeparking area. The filter beds allow sprce for side- .walks, trees and shrubs near the buildings. The plants contribute to the treatment of stormwater and the redyction of energy-use for air coolhtg, while providin\ a more ' attractive atmosphere for residents and neighbors.

'the The operation and mainteirairce-of subsurface infiltration basin include_sthe following: (1) annual inspection for clogging by flushing the inlets and pipes; add(2) vacuuming orflushifrg the pipes clean, as required

GreenTrellis Pavement fv.er Like a tree.,a vine on a trellis shadesthe pavement, reduces ambient aif temperature, hrimanizes the'feel of the paved atea,artd inter- cepts airborne particulates that would become runoff contaminants if they reached the- ground. Vines have some additiondl benefits over shade trees in parking areas: (lmage below) The green trellis is (l)ihey require little or rio rooting soil; eco7omical and easy to build. A stee/ s/eeve rs set on a small foot- (2) they gfow very quicklyi ing below ground. The trellis.poles (D theif stems are narrower than tree trunks and can be sup- 'and slide into the s/eeve. After the ported on Strongmetal posts; cablesare placed between the poles, fast-growing vines are (4) gince they shade the cars evenly and at all hours, they are the planted at the baseof the po'lesin most effective way to reduce gas fumes escaping from over- a bed of ptanting soil; . heated gas tanks.,

FIARBORVISTA 59 The proposed trellis shown in this plan is a pole and vinyl-clad cable with posts located at the corners of parking stalls or at the ends of parking bays. This structure is probably the strongest, most lightweight and least expensive type available. Many other designs and

60 MULTI-FAMILYI1OUSING SITE The design team's site plan illustrates how the parking .area can be restructured to provide spacefor trees, shrubs, filtbr beds, and a shading structure with vines. The perimeterof thd property includes proposalsfor new ving-covered walli, areas for retention of stormwater and gray water, and strategically placed trees to provide shade and beduty. fn this plan, the courtyard.itplanted with - trees and reorganized to providp attractive seating and easilysupervised play areas.-

HARBORV6TA 6"1 materials could serve the same purpose,given avafiFty of budgets and design considerations. TEAM MEMBERS Maintenance requirements i,nclude the following:' BillWenk, 1) repaint metal posts, if lequiied; and LandscapeArchitect TeamFacilitator (2) inigate and fenrlize vines. John Connell,Architect lra Artz, Engineer SUMMARY Toin Larson, Horticulturalist &Arborist The HarborVista team dramaticalTy reduced the amount of domestic water imported to the site by re-using graywater for irrigation. The Landsca pe ArchiteCtu re . installation of low-flow shower heads and low-flush toilets, included GraduateStudents: as part of the renovation of the apartments, will further reduce the Craig Hooker , demand for imported domestic water. All rain water that.falls on the Brad Harris site is treated within the boundary of the site in a subsurface infilira- Jason Lee tion basin located under the large parl

CONSTRUCTIONBUDGET

The charrette team provided a construction budget for the proposed.work, rounded in 1997 dollars, as follows: All proposed site improvements, planting, graywater irdgation system, filter beds, and-subsurface infiltration area =.$500,000. Construction contingencies (3O%) = $150,000. TOTAL ESTIMATED COST OF CONSTRUCTION: $7'O,OOO.

' Niot.' Additional professional design fees for engineering and landscape architecture (allow 2O%) of the estimated construction cost = - $150,000.Tota1project cost = $9OO,OOO.

62 MULTI-FAMILYHOUSING SITE BENEFITANALYSIS

The following benefit analysis provides a cost value pei year;per thirty years; rnd a total value over thirty years for remediation of the entire property. This information was provided by the charrette team in L997 dollars.

Amount Changed Value / Value / vear 30 vears

lrrigationwater use 80% reduction From75 gal/day/dwellingunit to 5 gallday/dwelling unit." $28,700 $861,000 .1

'Domesticwater use 40%'rgduction From 181gal/day/dwelling unit to 109gal/day/dwelling unit $34,70O $1,041,000

Floodmanagement 30% reduction (By holding 0.84 acre feet on-site -- during a 133-yr.flood emergency)" $3,320. $33,200

Water pollution Capture.andtreat 100% of first-flush rain $'t,760 $s2,800

Air pollutign Tree canopj increasedfrom , 7.5o/oto 29o/o (35trees @ 16'canopydiameter) $3,s30 $1 0s.900

Green waste 100% reduction All green waste recycledon-site $ 10,640" $319,200

Total Value of all remediation for 3.37 acresite over a thifty-year period - $2,413,100

25. This figure is b.ised on,LA'WPhgures for average amount of water aonsumed per dwellihg unit,for irrigation. 'The actual amount of water used on this site for irigation ' is unftnown: 26. This charrette team exceeded the 3" minimum performance thresho ld for flood ) contro! by over 3OO%. 27. Thls figure trased on average green waste per dwelling unit acros5 the region. The actual amount of green waste from thig site was uhknown.

HARBORVISTA 63 Public Site: CrenshawHigh School, Los Angeles, CA

PROTOTYPE : This is a, typicatpublic school site with typically high graywater discharge rates, large amounts of roof and impervious paved areas, latge rec-reationfields that requirq irrigation, and soils with, mcider- at€ly slow percolation rates. '

SITEPROFILE

. Crenstraw High School is located.at 50f O itthevenJe in the Cren- Tbe 25-acre Crensbaw shaw District of southwest LosAngeles, a middle-income area consist- ing of single-family homes built in the 1930s. The nearby commefcial Iliglt Scltool site bas .district on Crenshaw Boulevard is home to many small neighboihood enouglt capacttl tci sla ut businesses. Leimert Parlt; another adjacent commercial area, has been -as and. retain stormut ater developed a local arts and entertainfnent district, with coffee houses, small restaufants, and music venues. from tbe scltool property The school currently has a stIdent bodyof 2,7OO.Over 80% of the and approxtufuately 25 students areAfricanAmerican and 18% are LatinAmerican. Crenshaw a.cres of surqounding High School houses one of only two progfams irr the LosAngeles Uni- fied School District for gifted students. The school is also known for paaed city streets. its award-winning atruetic programs and its internationally recognized choir. The highly successftrland nationally acknowledged'Food frcim the Hocid'lcollege scholarship program began at Crenshaw High School. The progizm teaches students how to run a bupiness "fro4

64 PUBLICSITE The planter*located against the the gfound up;" the proceeds irom ttle O.25-acreorganic herb 'ar-rd with building walis also work'as cisterns vegetable garden being sold for profit or donaterCto neighbor- that store stormwater from the,' hood families. building roofs.,Thiswater can be 25-acre used.Iate.r for irrigating the adjoin- ' The site includes five separate buildingq all less than 30 ing athletic fields. The vegetated years old. The remainder of the site is dedicated to athletic fields and swale pictured below the shade parking. The underlying soils are of the Chino association.Thesesoils tree providesa cool and attractiie are over 6o.frches deep, are somewhat pooily drained, and have mod- green edge between paved walk- erately slow permeability. The seasonalhigh water table can be within and ball courts or parking yays 3 to 5 feet of the surface. areas.The sw,al-esalso'tuork to slow . and clean stormwater as it flows' off'of the adjoining paved areas.' SITEDESIGN PROPOSALS

Site design and remediation proposals for this site easily exceed the performanbe objectives -set out in the TREES project (refer to the introduction section of this docunient). For example, there is enough land at the Crenshaw High School site to detain or slow btormwater for rains of up to 10 inches.In fact, the site has enough capacity to filter the first-flush run(O.25 inches) that falls on it as well as on an.addi- tionat 25 acteslofsurrounding paved streets. Stomwater falling on the site is cleaned in a vlriery Of ways: by porous parking areas,by soil and shade trees, and by lengthy vegetated swales (discussed below). The undedying stratggy of the design proposals is to reduce the amount of domestic.water that is imported to the site;to.re-use imported water on the site for irrigation;ind-in-an attractive, useful, and-educational

CRENSIJ{AWHIGH SCHOOL way-to hold,filter, and re-use stormwateritru, falls on the site and on Pre-castconcrete pipes,shown nearby streets. All of the buildings and their uses remain unchanged. here in cross-section,are proposed The following specific remediation measures are proposed by the to be installed beneath the ichool's athletic fields. Thesestorage charrette team in order to meet the envirgnmental performance basins,or cisterns,can store objectives of the TREES project. These measures can be applied to stormwater and greiy water (from similar school sites throughout the region or they can be applied to the gymnasium showers) during future sites. the warm season to be Used for irrigation water. RoofCisterns and Planters

Downspoutsintercept all roof drainageand channelit into raised planters that are located onthe ground along the face of the buildings. The planters are designed to filter and retain all roof water generated by the Lverage local storm. ExCess water is held inside the planters @elo;ur the planting soil) for later irrigation use. This simple above grade system is easy to install and can hold approximately 4 acye-feet pet year of stormwatet (2O% of the total'requirement for irrigation water per year).

Playfield Cisterns

The degign team proposed that a system of pre-cast concrete pipe storage basins, or cisterns, be located beneath the turf playfields on the Crenshaw High School site. These basins store rain water andgny- water to be usid for the properfy's annual irrigation needs. Using local storinwater management statistics and actual arlnual domestic water-' use figures provided by the school, the design team estimatEd thtt, using standard irrigation equipmqnt,a combination of stormwater and

66 PUBLICSITE recycled gfaywater from the gymnasium showers can be used to supply all of the 25-acre property's irrigation needs during all L2 months of the year. The team reached this coirclusion after assuming that water use for showers would be decreased by 7O% tlrrorrgh the installation of low-flow shower heads which could be installed irnmedi- ately. Approximately 33 acre-feet of rain water falls on the 25-acre site luring anaveraSe year. Based on a water budget for the Lverageye r, the team provided playfield cisterns, with'a capacity of approximately 2O acre-feet, to hold the graywatef from the school for immediate re- application onto plalfields (fieldrs must be irrigated even in winter -when evapotranspiration is still between 2 and 4 inches per month) and for captured stormwatet th^t can be held for.much longe-r periods of time. These 2O acreteet would provide enough water to satisf-y the landscape irrigation demands during the dry months.

Gym 5h6wer Graywater System

Current domestic water Lr. the school is estimated to be 2J gal- 'Wittr"t lons per day per student. a total of 2,7OOstudents, the total This iltustration shows the basic domestic water needs are equal to 54 acre-feetper year. It is assrimed porous parkiig that the gymnasium showers account for 50% of the domestic water construction of a 'With area. The design team proposed to use. the installation of standard low-flow shower heads, the remove pavement from the exist- amount of water used ln the showers would be:reduced by 7O%.Tlre ing parking areasand replace the total amount of graywater produced by the showers and reclaimed for hard asphalt material with crushed irrigation use is acre-feetper Depending on the demand for stone. Shade trees are shown in 9 ryear. groves located in the crushed stone irrigation water at the time of discharge,this graywater w.ill either be areasand along the vegetated used direct$ for irrigation br stored in the plafield cisterns for later swales. use. Measures.maybe needed to prevent bacteria birild-up,in these

CRENSHAWHIGH SCHOOL cisterns, whefe water-use rates, water-storage duration, and the pro- portion of graywater to stoimwater mal vary widely.

Porous Parking Area with Shade Trees

The design team proposed converting the exisiing under-used parking areas into gfoves of large canopy trees that would delineate parking aisles and shade the surroundingarca.These shade trees help to reduce ambient air temperatufe oR the site, absgrb significant amounts of carbon dioxide, and hold excess stomwater runoff.The team sugqested that parking stalls slated to remain should be covered with a pervious crushed stone.The porous stgne Surface would allow stormwatef and. auto-r€lated contaminants to be absorbed and , ' trrpplO in the soils below at safe concentrations. ' ,

Vegetated Swales :

Swales are shallow d:ainage channels that direci.the flow of storm- ; water on the iurface of the ground. Vegetated swales are pl4nted with trees, shmbs, and gr.assesto help slow runoff and to filter uratef-borne pol- . lution. A vegetated r-"1,. slows the flow of rain water so that'it cin be absQrbed directly into the soil, thus reducing storm-impacts- Vegetated , swales filtef a poftibn of water-borne pollution before it can contaminale ' . water downstream,leaving grease, oil, and other potential contaminants , trapped in its soil and vegetation at har,mless concentrations. The vegetdtive swale by the softball field also captufes and filters the , first- flush rains from adjacent streets. The rain water from the softball field's terraced landtea.is channelled down the broad vegetative swale that cuts through the paved basketball area. This swale brings the water to the playfield cisterns undef the football field at the lowest elevation of the site. This swale is 2O feet wide with a 2%oslope at its centedine. The drainage path isJined with lOGpoundwashed river stones. Trees, ' gmsses,and shrubs'are planted between the stones ro further slow the watef in the swale and to increase on-site stormwater retention rates. \ The' vegetate{ swale froposed for the basketball court area reqirires the removal of existing asphalt pavement and approximately 3O inches of excavation so that it will be able to move afid filter runoff from adjacent paved ateas. The team suggested that a diversd palette of native fipaian plant species be planted in the s(vale, including Cal- ; ifornia Sycamore, wiregrass, and various sedges. The swale would be - underlain with at least 12 inches of highly permeable gravel.

verticblGardening ,

Ve rtical gardening techhiques can'be used to grow large.numbers of plants in small of narroxr areas such as balcOnies, window sills, or along walkways. Tllere.are several ways to make vertical gardens

' 58 PUBLICSITE Vertical Gardening is one of many techniques that the design team suggested to be used a\ part of the schooL's po p uI a r nei g h bo rhood -Tlt,ruru11w'lt gardening program - "Food from cut o$i top ot 1osjef' (A)qle YouF K b,d|l p the Hood". This illustration shows E[rAn habililJ how 2 gallon water bottles or other plastic containerscan be re- used to grow flowers and vegeta- \ holts blesin snlall spaces. y*-.h s--^tt lirl PrPewith go( drz^rryAcle ('9,{u€l

Cur \{ples ,rut\c :.,JcE {an plnrurs 'th t'-: truches Ilil u 6-ccue[

_-q^,il_ fltr'{

tA) 1*u nos \ta) ve€h'rc6tit( \€) ;1^g *olJ \d) r"f saif 5crce$

using recycled water bo-ttles of other plastic contaiilers. Lattice fences, balcony dividers,.or simple string and net supports are other types of vertical garden structures that can help to produce food and flowers in small spaces. This is an€xample of one ty,pe of gardening that could become pLfi of an expanded neighborhood gardening program at the school.

SUMMARY

School sites are located throughout our region. Presently they use mofe than their share of water and energy,and they contribute more than their share to the problems of flooding and solid waste disposal. This can easily change. The large open areas that typically character- ize these sites provide ample opportunity for on-site water re-use and stormwate|bio-remediation. In fact, as the Crenshaw High School , charrette team demonstf,ated, we can probably use school sites to

CRENSHAWHIGH SCHOOL u? 70 The design team's illustrative site plan shows how the school site looks after installation of vegetated swales (1), playfield cisterns(2), and groves of shadetrees planted in porous parking areas(3). ln addition, spacesfor outdoor classroomspnd gathering spacesare shown with shade structuresand drought-tolerant plantings (4). Cisternsare installed astride buildings to harvest rainwater from roofs for later use to irrigate gardens and fields (5).

CRENSHAWHIGH SCHOOL 71 improve the water quality of storm runoff from surrounding streets for little of no cost. TEAM MEMBERS ColinFranklin LandscapeArchitett, CONSTRUCTIONBUDGET Architect& Ecological Planner Team Facifitator The charette team provided a preliminary construction budget for - Kristina Hill, the proposed work, rounded in 1997 dollars, as follows: Landscape Architect i\ll proposed site improvements, including parking, planting, gray- Hoi Luc,Architect = water irrigatioq system,vegetated swales, and cisterns $1,200,O00' Kat€ Diamond,Architect (3ON1,= Construction Contingencies $360, 0O0. Michael Drennan, Engineer Bernadette Cozatt,' TOTAT ESTIMATED COST OF CONSTRUCTION: $ 1,600,000. Horticulturalist

Additional professional fees for Note: design engineering and Lan dsca pe Architectu re Iandscape architecture (allow 2O% of total construction budget) GraduateStudents: = 5320,000. ^Chris Padick JerryTaylor 'Miranda Maupin BENEF'ITANALYSIS

. The following benefit analysisprovides a cost value per year,per thirry years, ahd a total va[ue over thirty years for remediation of the. entire property. This information is provided in 1997 dollars.

Amount Changed Value / Value/ vear 30 vears

lrrigationwater use 100%reduction $3s3,300 $10,600,000, (from 108 acre-feeVyearto 0)

Domesticwater use 40% reduction (from 54 acre-feeVyearto 32 $70,000 $2,100,000 acre-feeUyear)

Floodmanagement 100%reduction (from 21 acre-feetto 0 during a. $88,2s0 $2,647,s00 133-year flood emergency)"

Water pollution 200% reduction ' (All aveiageannual rainfallis $26,600 $7e8,000 treated on-site)"

Air pollution 300 shadetrees and $1,0s8 $468,000 vineson trellises

Green waste 100%reduction- $7,000 $210,000

Totalvalue of all remediationmeasures over a thirty-yearperiod = $1 6,823, s00

28 This charrette team exceeded the 3:' minimum performance threshold for flood control by over 300% 29.

72 PUBLICSITE Commelcial Site: JiffyLube and ConvenienceCommercial Area at PicoBoulevaid and 24th'Stieet, Santa Monica, CA

A aieut of.tbe conoenienCe PROTOTYPE sltopping a,rea, a.dd.pa.rk- - This is a typical commercial site, with one-'story buildings and ing-lat at 24tlt Street a.nd, paved parking areabfacing a malnarterial street. Over 9Do/oof the site . Pico hulbuard. in'Santa area is pavement and roof surfade. Monica. Tbeliffy Luhe is. lacated. on the ad.Jalning SITEPROFILE property. The commercial site is located on Pico Boulevard, a majot east- west arterial. The project rrea includes two separate parcels and extends the ftrll width of the block between 24th Sveet and Clover- field.Boulevard in Saritatttonica, a middle- to upper-income city in Los 'Angelbs County The site includes'a convenience commercial building with three smalt businesses ar-rd,on the adj4cent. a Lube 'oil-changing irarcel, Jifff automotive service. Commercial buildings liire Pico Boulbvard, but the neighborhood around this heavily developed commercial area consists of well-maintained, single-family homes and sev-

Jiffy iube parcel is 14,758 squarefeet with thp buildingcovefiig24%

JIFFYLUBE AND CONVENIENCE of the site area and the parking lot covering 64%. A landscaped boulevard accounts for 12% of the Jiffy Lube parcel area. The convenience commercial parcel consists of approximately 9,375 square feet. The buildings cover 37% of the parcel,the parking lot has twenty-two stalls and covers 53%,wh/|re sidewalks and other.paved areas (such as the rear driveway fot deliveries and trash collect'i,on) cover 3%o,and landscaping accounts forT% of the total parcela\ea. An alley separatps the convenience cofirmefciat property and the Jiffy Lube from the neigh- boring residences. In summary 6t% of tlrresite is covered in paVpment,zgyo is covered by buildings, agd LO%is planted with traditional landscape materials.

SITEDESIGN PROPOSALS

Taking adv-antageor,n. permeable subsoils on this site, the underlying strategy of the design and managementbroposals is as follows: to rirake the site surfaces more pefr,neable in order to facilitate water infiltration arid to enhance flood control; to reduce the requirement for irrigation water by installing drought-tolerant plants; to capture, store, and re-use the rain watef that falls on the site as irrigation water; to capture and remove pollutants from the s_tormwater runoff; to reduce energy consumption by decreasing the need for air-conditioning; and to maximize the use of tries and plant cover for aesthetic purposes, enefgy conservation, and to help reduce ait and water pollution. ,

Increasing Shade i

The comrhercial site design proposes a total of fi-fteen new shade trees for the site. These large trees are strategically located to shade buildings and pavement. Creeping'fig vines are trained to grow on existing masonry walls and up the sides of the proposed stormwater storage tatrks. The.vine-covered walls help to cool the building interi- ors. The team provides arbors and trellises for the building walls as well as for above the patio at'eas near the entrances to the Jiffy Lube and the commercial building. The,increased shade for parked cars reduces the amount of volatile organic compounds emitted by petroleum products in gasoline and in plastics around overheated vehicles. Increased tree cover and vegetation also helps to cfeate a more inviting and comfortable environment for patrons.

UndergroundCistern

There are two existing underground storage tanks located at the Jiffy Lube site . The tanks have atotal capacity of 15,000 gallons. They are presently used to intercept possible petroleum-based chemical

74 COMMERCIAI-SITE This sketchshows how some existing.pavement areascan be modified to provide shade for cars and customers. Shade trees are pro- posedalong public sidewalksand parking areas.An overhead trellis with vines provides protection from thd sun and createsa protected spacefor customers who are waiting for their cars to be ser- viced. New vines are also shown covering existing concrete-block walls.

spills. These tanks could easily be adapted so that the rain water they 'When normally capture could later be used for sit€ irrigation. full, these Janks overflow into the existing municipal storm drainage system. On the hundreds of other similarly equipped car-oriented commercial sites located in the Los Angeles River watersheq, tanks like these could be adapted to release stored iain water in the event of a '$fith flood warning. the release of the water akeady.stored in trhe tank, additional storage space would be freed up to intefcept 15,000 gallons of stormwatef per gite, on ayerage,during a flood emefgency.

RoofWater Cisterns

At the Jifff Lube , a portion of the roof runoff will be diverted into an existitg rai-sedplanter located in the alley. It will be converted to catch and temporarily retain 800 cubic feet of rain water. Roof runoff from the c'onvenience commercial building will be directed through modified down-spouts into large concrete holding tanks located at the 24th Street entrance to the parking lot and in front of the building. The tanks are made of used concrete pipes salvaged through the Cal- Max Program and are designed to hold over 1O0% of projected flood period roof runoff. This water will be stored and used for drip irtiga- tion during the dry season.

JIFFYLUBE AND CONVENIENCE 75 Regradingan{ Infiltration

The grades in the enlarged planted ateaslhat are located inside the properfy line at the city sidewalk along the frontage of both parcels havebeenlowered to accFpt stormwater runoff from the site's paved areas. The team pfoposes drainage flow deflectors and minor regrad- ing of paved afeas, where necessary, in order to direct water into the enlarged planting beds. On the convenience cornmercial'portion of the site,the,team provides a constructed dry stream bed in the planter areas to slow surface.drainage dnd to allow water to -soakinto the root: zone of the plants and.into deep drainage chimneys.. \he drainage This detailed cross-sectioni llus- chirnneys are vertical pipe stands that are filled with fast-draining fock trates the design team:s pJoposals for roof watter cisterns, entlarged and sand filter material. The filter material is- installed at the inlet of planting areasand subsurtace the drainage chimneys and is inoculated with bio-remedial agents to drainage chimneys. The root water help break down petroleum'by-products and other pollutants carried cisternsare shown c/ose to the by phe stomwater. building and are contained within a vine-covered trellis structure. The trellis alsoholds the drain plpe Off-Sitelnfiltration Zone that extends outside of the building wall, from the roof, over the walkway and into the cistern, pro- Thd team included a permeable paved tfea at the south edge of viding a shading structure and a 24th Street, directly under an existing paiking space. This infiltration conduit for a 6" drain pipe. The zone consists of four subsurface drainage chimneys covered with a enlarged planting area is located inside the propertyJine permeable pav,ed permeable and next area.The paved areafifters the first-flush to the existing city sidewatk. This rain water and prevents it from cloggin-g the chimneys. In the event area provides space for sha/e of a flood, this system servesas an overflow for the recessedplanters trees,low drought-tqlerant plants at the site'property line. The infiltration' zone will also accept and a drainage chimney. The , drainage chimneyis designed to stomwater froin the street. This drainage structwe can easily be built return stcjrrhdrainage into the into other city qtreets,where soil conditibns pemit. existing sub-soils.

lal 2z' 1t 6vtLo,^te b.AuP fi*9i|.t0 ^ibe lr,.t lt ?tco @)vev^Eg

COMMERCIALSITE This illustration shows a closer view of the proposed green strip that runs along the city streets. Drou g ht-to Ie.ra nt p la nts and Ia rg e trees located in the green strips provide low maintenance shade and beauty.

GreenRoofs

The roof and sheathing has been removed from tl:re area over the patio dutside the meat market. This simple renovation will admit light into the building, improve air circulation, provide a place to grow vines, and create a more pleasant outdoor space for tables.

LandscapeManagement

The need to import water for irrigation has been eliminated through the installation of storm-watef stofage tanks and water conservation measures. Through the use of dn efficient drip irrigation system-controlleci by a r:rin senso! the water from the storage tanks will be used for irrigating the plant beds during the dry season. Irrigation requirements on the site will be redirced through the use of drought- tolerant plants arangedby hydrazone in swaled catchment planters itrat witt directly receive available stormwater runoff. Mulching and increased tree shade will greatly reduce evapo-transpiration rates from 'Nutrients the soil and plants. will be kept on the site by allowing plant litter to accumulate in the beds, rather than by the use of synthetic fertilizers. AIso, plant varieties will be selected for their appror priate size and their abiliry to thrive without fertlization

SUMMARY

The charrette team was able to achieve all of the performance thresholds using very cost-effective remodeling strategies. Without altering the use of the site or the number of parking spaces on either parcel, paved areas were reduced and stormwatef was stored, re-used,

JIFFYLUBE AND CONVENIENCE 77 78 COMMERCIALSITE The desigh team's illustrative site plan shows the location of the various BMPs. They include increasing shade (1), underground cisterns (2), roof water cisterns (3), infiltration ghimneys (4), off-site inflltration zone (5), and green roofs (6).

JIFFYLUBE AND CONVENIENCE 79 and retumed to the subsoil. The team proposed cleaning stormwater TEAM MEMBERS with such sirgple and cost-effective management pfactices as, re-using green Waste as mulch for plant beds in order to hold irrigation water in the soil for longer periods of time. In addition, placing simple shading Greg McPherson,' LandscapeArchitqct structures and vines on the existing buildings is very costeffective and & Forester helps te create cooler and more attfactive autooriented businesses. leam Facilitator Owen Dell, Landscape Architect CONSTRUCTIONBUDGET ,. Jack Irish, Landscape Architect &Architect The charette team provided a construction budget for the pro- Alan Cavacas, Engineer posed work, rotrnded irr 1997 dollars, as folkcws: .All proposed site improvements, planting, stormwater irrigation Landsca pe Arch itectu re system,filter,beds, subsurfacein-frltration .tf€4s = $7O,O0O. Graduate Students: Construction Contingencies(3O%) = $20,000. Brad Emarine TOTAL ESTIMATEDCOST OF CONSTRUCTION:$90,0O0; Laura\Welts Note: Professionaldesign fees for engineering and landscapearchi- Ints Luters tecture will Lrerequired (allow-2o%) = $20,000. Ken'Walden

BENEFITANALYSIS

' The following benefit analysisprovides a.cost value per year;per 30 years; and a total value over thirtlr years-for remediation of the entire property.This informatiqn was provided by the charrette team- in 1997 dollars.

- Amount Changed Value / Value / ' vear 30 vears lrrigationwater use 100%reduction $2,383 $71,490 From653 gal./dayto 0

Domesticwater use 20o/oreduction From 969 gallday to775 gallday $708 I21,24O

Flood management 1OO%reduction From 0.4 acre-feetto 0 (during 133-yearfldod emergency)'o $1,800 $18,000

Water pollution Capture and.treat 503 cu. ft. of on-site water and 322 cu. ft. of off-site water $270 $8,100

Air pollution strategicshade from treesand vines $1,269 $38,070

Green waste 100%reduction All green waste recycledon-site $324 $9,720

Totalvalue of all remediationfor 0:54acre site over a thirty-yearperiod = $166,620

3O. This charrette team exceeded the 3" minimum performance threshold for flood control by over 3OO%o

80 COMM'ERCIALSITE Industrial Site: ConjunctivePoints, CulverCity & LosAngeles, CA

Tbe design teann's plans PROTOTYPE and prototypes reduce This is ,^ typicll light industri^I a;tel that is currently being rede- stormwatur run-off antd. veloped-asa technolory and arts district The existing site has a95 to Iteat ga.itt, repair d.am- 100%strorm-water runoff rate and.very high heat.gain due to extehsive paved (98.5% aged. plant and uildlQfe and roofed areas of thLetotal site 4rea) communities, and. enltance tbe local urban SITEPROFILE coinmunity. The Coirjunctive Points Site is located'at the intprsection of Jeffer- son Boulevard and National Boulevard. The site sits at the juncture of Culver City,a thriving middle-class community, and south-central Los Angeles, an under-served area. The site location.is convenient to the 10 and 4O5 freewayS, downtown,Hollywood, Century City, Santa Mon- ica,IAAirport, and the South Bay. A bikeway extends from the beach to the site, and a greenway is being constructed along an abandoned- ,rlilway_locatedatits edge. Ballona Creek, a,_majorflood control channel drainirig approxim4tely 7O,OOOacres into Santa Monica Bay, runs through the west edge of the site.' i I . - The Coniunctive Pointsproiect will rebuild this under-used indusffial ar;ei so as to unite the arts, science, and entertainment industfies in a visionary mixed-use community of innovative work-space, the-

CONJUNCTIVEPOINTS 81 aters, exhibit spaces, restaurants , and parks. The existing buildings range in age (192Os to 199Os) and sjze. Presently, atotal of 360,000 square feet of building space has been redeveloped for private use. Several thousand mofe square feet are cufrently on the drawing board. An example of the type of future. developme nt that can be . expected in the district is the award-winning new business c€nter located in the charrette project areaand designed for del'elopers Fred- erick and Laurie.Samitaur Smith by architect Eric Owen Moss. The charrette project site is comprised of a 27-acre portion of the overall redevelopment district. There are ffieen foimer industrial buildings located on the charrette site. Roofs and impervious pave- - ment cover approximately 8O% of the site, while Ballona Creek . accounts fot I9o/o. Green space is limited to around l% of the project area, although a small city park and school are located directly to the northwest of the charrette site.

SITEDESIGN PROPOSALS

. Since this site is in the midst of dramdtic change, aspects of which are quite unpredictable at this time, the design team opted to provid€ generally applicable plans and prototypes, rather than detailed site- specific recommendations. The plans and prototypes reduce stormwater runoff and heat gain, repair damaged plant and-wildlife commuriities, and enhance the local urban community. The , plan works with the existing buildings but also anticipafes major changes to the site, as is illustrated in the Conjunctive Points master plan. The charrette plan is bised on the existing site and building locations with reference to the cufrent Conjunctive Points masterplan for the Culver City site. Minor modifications to the proposed density and site orgdnizatiort include the addition of approximately 9O,0O0 square feet of warehouse,light manufacturiirg, and residential uses along Cor- bett Street. The following specific recommendatioris could be applied to other industrial sites in the Los Angeles-area as well as to the Con- junctive Points site.

Green Planning

_ The charrette team made qeveral overall planning and redevelopment proposals: . Assumingth^t the developer's desire to drastically reduce automobile dependence at this site is achieved, a much - higher percentage of the land presently dedicated to car storage will be available for permeable surfaces (e.g. vegetated areas,permeable pavements for pedestrians and occasional emefgency vehicle use, ponds and wetlands, and parks and open spaces). Service and emergency access will need to be

82 INDUSTRIALSITE Carefully planned in order to avoid the piecemeal development of paved access areas,which would result in the even- tual addition of unnecessary paved areas over time. . Each new or renovated buildipg could include planters on building roofs,-walls, and balconies.These planters will use and absorb fain watef. . New pedestrian paths should be carefully planned, using information about pedestrian use pattefns to determine the most efficient locations for future paved wallcWays. This will help to limit unnecessary pavement. 'W-heneyer I . it is possible, the development of adjacent parcels should be coordinated. This would create opportunities for ' ' shared stofage areas for stomwater collection and re-use, shared composting and othef rnaintenance practices, shared fesoufces and amenities, and Z4-hottt,access to community - facilities. . The existing tatkoad right-of-way could be used as a green pedestrian spine to connect the different activities on the site. Architectural elements akeady proposed therrc could easily be adapted to perform in an ecologically sound manner. . Many outdoor elements o_nthrts siteshould be designed t6 reveal and explain its ecological function

Cistern Walls

The design team.located storage tanks for holding roof drlinage adjacent to building exteriors. Above grade tanks such as these are less expensive to install and rcpar than are below grade tanks. The tanks, or cistgrns, could either be installed immediately or pha'sed in llong with future renovations to existing mechanical and plumbing systems. The tanks may be located along the 6outh or west bui-lding face to provide some shade, although care must be taken not to pre-

These d rawi ngs i Ilustrate how cisternwalls might look against an existing one-storey concrete block warehouse building. In these sketchesthe cisterns and buildings are also shaded with vine-covered trellis structures and shade trees.

CONJUNCTIVEPOINTS 83 vent access to daylight or to render interior spaces less livable due to obstructed views. The team-suggested that tanks like these a;re capa'- ble of collecting and rq-using IQO% of the stormwater that is now drained off existing flat roof a;tea:S.The water may be suitable for site irrigation or, after some tfeatment,for domestic use (depending on the quality of the min water).

GreenScreens

The team prbposed installing green screens, or naffow strips of trees or vines on trellises that are fixed to building walls and roofs, to provide shade and to'reduce heat gain around the building. Stormwa- ter runoff from surrounding strcets and paved sidewalks can be channelled directly into narroyz'planting area.salongside the building nralls where the green screens ar€ rooted. A secondary mechanical irrigation system of soAker hose$ monitored by rain sensors will irrigate these areas during dry periods.

GreenCreeks

The tCam proposed to m6di$ the exisping flood-control channel This cross-sectionview shows the on the site in order to increase flood control capacity and to,provide layout of a standa.rdpgved parking arecreation space close to watei. They suggested that,if this approach lot with 12' wide islandslocated were to be followed throughout the region, then flood storage capag- between parking bays. The islands ity would be significantly increased and recreational access to fresh- extend the full-length o,f the park- water amenities would be found closer to neighborhoods. In some ing bay and include a bio-filtration instances, it may be possible to create wildlife ffeas that are contigu- system, d rou g ht-to Ie ra nt pl a nts, and shade trees. ln addition, the ous with the-city's existing and future gfeen corridors. The goal of convqntionallV naved parking area projects these types of "green link" is to est_ablisha new urban ldnd- is graded to provide long channels scape that.will provide a clean and more balanced enviroriment for thatare designed to detain both people and animals. stormwater during a flood event.

84 INDUSTRIALSITE This view on Corbett Street /ook- . by the charrdtte team. These ing toward Ballona Creek illus- , options incl.uded making breaks in the existing cbncrete channel to trates a mixture of land usesand allow for regraded vegbtated areas; removing pavement and utilities a cti viti es.Pe r qnea b Ie p aveme nts around.existingchannels;arid paftialTyreconstructing parts of the site, iuch as crushedstone allow shade fregs to be ptanted c/ose to auto-' using p€rmeable materials subh as gabion'fualls and vegetated breas. mobiles'and pedestrians.'A bicycle ' ' and pedestrian crdssingover Bal- Paikinggrchard, , Io4a Creekis proposedat the'end .*. . of Corbett Street This team retained many of the existing parking areas but improved their ecological function. In some areas,traditional asphalt paved parking bays were proposed. These'lots ryere graded to direct stormwater to rows of landscaped islands located between the bays. These landscaped islands act as filter areagthat clean the fir3t-flush water from stgrms occuring effly in the rainy season,before the pollution laden water can migrate to the subsoils benepth the parking arcVs.'Shadem!/or fruit treeb are also planted in the islands to shade vehicles and to provide food. The'paved parking areas would be graded so that t(re centerline of each -isle would be .substantially higher than the centerline of each green filter island. This would allow for the parking bays to be partially flooded to hold large amounts of watef, during i'flood efiiergency while ncit restricting vehicular access.. In other arelst the team proposed gravel surfaced parking areas rather then asphalt. Gravel lots are far more permeable than asphatt and arrealso less expensive to install. These gravel lots would n; snaOeOby trees planted an grid-pattern 1 _orcnard-like

CONJUNCTIVEPOINTS 85 This illustrative plan shows one possibleorganization of the 27- acre redevelopment site. The plan shows a mixture of building uses including industrial, office, and residential. Green screensand cistern walls are located outside of the. building walls (1). Shadetrees are shown in parking areas,along lP ldl XF building walls and in the public + street right-of-ways (2). The Bal- lona Creekchannel is modified to provide a pedestrian and bicycle- crossing and accessto a recreation area near the water (3). All parking areas are treated as parking orchards, with shade trees installed to reduce the heat island, absorb carbon, and to help regula.te the flow of water into and out of the site (4). Green filter islands(5) and flood retention bays (6) produce a highly economic and high-capacity f Iood retentio nI i nf iltrati on system.

86 INDUSTRIALSITE @ m . tn EsTffi 4g =

87 Salvagedsteel pipe (with an inert non-toxic finish) cguld be used for bollards to control wherecars park and to prevent damageto trees. Many other reeycled materials and designSfor.tree guardsare possible.

SUMMARY

The design team was easily able to exceed all of the performance thresholds set out in the charrette pro;ect requirements. In fact, they TEAM MEMBERS could have developed the site with a higher density of bgilding use and still have met the project requirements. Higtrly cost-effective John Lyle, above ground stomwater storage tanks can be used on such sites LandscapeArchitect Team Facilitator where there is ample spac€ and where they can easily be intigrated -with SusariVanAtta, existing architecture and site uses.The rain water stored in these Landscape Architect tanks is appropriate for irrigation; for most industrial pu.poses; ior ' Christine Theodoropoloirs, flushing toilets; and,with some monitoring and treatment,for drinking Architect & Engineer and hand-washing. ' Jacob Lipa, Engineer The challenge for the redevelopment of'this site concerns the Mia Lehrer potential to affect the water quality and overall environmental health Landscape Architect of the region outside of its boundaries.For example, the opportunity to affect the environmental function of Ballona Cre€k was integrated Landsca pe Architecture GraduateStudents; into the design team'b rather modest proposals. Ttre proposed trear- EileenTakata meot of the latge, open, paved parking area could e2sily be modified Erik Peterson to suit other parking areas in retail areas or at otherindustrial sites Ken Holden throughout the region. Many of the *een screen proposals can be Schneider adapted to fit almost any building-from a single-familyresidence to a Jerry large warehouse. These simple structures,designed to shade building Architecture Gra d u ate Student: exterior walls, provide the inspiration for the transformation gould of Jennifer Zpridn LosAngelesand its neighbors.-Thusthis region-known bythe world as the land of.the parking lbt-could,.in the future, becirme known as the land of the garden.

a CONSTRUCTIONBUDGET

The charrette team provided a rough construction budget for the proposed work, rounded n 1997 dollars, as follows: All proposed site irirprowements,including parking, planting, graywater irrigatiOn system.,filter beds, subSurface infiltration Lrea = $3,0o0,000.Construction Contingencies (3O%o) = $1,OQ,000.

TOTAT ESTIMATEDCOST OF CONSTRUCTION:$4,000,000. Note: Profi:ssional Design Fees for engineering and l-andscape architecture will be required. The plans xre:iery conceptual anQcan- not be used to develcip a basis for a design fee allowance.

88 INDUSTRIALSITE BENEFITANALYSIS

, -The following benefit analysisprovides a cost value per year;per 'the thirry years; and atotal valpe over thirty years for rernediation of ' entire property. This information was provided by the chaffette team n 1997'dollars l'.\' lssue Amount Changed Value,/ ValUe/' 30 lrri-gationwater use Presently,'thereis no ir,rigationon this site $0' $0

Domesticwater use 40% reduction (fr

Flood dischargereduced 30% (Hold6.75 acrefeet on-site {zt,ooo $27o,i)oo during flood emergency)

Water pollution Capture and treat 100% of first flush on-site., $14,100 $423,000

' Air pollution TreesandEreen Screen shiding $131,600 $3,948,000 (equalto 140strategically placed 'trees)

Green waste Preserltly,the site has no greeri. Gregn waste fiom $o $o new treesand vineswill be 100% recycled on the site.

Total value of all remediation over thirty-year period $6,333,O00

CONJUNCTIVEPOINTS 89 CONCLUSION

The plans you have just seen make a convincing case. They answeJ our original question-does it make sense to treat every site in our region as a mini watershed-with a collective and emphatic "Yes!". They illustrate hoq in so doing, the benefit to our region may 'We be far greater than the cost. believe that these plans successfully demonstrate not only that the apparently separate issues of water use, air pollution, solid waste management, energy use, water pollution, and flooding afe, in fact, all connected, but that they arc alI connected 'We at eac}:' individual site. believe that these plans also suggestthat improving the environmental performance of individual sites, and thus of our region as a whole , will require unusual levels of cross-jurisdictional and cross-disciplinary cooperation and coordination between those people and institutions who are responsible for the diffcr,ent pieces of the environmental p'lzzle. We hope we have illustrated, for the benefit of our citizens and all interested parties and groups, what a city comprised of more sustain- ' able sites would look like. rWe think that such a city would not only protect our shared environment, but would also lift our spirits. The' capacity to inspire is sorely lacking in our region;yet inspiration is precisely what we need. We feel that these designs provide tantallz- -ing glimpses into how a more sustainable city could also be a city we would enioy more, and in which we could take pride. But of course this book is just one small piece of a nluch larger pluz- de. Much more work is still needed. First, it almost goes without saying that proposals such as.these are only effective if they are broadly applied. For instanc.e, more than half of our region's sites would need to meet the performance thresholds suggested for floodcontrol in order to obviate expansion of our flood contr6l infrastructure. As part of this widespread implementation stratery,many of our building codes, zon- ing regulations, and engineering standards would need to be revised. These regulatory mechanisms-which most often are designed to ship environmental problems off sites to be "fixed" by central authorities (if at all)-must be changed so that we deal with as many problems as we can right on sites. But before taking-this unprecedented step, the sys tems, strategies, and devices for accomplishing this improved performance must be tested, adjusted, and improved. 7 We are proud to have a demonstration site for doing exactly that for a typical 50 foot x 150 foot residential lot. Howeve! other demonstration projects are also needed. Projects are needed for school sitEs, industrial sites, multi-family sites, small-scale com'mercial sites, large- scale commercial sites, and residential stfeets.

90 CONCLUSION It is also very clear'that since sites only cover slightly over half of the land in our region, with the rest being covered mostly by roads, that . a second project that focuses on the design of streets is needed. We are confident that our roads and rights-of-way could be built or retrofitted to ensure dmmatic increases in ehvironmental perfofmance. Finally, citizens, home-owners, builders, and govefnment officials need to be supplied with educational tools.These tools must clearly explain how environmental devices and systems should be built and maintained.Virtually no educational tools appropiiate tiJ the LosAnge- les region exist at this time, and they are desperately needed. This planbook advances L very different way of thinking about how we build our sites and, thus, our cities. Minds will not be changed over- night. But they uill change when they are fully informed. We nota baue a claance This change has 1keady begun. With nearly 200 million dollars to prouid.e a ubole neut from the "Proposition BB" rehabilitation bond now available, over 40O schools are slated for campus redesign and repaving. Consequently generation qf s c lt ool- we no.w have a chance to provid€ a.whole new genefation of school- cbildren witlt tbis neut children with this new way of thinking 'We way of tbinking can use this redevelopment initiative to teach students how their campuses function as urban forest watersheds. We hope that students will then use their new knowledge to discover any problems stemming from how the water on their campus watershed is handled, and will suggest strategies for solving them. Students will !e able to use BMPs,like the ones identified in this book,to sugg-esthow to retrofit their campuies. Their ideas will be used by landscape 4rchitects who will formalize their design ideas into real construction plans. Once the heavy construction is complete the students will return, facilitated by TreePeople staff and trained volunteers, to plant new trees and greenery on their campus.In most cases,we will be replacing pavement with greenery and the students will thus begin the long- term process of caring for the land as "campus watershed managers." Education and understanding are the key to this new way of thinking. Fortunately, the arguments in suppoft of more sustainable sites become stronger every day. The costs of separately managing environmental problems at the "end-of-the-pipe" is clearly too high. Many people in various fields are beginning to re-examine the most basic assumptions of their disciplines because, cleady, something is not working. It'seems that the mofe concrete we pour and the more money we spend, the more problems we create. Most people now Lgtee that concrete iS part of the problem, not part of the sollrtion. Clearly the solution lies in large numbers of people taking small steps, working with, rather than against the forces of nature.

CONCLUSION 91 92 Glossary

133-year storm ' The storm intensity used by the Army Corps of Engineers for cal- culating flood likelihood. Presumably a storm of this intensity occurs- once every 133 years on average.

' aeration A process whereby air voids are introduced into soil for improved fertility and water holding capability.

bio'-rernediate Bio-remediation uses biological processes to repair pollution damage. For example, a grass swale can bio-remediate much of the pollution caused by automobile use by holding hearry metals in the soil at harmless concentrations as well as by the action of soil bacteria, which gradually breaks down hydrocarbon waste such as crankcase oil.

bollard A sturdli element, usually a post, placed in such away as to prevent automobiles from entering a;rrarea.

catchmentplanter A planting bed that has been specially designed to hold and absorb storm flows ftom adjacent areas, usually from parking lots.

cistern Any tdnk or recess used to capture and store rain water for later use.

drainagechimney ' Holes drilled into the ground-sufficiently deep to allow rain water to quickly flow back into the ground. Also known as a dry well.

dra i na g e f Iow defI ecto r .A ri{ge and/ot a depression in a flat paved surface for the purpose of re-directing sheet flow into a channel, thus changing the destina- tion of storm watef.

oo'Krcontinuous flow in rror* drain system that occurs even dur- " ing extended periods without rain.

evap.otranspiration - The loss of water from the soil both by evaporation and by transpiration from the plants growing thereon.

GLOSSARY 93 filter medium Any item or substance that iE used for filtering impurities. In many of the designs included in this planbook, soili sand, and mulch were used as a filter medium. first-flushrain In the Los Angel,es arex,many months can pass between one rain storm and the next. During this time,pollution and grime build up on all of the cffs outdoor surfaces, and in pafticular, on its streets. r$7hen the next rain storm finally comes, it.washes the accumulated grime and pollution off bf the streets and into the underground storm drain sy-stem. This is the "first flush rain." As yoir might expect, it carries a very large amount of suspended and dissolved pollutants. gabion wall A sloping wall used mostly to line streams made of rock filled wire cages.

grassfilter strips A grassy edge or swale which fi.lters storm watbr in the root layer before percolating the water into the soil below or discharging the water ovedand. graywater 'Water.drained from household sinks, washers, tubs, and showers - that is, all water not coming from toilets.This *ater carrieb reliatively few suspended or dissolved solids: Consequently, it can often be used ' for such pulposes.as landscape irrigation. greenfilter islands A i'rassy or pla4ted landscaped island, usually in a parking lot, that filters storm water in the root layer before percolating the water into the soil below or discharging the water overland. greenlink Green Inks connect various locations via' generously planted "park- like" linear corridors. groundwater Groundwater is water that saturates the soil at some distance below'the surface, The levcl of groundwatef or "water iable" varies from soil to soil and from season to season. In rare instances, and on particular sites, the groundwater table-comes up to the surface. This results in standing water on the surface of the ground. More often,the groundwater teble is located many feet below the. surface.

groundwatermounding In certain instances, where stomwatef is feturned to the soil in one location at a faster fate than in adjacent locations, groundwater

94 GLOSSARY mounding can occur. This means that the water table (where the soil is saturated) can be higher under a recharge basin than in adjacent locations. Occasioqally this can create problems. Often it is benign.

growing medium -Any substance used for planting. This is almost always soil. Some- times soil will be substantially amended with additives, fertilizers, and organic material. Substantially amended soil is commonly referred to as growing medium.

heatgain Heat cf,n slowly build up in an object over time. This is called heat gain. In a building, heat gain is most often the consequence of many\ hours of sunshine striking and warming the exterior walls and roof.

- heat islandeffect Many urban areas lack shade trees. In these afeas the sun- strikes ' pavement and rooftops, heating them to very high temperatures. These surfaces rc+adiate heat back into the air, raisirig air tempera= tures by,five or more degfees. Urban ate s tlrat contain dense tree canopy avoid the heat island effect because trees absorb virtually all of the sun's energy without ndiating heat back into the air.

high crowns Virtually'all roads and parking areas have some kind of cfown, or high point, to ihsure that water flows off_promptly. Usually this high point is a ridge along the center line of the road or parking bay. This ridge is ordinarily only a few inches higher than the edges. "High crown" suggests a condition where this crown is made artificially higher to allow the road or bay tci hold more water than it otherwise could.

holdingponQ A depression *here rain water is directed and held temporarily. Holding ponds function to slow the rate at which water is discharged from a site to the rate more typical of undeveloped natural sites.

humuslayer The top layer of soil where there is the most organic activit'4, fibrous root material,and recycling detritus from the plants above.

hybriil cisternsystem A container for holding rain water, both aia resource for later use and to help alleviate downstream flooding during time of flood threat.

infiltration zone An area patricularly well suited and/or altered for directing storm water back into the soil.

GLOSSARY 95 impervious pavement ' No water can penetfate through an impervious pavement. Almost all asphalt and concrete pavement is impervious. percolation rate The rate at which water can filter into the soil. Some soil types, such as sand,have Lvery high percolation rdte;other soils types, such as clay,have a very slow percolation rate.

permeablepivement Permeable pavement is honey-combed with voids, or air-pockets. These voids alow water to migmte down through the pavement into' the soil below. potable water Water that is fit to drink

rechargeareas Certain zones in the landscape can accept water back into the soil at higher than avetage rates. Such areas are often referred to as recharge areas. residentialdensity The number of family units to be found on an average acre of land in a residential arca is referred to as its density. These densities range from low (1-2 units per acre) to high (40 +units per acre), riparianretention and treatmentarea A fetention or recharge area where plants native to rivers or lakes are installed to consume and clean the water therein. run off Stormwatef that flows off of one surface or site onto another. \ shadetrees Trees large enou'gh to shade a two-story buiidihg. In some bli- mates, shade'trees lose their leaves in the winter. Some evefgfeen tfees afe suitable shade trees, but they may shade the house of street during the winter when people would prefer to have the light and warmth of the sun. sheetflow Sheet flow is storm watef that flows in even sheets across a flat surface, such as a paiking lot. soakerhose Soaker hoses afe water conserving means of watering shrub beds esp-ecially. These hoses contain small perforations that allow water to flow gradually and continualy onto the soil. They work particulady

96 GLOSSARY well with cisternb as they operate w-ell with the low water preasuri:s typically delivered by cisterns

stormwater Stormwater refers to all rain water that. hits the surface of the grouqd. Stormwater pither percolates back into the soil or flows on the surface to th€ nearest -stofn-rdrain inlet, stream, or other wetland a'fea.

subsoil The soil layer below thb "topsoil" layer.

subsurface ' :. Below the surface of the.ground.

swale 'grass, A 6-shaped depression'in the land" usually lined with designed as a channel for moving stom watef from, one place to anothef

' , A small structure, usually made of wood, wire, or metal, design€d ' to support plants such as.tWining vines. :

watershed ) ' - - , A region or area bound perifherally by a water parting or ridge and.draining ultimately to L p rtlcular watefeourse of body 9f water. . Most sitestare now mini-watersheds, with the property lipe constitut- ing the "ridge'l and the-stofm drain system located in the street con- ,

GLOSSARY Appendix A OrganizationProfiles

TreePeopfe is a nonprofit environmental volunteer organization that has served the LosAngeles area for over 25 years.TreePeople'smission is to inspire the people of Los Angeles to take personal responsibility for their environment, training and supporting them as they plant and care for trees and improve the neighborhoods in which they live, work and play. Staff and volunteers work in partnership with sihools, neighborhoods, community groups, businesses and forest and park services bringing people and trees together to build stronger communities and improve the quality of the environment. Best known for plar-rting over 1.5 million trees,in LosAngeles and surrounding mountains, and for developing and running the largest environmental,education program in phe country treePeople is. at the forefront of the urban forestry rnovement, offering sustainable solutions to urban ecosystem problems. TreePeople,12501 Mulholland Drive, Beverly Hills, CA90201; (818) 753-4618, Fax (S18) 753-4525; Web site: www.treepeop.le.orgltrees/

Moriarty Condon *as established by Stacy Moriarty and Patrick Condon in 1!86.Th9 firm provides a tull range of services in landicape research, planning and construction design for projects throughout North America.Thei!: clients include governmeni, non-profit agencies,neighbourhoods, institutions, individuals and private development corporationS.They have also developed an international reputation for sustainable design, with particular emphasis on "ecological infrastructure," a systerri of parcels, streets and public spaces that can reduce construction costs while eliminating site-generated pollution. Current proiects include the design and construction of a ZOo-actecollege campus, planning and design for a 1,400 unit hillside community, site design guidelines for school districts, a public-garden in downtown Minneapolis, and residential and institutional developments in British Columbia. Planning studies include work in British Columbia, California, Massachusetts,Minnesota, and the NewYork metropolitan region. Moriarty/Condon,Suite 1O2,1661 West SecondAvenue, Vancouver, Canada, V6J 1H3,(604) 737 5987,FAX (604)730 0056,E-mail [email protected]

PS Enterprises (PSE) is a strategic communications, public relations and policy development firm located in Santa Monica, California. Founded in 1939 byTom Soto;the firm specializes in environmental legislation, media and community relations, conference coordination, communicating with hard-to-reach audiences, and environmental policy research and development. PSE'sexperience wprking on legislation and public policy allows the firm to conduct strategically planned outreach carnpaigns on behaH of a variety of clients. PSEis registered as a Minority Business Enterprise (MBE) with state, county, and local agencies. P5Enterprises,3350 Ocean Park Boulevard, Suite 205, Santa Monica, CA 90405(310) 392-6195, Fax (310) 399-6971 Web -site:www. psenterprises.cem.

Jcines & Stokes Associates, tnc. Associates is a multi-disciplinary firm providing a wide range of services in environmental planning and natural resource management. The firm's expertise includes wildlife and habitat management and restoration; terrestrial and wetland biology;water resource and wastewatet management; aquatic ecology and fisheries; environmental law and regulation; mitigation monitoring; cultural resources analysis;municipal and open-space planning; transportation, air qualiry noise, and energy analyses; and geographic information syirtem (GIS) services. - Clients throughout the.Western United Statesinclude federal, state, and local governments; special districts; private organizations; nonprofit organizations; engineering and law firms. Headquartered in Sacra- mento, CA. Offices in Belleme ,\izA; SanJose, Bakersfield and Irvine, CA; and Phoenix,AZ Jones& StokesAssociates, Inc., 2500 V Street,Sacramento, CA 95818,(916) 737-3000; Fax (916) 737-3030. Web site:www.jsanet.co

98 ORGANIZATIONPROFILES Appendix B: Ch a rrette Partici pa nts

lra Artz is a civil engineer with over 20 years of experience in water resource planning. engineering and managementprojects. He is currently with the firm of Simons, Li & Associates in Costa Mesa, California where he combines the disciplines of hydraulics, environmental science and regulatory management in the analysis of flood control projects. Previous work experience includes 10 years with the Army Corps of Engineers. Mr. Artz has written on topics such as the availability of water for solar power plant cooling and the use of sewage sludge to rehabilitate impacted land in Southern California. Simons,Li &Associates,3150Bristol St., Ste.500, Costa Mesa, CA92626, (714)s13-1280, FlI Q14)\13-1278. dail Boyd is an engineer and senior consultant with URS Greiner,Woodward- Clyde in Portland, Oregon. Mr. Boyd has developed state-of-the-art methods for stbrmwater and watershed management and is working on cutting-€dge projects in the Pacific Northwest and California. He has been a policy advisor to the US EPA for over 20 years and served as manager of the agency's Nationwide Urban Runoff Program. He is a nationally recognized expert in evaluating and controlling water quality problems.resulting from nonpoint source pollutants. He has managed controversial. environmental impact studies including the Los Angeles to San Diego "bullet train,'lUS Navy supersonic flight areas and bombing ranges, nuclear power facilities and major municipal "waste-to-energy" facilities. Mr. Boyd conducts workshops and planning sessions for municipal and industrial clients,throughout the westem states. URSGreiner, Woodward-Clyde, 111 S.W. Columbia, Ste. 990, Portland, OR 97201, (s03) 222-7200, FAX (s03) 222-4292.

Alan Cavacus is an engineer with Woodward-Clyde Consultants in Santa Ana, 'California. He has over L9 years of experience in the environmental consulting practice. Clients include the EPA Office ofVat€r and several private and municipal entities. He has extensive experience in flood plain and flood frequency analysis,urban hydrology and hydraulicS and the evaluation of stormwater management techniques. Mr. Cavacus was the principal designer of a low environmental impact residential development in Maryland, which used a design approach involving planted areas integrated into drainage and grading designs to provide watef contfol'without the use of large and expensive structural rhea- sures. Recent projects have focussed on water quality in the areas of assessment, performance goal development, and management practices. Wo6dward-ClydeConsultants, 2020 EastFirst St,., Ste. 400, SantaAna, CA 92705, (714)83s-6886, FAX (714) 667-7147.

Patrick Condon i3 a member of fhe Univefsity of British Columbia Landscape Architecture Faculty. He currently holds the UBC James Taylor Chair in Land- scapes and Liveable Environments. In that capacity he has organized a series of international design charrettes for urban sustainability. From 1981 to 1983 he was the Director of Community Development for the City of Westfield, Massa- chusetts and from t984-1991 he taught landscapb architecture at the Universi'ty

CHARRETTEPARTICI PANTS 99 of Minnesota. .He has won awards for his teaching and iesearch and has published and lebtured widely on sustainable urban design and landscape design theory. He is a partner in the design and planning firm of Moriarty/Condon Ltd. Moriarty/CondonLandscape Architects & PlannersLtd., 1651West 2nd Ave.,Ste. 102, Vancouvel BCV5J 1H3 (604) 737-6987 , FAX (604) 730-0056.

John Connell is an architect and owner of the-2Morrow Studies @ Fox inWar- ren,Vermont, a firm that designs and builds art, enyironments and educational sit- uations that promote higher awareness of human behavior within the natural environment. Recent projects include kinetic sculpture from recycled materials for Ben & Jerry's theme park and the desigh and construction of a biological waste treatment greenhouse for four single family homes. Mr. Gonnell founded theYestermorrow Design/Build School to teach the design of energy-conserving, environmentally-sound homes. He is the author of Homing Instinct and has spo- ken and taught at a number of colleges and uniyersities. 2Morrow Studies@ Fox,313 Brook Road,Warren, W Q5674,(802) 496-5546, FAX (802) 496-6280.

Bernadette Cozart is Executiye Director of the Greening of Harlem Coalition and is a.gArdener for the Department of Parks and Recreation of NewYork City. Transforming public spaces-including abandoned buildings, vacant lots, and tree pits-is the_focus of the coalition. These sites become ecologically sound, viable spaces fof communify interaction and industry such as growing organic produce for salsas,jellies, etc. Ms. Cozart's background is in horticulture with an emphasis on botany. 300 RiversideDr., A,pt. l0-H, New York, NY 10025,(212) 254-2870.

Owen Oeli ls a nationally recognized licensed landscape architect arid contractor. He is the owner of County Landscape & Design in Santa Barbara, California, specializing in sustainable landscape design and construction. Mr. Dell teaches and lectures around the country on sustainable landscaping, fire safety and other topics. He is the author of Houl to Open and Operate a Home-Based Land- sca.ping Business and is a regular coniributor to Sunset Magazine and other publications. Mr. Dell is president of SmallVildernessArea Preserves,Inc. and is a member of the board of directors ofThe Sustainability Project. He has received numerous awards for his work and community activism. County Landscape& Design,234 MesaLane, Santa Barbara, CA 93107, (80s)962-3253, FAX (80s) 962-5603.

Kate Diamond is the nationally recognized and award-winning proprietor of Siegel Diamond Architecture. Her projects include the LAX Air Traffic Control Tower, the award-winning design for the new Univelsal City Metro Red Line Sub- way Station, the University of California, Irvine Student ServicesAddition and the New Jefferson Elementary School @oth published in Architecture ). Ms. Dia- mond was the first woman president of the LosAngeles Chapter of theAmerican Institute ofArchitects. She has presented lectures all over the U.S.on topics-such as: "Reinventing the California Dream-Coming toTerms with Densiry,""TheArt of,Architecture in the Social Ecology," and "Transportation Facility Design as an Act of Placemaking." SiegelDiamond Architects, 605 West OlympicBlvd., #820, Los Angeles, CA 9001s, (213) 627-7170,FAX (213) 627-7069.

Michael Drennan is a principal engineer with the environmental engineering firm of MontgomeryWatson where he is responsible for'directing their practice in the field of watershed {nanagement. He has led stormwater management pro-

100 CHARRETTEPARTICI PANTS grams for both municipal and industrial clients and is currently assisting a mrm- ber of wat€rshed groups to define and accomplish their mission. Recogniziltgthat many of today's bariers to improving the aquatic environment are institutional as 'well as technical in.nature, he.has focused much of his recent attention on resolv- ing conflicts that could preclude sound technical solutions. He is currently serving as Vice President of the Los Angeles/San Gabriel Rivers Watershed Council whose mission is to facilitate a compfehensive, multi-purpose, stakeholderdriven, con- sensusprocess to protect, restore and enhance the watershed ecosystem. Montgomeiy Watson, 301 North Lake-Avenue,Suite 600, Pasadena,CA-91101. (626)s68-5049, FAX (626) 568-6101.

Bruce Ferguson is Professor oflandscapeArchitecture and Director of the Mas- ter of LandscapeArchitectufe program at the'University of Georgia. He is a larid- scape architect who has specialized in environmental management of urban watersheds for twenty years. flis book, Stormwater Infiltration, is the standard profe.ssional reference in its field. He conducts stofmwatef management continuing-education courses for designers and lectures'at universities throughout the US. Consrilting projects include conservation of irigation water on the lawn of the White House and site design guidelines to protect run-off quality in the states of California, Florida, Georgia and NewYork. Schoolof EnvironmentalDesign, University of Georgia,Caldwell Hall, Athens, GA 30602-184s,(706) s42-4704,FAX (706) s42-4485.

Colin Franklin is an architect, landscape architect and ecological planner. Since l975,he has bebn principal atAndropogonAssociates, Ltd. in Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania. He has a career-long involvement in the design of new towns and is active in the movement to develop sustainable communities both nationally and internationally. Mr. Franklin is an advisor to the World Bank, creating €nviron- mental design strategies for land development and management. He has worked in Iran, Sri Lan-ka,WestPakistan and the South Pacific. Currently, he is working on 'Green a maior new city in the Middle East and is a participant in the Building' program, a sustainable design initiative in Bozeman, Montana. He has lectured and published articles on the h.istoric values and planning guidelines that pre- serve community and park landscapes. Andiopogon Associates,Ltd.,374 ShursLane, Philadelphia, PA 19128,(215) 487- 0700, FAX (215)483-7s2O,

,,Paul Hawkeh is a businessman, environmentalist and author. He serves as Chair- man ofThe Nartural Step, a non-profit educational foundation whose purpose is to develop and share a cofirmon framework comprised of easily understood, scientifically-based principles that can-serve as a compass to guide society toward a sustainable future. Mr. Hawken is the author of several books published in over 50 countries, including the best-selling Ecologj,t of Commerce (L993). His book, GrouiTtg a Business,became the basis for a PBSseries which Mr. Hawken hosted and produced. The program explored socially responsive companies and is shown on television in over 115 countries. His latest book,Natural Capitalisrn: Tbe Next Industrial Reuolution, written with Amory and Huntet Lovins, is scheduled to be released in September of 1999. South 40 Pier,No. 20; Sausalito, CA 94965,(415) 332-5124,FAX (415) 332-7933.

Kristina Hill isAssociate Professor at the Department of Urban Studies and Plan- ning at MIT. She is a recipient of the Fulbright Scholarship for her study of the ecological impacts of agricultural development in southern Sweden using com- puterized mapptuIg and assessment techniques, and the American Society of

CHARRETTEPARTICIPANTS 101 LandscapeArchitects MeritAward. Her curreneresearch interests include spatial patterns of l2nd use and their impacts on environmental sustainability and the use of Geographic.Information systems (GIS) to' trace ecologically-significant changes in land-use during regional development. ' Dept. of Urbanstudies and Planning,Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Bldg. 10-485,77 Mass.Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139,(6171) 253-7305.

Robert Kennedy is the chief Forester for the ciry of Los Angeles street Tree Division, managing the largest, most diverse urban forest in the wodd. He is a certified arborist, landscape cbntractor and pest control advisor. He also'has a private landscape contracting and maintenance business. Mr. Kennedy has written articles for the Journal ofArboriculture and has lectured on urban forest issues and proper arboricultural practices throughout Southern California. He has served on many important city committees including storrhwater Manage- ment, Recycling and Planning, Greenway and open Qpace and community For- est Advisory. He has also worked to educate high school students and young adults about the urban forest, teaching.classes in environmental issues and fun- damentals of plant and nursery mzrnagement. StreetTSee Division, City of LosAngeles, 200 North Main St.,City Hall Easl Room 1550,Los Angeles, CA 90012,(213) 485-5075, FAX (213) 231.o158..

Thomas A. Larson is president of Integrated Urban Forestry a division of Evans andAssociates. He has over 25 years of experience in the landscape and nursery business. Mr. Larson leads project t€ams, assigns personnel, and performs field reconnaissance. He is also responsible for a latge part of IUF's business development. Mr. Larson has also served as Park supervisor for the Kern counfy special District of Parks &.Recreation, as President of urban Forestry consultants, as General Manager for, seaTree Nurseries, and asv.ice president of sales & Marketing for Keeline-wilcox Nurseries. He was a member of the cost-Benefit Model team for the T.R.E.E.S.Prolect with Jones & StokesAssociates. fntegrated Urban Forestry,23382Mill CreekDr., Stb. 225, LagunaHills, CA 926s3, (949) 837-s692,FAX (949) s88-s0s8.

Mia Lehrer is the founder/president of Mia Lehrer + Associates, a landscape architecture and urban design firm in downtown Los Angeles. she has been involved in the planning and design of landscapes whose _scalehas varied from the coast of El salvador to residential gardens. she is cu(rently working on the design of Bosque Los Pericos, the largest public park'in the city of San Salvador, as well as the renovation of Barnsdall Park in Los Anggles and a series of urban open spaces in Bedin, Germany. Mia Lehrer+ Associates,800 No. Alameda St.,Los Angeles, CA 90012,(213) 892- 0009,FAX (213) 892-0008.

Jacob Lipa is a civil engineer and the principal of psogras &Associates. He has over 2-1.years experience with a[ phases of the design and management of civil engineering projects with emphasis upon analysis of hydrological and flooding issues: He manages the design team for wetlands design, storm drain facilities and planning for PlayaVista, LosAngeles, a l,OoO-acreinaster-planned mixed-use facility. He has conducted numerous flood plain studies and design of flood control systems. He has extensive experience in the design and modeling of water quality aspects both from urban runoff and from construction and dredging activities. Psomas& Associates,3420 Ocean Park Blvd., Santa Monica, CA 90405,(310) 450- 1217,FAX (310) 452-741!t.

102 CHARRETTEPARTICIPANTS Andy Lipkis founded and has been president of TreePeople for twenty-five years. TreePpople is a guiding light for the rapidly-growing citizen forestry moYe- ment in this country. Mr. Lipkid'creative programs include aidifting bare root trees to Africa, inspiring the planting of one million trees in I-A.before the 1984 Summer Olympics, numerous disaster relief efforts during flood and fire, and many versions of training designed to increase the number of citizens involved in urban tree planting and care. Mr. Lipkis and his #ife and'colleague,Igtie Lip- kis,were named to the UN Environment Programme's Global 500 Roll of Honour and also hold American Forests' Lifetimg Achievement Award. TreePeople,12601 Mullholland Dr.,Beverly Hills, CA 902'10,(818) 753-4600, FAX (818) 753-462s.

Sharon Lockhart is an attomey specializing in Environmental Law. She is a private consultant on biological and policy issues related to proposed developments which would either impact wetlands or endangered species. She provides input for project design, develops wetland and habitat restoration plans, prepares biological baseline infomation and impact assessmentsand prepares permit appli-' cations. Formedy, she was a biologist for the US Fish and{ildlife Service. 7943East Santa Cruz Avenue, Orange, qA 92869,(714) 289-1817, FAX (714) 289'1907.

Hoi Luc is an architect for the City of LosAngeles: He is responsible'for all aspects of design proiects from cohcept to construction.. He has worked for the city for seven yezus and his projects include theVilshireArea Police Station, the South Cen- tral Constituents Service Center, theTemporary 77th Street Police Station, and the TillmanW'ater Reclamation PlantVarehouse. Mr. Luc has worked as an architect for. 10 years and has designed buildings for both commercial and industrial clients. ArchitecturalDivision, Bureau of Engineering,City of LosAngeles, 600 South SpringSt., Los Angeles, CA 90014,(213) 847-5281.

John Lyle passed away inJuly of 1998. We yere truly fortunate to have had the benefit of his expertise during the Charrette phase of theT.R.E.E.S.Project. Mr. Lyle had been a Professor in the Departmerit of Landscape Architecture at Cali- fornia State Po\technic University in Pomorla where he initiated the Master gf LandscapeArchitecture program. His design interests included ecological bases for design and planning and design applications of regenerative systems. He designed wat€r conservation.plans for several California cities and created a Landscape Management Plan for endahgered specieg recov€ry for the US Nary. His private practice clients included Appalachian Ministries Educational ,Resource Center and Oberlin College. His articles were published in the Zos Angeles Times, Landscape Arclritecture, and Nikkei Design. He lectured throughout the US and in nriitl and Greece . \

Leo Marmol and Ron Radziner are founding partners of Marmol & Radziner, -a Santa Monica, California architecture and construction firm that has designed projects for public agbncies,non-profit organizations and private clients. Recent projects include First Flight Ctiild Care Center for Los Angeles International Air- port which serves 10OOinfants and preschool children and a design for the Sheenway School and Cultural Center, which includes eldedy housing, a school, clinic and child care center. The firm completed the award-winning restoration of the Neutradesigned Kauffmann House in Palm Springs and is designing a sustainable house in Colorado, which w-ill utilize environmental tephnology.and non-toxic building materials. The firm's work has appeared in Arcbitectural Record, Progressiue Architecture, t}re Neu York Tirues an( other publications. Marmol & Radziner;Architecture & ConstructionAlA. 2902 NebraskaAvenue, . SantaMonica, CA 90404,(310) 264-1814, FAX (310) 264-1817.

CHARRETTEPARTICIPANTS 103 Greg McPherson is a Research Forester and Project Leader for the pacific Southwest Research Station'sWestern Center for Urban Forest Research and Edu- cation. His research focuses on the measurement and modeling of urban forest benefits and costs, with particular emphasis on energy, carbon and water use. Dr. McPherson served as lead scientist on the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Pro- ject from 199L-94. He was also instrumental in the Sacramento Urban Forest Eco-systems Study. Both proiects analyze the link befween the urban forest and the environmental and economic benefits it provides. The data is used by cities throughout the -US. USDAForest Service, Pacific Sbuthwest Research Station.Western Center for Urban ForestResearch and Education,Department of EnvironmentalHorticul- ture, Universityof CalifoJnia.Davis, CA 95616-8587,(916) 752-5897, FAX (916) 752-6634. , Jeff Olson is afrofessor of Landscape Architectuie at Calpoly pomona, where he began teaching in 1974. His areas of interest are primarily related to ecolog- - ically-based land planning and design andrto methods of visual analysis. He is the author of a computer database for native and cultivated plants in California. His professional experience includes private practice . in california, Alberta and British Columbia. He has taught at the University of Arizona and has lectured in Canada, Mexico and ltaly. CalPolyPomona, Department of LandscapeArchitecture, Pomona, CA 91768, (909) 859-268s,FAX (909) 859-4460.

Tom Richman is principal of Tom Richman & Associates (TR & A), an urban design/ landscdpe architecture firm in PaloAlto, California. The firm is bringing its focus on self-renewing landscapes to public st1€etscapes,campus design and the renovation of commercial districts. The firm has won multiple nationalASlA a*"ids for projects such as an urban forestry and traffic calming plan for aBay Area neighborhood. TR & A created Start at tlte Source-Residential Site Plan- ning & Design Guidance Manuq.l for Stormuater Quality Protection for the Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association. The design techniques in the docume_nt are presented to municipal plannerg engineers, public works ' officlals and developers in workshops led by the firm. - Tom Richmanand Associates,Urban Designand LandscapeArchitecture, 654 Gilman St.,Palo Alto, CA 94301,(650) 452-8880; FAX (550) 325-1018.

Bill Roley, an applied ecologist and designer, is the director of the permaculture Institute of Southern California and a Professor of Integr4ted Systems at Cahfor- nia Polytechnic Univ,ersity. He consults with city and county governments on watershed management, wastewater nutrient cycling, greenwaste management; and vermacomposting. Dr. Roley's international work involves tqaching design and installation skills using regene rative and sustainable landscape tectrniques. Specific projects include creating a productive landscape for an orphanage in Tijuana and an ecotourist biopreserve in- the Yucatan. His work creating a research and demonstratien site for Ecology Farms in Paris,Chlifornia is an exarn- ple of firll-circle solutions for urban management. Dr. Roley is on design teams in Vietnam, Hong Kong Mexico, andBtazil,wLrere he is helping to develop regen- eratiye strategies for sustainable infrastructure management. 1027Summit Way, Laguna Beach,CA02751. (949) 494-5843,FAX (949) 494-0129.

Leslie Ryan his a private practic€ in landscape alchitecture, community and environmental planning and public art based-in oakland, california. Some ctrr- rent proiects include the conceptual design for an urban plaza and roof terrace gardens for the San Diego New Main LibrarJ',and renovation of aValdorf charter I 104 CHARRETTEPARTICI PANTS school to reflect the environmental philosophy of founder Rudolph Steiner. Ms. Ryan completed a one-year fellowship. and residency at the American Academy in Rome,focusing on historical places of healing and restoration. Her award-winning designs have appeared in Landscape Arcbitecture and Time. Her publc art- work has been installed in San Diego and Rome. 3325 BirdsallAvenue, Oakland, CA 94619,(510) 532-5666, FAX (510) 532-5555.

Larry Smith is an urban forest planner with the Davey Resource Group. Mr. Smith has been involved with community-based projects as well as all. aspects of the Green Industry for the past 14 years. He is the Chair of the LosAngeles Com- munity ForestAdvisory Committee and Project Director for the City of-LosAnge- les Street Tree Inventory Management System project. He ,developed and managed theUrtjan Forest Ecosystem Partnership Summit in Los Angeles. As a team member of the LosAngeles River Computer Design Charrette , he examihed alternative design solutions that addressed the environmental quality objectives of the LosAngeles River Master Plan. 6824Aldea Ave.,Van Nuys,CA 91406,(818) 705-8122, FAX (818) 705-1913.

Christine Theodoropoulos is an assobiate professor in the Department of Architecture at California State Polytechnic University in Pomona. Shi teaches courses in architectural design and structures. She is a registered civil engineer and architect. Her research interests include the development of teaching materials and methods in the.practice, theory and history of structural technology in architecture with particular emphasis on seismic design. She is the director of the N€utra\iDL Research House in LosAngeles. 2351 Edgewater Terrace,Los Angeles, CA 90039, (909) 869-2690,FAX (909) 869- 2683.

Susan Van Atta is principal ofVanAttaAssociates, a landscape architecture firm based in Santil Barbara, California. In addition to designing landscapes, she specializes in natural resource analysis and restoration as lru.ellas historical restoration. She i5 a founding member of The Sustainability Project Board of Dir€ctors of the Santa Barbaru Chapter of the AIA and a member of the Innovative Build- ing Review Committee of the County of Santa Barbara. Some of her awards include the Santa Barbaru Beautiftrl Design Award, plus awards for Art in Public Places in San Luis Obispo and Inspiration Point in Newport Beach. She has been a guest lecturer at CalPoly San Luis Obispo, the University of California and other institutions. Van Atta & Associates,235 PalmAve., Santa Barbara, CA 93101,(8O5) 730-7444, FAX (805) 730-7446.

Jeff Wallace is an independent contractor responsible for designing, managing, and programming the Cost-Benefits Model for the T.R.E.E.S.Projecr. Mr. Wallace was one of the eady members of Silicon Graphics Computer Systems,and uses his fifteen years of technical and projegt management experience to provide innovative, easy-to-usecomputer-based tools for analysis and simulation of environmental systems. He has a BS in Computer Science, an MBA and MFA in film. 99 EastMiddlefield Rd.,Suite 32, Mountain View, CA94043,VOICE/FAX (650) 961-9319.

Peter Warshall is a biologist, anthropologist and writer. He runs his own consulting firm and seryes as editor-in-chief of Wbole Eartb Reuieut. His training and experienpe includes natural history natural resource management (especially watersheds, wastewater, and wildlife), conservation biology, biodiversity assessmentsand conflict resolution. He has served as a consultant to the United

CHARRETTEPARTICIPANTS 105 Nations,USAID,the Apache people ofArizona and'ma1or'transnationals such as Chlerox and SAS Aidines. I{e designed one of the first zero-discharge constructed wetland sewage'systems. His ariicles have appeared in the San FFan- cisco Chronicle, Orion, RiuerVoicgs, SPIN and Anirnal Kingdorn. Whole Earth Review,1408Mission Ave., San Rafael, CA 94901,(415) 256-2800,' FAX(415) 256-2808.

Bill Wenk is president of Wenk Associates Inc.', a planning and landscape architecture firm based in Denver, Colorado. 'He is a mqmber of the American Society of Landscape ArchitEcts and is also a member of the Conservation Funds National Forum on Non-point'Source'Water Pollut{on. His firm's work along urban iivers and streams has been recognized nationally and internationally for its environ- l mental responsibility, and for the integration of urban and natural syst€ms. Wenk.& Associates,1035 Cherokee 51.,Denve[ CO 80204, (303) 528-0003;FAX (303) 628-0004.

106 CHARRETTEPARTICIPANTS Appendix C T.R.E.E.S.RESOURCES

A library was set up at the chamette to make the following resources_ - available to design team members. \ )

AIR QUALITY Air Quatity Management Ptan (1994). 1994 Afu Quality Management Pla4. Repog prepared by the South Coast Air Quality Management District, Dia- mond Bar, California.

Air Quality Management.Plan (7995). 1996 Air Quality Management Plan. Report on Stationary and Mobile Souice Control Measures, Appendix fV-A, August 96.

Benjamin M. T. and winer A. M. (7996). Estim4ting the ozone-forming potential of urban treesand shrubs. Atmodpheric Environment. In press.

Beijamin M. 7., Sudol M' Blocb L) and Winer A. M. (1.996a). Low-emitting urban forests: a taxonomic methodology for assessing isoprene and mohoterpene emission rates' Atmospheric Environmen!, 30, 1437-1.452.

Benjamin M. 7., Sudol M., Vorsatz D., And Winer A. M. (1,996b). A spatially- and temporally- resolved biogenic hydrocarbon emissions inventory for the California Sorlth Coast Air Basin. Atmospheric Environment. In press.

Bennbn J. H. qnd Hill A. C. (1973a). Absorption of gaseous air pollutants by a standardized plant canopy. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Associa- tion, 23(3):203-206.

BennettJ. H., Hill A. C., and Gates D. M. (1973b). A model for gaseous pol- lutant sorption by leaves. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 23(J1j:957-962.

Elki.ey T. and Ormrod D. P. (1930). Sorption of ozone and sulfur dioxide by petunia leaves. Journal of,Environmental Quality, 9(1):93-95. Enuironmental Protection Agency (L982). Emissions trading policy state, ment; general principles for creation, blnking, and use of emission reduction credits. Federal Register,4767)t5076-15086. Aprll 7,'J.982.

Grantz, Da,uid A. and Vaugbn, Dauid L. (1,99r. Evaluation and demonstration of methods for reducing PM-10 levels in the Antelope Valley (Western Molave Desert) by suppression of fugilive dust, Draft final report prepared for California Air Resources Board and the California Environmental Protec- tion Agency on ARB Contract 92-347.

Guentber, Alex, Zimmerman, Patrick, andwildermutb, Mary. (1994). Nat- ural volatile organic compound emission rate estimates for U.S. woodlarld. landscapes, Atmospheric Environment, 28(6) :7197-P] 0.

Louett G.M. (1994). Atmospheric deposition of nutrients and pollutants in North America: An ecological perspective. Ecological Application, 4(4):629- 0)u.

RESOURCES 107 Noutak D.J. (J997) Urban Folest structure and the functions of hydrocarbon emissions and carbon storage. In Rodbell P. D.'(ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth National Urban Forest Confepence, 48-51. Vashingron DC: The Ameri- can.Forestry Association.

NowakD.l. (199r. Atmospheric carbon reduction by urban trees. Journal of EnvironmentalManagement, 37 :207 -217 :

NouakJ.H. and Pierce T.E. (1,99t. Naturdl emissions of oxidant precursors. t 'Water, Air and Soil Pollution,6T:57-77.

PadroJ. Q99r. Summary of ozone dry deposition velociry measurements and model estimates over vineyard, cofion,, grass and deciduous forest in summer. Atmospheric Environment,30,2353-2369. I Roberrs B.R. (1.974)., Foliar sorption of dtmospheric sulphur dioxide by woody plants. Environmental Pollution, 7 tt33-140.

Roberts B.R. (1980). Trees as biological filters, Jourpal of Arboriculture, 6:20- )1

Roberts 8.R., Docbinger L.5., and Tounsend A.M. (7986). Effects of atmospheric deposition on sulfur and nitrogen content of four urban tree species, Journal of Arboriculture, 12:2A9,121.

Roruntree R.A. and Notaak DJ. Gg91). Quantifying the role of urban forests in removing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Journal of Arboriculture 17Q.0):269.275.

Taylor G. E:Jr. and Hanson P. l. (1992). Foresr trees and tropospheric ozone: role of canopy deposition andleaf uptake in developing,exposure - response relationships. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environmenq 42(1992):255-273.

Totansend.A. M. (1,974). Sorption of ozone by nine shade tree species. Journal of the American Sociery for Horticultural Science,.99(3):205-208.

Winer A. lt!., Fitz D. R., and Miller P. R. (198r. Invesrigation of the role of natural hydrocarbons in photochemical smog.formation in California. Final report to the California Air Resources Board, Contract No. 40-056-32, Sacra- mento, CA, February.

CISTTR]\[S (1992). The drying game, Utne Reader, May/June, 1993,74- 79. Reprinted from Der Spiegel, 25 May, 1992.

Department of Water ResoLtrces (1981). Captured Rainfall: Small Scale Water Supply Systems, Bulletin 2t3, State of California, The Resources Agency, Department of \Vater Resources,May, 1!81.

Doxsey, IV. Laurence (1996). Residential Rainwater Catchment Systems, Pub- lication No. 1, American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association.

Jenkins D., Pearsen F., Moore E., Kirn S.J., and Valentine R. (1978). Feasibil- ity of iRainwater,Collection Systems in California, Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Health Research Laboratory Report No. 78-6. Berkeley, CA: College of Engineering, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkelev.

108 RESOURCES Lye, Dennisl. (1996). Water Quality of American Cistern Systems, Publica- tion No. 2, Lmerican Rainwater Catchment Systems Association.

Parsons M. F. (L995). Rain barrels for garden irrigation, supplement: Master Composfer Course, Aprii, 1995.

Pars'onsM. F,, Johnston G., and Kwan A. ( ). Rainwater catchment for lawns and gardens - a stratery to reduce peak water'demands.

Selfridge T. and Pearson F. (1981). Residential and Institutional Rainwater Collection Systems for Irrigation on the Monterey Peninsula, Sanitary Engi- neering Research Laboratory Report No. 80-7. Berkeley, CA: Sanitary Engi- neering Research Laboratory, College of Engineering, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley.

Shapiro S. l/. ( ). ,the rdle of water reclamation'in energy conservation and air pollution avoidance.

Sbapiro.t. l/. ( ). Water resource inventory in the City of Los Angeles

Sbapirq.t. ,^/. (1993). Community watershed management, Proceedings of CONSERVg3,American \flater W'orksAssociation, December 12-1,6,t993.

Smitb H,,'Hoppe M., Garner A., Floyd 7., and SteuelyJ. Q994). More about prevbnting runoft Florida Yards and Neighborhoods Handbook, Bulletin 295, 24-27.

ialentine R., Kim 5.J., Pearson F., and,Jenkins D. (1917). Rainwater Collec- tion System Characteristics and System Design, Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Heafth Research Laboratory fteport No.77-4. Berkeley, CA: College of Engineering, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley.

,EI\IERGY SAVINGS Heisler G. M. (7986); Energy savings with trees, Journal of Arboriculture, t:::::::t

o*on H. raba H . and Rosenfetd'A H (1s86) rhe potenriar of vegetation in reducing summer cooling loads in residential buildings, LBL - ReportNo. 21291.

Lauerne, RobertJ. andLeuis, GeoffreyMcD. (1996). The effect of vegetatiorr on residential energy use in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Journal of Arboriculture, 22(5):234-242.

McPberson, E. Gregory' Q98D. Effects of three landscape treatments on fesi- dential energy and water use in Tucson, Arizona, Energy and Buildings, 130989):'t27-1,38:

McPberson E.G. and Rowntree R.A. (I99r. Energy conservation'potential of urban tree planting, Journal oT Arboriculture, 19(6):321,-331.

GEI\IERAL COST-BEIIEFIT STUDY American Forests(1995). Urban Ecological Analysis for Atlanta, Georgia. Washington DC: American Forests.

American Forests (1996). Urban Ecological Analysis for Milwaukee, Nfiscon- sin. W'ashington DC: American Forests.

RESOURCES 109 Dwyery Jobn F. (7997). Economic Benefits ahd Costs of Urban Forests. In Rodbell P. D. (ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth National Urban Forest Confer- ence, 55-58. W'ashingtonDC: The American Forestry Associatien.

McPberson E. G. (1997). Environmental Benefits and Costs of the Urban For- est. In Rodbell P. D. (ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth National Urban Forest Conference, 52-54. Vashington DC: The Arrierican Forestry ASsociation.

- McPberson E. G. (1992). Accounting for benefits and costs of urban green- space. Landscape and Urban Planning, 22,47-51.

McPherson E. G. (1.99q. Benefits and costs of tree planting and care in Chicago. In McPherson E. G., Nowdk DJ., and Rowntree R.A.(eds.), Chicago's Urban Forest Ecosystem: Resultsof the Chicago Urban Forest Cli- mate Project, Ch. 8. Gen. Tech. Rep. BE-186. Radnor, PA: U.S. Dept. of Agri- culture Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.

Mcbberson E. G., Sacamano P., and Wensman, S. (799i. Modeling Benefits and Costs of Community Tree Plantings: A Demonstration Project. Chicago, IL: USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.

McPberson E.G. ( ). Net benefits of healthy and productive urban forests. In Bradley G. A. (ed.), Urban Forest Landscapes,Ch. 17. Seattle: Universiry of \Vashington Piess.

McPberson E.G., Noutak DJ., and Rowntree R.A. (1994). ChicagorsUrban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest.Climate-Project. Gen- eral Technical Report NE-186. Radnoq PA: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.

Sdlia a. and Anderson L. ('J,982). Eliminating costs of tree preservation on residential lots, Journal of Arboriculture, 8:182-185.

Templeton, Scott R. and Goldman George (1994). Economic Impacts of Urban Forestry in California-l99Z,Urban Forestry Program, California Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection.

Willeke D. C. (1,997). A true and full accounting of the urban foresr. In Rod- ' bell P. D. (ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth National Urban Forest Conference, 4O-47., Washington DC: The American Forestry Associaticjn.

GRAYWAIER MANAGEMENT Ingbam A T. (1'980). Residential Gralr/ater Management in California., Reprinted in 1988). Sacramento, CA: State of California, Srate W'arer . ResourcesControl Board, Division.of Planning and Research.

Pdllwitz M. and Farutell L. (1994). Graywater Guide. Sacramenro, CA: Cali- fornia Department of Vater Resources.

GREEhTTI/ASTE Cesa, Edutard 7., Lempicki Edward A., and Knotts J. Howard (1994). Recy- cling Municipal Trees. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area, State and Pri- vate Forestry, New Jersey: Division of Parks and Forestry.

Integrated Urban Forestry, Inc. ( ). Greenwaste Reduction Implementa- tion Plan. Laguna Hills, CA: Integrated Urban Forestry,-Inc.

110 RESOURCES Green, Jan C. ( ). Exploring options to landfilling waste generated by professional landscapers in Los Angeles County.

Tyte4 Rod (199r. Usirig specifications for composting, Lawn and Land- scape,July 1996.

I^A.I\[DSCAPING Groesbeck, wesley A. and Striefel,Jan (199). The Resouice Guide to Sus- tainable Landscapes and Gardens, Environmental Resources Inc.

Moffat A. 5., Scbiler M., and Green Liuing (7994). ,Energy-Efficient and Envi- -ronmental Landscaping, Section 2 and7. Vermont: Appropriate Solutions Press.

PROPERTY VALUE Anderson L.M. and Cordell H.K. (1,98r. Residential properry values improved by landscaping with trees, Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 91762-1.66. 'Martin C., Maggio R., and Appet D. (1989). The contiibutory value of trees to residential properry in the Austin, fexas, metropolitan area,'Journal of Arboricultur e, -'J.5:7 2-7 5.

MoraiesD.'(19S0j. The contribution of trees to residential property value, Journal of Arboriculture, 6:305-308. Morales D., Micba F., and Weber R. (1983). Two methods of valuating trees on residential sites, Journal of Arboriculture, g:21-24.

STORMIYAIER MANAGEMENT/ EROSION CONTROL Enuironmenial Protection Agency. (199r. Guidance Specifying Management 'Waters, Measures for Sources'of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal U.S. Environ- mental Protecflon Agency, Report * 840-B-92-002, Jan. 1993. HelueyJ.D., and PatricJ.H. (196r. Capopy and litter interception of rainfall 'Water by hardwoods of Eastein United States, Resources Research, 1(2):1.93- 206.

Lang R.D. (1995). Groundcover: A key to soil and water mariagement. In Soil and'Water: Management fo1 Urban Development, 4th Annual Conference Proceedings, International Erosion Control Associaltion, Environlnental Pro- tection Authority, and Storm-water Industry Association: L87-193.

Nortbcutt G. (199). The greening of the waterways, Erosion Control, Jan./Feb., 7995, 35-41.. Roley W.Jr. (1,994). Watershed management and sediment control for.ecological restoration. I Sanders, Ralpb A. (1985). Urban vegetation impacts on the Hydrology of Day'ton, Ohio, .Urban Ecology, 9Q985) :367-37 6.

Soil Conservatibn Service, USDA 0985). Technical Release 551 Urban Hydrology for Small \Tatersheds, 2nd edition. Washington D,C.: Soil Conser- vation Service. USDA:

RESOURCES 111 Walton J. T. (1996). Stormwater runoff reduction by trees in Austin, Texas. Urban Forestry Program, City of Austin - Parks and Recreation Departrhent.

TREE DATA ClarkA. III, SaucierJ.R., andMcNab H.If/. (1986). Toral rree weight, stem weight, and volume tables for'hardwood species in the southeast. Georgia Forest ResearchPaper No. 60, Qan.)..

Schlaegel B.E. (1.984). Sweetgum volume and weight tables. USDA Forest Service ResearchPaper SO-204.

Vander Weit W. and Miller R. (1986). The wooded lot: homeowner and builder knowledge and perception, Journal of Arboriculture, I2:LZ9-I34.

URBAN FORESTS , (1,989). A Technical Guide to Community'and Urban Forestry in \Tashington, Oregon and California. Portland, Oregon: 'W'orld Forestry Center.

Bernbardt, llizabetb and Swiecki TedmundJ. Q99t. The State of Urban Forestry in california-1992. california Dept. of Foiestry and Fire prorection, Urban Forestry Program.

Bradlejt, Gordon ( ). Urban Forest Landscapes, Integrating lriultidiscipli- nary Perspectives, University of \Tashington Press.

Getz D. (1982). Inner city preferences of trees and urban forestry programs, Journal of Arboriculture, 8:258-263.

Lindsey, P. and Bassuk N. (1991). Specifying soil volumes ro meer the warer needs of mature ulban street tiees and trees in containers, Journal of Arbori- culture, 17:L41-748.Morgan,N. Robin andJohnson Kenneth J. Q99D. An Introductory Guide to Urban and Community Foretry Programs. USDA, For- est Service, Soutt-rernRegion.

Sboup, Donald C. (1996. "Let a Tree Grow in L.A." Los Angeles Times, May 1,0,1995,

Sboult, Donald C. (1995). "Regulating Land Use at Sale: Public Improvement from Private Investment." Jourh4l of the American planning Association, 62(3), Summer7996.

Thompson, Ricbard, Pillsbury Norman, and Hanna Ricbard (1994). The Elements of Sustainability in urban Forestry. Urban Forest Ecosystem Insti- tute, California Polltechnic State University, San Luis Obispo.

Tscbantz, Barbarq A. altd Sacamano Paul L. (199q. The Municipal Tree Management in the United Stares:A 1994 Report. The Municipal Tree Man- agement Project. Kent, OH: Davey Resource Group.

Wenger K.F. (ed.) (1.984). Forestry Handbook, Section'16; IJrban Forestry. John Viley & Sons, NY, NY.

URBA]\[ HEAT ISI-{I\D EFFECT/ CLIMATE EFFECT Akbari H., HuangJ., X(ar-tien P., Rainer L., Rosenfeld A., And Taba H. (1988). The impact of summer heat islands on cooling energy consumption and CO2 emissions,LBL Repot No.25179.

112 RESOURCES Akbari H., Taba H., HuangJ., and Rosenfeld A. (L986). Undoing uncomfort' able summer heat islands can save gigawatts of peak power, LBL Repon

Akbari H., Taba H., Martien P., and EIuangJ. 0987a). Strategies for reducing urban heat islands: savings, conflicts, ahd city's role, LBL Report No. 23962.

Akbari H., Taba H., Martien P., and Rosenfeld A. (1987b), The impact of summer heat island on residential cooling energy consumption, LBL Report No.24348.

Enuironmental Protection Agency (7992). Akbari H., Davis S., Dorsano S., Huang J. and Winnett S. (eds.), Cooling Our Communities: A Guidebook on Tree Planting and Light-Colored Surfacing, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Garbesi K., A.kbari H.,, and Martien P. (ed.s.),O98D. Controlling Summer Heat Islands , LBL-27872 CONF-8902142, Berkeley: Lawrence Berkeley Labora- tory.

Grimmond 5., Soucb C, and Hubble M. D. (199r. The influence of tree covbr on summertime surface energy balance fluxes, San Gabriel Valley, Los Angeles,.Climate Research,submitted for publication.

MestelR. (199r. \fhite paint, New Scientist,25 March, 1995, 34-37.

National .(rborist Association and Internationel Society of Arboriculture (1,991). The Importance of Large Tree Maintenance-in Mitigating Global Cli- mate Change, Oct. 1991.

Taba H,,'Akbari H., Rosenfeld A., and Huangl. (1987). Residential cooling loads and the urban heat island: the effects of albedo, LBL Report No. 24008.

VEGETAIION COVER DETERMINAITON METHODOLOGIES Brown D. E. (1985), Estimating urban vegetation cover in Los Angeles. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 52(I), 177-723.

Dauis F. W., Stine P. A., S,tomsD. M., Borcbert M 1., and Hollander A. D. (199). Gap Anilysis of the actual vegetation of California 1. The Southwest- ern region, Madrono, 42(1.):40-78.

Miller P. M. and'Viner A. M. (7984). Cgmposition and dominance in Los Angeles Basin urban vegetation. urban Ecology, 8(1.984),29-54.

WAIER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Enuironmental Protection Agency (1996). Liquid Assets: A summertime perspective on the impoftance of clean water to the nation's economy, U.S. 'Water, Enviionmental Protection Agency, Office of Report # 800-R-96-002, May 1.996.

Granui,lle, Brain (199). Institutional Players: Who Is In Charge And $Vhat Do They Do?, Los Angeles and San Gabriel Rivers \Tatershed Council Pre- sentation, Aug ust 1996.

McClurg, Sue (1996i). Maximum groundwater supplies,'western'Water, May/June 96.

RESOURCES 113 Snyd.eh,bauid (1996). Water Reclamation and Reuse in the Los Angeles and San Gabriel River W'atershed, :pr.r.tr,ation, July 1996, for.Los ,{ngeles and San Gabriel Rivels Watershed Council. ,J996). Steuart, Sberee and Nelson, Dennis- Oregon \Tellhead Protebtion program Guidance Manual, Department of Environmental Qualiry and Oregon Health Division.

-AI\D COI IE'CTION (PROCEEDINGS OTXIER REFORTS) Bleuins, Meluin,and,M[ann, John (199D. Proceedings of 19th Biennial Con- feience on Groundwater, Sacramento, Univerqity of California Center for W'ater and Vildland Resoulces.

Crond.on,pairick U. (19gO. Sustainable Urban Landscape: The Survey Design Charrette, University of British Columbia. : International Erosion Control Associittion, Enuironmentat proteition Autbor- ity, and StoTmtuater Ind,ustry Association (1996). Soit and Vater: Manage- ment for Urban Development. 4fh Annual Conference Proceedings, Sept., 1996. N6w South \7ales, Austraiia: Hawkesfury Technologies Ltd. -

Inun and Landscape, lune/July 1996.

Moll G. and Ebenrecfr,S. (eds.), (1989). Shading Our'Cities. \Tashingdon DC: Island Press. 'West National Small Flouts Clearingbo,use, Virginia Universiry, Abstaqt of articles.

National Tebbnical infor1nation Sqntice, Catalog of Productsand Services, 1995-1,g96. .

Rodbelt P.'D. (ed.),

1 t

114 RESOURCES Acknowledgments

ln 1992, an idea came to me for how to make Los Angeles economicafly and environmentally sustainable in the 21st Century-using the same financialandhuman resources that are now being wasted through the inefficient-and dis-integrated management of our urban ecosystem. Such a far-reaching vision could never have made the journey from dream to reality without the dedication of many people who were willing to commit themselves to proving its feasibility to the local, state, and federal agencies who collectively have the resources and the responsibility to maintain the City's infrastructure. The T.R.E.E.S. Project received extraordinary suppoft from numerous indMduals who worked together to create, evaluate, and implement landscape designs with the potential to transform LosAnge- les into a more beautiful, self-sustaining, and uplifting environrrient for all of its residents. Because of their efforts, theT.R.E.E.S concept is now steadily gaining in-fluence in LosAngeles and across the nation. Enormous thanks are due to Helen and?eter Bing,TonyThomas, and Bill Graham.They were quick to see the possibilities in the T.R.E.E.S.Project and the first to offer their assistance. It was because they backed their belief in the dream with the funding that could make it come true, that we were able to move forward and secufe sponsorship and participation from a multitude of agencies. On behalf of TreePeople's boafd, staff, volunteers and members, I wish to express profound gratitude to all those listed on these pages beginning with Patrick Condon who enthusiastically embraced the T.R.E.E.S.concept, helped formulate the charrette and then served as its ring-masteilfacrlitator Patrick then took all the raw material and formed it into this book. He's helped breathe life into this 'We dream by staying with process and even guiding the demonstration projects. also want to thank the design team members and other technical contributors cited throughout the book; to the count- less others who added their time , skills, and,goodwill to accomplishing this first phase of the T.R.E.E.S. Project; and once again,to our, sponsors-without whom none of this could have taken place. 'We wish to extend our deep appreciation to Mrs. Rozella HaIl, who allowed her residence to serve as the premier demonstration site for some of the susiainable designs detailed in this book. Mrs. Hall's patience ind good-natured support made it possible for us to accomplish extensive landscape retrofits to her property with minimal difficulty. Mrs. Hall also accepted with warmth and grace the frequent visits of numerous agency officials, technical experts, and members of the general public who came to View the beauql simplicity, and efficacy of these designs. Her untimely passing at the end of 1998 has deeply saddened everyone who enjoyed the special prMlege of knowing her. I[e are grateful to her daughter, Keisha Hall, who intends to maintain the availability of the properry for periodic monitoring, improvements, and scheduled tours.'Wam thanks also to Bob Cornell andAssociates for managing the entire landscape construct'ion project and to Karen Bragg for continuing to maintain the site in steding condition. My own family members were also extraordinary in their support. They saw the big picture, tol- erated my extended absences, and did ever)'thing possible to further theT.R.E.E.S. vision, each in their own way. So I want to expfess my deep and eternal love and glatitude to my wife and colleague, Katie ; to our children, Phoebe and Henry; and to my parents,Joyce and Lee Lipkis, for all their encouragement and support. It was because of their willingness to "loan" me to the larger community that I was able to invest myself wholeheartedly in bringing this dream into manifestation. Caryn Bosson immediately understood theT.R.E.E.S.vision and encouraged me to develop it. She volunteered to write the first grant proposals and coined theT.R.E.E.S. acronym. Jefflflatlace deserves

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 115 hearry,acknowledgment for his invaluable contribution to the T.R.E.E.S.Project. He is the genius behind our Cost-Benefit Model, a one-of-a-kind computer program that makes it possible to assessall the economic ahd environmental ramifications of using the various sustainable designs you'll read about in this book-for Lfly Ltea. in LosAngeles. The instantaneous, multi-level evaluation this program makes' possible has greatly accelerated implementation of theT.R.E.E.S.concept around krsAngeles and beyond. We are very grateftrl to Jeff-and to the many scientists and agency personnel who helped to compile and evaluate the reams of dataon which this program is based. I also want to give very special thanks to April Smith and'Sid \fales who found themselves devot- ing most of the resources of their small firm, ReThiqk, Inc., to managing and giving forrn to the T.R.E.E.S.Project in its early stages and producing andmanaging the charrette . When our paths parted, the task of project management and public relations was takbn over by-PS Enterprises, a strategic communications, environmental policy, and public reLations firm in-Santa Monica headed by Tom Soto. PSE's Mike Jimenez dbserves my deep gratitude for thbughtfully guiding many of tlre project's critical strategic decisiohs. PSE helped us get the teams together to retrofit tfre demonstration site and to review the Cost Bene- fitAnalysis. They served as orrr liaison with various prrblic agencies and private groups, and they helped us to reach a national audience with the publicity campaign they designed for the opening of our demonstration site. We very much appreciate their beneficial assistance. Special thanks to Rick RuL for contract compliance problem solving, Kate Hahn and LaurelAirica for rrranaging and editing this manuscflpt. I want to extend even greater thanks to Laurel for all of her writing and editing work-she 's given the project a voice. TreePeople staff played essential roles at critical points throughout the project. First and foremost, my assistant, Maryrose Hopke masterftrlly handled more simultaenous problems than most people See in a lifetime. Leslie Myltus coordinated the media outreach and EleanorJorres courageously led the staff and volunteers in producing a flash flood to kick-off the Demonstration Site, andAlvinTorres, Jeff Hohensee,John Stowers and Steve Zimmetman ensured the project's success by managing the admin- istrative nightmare of multiple, inter-related government contacts. Ray$tzood (onated the design of theT.R.E.E.S.logo, and Luis Romero of the Metropolitan Water Dis- trict managed the production of all the project literature, including this book. Finally, it is with profound appreciation that I acknowledge Deborah Daly for volunteering to design this book and bring it to completion. We are also profoundly gratefrrl to the following individuals and organizations for their rrery genef ous assistance and contributions:

American Society of Landscape The California Community Rampa Hormel and the Global Architects, Los Angeles Chap Foundation Emergency Loan Environmental Project Insti- ter, School of Landscape Fund tute Architecture California State Polytechnic Marlene Grossman University, Pomona Angelica Foundation Roger Mostyn Davey Environmental ARCO Foundation Rrrbissow-Sargent Vineyards Resources Steve Bornstein Spectrum Club at Howard ElectroRent Corporation Hughes Center The Getty Center

Many thanks to all -Andy Upkis

116 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Second

Adapting LAsLahdscape ' for SustainableLiv-ing T.R.E.E.S

T.R.E.E.S.-Trans-Agency Resources for Environmental and Economic Sustainability-is creating cross-jurisdictional and cross-disciplinary connections between those people and institutions responsible for component parts of the urban ecology, especially in the areas of energy, water, waste removal, and air quality systems. This book enumerates and demonstrates the diverse benefits to be derived from such a unified, cost-effective approach to managing our environmental challenges. The architectural and landscape designs and retrofits described in this book coulcl solve our environmental dilemmas, beautify our city, ancl ftilfill our dream of a sustainableciry in the 21st Century.

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