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Balancing the Risks and the Benefits of Seafood Consumption in Bermuda

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Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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Balancing the risks and the benefits of local fish consumption in Bermuda

É. Dewailly ab; P. Rouja c; R. Dallaire a; D. Pereg a; T. Tucker d; J. Ward c; J. P. Weber b; J. S. Maguire a; P. Julien a a Public Health Research Unit, Laval University Research Centre-CHUL-CHUQ, Québec, Canada b Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, Canada c Department of Conservation Services, Government of Bermuda, Bermuda d Bermuda Underwater Exploration Institute, Bermuda

First Published on: 25 September 2008

To cite this Article Dewailly, É., Rouja, P., Dallaire, R., Pereg, D., Tucker, T., Ward, J., Weber, J. P., Maguire, J. S. and Julien, P.(2008)'Balancing the risks and the benefits of local fish consumption in Bermuda',Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A,

To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/02652030802175285

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Food Additives and Contaminants

2008, 1–11, iFirst

Balancing the risks and the benefits of local fish consumption in Bermuda

  • b
  • a
  • a
  • c
  • b
  • d

E. Dewaillyad , P. Rouja , R. Dallaire , D. Pereg , T. Tucker , J. Ward , J.P. Weber ,
*
J.S. Maguirea and P. Juliena

a

  • ´
  • Public Health Research Unit, Laval University Research Centre-CHUL-CHUQ, Quebec, Canada;

bDepartment of Conservation Services, Government of Bermuda, Bermuda; Bermuda Underwater Exploration Institute,

cd

  • Bermuda; Institut National de Sante Publique du Quebec, Quebec, Canada
  • ´
  • ´
  • ´

(Received 14 February 2008; final version received 1 May 2008)

Fish consumption today is widely recognized as highly beneficial since it constitutes a good source of several essential nutrients, such as selenium and polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). However, fish can also contain contaminants such as mercury, which make the consumer, especially pregnant women, confused about the risk–benefit balance associated with fish consumption. This is particularly true for tropical fish species for which little information is available. We have previously reported that some Bermudian neonates had elevated mercury in their umbilical blood compared with international guidelines. The objective of this study was to give precise and balanced information on the content of mercury, selenium and PUFA in the most consumed fish species in Bermuda. In 2003 and 2006, a total of 307 fish were collected from 43 fish species and 351 samples were analysed (305 flesh samples, 44 liver samples, one roe and one fat sample) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (metals) and high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) (fatty acids). Results show that mercury varies among species from 0.03 to 3.3 mg gÀ1 and that it is possible for at-risk groups such as pregnant women to make informed choices concerning fish consumption, e.g. maximizing fish species rich in nutrients and low in mercury.

Keywords: fish consumption; tropical; mercury; selenium; omega-3

Introduction

Despite the fact that n-3 fatty acids can be found in other foods, fish remains the best and richest source of these nutrients and hence is an important part of a healthy diet. Coastal populations have a generally high intake of long-chain PUFAs, the most important compounds being eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA). During pregnancy, fish consumption provides DHA to the mother and the foetus, which is critical in brain and retina development (Lauritzen et al. 2004; Hibbeln et al. 2007). In addition, fish and seafood are a very good natural source of selenium (Svensson et al. 1992; Leung et al. 2007). Concentrations of this element in foods depend on the local geological composition. It has been proposed that selenium may exert an antagonistic effect on mercury (Hg) toxicity (World Health Organization (WHO) 1990) and have a mediating effect on certain cancers, specifically prostate cancer.
On the other hand, fish may also contain varying amount of contaminants such as Hg, most of which occurs in the form of methylmercury (MeHg) (over 90%). This phenomenon occurs because fish feed on aquatic organisms that contain MeHg originating from biomethylation of inorganic Hg by microorganisms.
Fish is one of the last remaining ‘wild foods’ in the diets of Bermuda residents and represents not only a rich source of several unique dietary nutrients, but also forms an important part of Bermuda’s cultural identity as an island nation. Highlighting the benefits and minimizing the risks from seafood consumption is an important part of maintaining this resource’s important nutritional and economic contribution to Bermuda’s residents.
Fish consumption today is widely recognized as highly beneficial since it constitutes a good source of several essential nutrients, such as selenium and polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). Several health organizations recommend eating fish twice a week for the general population (Kris-Etherton et al. 2002; Harris 2004). In fact, fish consumption is recognized as beneficial for brain development (Uauy et al. 2001) in the foetus and newborn and has been demonstrated to be protective against cardiovascular diseases (He et al. 2004; Wang et al. 2006), mental disorders (Logan 2003; Sinclair et al. 2007), and various inflammatory conditions such as bowel disease, asthma, and arthritis (Ruxton et al. 2004).

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

ISSN 0265–203X print/ISSN 1464–5122 online ß 2008 Taylor & Francis DOI: 10.1080/02652030802175285 http://www.informaworld.com

´E. Dewailly et al.

2Hg has always been present in all the world’s oceans as a result of river run off, undersea volcanoes, air deposition, etc. and has always built up in fish at the top of the food chain. However, in the last century the industrialization of many countries has resulted in a net increase in the load of Hg in the environment, which consequently is manifest in the world’s fish and in those people who consume them. This is not a local Bermuda problem but a global one. Coastal people living in some of the world’s most remote places are in fact finding that their fish are as contaminated as fish in industrialized coastal areas.
Hg measured was in the form of MeHg, pointing toward seafood as the main source of Hg exposure during pregnancy in Bermuda. In contrast, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides along with lead were also measured in cord blood, but concentrations were very low (Dewailly and Pereg 2004). For that reason, only Hg was considered of public health concern.
Fish consumption was also measured and the association of Hg levels with fish consumption was tested using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Fish consumption was estimated by the number of meals per month that each patient declared eating on a regular basis. Species that were most often consumed include wahoo, snapper, tuna and salmon; the consumption of other species seemed anecdotal. While wahoo and snapper are clearly of local origin, tuna is most often imported. The consumption of local fish was analysed separately from that of total fish consumption. Local fish consumption was estimated by pooling the number of meals/month of wahoo and snapper that each woman declared eating. Separate analyses were also conducted on each fish specie separately (salmon, wahoo, snapper, tuna), despite the low statistical power of some of these analyses.
A significant association was seen between Hg concentrations and the consumption of local fish (Spearman’s r ¼ 0.584, p 5 0.001, n ¼ 40), mainly wahoo (r ¼ 0.502, p ¼ 0.001, n ¼ 40) and snapper (r ¼ 0.499, p ¼ 0.001, n ¼ 40). The consumption of other fish species was not related to Hg content of cord blood.
The globalization of contaminants and the strong media attention regarding the presence of these contaminants in fish in all the world’s oceans has made some consumers wary of fish consumption. This has been counterbalanced by Western scientific discoveries of the last 20 years highlighting the unique health benefits to be gained from the consumption of fish. The informed consumer is today extremely sensitive in their consumption choice.
Given the fact that wild fish consumption is an important part of the lifestyle of many Bermuda residents and because this habit presents not only health benefits, but also risks for pregnant women and their unborn children, Atlantis researchers and the Ministry of the Environment and the Ministry of Health undertook the task of substantiating the Hg, selenium and fatty acid profiles of fish in Bermuda. Such an assessment is necessary in order to provide a baseline for guidelines regarding the number of meals and the type of fish to be preferentially consumed in order to maintain the benefits associated with a fishbased diet while avoiding excessive exposure to MeHg, particularly during pregnancy.
The amount of MeHg in fish usually correlates with several factors including the weight and age of the fish, its trophic level and the species.
Numerous studies have reported that MeHg present in predator fishes represents a potential health threat for the developing foetus. As this seafood borne contaminant affects the development of the cerebral architecture by perturbing neural cell division and migration, the developing nervous system is recognized as the main target (Castoldi et al. 2001; Counter and Buchanan 2004). Several prospective cohort studies have reported effects of prenatal exposure to MeHg on different domains of cognition (attention, memory, visuo-spatial performances and language) and gross and fine motor development, some of which persist well beyond the first years of life (Grandjean et al. 1997; Steuerwald et al. 2000; Debes et al. 2006). In contrast, a large epidemiological study from the Seychelles Islands did not find any effects on infant neurodevelopment from chronic MeHg in utero exposure (Myers et al. 2003; Davidson et al. 2006). Several explanations have been proposed to explain this discrepancy such as chronic versus episodic exposure, age at neurobehavioral assessment, differential confounders adjustment, etc. (National Research Council 2000).
In 2003, as part of the Atlantis Mission, we

  • a
  • conducted
  • study titled ‘Prenatal Exposure of

the Bermudian Population to Environmental Contaminants’ that aimed to provide baseline data on prenatal exposure to a number of environmental contaminants, including Hg. The Atlantis Mobile Laboratory was created as a novel, unique infrastructure to meet emerging environmental and health challenges in remote settings. It is a completely autonomous facility specifically designed for fieldbased environmental and health assessments. It comprises six modules built in standard size containers. Three modules are laboratories and three are dedicated to support the facility.
Mean Hg concentration measured in umbilical cord blood from 42 healthy newborns was higher than

  • expected, with a mean concentration of 8.3 mg lÀ1
  • ,

ranging from 1 to 32.1 mg lÀ1 (Dewailly and Pereg 2004). Furthermore, it was estimated that 85% of total

Food Additives and Contaminants

3

Materials and methods

within acceptable limits for both CRMs. The laboratory participates successfully in several external quality assessment schemes for heavy metals, including selenium and Hg, in biological fluids and tissues.

Sampling

Fish samples were collected in fall 2003 and summer 2006 from species generally caught at the top of the food chain (e.g., predatory reef fish, pelagic fish) and those that people might commonly consume. Fish were mostly caught by fishermen and given to the researchers, who sampled them onboard the boat or at the laboratory. Some samples of local fresh fish were sampled at restaurants or bought at the store. A total of 307 fish were collected from 43 fish species and 351 samples were analysed (305 flesh samples, 44 liver samples, one roe and one fat sample). Fish samples were packaged in plastic bags and stored at À20ꢀC until laboratory analyses.
The total fatty acid composition of fish fillets was measured at Quebec Lipid Research Centre (CHUQ) after total lipid extraction using a chloroform/methanol mixture (2 : 1 v/v) spiked with phosphatidylcholine C:15 used as internal standard according to a modified Folch method (Shaikh and Downar 1981). Fatty acids were then methylated (Lepage and Roy 1986) and fatty acid profiles obtained by capillary gas–liquid chromatography using a HP5890 gas chromatograph (Hewlett Packard, Toronto, Canada) equipped with a HP-88 capillary column (100 m  0.25 mm i.d. Â0.20 mm film thickness) coupled with a flame ionization detector. Helium was used as carrier gas (split ratio ¼ 1 : 80). Fatty acids were identified according to their retention time, using a standard mixture of 43 methylated fatty acids (Supelco Inc., Bellefonte, PA, USA). Results were expressed as per cent of total fatty acids. The detection limit was 0.1% and the intra-assay coefficient of variation ranged from 0.87% for total omega-3 fatty acids to 6.8% for DHA. This standard method is currently used at the Quebec Lipid Research Centre. Data are presented as percent of total n-3 PUFA or as total n-3 PUFA concentrations (mg) per g of fresh flesh. Analyses of PUFA content were replicated for 16 fishes of different species in order to assess the potential variability between samples.

Laboratory analyses

Fish fillets were analysed for their Hg, selenium and fatty acid concentrations, whereas livers were analysed for their Hg and selenium contents only. Determination of Hg concentrations was performed in the Atlantis mobile laboratory and at the reference laboratory of the Quebec Toxicology Center (INSPQ) by cold vapour atomic absorption mass spectrometry. Samples were digested in nitric acid in pressurized vials. Digests were analysed by cold vapour atomic absorption mass spectrometry in a Pharmacia mercury monitor, model 100. In this instrument, samples are vaporized through a cell that is crossed by a light beam and Hg concentration is calculated by comparing the absorbance at 254 nm with that obtained with a Hg standard curve. Results are expressed on a wet weight basis and the limit of detection using this method is 0.05 mg gÀ1 wet weight.
Selenium concentrations of local Bermuda fish were determined in flesh and liver samples at the INSPQ by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Samples were diluted in ammonium hydroxide and elements were brought to their elementary form by passing through argon plasma before being identified by mass spectrometry. All samples were analysed on a Perkin Elmer Sciex Elan 6000 ICP- MS (DRC II for Hg) instrument. Detection limits for

Statistical analysis

For computational purposes, samples with undetected levels of Hg or selenium were attributed a value equal to half the detection limit, which was 0.025 and 0.005 mg gÀ1, respectively. Arithmetic means, standard deviations and range of Hg, selenium and fatty acid concentrations in flesh and/or liver were computed for species with more than one sample available. n-3 PUFA concentrations (mg) were reported for a portion of 220 g of fish. The 220 g mean portion comes from the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2000) using a postal survey (with pictures of fish portion size) of 2600 adult consumers.

  • selenium were 0.01 mg gÀ1
  • .

For metals, sample analyses were done using methods developed and validated by the Quebec Toxicology Center (CTQ). The CTQ laboratory is accredited under ISO 17025 by the Standard Council of Canada (SCC). Appropriate analyses of method blanks, spiked samples and replicates were used to validate the data. To ensure accuracy, certified reference materials (CRMs) DORM-2 (Dogfish Muscle Certified Reference Material for Trace Metals) and DOLT-2 (Dogfish Liver Certified Reference Material for Trace Metals) from the Canadian National Research Council were analysed with each series of samples. Results were
Correlations between fish Hg content and fish weight were carried out. For these analyses data were available only for some of the samples and were therefore carried out by species. Correlation analyses were carried out using Pearson’s correlation coefficients.

Results

Mercury (Hg)

Table 1 shows the Hg concentrations found in all fish flesh samples analysed (wet weight). These mean Hg

´E. Dewailly et al.

4

Table 1. Mercury and selenium concentrations (mg gÀ1) in the flesh of local fish and crustacean species.

  • Mercury
  • Selenium

  • Mean Æ SD
  • Common name
  • Scientific name

Seriola dumerili Sardinella anchovia Caranx ruber Paranthias furcifer Sphyraena barracuda Kyphosus sectatrix Coryphaena hipparus Euthynnus alletteratus Panulirus argus Mycteroperca bonaci Thunnus atlanticus Makaira nigricans Caranx fusus Haemulon sciurus Albula vulpes Seriola rivoliana Haemulon carbonarum Cephalopholis fulva Etelis oculatus Carcharhinus galapagensis Bothus sp. Cypselurus heterurus Anchoa choerostoma Epinephelus cruentatus Lutjanus griseus Mustelus antarcticus Pseudocaranx dentex Lachnolaimus maximus Cephalopholis fulva Caranx ruber Decapterus macarellus Elagatis bipinnulata Epinephelus guttatus Lutjanus sp. Hexanchus griseus Xiphias gladius Ruvettus nuvettus Thunnus sp. n

  • Mean Æ SD
  • Range

n

Range
Amberjack Anchovy Bar jack/green jack Barber (creole fish) Barracuda Bermuda chub Bermuda dolphinfish Bermuda mackerel Bermuda spiny lobster Black grouper Blackfin tuna Blue marlin Blue runner Blue-striped grunt Bone fish Bonita (alamaco jack) Caesar grunt Coney Deep water red snapper Dusky shark (Galapagos) Flounder sp. Flying fish Frys Grasby Gray snapper Gummy shark (dogfish) Gwelly
811

  • 0.55 Æ 0.46
  • 0.20–1.55
  • 7

11
11
4
14

  • 1.33 Æ 2.24
  • 0.42–6.40

0.07 1.0
1.50 0.41

  • 12 0.035 Æ 0.028 0.025–0.12
  • 0.68 Æ 0.12

0.37 Æ 0.12 0.24 Æ 0.20
0.47–0.86 0.29–0.54 0.11–0.68

  • 7
  • 0.73 Æ 0.38 0.18–1.40

15 0.038 Æ 0.039 0.025–0.17
1
15
482
0.05
0.68 Æ 0.69 0.21 Æ 0.08 0.87 Æ 0.46 0.20 Æ 0.00 3.10 Æ 0.17 0.98 Æ 0.33 0.33 Æ 0.09
0.50
0.17–2.30 0.15–0.30 0.35–1.55 0.20–0.20 3.00–3.30 0.39–1.30 0.20–0.51
13
3

  • 0.50 Æ 0.22
  • 0.33–0.50

  • 0.37–0.52
  • 0.45 Æ 0.08

  • 3
  • 3

10 14
1
14
1
2.10 Æ 0.35 0.40 Æ 0.07 0.35 Æ 0.05
0.68
1.90–2.50 0.28–0.54 0.23–0.47
10 14
1

  • 17 0.170 Æ 0.139 0.025–0.53
  • 0.48 Æ 0.09
  • 0.32–0.66

0.27–0.78 0.39–0.73
1
29
1
0.09
0.21 Æ 0.10
0.52
0.46

  • 0.55 Æ 0.17
  • 0.10–0.52
  • 17

21621
13
1151
0.56 Æ 0.24
1621
13
11811
17
2
29
211158
0.06
0.035 Æ 0.016 0.025–0.057
0.42
0.31 Æ 0.04 0.54 Æ 0.09
0.62
0.26–0.38

  • 0.47–0.60
  • 0.12 Æ 0.01
  • 0.05–0.19

0.16
0.28 Æ 0.17
1.4 0.37

  • 0.09–0.68
  • 0.33 Æ 0.05
  • 0.25–0.42

0.21–0.42
0.47 0.58

  • Hogfish
  • 0.067 Æ 0.044 0.025–0.15
  • 0.32 Æ 0.09

Hybrid coney-barber Longfin jack/bar jack Ocean robin Rainbow runner Red hind Red snapper Sixgill shark Swordfish Tapioca fish Tuna
0.12 0.48
0.54

  • 0.28
  • 1

13
2
0.23 Æ 0.09 0.16 Æ 0.06 0.26 Æ 0.08 0.10 Æ 0.01
0.92
0.07–0.35 0.11–0.20 0.14–0.41 0.09–0.10

  • 0.69 Æ 0.19
  • 0.41–0.95

  • 0.43–0.43
  • 0.43 Æ 0.00

  • 2
  • 0.46 Æ 0.00
  • 0.46–0.46

3.31 0.15

  • 0.35 Æ 0.21
  • 0.21–0.70
  • 1

77
16
21
0.63
Turbot Wahoo

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  • A List of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States And

    A List of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States And

    t a AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY QL 614 .A43 V.2 .A 4-3 AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY Special Publication No. 2 A List of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes -^ ru from the United States m CD and Canada (SECOND EDITION) A/^Ssrf>* '-^\ —---^ Report of the Committee on Names of Fishes, Presented at the Ei^ty-ninth Annual Meeting, Clearwater, Florida, September 16-18, 1959 Reeve M. Bailey, Chairman Ernest A. Lachner, C. C. Lindsey, C. Richard Robins Phil M. Roedel, W. B. Scott, Loren P. Woods Ann Arbor, Michigan • 1960 Copies of this publication may be purchased for $1.00 each (paper cover) or $2.00 (cloth cover). Orders, accompanied by remittance payable to the American Fisheries Society, should be addressed to E. A. Seaman, Secretary-Treasurer, American Fisheries Society, Box 483, McLean, Virginia. Copyright 1960 American Fisheries Society Printed by Waverly Press, Inc. Baltimore, Maryland lutroduction This second list of the names of fishes of The shore fishes from Greenland, eastern the United States and Canada is not sim- Canada and the United States, and the ply a reprinting with corrections, but con- northern Gulf of Mexico to the mouth of stitutes a major revision and enlargement. the Rio Grande are included, but those The earlier list, published in 1948 as Special from Iceland, Bermuda, the Bahamas, Cuba Publication No. 1 of the American Fisheries and the other West Indian islands, and Society, has been widely used and has Mexico are excluded unless they occur also contributed substantially toward its goal of in the region covered. In the Pacific, the achieving uniformity and avoiding confusion area treated includes that part of the conti- in nomenclature.
  • Fish Bulletin 161. California Marine Fish Landings for 1972 and Designated Common Names of Certain Marine Organisms of California

    Fish Bulletin 161. California Marine Fish Landings for 1972 and Designated Common Names of Certain Marine Organisms of California

    UC San Diego Fish Bulletin Title Fish Bulletin 161. California Marine Fish Landings For 1972 and Designated Common Names of Certain Marine Organisms of California Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/93g734v0 Authors Pinkas, Leo Gates, Doyle E Frey, Herbert W Publication Date 1974 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME FISH BULLETIN 161 California Marine Fish Landings For 1972 and Designated Common Names of Certain Marine Organisms of California By Leo Pinkas Marine Resources Region and By Doyle E. Gates and Herbert W. Frey > Marine Resources Region 1974 1 Figure 1. Geographical areas used to summarize California Fisheries statistics. 2 3 1. CALIFORNIA MARINE FISH LANDINGS FOR 1972 LEO PINKAS Marine Resources Region 1.1. INTRODUCTION The protection, propagation, and wise utilization of California's living marine resources (established as common property by statute, Section 1600, Fish and Game Code) is dependent upon the welding of biological, environment- al, economic, and sociological factors. Fundamental to each of these factors, as well as the entire management pro- cess, are harvest records. The California Department of Fish and Game began gathering commercial fisheries land- ing data in 1916. Commercial fish catches were first published in 1929 for the years 1926 and 1927. This report, the 32nd in the landing series, is for the calendar year 1972. It summarizes commercial fishing activities in marine as well as fresh waters and includes the catches of the sportfishing partyboat fleet. Preliminary landing data are published annually in the circular series which also enumerates certain fishery products produced from the catch.
  • The Bigeye Scad, Selar Crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) (Family Carangidae), New to the California Marine Fauna, with a List to and Keys for All California Carangids

    The Bigeye Scad, Selar Crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) (Family Carangidae), New to the California Marine Fauna, with a List to and Keys for All California Carangids

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Occidental College Scholar Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences Volume 114 | Issue 3 Article 4 2016 The iB geye Scad, Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) (Family Carangidae), New to the California Marine Fauna, with a List to and Keys for All California Carangids Milton S. Love Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, [email protected] Julianne Kalman Passarelli Cabrillo Beach Marine Aquarium, 3720 Stephen M White Dr, San Pedro, CA 90731 Chris Okamoto Cabrillo Beach Marine Aquarium, 3720 Stephen M White Dr, San Pedro, CA 90731 Dario W. Diehl Southern California Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd., Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.oxy.edu/scas Part of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Love, Milton S.; Passarelli, Julianne Kalman; Okamoto, Chris; and Diehl, Dario W. (2015) "The iB geye Scad, Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) (Family Carangidae), New to the California Marine Fauna, with a List to and Keys for All California Carangids," Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences: Vol. 114: Iss. 3. Available at: https://scholar.oxy.edu/scas/vol114/iss3/4 This Research Note is brought to you for free and open access by OxyScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences by an authorized editor of OxyScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Love et al.: Bigeye Scad, New to California Bull.
  • En Guaymas, Sonora, Durante L

    En Guaymas, Sonora, Durante L

    BYCATCH OF THE ARTISANAL SHRIMP FISHERY IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA (SONORA AND SINALOA) MEXICO Report prepared by Alejandro Balmori Ramírez (INAPESCA, CRIP-Guaymas) and Rufino Morales Azpeitia (CIBNOR-Unidad Guaymas), in collaboration with Everardo Miranda Mier and Jesús Guadalupe Padilla Serrato. Guaymas, Sonora, México. June 2012 Summary One of the most important fishing resources in Mexico is shrimp, this is due to its high economic and social value. Nonetheless, many non-target species are captured incidentally during shrimp-fishing activities, and grouped as faunal companions or shrimp bycatch (SBC). Most of the SBC species have not been studied and the impact of this fishery upon them is yet unknown. This document presents the results of a study on the artisanal shrimp fisheries’ bycatch within the bays of Guaymas, Bahía de Lobos, and El Tóbari, in the State of Sonora; and in Santa Maria La Reforma in the State of Sinaloa, during the 2011–2012 shrimp fishing season. The study collected shrimp and SBC samples, identified the organisms to the species level, and recorded biological sampling (biometrics). Logbook data and sampling information was captured in a database. We documented 854 fishing hauls for all of the bays. SBC analysis shows a total composition of 46 identified species belonging to different taxonomic groups such as fishes, crustaceans, gastropods, and elasmobranchs, and an additional 10 species identified to the genus level only. The most diverse group was that of bony fishes and the most dominant species was the swimming crab (Callinectes spp.). The amount of SBC species varied spatially (lagoon system). During the shrimping activity, a high percentage (20-30%) of negative fishing hauls (i.e., without any SBC captures) was recorded, indicating that the artisanal shrimp fishery does not generate any bycatch in a third of all fishing hauls.
  • Notes on Fishes from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica

    Notes on Fishes from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica

    Rev. Biol. .• 19( 1. 2): 59-71, 1971 Trop Notes on fishes from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica by Donald S. Erdman':;' (Received for publication September 13, 1968) From March 1951 through March 1953, I fished for the market in Puno tarenas and collected more than 500 fish specimens and 70 species for the Field Museum of Natural History. This paper concerns information on life histories, migrations, habits and ecology of marine fishes. Of particular interest are notes on blacktip, hammerhead and bonnethead sharks; sawfish, stingrays and mantas; sea catfishes, floating cIingfish, crevalle jack, corbina, sierra and Pacific bonito. Fifty-five fish species are discussed in phylogenetic order, in accordance with BAILEY al. (1). The reader is referred to BUSSING (4) for fresh· et water fishes and BUSSING (5) for marine fish families with sorne vernacular Spanish names. The Gulf of Nicoya is estuarine, with extensive areas of shallow mud bottom. Tidal currents are strong. The difference between high and low tides is 7 feet for neaps and 11 feet for springs. For the purposes of this paper the inner Gulf waters are northwestward of a hypothetical line drawn southwestward from Puntarenas along the north coast of San Lucas Island, where the Gulf narrows, to the coast of Nicoya. Most of these waters are less than 10 fathoms. Fishes characteristic of the inner Gulf were bonnethead sharks, guitarfish, stingrays, eagle rays, ladyfish, anchovies, marine catfishes, toadfish, snooks, groupers, jacks, grunts, corbina and mullets. The outer Gulf south of P�tarenas is open to the ocean and the water is cIearer.
  • Guide to the Coastal Marine Fishes of California

    Guide to the Coastal Marine Fishes of California

    STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME FISH BULLETIN 157 GUIDE TO THE COASTAL MARINE FISHES OF CALIFORNIA by DANIEL J. MILLER and ROBERT N. LEA Marine Resources Region 1972 ABSTRACT This is a comprehensive identification guide encompassing all shallow marine fishes within California waters. Geographic range limits, maximum size, depth range, a brief color description, and some meristic counts including, if available: fin ray counts, lateral line pores, lateral line scales, gill rakers, and vertebrae are given. Body proportions and shapes are used in the keys and a state- ment concerning the rarity or commonness in California is given for each species. In all, 554 species are described. Three of these have not been re- corded or confirmed as occurring in California waters but are included since they are apt to appear. The remainder have been recorded as occurring in an area between the Mexican and Oregon borders and offshore to at least 50 miles. Five of California species as yet have not been named or described, and ichthyologists studying these new forms have given information on identification to enable inclusion here. A dichotomous key to 144 families includes an outline figure of a repre- sentative for all but two families. Keys are presented for all larger families, and diagnostic features are pointed out on most of the figures. Illustrations are presented for all but eight species. Of the 554 species, 439 are found primarily in depths less than 400 ft., 48 are meso- or bathypelagic species, and 67 are deepwater bottom dwelling forms rarely taken in less than 400 ft.
  • 2020.12.09.417493V1.Full.Pdf

    2020.12.09.417493V1.Full.Pdf

    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.09.417493; this version posted December 9, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 A first assessment of the distribution and abundance of large 2 pelagic species at Cocos Ridge seamounts (Eastern Tropical 3 Pacific) using drifting pelagic baited remote cameras 4 Marta Cambra1,2*, Frida Lara-Lizardi3, , Cesar Peñaherrera3, Alex Hearn3,4, James 5 T. Ketchum3,5, Patricia Zarate3,6, Carlos Chacón7, Jenifer Suárez-Moncada8, Esteban 6 Herrera9 and Mario Espinoza2, 10 7 8 1. Postgraduate Program in Biology, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa 9 Rica. 10 2. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San 11 Pedro, San José, Costa Rica. 12 3. MigraMar, Sir Francis Drake Boulevard, Olema, California, United States of America 13 4. Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador. 14 5. Pelagios Kakunjá. Sinaloa, Las Garzas, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. 15 6. Division de Investigación Pesquera, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Valparaíso, Chile. 16 7. Fundación Pacífico, Sabana Norte, San José, Costa Rica. 17 8. Dirección del Parque Nacional Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz, Ecuador. 18 9. Área de Conservación Marina Cocos, Heredia, Costa Rica 19 10. Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica. 20 21 * Corresponding author: [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.09.417493; this version posted December 9, 2020.
  • Jack in the Green 2017

    Jack in the Green 2017

    Jack In The Green and Other Heroes A collection of songs by Martin Graebe All song texts, music, notes and other matter are copyright © Martin Graebe (dates as given individually) unless otherwise stated in the notes to the songs. Published by Greenjack Publications, 59 Roberts Close, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, GL7 2RP Jack in the Green and other heroes A collection of songs by Martin Graebe A Sailor's Farewell Harry The Hawker A Hunting Song Harriet Lane Peter's Private Army Honiton Lace The Shropshire Union The Great Galleon of Plymouth Jack in the Green Newton Fair Eight Set's Song The Lavender Express From Severn, by the Somme November Drinking Song Stonecracker John Daniel's Ducks The Chorus Song The King of the Light-Finger Gentry The Knocker-up Woman The Singing Story Man Laying My Life on the Line The Road to Hell A few (more) words ………. In May 1978 I published a collection of my songs under the title 'The Singing Story Man'. That publication was a mix of hand-writing, drawings and Letraset - leading edge technology for the 70's. It sold steadily for many years and only a fragile few of that first collection are left. People asked me whether I was going to do it again and the answer was always ‘Someday!’ That day arrived in 1999. The technology was different but it was still my own work - with a lot of help from my family and friends. Some years ago I decided to make all my songs freely available on the internet and now, in 2017, I have re-created this book electronically for a revised and simplified version of the website.