Glacier NATIONAL PARK, MONTANA

UNITED STATES SECTION

WATERTON-GLACIER

INTERNATIONAL PEACE PARK Glacier National Park lies astride the Continental Divide mountain sanctuary. Surely a hike into the wilderness will ter cabins are equipped with cots and cooking stoves, but you in northwestern Montana. It contains nearly 1,600 be the highlight of your visit to the park and will provide will have to bring your own sleeping and cooking gear. square miles of some of the most spectacular scenery and you with many vivid memories. For back-country travel, you will need a topographic map primitive wilderness in the entire Rocky Mountain region. Glacier Trail trips range in length from short, 15-minute walks that shows trails, streams, lakes, mountains, and glaciers. From the park, streams flow northward to Hudson Bay, along self-guiding nature trails to hikes that may extend You may purchase a topographic map at park headquarters, eastward to the Gulf of Mexico, and westward to the Pa­ over a period of several days. You are invited to join hotels, and other places within the park, or by mail. NATIONAL PARK cific. It is a land of sharp, precipitous peaks and sheer ranger-naturalists on 2-hour, half-day, all-day, and over­ Experienced hikers know and observe the following rules; knife-edged ridges, girdled with forests. Alpine glaciers night trips. And you may bring or organize your own party. however, not all park visitors are experienced hikers and lie in the shadow of towering walls at the head of great ice- If you would like to take an interesting overnight hike woodsmen, and so here are a few words of caution. Register carved valleys. without being burdened with camping equipment, you may your hiking plans at the nearest ranger station, and let the CONTENTS The park is a meeting place of plants that are character­ hike to either Sperry Chalets or Granite Park Chalets, park rangers know when you have reached your final des­ istic of the west coast, Great Plains, and Rocky Mountains. where meals and overnight accommodations are available. tination. Stay on the trails. Page The diversity of its terrain provides habitats for abundant There are shelter cabins at Gunsight Lake and Gunsight For further information on hiking, see chapters 6 and 7 and varied groupings of plants and animals. Conditions of Ruhle's Guide to Glacier Natioital Park. Getting to Know Your Park 3 Pass, Fifty Mountain, and Mokowanis Junction. The shel­ range from open, grassy, parklike areas, through dense The Seasons 10 forests, to arctic-alpine meadows above timberline. There How the Land Was Formed 10 is a noticeable difference in the composition of plant groups Grinnell Glacier. Map .' 14 on the east and west sides of the Continental Divide. Wildflowers and Trees 20 Here deposition, faulting, and erosion are displayed on Birds and Mammals 23 a tremendous scale. The Lewis overthrust, a gigantic fault, The Human Story 24 Preparing for Your Visit 26 disturbed and displaced some of the oldest sedimentary How to Reach the Park 26 rocks on earth, thrusting them as much as 35 miles over Where to Stay 27 younger deposits, so that, within the park, the normal rela­ Services 28 tion of rocks is reversed. From this upland, glaciers and Help Us Protect Your Park 30 streams shaped the present peaks and valleys. In their re­ Administration 31 treat, these sculpturing masses of ice left behind a wealth of MISSION 66 at Glacier 31 glacial land forms. Visitor-Use Fees 32 Glacier National Park is one of the outstanding wilder­ ness areas in the National Park System and one of the few remaining unspoiled primitive regions left in the United OUR VISIT TO Glacier National Park can be a rewarding States. Here, in the rugged fastness, amid tranquil forests Y experience; memories of its lofty peaks, foaming water­ or beside lakes of almost unbelievable solitude and beauty, falls, gleaming lakes, and velvety-green forest carpet will be man can find peace and quiet to soothe jangled nerves and an enduring inspiration. ease the tensions produced by the rush and stress of our Please help protect this park and all it contains, so that high-speed, mechanized civilization. those who visit in years to come will find it as beautiful as it is today. In 1932, the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park GETTING TO KNOW YOUR PARK was established to commemorate the good will between the United States and Canada. Park boundaries crossing Na­ On Foot tional boundaries—what better expression of common in­ This is one of the greatest trail parks in the United States, terests and parallel values ? Glacier National Park forms with more than 1,000 miles of wilderness trails inviting the United States section of this international park. your exploration. Most of the park is accessible to hikers from all campgrounds, chalets, and hotels. The trails are well marked, and you need not worry about venomous The National Park System, of which this park is a unit, snakes or such unpleasant plants as poison-oak or poison- is dedicated to conserving the scenic, scientific, and his­ ivy. We suggest that you pack your lunch, leave your toric heritage of the United States for the benefit and automobile in a parking area, and spend a day or as much enjoyment of its people. time as you can spare in the out of doors. Intimacy with nature is one of the priceless experiences offered in this

3 2 Area Activity From your automobile as you gently but steadily climb above Headquarters; Apgar .... Naturalist laboratory and workshop tree line, or from one of the many overlooks, you can see at park headquarters. Evening program at amphitheater, magnificent scenery, ranging from sparkling, glacier-fed Apgar Campground. lakes, swift, tree-lined streams, deeply shaded cedar forests Lake McDonald; Avalanche . Nature walk to Avalanche Lake. carpeted with ferns, and lofty waterfalls, to broad meadows Naturalist-accompanied boat trips of alpine flowers at Logan Pass. The pass is usually closed from Lake McDonald Lodge. by snow from mid-October until early June. Going-to-the- Evening programs, Lake McDonald Lodge and Avalanche Campground. Sun Road, about 50 miles in length, connects with U.S. 89 Self-guiding nature trail, Avalanche at St. Mary and with U.S. 2 at West Glacier. A narrrow Campground. dirt road from headquarters follows the North Fork of the Sperry Glacier Naturalist-conducted overnight trip Flathead River to Bowman and Kintla Lakes. from Lake McDonald Lodge to Sperry Chalets and Sperry Glacier. U.S. 89, the Blackfeet Highway, along the east side of the Logan Pass Information service daily. park, is an all-weather road leading from Browning and the Orientation path. village of East Glacier Park to the international boundary. Free telescope during open hours to The picturesque Chief Mountain International Road view mountain goats and scenery. Nature walks to Hidden Lake Over­ branches from U.S. 89 at Kennedy Creek, leading around look. the base of Chief Mountain and across the international Naturalist-led all-day or overnight boundary to Waterton Lakes National Park. Hard-surfaced hikes along Garden Wall to Gran­ branch roads lead from U.S. 89 into the Two Medicine and ite Park Chalets. Many Glacier Valleys. A narrow dirt road provides access St. Mary; Rising Sun; Sun Sun Point information station; photo- Point, graphic point, wildflower display, to Cut Bank Valley. maps, viewfinder, and exhibits. U.S. 2 follows the southern boundary of the park between Naturalist-accompanied boat and Ever try to hike with a wiggly pack? combination boat and trail trip, the villages of East Glacier Park and West Glacier, a dis­ The trail on the north side of Ptarmigan Tunnel. Great Northern Railway photo. St. Mary Lake. tance of 57 miles. Evening programs, St. Mary Dormi­ Throughout the park look for roadside exhibits describ­ tory and St. Mary and Rising Sun ing points of interest. Campgrounds. By Horseback Self-guiding nature trail to Baring Falls. Fishes and Fishing It is to the leisurely traveler, the hiker, and the horse­ Photography Many Glacier Nature walks to Grinnell Glacier, Ice­ Among the 22 kinds of fishes found in the park's clear back rider, that the park bestows its greatest gifts. After berg Lake, and Granite Park waters, the pygmy whitefish is probably the most unique, for you have seen the easily accessible things, and if you do not You will want to get out your camera the minute you set Chalets. Naturalist-accompanied boat and it has been discovered in only a few widely separated locali­ care to hike, you may like to engage a competent guide, take foot in Glacier, for the amazing procession of wildlife, trail trips to Grinnell Lake. ties in North America. And the seasonal migrations of the horses and camping outfit, and follow the trails. If you do, wildflowers, and superb mountain scenery will present more Evening programs. Many Glacier native cutthroat, dolly varden, and kokanee into and out of you are likely to gain a better understanding of the increas­ subjects than you can possibly take during your visit. Hotel and Swiftcurrent Camp­ lakes on the west side of the park provide much speculation. ing importance of our areas of unspoiled wilderness. On Glacier's intense blue skies provide ideal atmospheric ground. Self-guiding nature trail along Swifp Angling amidst the scenic grandeur can be an exhilarating such trips, you may venture far afield, explore glaciers, climb conditions for the camera artist. Here too you will find current Lake. experience. Awaiting your skill are sport fishes such as the divides for extraordinary views, catch glimpses of rarer sharp contrasts for both black-and-white and color shots. Other walks as announced. cutthroat, rainbow, lake, and brook trouts, dolly varden, wildlife species, search for and find the best fishing, and Photo supply shops in each of the hotels and cabin-camp Two Medicine Lake Nature walks to interesting places. kokanee (landlocked sockeye salmon), whitefish, grayling, spend restful days in places of inspirational beauty. stores operated by Glacier Park, Inc., will take care of Naturalist-accompanied combination and pike. You can rent saddle horses for trips within the park at your film needs and provide developing and film service. boat and trail trips to Twin Falls. Evening program, Two Medicine In Glacier, no license is required. General angling sea­ Many Glacier Hotel and Lake McDonald Lodge at Apgar, Campground. son extends from late May to October 15, although special and at St. Mary and East Glacier. Guides are required for The Naturalist Program Trick Falls self-guiding nature trail. seasons apply to some waters. In any one day, you may all horseback trips. For further information about such North Fork Nature walks to interesting places in keep 15 pounds of fish if your total catch does not exceed trips, write George Moore, Glacier Park Saddle Horse Co., To help you understand and enjoy the wonders of the the vicinity of Bowman Lake. Evening programs four times a week 10 fishes, but you may not possess more than one daily limit. MG Ranch, Pablo, Mont, (winter), or Babb, Mont, park, the Service provides naturalist-conducted activities in at Bowman Lake Campground; The use or possession of salmon eggs or other fish eggs or (summer). several areas of the park, from about June 15 until Septem­ once a week at Kintla Lake Camp­ any preparation therefrom or imitation thereof, or any kind ber 10. These services are free except for the boat rides, ground. of live or dead fish for bait, is prohibited. By Automobile and for lodging in connection with overnight trips to Sperry East Glacier Park Evening talk once a week, Glacier You can obtain complete fishing regulations from the Glacier, Granite Park, and Garden Wall. Schedule leaflets, Park Lodge. Going-to-the-Sun Road, a renowned engineering accom­ Superintendent, West Glacier, Mont., or at entrance stations available at entrance stations, information offices, hotels, and Waterton Lake Self-guiding nature trail from dock plishment, links the east and west sides of the park, cross­ to Waterton Lake Ranger Station. or information offices. cabin-camp offices, include the following activities: ing the Continental Divide at Logan Pass (elev. 6,664 feet). 8 9 6 7 THE SEASONS and chemical changes eventually solidified these into argil- lites, quartzites, and limestones, forming the multicolored The main summer travel season is from June 15 to Sep­ strata that now make up Glacier's spectacular scenery. tember 10, when the major hotels and cabin-camps are in Later, molten rock penetrated into cracks and between the operation. Most roads outside the park are open through­ rock layers; lava oozed along the ancient sea floor. Also out the year. Accommodations outside the park or on pri­ scattered throughout these rocks are remains of deposits vate lands within the park are available from about May 15 made by colonies of algae. to October 15. The Going-to-the-Sun Road is usually open The story of the elevation of these rocks from sea bottom by June 15 and is kept open until about October 15, if to soaring heights is a dramatic chapter in the formation of weather permits. the landscape of Glacier National Park. Long after the seas During the summer, sudden rain squalls or thunder- had disappeared, stresses applied to the earth's crust from showers may occur, and so—a word to the wise for hikers— the northeast and southwest caused it to rise in long, wave­ add a raincoat to your equipment. You will need warm like folds. When the rock could no longer stand these clothing while hiking in the higher elevations at all times of tremendous strains, it split asunder, and one edge was thrust the year. Days are warm, but when the sun sets or during upward and over the other edge, forming the world-famous storms you will reach for a sweater, and nights are chilly! Lewis overthrust. This was not, as it may seem, accom­ Regardless of the season you come, we hope that you will plished all at once—the movement covered millions of follow the advice of the Scottish-born naturalist, John Muir, years; in fact, it would probably have been imperceptible who, after a visit to Glacier, wrote these inspirational words: had anyone been present to witness the event. "Give a month at least to this precious preserve. The This tremendous mass of rock, thousands of feet thick time will not be taken from the sum of your life. Instead and hundreds of miles long, was thrust eastward at least 35 of shortening, it will indefinitely lengthen it and make you miles. It is well exposed on the eastern side of the park, truly immortal." and Chief Mountain, standing out by itself near the Cana­ dian border, is a remnant of this overthrust mass. HOW THE LAND WAS FORMED Uplifting of the Rocky Mountain area at this time pro­ Nothing seems more permanent than mountains; yet, con­ duced new streams and gave renewed life to older streams. sidered geologically, they are transient features of the land­ They commenced to cut deeper and deeper into the moun­ scape. The mountains of Glacier National Park are young, tains and to carve narrow V-shaped valleys and side valleys. but their origins lie in the dim past, in a period when life The park's final chapter begins with the ice age, about a capable of leaving a record in the rocks was just beginning. million years ago. A change in climate resulted in the for­ The story of the park begins at least a half-billion years mation of vast ice sheets over much of northern North ago. At that time the area was the bed of an extensive shal­ America and Europe. Heavy snows accumulating in the low sea. The material now solidified into rock was de­ area of Glacier National Park began to form individual ice posited as silt, sand, clay, and lime muds. Pressure, heat, masses, or mountain glaciers.

Two Medicine Lake, at dawn. Trail to Iceberg Lake, route of the wildnowers. Mel Ruder, Hungry Horse News, photo.

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^EV. MARCH 196? OCTOBER 1962 along the Going-to-the-Sun Road near McDonald Falls on greater the reward. Travel into the less accessible, but In the upper valleys at high elevations, the snow and ice the west side and for several miles east of Sun Point on the most spectacular parts can be by foot, horse, or boat. By formed small glaciers. These in turn joined to form east side. You can hike over it on the lower part of the such means, you may easily obtain firsthand views of the larger glaciers. Large amphitheaters, called cirques, formed Grinnell Glacier trail. rock formations or the glaciers; in fact, free guided trips are at the headwall of the glaciers—a result of ice erosion or The Grinnell argillite, the next formation, is nearly 3,000 available to both Sperry and Grinnell Glaciers. the quarrying effect of the ice. Down the stream-cut val­ feet thick. Red to purplish, it is the most colorful forma­ leys the developing glaciers flowed with infinite slowness, tion in the park. It constitutes an important scenic feature plucking and gouging their way, producing the U -shapes along many miles of the Going-to-the-Sun Road. It com­ The Rock Formations of today. prises the bulk of most of the peaks on the east side of the Development of the main glaciated valleys left the park. You cross it on the trails to Grinnell Glacier and You can easily distinguish four differently colored rock smaller stream-cut and glaciated side valleys high above the Cracker and Iceberg Lakes; the Going-to-the-Sun Road formations (and the igneous sill) in the park. The fact floors of the main valleys; they are called hanging valleys. crosses it near Baring Falls on the east side and near Ava­ that these formations occur in alphabetical order, with the From them, streams plunge down for hundreds of feet. In lanche Creek on the west side. It is well exposed at both oldest formation the lowest, will help you. areas of less resistant rock, glaciers scoured out basins for Sperry Chalets and Sperry Glacier, where the violently folded The lowest easily recognizable formation is the Altyn. the present-day lakes. Repeated advances and retreats of white quartzite layers within the red argillite make it very About 2,000 feet thick, it is gray-blue and weathers to pale the great glaciers carved and recarved the landscape, leav­ conspicuous and showy. buff. Good places to examine this formation are: on the ing rugged mountains and U-shaped valleys. Water ero­ The fourth of these formations, the Siyeh, ranges from ridge immediately behind Many Glacier Hotel; above sion today is, further modifying the landscape. You can see 1,800 to 5.000 feet in thickness. It is a dark, bluish-gray Swiftcurrent Falls; and at the narrows of St. Mary Lake. the results and the forces that are still altering the land­ formation, weathering to buff. It caps most of the taller In the Two Medicine area, it forms the terrace over which scape—the lofty peaks, the active glaciers, the glaciated peaks of the park. You may see it best in the Garden Trick Falls drop. It contains fossil algae colonies. valleys, the waterfalls, and the sparkling streams and lakes. Wall from the Many Glacier area. Through this forma­ On top of this is a 2,000- to 5,000-foot layer of Appe- You may see many of these formations and features from tion runs an igneous sill (layer of volcanic rock), which kunny argillite. It is a greenish color, and it may be seen the park's roads, but the farther you get from the roads, the few persons fail to notice. It is most evident on the face of the Garden Wall and on Mount Wilbur in the Many Upper St. Mary Valley, rounded and smoothed by glacial action. Glacier area. It is most accessible at Logan Pass, where you may examine it on the trail to Granite Park Chalets, about 200 yards from the pass. The sill, about 100 feet thick, has turned the limestone on either side of it to marble by the tremendous heat it gave off while it was still molten. Several other formations occur above the Siyeh, but they Beargrass. are very localized. The Shepard formation is exposed on the summits of Swiftcurrent, Reynolds, Clements, Citadel, where within the park. And with the coming of autumn, and Almost-a-Dog Mountains. The Kintla formation out­ the scarlet berries and yellow and orange leaves make the crops on a few peaks in the northwest portion of the park. park a colorful spectacle. Purcell lava, which was laid down under the sea, can best be Showiest of all the park's myriad flowers is the beargrass, seen at Granite Park. usually considered the park flower. It neither belongs to the bears nor is it a grass. Unfortunately, we do not know WILDFLOWERS AND TREES who named it or why they decided on "beargrass." It be­ longs to the lily family. It sometimes covers acres of open, The colorful display of wildflowers is one of the greatest dry forest. In June, it commences to bloom on the valley attractions in Glacier National Park. Few areas in western floors, and it continues into August at the higher elevations. United States have a richer variety and greater abundance In early summer, at the higher places in the park, the yellow of trees and wildflowers. Here, southern forms mingle lambstongue fawnlily ("glacier lily") puts on a spectacular with northern ones, and western varieties meet those of the display, growing along the edges of snowbanks and even East. In all, over 1,000 species of trees and wildflowers through the snow. Among the more common plants of the may be found in Glacier National Park. park are the scarlet painted-cup ("Indian paintbrush"), Wildflower shows begin in early spring at the lower ele­ common perennial gaillardia ("brown-eyed-susan"), Amer­ vations and progress up the mountainsides as the snow ican falsehellebore, western pasqueflower, western thimble- recedes, culminating in the alpine floral displays when the berry, common cowparsnip, red baneberry, Sitka mountain- season is well advanced. At no time, from early spring to ash, bearberry, fireweed, aster and aspen fleabanes, huckle­ early autumn, can you fail to find a flower display some- berry, and bearberry honeysuckle.

20 21 Of the 10 broad-leaved trees in the park, the largest is the THE HUMAN STORY After the excitement over the copper had died down, the black cottonwood. It is found along all watercourses and region was visited only by big-game hunters and occasional lakes at lower elevations. Quaking aspen is found through­ Prehistory and History sightseers until it was made a National Park in 1910. out the lowlands of the park, but it is more common on the eastern slopes. In autumn, its display of yellows and The archeology of northern Montana is not well known, but there is evidence that Indians have occupied the region oranges provides a long-remembered sight. Two birches The Indians Today occur in the park, the more common being the northwestern for about 10,000 years. Stone weapon points, ranging in paper birch, whose white bark readily distinguishes it from age from those used by hunters of extinct species of bison Today the Blackfeet on the reservation adjoining the park all other park trees. to the arrowpoints of historic tribes, have been found on the east remain a picturesque reminder of their former Two species of alder, 25 species of willow, black haw­ throughout the area. glory. They have laid aside their intense hostility to the thorn, common chokecherry, pin cherry, and Douglas maple The occupants of the northern Montana plains during pre­ white man and have reconciled themselves to the march of complete the list of trees found in the park. historic times have not been identified. The Blackfeet, civilization. Some of them, dressed in colorful native cos­ known to have been in Eagle Hills of South Saskatchewan tume, demonstrate their traditional dances occasionally at about 1720, penetrated this region before they acquired the the Glacier Park Lodge during the summer season. BIRDS AND MAMMALS horse. With the acquisition of the horse and possession of At Browning, 12 miles east of East Glacier Park, a museum firearms, they consolidated their hold on the area. The To the geologic story and the floral displays of Glacier is maintained to interpret the customs and ways of life of Kutenai Indians, who now dwell only west of the Con­ National Park can be added 57 species of mammals and 216 the Indians of the Great Plains. The museum is operated tinental Divide, were displaced by the better armed and more species of birds. by the Bureau of Indian Affairs of the U.S. Department of mobile Blackfeet. A Siouan-speaking group, the Crows, the Interior. An arts and crafts center in the building serves Many of the species that you can see in the park have who might have been pushing into the area from the south­ as a central market for handicraft articles of the present-day disappeared over much of the country, and so Glacier, as east at about the same time, were driven beyond the Yellow­ Indians of the reservations of the northern plains. well as other National Parks, has become an outstanding out­ stone River. The Blackfeet dominated the region until door wildlife exhibit. curbed and confined to reservations. Here you may see the mountain goat, the bighorn, and In 1806, the explorer, Meriwether Lewis, reached a point Establishment of the Park (if you are fortunate) the scarlet-crested, crow-sized, on the Marias River about 30 miles from the present park raucous-voiced pileated woodpecker. You will, no doubt, When we think of the priceless benefits offered by Glacier boundary. see bears, but be wary of them—they have lost some fear of and the other National Parks, we naturally ask the question, man and can be very dangerous. The valuable furs of the beaver found upon the upper "When did the idea of this park originate, and who was tributaries of the Missouri River attracted venturesome fur It is hard to tell exactly where any of these animals can responsible for it?" There is no clear answer because we trappers and traders from St. Louis, beginning in 1807. be seen, for they are constantly on the move. In general, do not know what thoughts might have run through the Mountain goats. The trappers explored the region of the Three Forks of the look for water birds on any of the park's lakes. Thickets minds of many early explorers and travelers, but we do have Mel Ruder, Hungry Horse News, photo. Missouri, but the continuing hostility of the Blackfeet pre­ and burned-over areas are centers of birdlife, especially written records of the ideas of a few of these men. vented their entry into the Glacier National Park area. along lakeshorcs and streambanks. Above timberline, the One of them was George Bird Grinnell, popularly known ptarmigan, mountain goat, gray-crowned rosy finch, and the In 1853, A. W. Tinkham, a Government engineeer ex­ as the father of the movement to establish Glacier National ploring a route for a Pacific railroad, ascended Nyack Creek Park, who first came to the area in 1885. He became capti­ Cone-bearing trees dominate the lower landscapes of Gla­ pipit may be seen. by mistake and crossed over the ridge to Cut Bank River vated with the region and returned annually for many years. cier. Fifteen species are found, two of which have fleshy Common smaller animals usually seen are the marmot, and Fort Benton. He reported the country as being im­ He saw the possibilities of the area, and for 25 years he "cones" and one of which loses its needles in the winter. ground squirrel, pine squirrel, chipmunk, coyote, porcupine, practical for railroad purposes. labored courageously to have it set aside as a National Park, The most common tree in the park is the lodgepole pine, snowshoe hare, and beaver. Larger mammals to watch for The next to enter the park area was a group of surveyors contending against Indian problems, opposition of those which occurs on both slopes of the park, growing in pure are white-tailed deer, mule deer, moose, and American elk. establishing the Canadian boundary in 1861. who wished to further their private interests, and even argu­ stands or mixed with spruce, fir, and Douglas-fir. The tree Not-so-common animals you might see are marten, wolver­ Marias Pass, where the Great Northern Railway crosses ments of congressional committees. with the fernlike leaves seen commonly in the McDonald ine, wolf, otter, grizzly bear, and the rare (for Glacier) the Continental Divide, was explored by John F. Stephens Finally, in the spring of 1910, after previously rejecting Valley is the western redcedar. It occupies much the same northern bog lemming. in December 1889. A monument has been erected in the two bills to make the area a National Park, Congress passed area as the hemlock and yew, and it is commonly associated The park's wilderness trails provide the best place to see pass to commemorate this exploit. and sent to the President a bill establishing Glacier National with spruce and fir. The needle-losing "evergreen" is the wildlife. Hawks and eagles wheel overhead, grouse fre­ In 1890, copper ore was found at the head of Quartz Park. The President signed the bill on May 11, 1910. western larch. In the autumn, its golden-yellow needles quently zoom up from underfoot, the slaty-gray dipper Creek, and there was a rush of prospectors. The east side The Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, compris­ stand out in bright contrast against a background of forest (water ouzel) may be seen along swift-flowing streams, the of the Continental Divide, being part of the Blackfeet ing Glacier National Park in the United States and Water- greenery. Clark's nutcracker scolds raucously from the treetops, and Indian Reservation, was closed to prospectors, and Congress ton Lakes National Park in Canada, was established in 1932 Ponderosa pine may be found in the northwest part of the thrushes are heard singing in the undergrowth. The most was importuned to take steps that would open the area to by Presidential proclamation, as authorized by the Congress park along the North Fork truck trail. Other coniferous handsome bird is probably the osprey, although the majestic- investigation of the mineral resources. In 1896, this land of the United States and the Canadian Parliament. trees of the park include the western white pine, limber pine, bald eagle would run a close second. Common birds you was purchased from the Indians for SH/) million, but not At the dedication exercises in June 1932, the following whitebark pine, subalpine fir, grand fir, Engelmann spruce, may see along the trails are the sparrows, bluebirds, enough copper was found for profitable mining and the message from President Hoover was read: and junipers. warblers, kinglets, chickadees, and nuthatches. boom collapsed. "The dedication of the Waterton-Glacier International 22 23 24 25 Chalets are 6.5 miles from the Lake McDonald Lodge. Peace Park is a further gesture of the good will that has so leading gasoline stations can furnish road information and Granite Park Chalets are 7.4 miles from Logan Pass. long blessed our relations with our Canadian neighbors, and maps. You should make local inquiry concerning road Campgrounds. Camping is popular in Glacier. To ac­ 1 am gratified by the hope and faith that it will forever be an conditions and snow in high mountain passes in May and commodate the increasing numbers of visitors who wish to appropriate symbol of permanent peace and friendship." June and in September and October. live out-of-doors, the National Park Service has provided By train. The park is on the main transcontinental line several free campgrounds. PREPARING FOR YOUR VISIT of the Great Northern Railway. For information about The major campgrounds, located at Apgar, Sprague railroad fares and services, inquire of local ticket agents or Creek, Avalanche Creek, St. Mary, Rising Sun, Swiftcur­ Other Publications About the Park travel bureaus, or write the Passenger Traffic Manager, 175 rent, and Two Medicine, have fireplaces, tables, sanitary For your added enjoyment and understanding of the park, East Fourth Street, St. Paul 1, Minn. Regular bus service is facilities, and running water. Coffee shops, soda fountains, there are many books and other publications that you may provided by Glacier Park, Inc., for those who arrive by and camp stores are located near Swiftcurrent, Rising Sun, wish to purchase before you come here or after you arrive. train. Two Medicine, Sprague Creek, and Apgar campgrounds. Following is a selected list of publications on sale at park By bus. The Intermountain Transportation Co. operates Smaller campgrounds for those desiring quiet and solitude headquarters, hotels, and other places within the park: buses to West Glacier from Missoula on the south and to are located at Kintla Lake, Bowman Lake, Bowman Creek, Guide to Glacier National Park, by George C. Ruhle. East Glacier Park from Shelby, Great Falls, and other places Quartz Creek, Logging Creek, Fish Creek, Walton Ranger to the east. The Great Falls Coach Lines Co. also serves Motorist's Guide to the Going-to-tl*e-Sun Road, by M. E. Station, and Cut Bank. These primitive camps have fire­ the park from Great Falls, where connections are made to Beatty. places, tables, and toilets. eastern points. On the north, Glacier Park, Inc., buses See the section, "Help Us Protect Your Park" for regula­ The Geologic Story of Glacier National Park, by James L. connect at Waterton Lake with the Central Canadian Grey­ tions regarding campfires and time limits for camping. Dyson. hound Lines from Lethbridge or Fort Macleod. You should make a list of camping needs for cooking, Rocks and Fossils of Glacier National Park, by Clyde P. Ross By airplane. West Coast Airlines serves Flathead County sleeping, and general outdoor living if you plan to camp and Richard Rezak. Airport, 26 miles west (by road) of West Glacier, and pro­ out. Include a small gasoline or kerosene stove for cooking. Glaciers and Glaciation in Glacier National Park, by James vides service to Cut Bank Airport, 48 miles east (by road) Trailer space is available in all campgrounds except Sperry Chalets. L. Dyson. of East Glacier Park. Glacier Park, Inc., will provide on- Sprague Creek, but there are no utility connections. The Mel Ruder, Hungry Horse News, photo. call service for air passengers, but you should make arrange­ dirt road from Fish Creek Campground to Kintla and Bow­ Mammals of Glacier National Park, by R. R. Lechleitner. ing. Trips that include the Prince of Wales Hotel in ments for such service with the airlines before you start your man Lake Campgrounds (North Fork area) is too narrow Trees and Forests of Glacier National Park, by Donald H. Waterton Lakes National Park are also available. You trip. for large housetrailers. Before you attempt this route with Robinson. may obtain information concerning rates or reservations a housetrailer, consult a park ranger. 101 Wild flowers of Glacier National Park, by Grant W. from Glacier Park, Inc. WHERE TO STAY Sharpe. Transportation. Bus service is maintained between all Outside the Park hotels, including the Prince of Wales Hotel and Two Medi­ Topographic Map of Glacier National Park, prepared by the Inside the Park Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. Most of the neighboring cities and towns have hotels and cine Lake. At Two Medicine Lake, the bus stops long Hiking Trail Map, by Gingery and Wilhelm. The concessioners within the park operate under the tourist courts with modern facilities. For information, ad­ enough to give you the opportunity to do some fishing or to enjoy a launch trip and short hike with a naturalist. Write to Glacier Natural History Association, West Gla­ supervision of the National Park Service, which keeps care­ dress inquiries to the chambers of commerce of nearby towns cier, Mont., for prices and complete list of publications ful check on the rates, features and quality of services, in Montana—Kalispell, Havre, Cut Bank, Whitefish, Co­ If you do not have your own transportation and would available from this non-profit organization. equipment, liability, and other items. lumbia Falls, or East Glacier Park. like to do some independent exploring of the park, you can Hotels. Glacier Park, Inc., operates Many Glacier Hotel obtain rental cars from Glacier Park, Inc. What to Bring and Lake McDonald and Glacier Park Lodges in or near Boats. Regular launch service is available on Two Medi­ SERVICES As a rule, Glacier visitors are inclined to carry too much. Glacier National Park and Prince of Wales Hotel in Water- cine, Swiftcurrent, Josephine, McDonald, and St. Mary Meals and supplies. Groceries, film, camping supplies, We suggest a very inexpensive and simple outfit—comfort­ ton Lakes National Park. These hotels are open from about Lakes, and between the townsite in Waterton Lakes National and other items are available in stores at Swiftcurrent, Rising able clothes and stout shoes. You will need light clothing June 15 to about September 10. Park and the head of Waterton Lake in Glacier National Sun, Lake McDonald, and Two Medicine. Meals may be for sunny days and indoors and a warm jacket, sweater, or Motels and cabins. Motel units and cabins are available Park. obtained at the coffee shops at Swiftcurrent, Lake McDon­ topcoat for cool nights. On trails, afoot or horseback, you at Swiftcurrent, Rising Sun, and Apgar Village. Rental rowboats are available from June 15 to September ald, Rising Sun, and in all the hotels. Coffee, soup, and will appreciate a wool shirt, slacks or levis, a brimmed cap, a Reservations are usually necessary for hotels, motels, and 10 at Bowman, Two Medicine, Swiftcurrent, McDonald, sandwiches may be obtained at the camp store at Two Medi­ and St. Mary Lakes. raincoat, and sunglasses. cabins. For rates and reservations, write Glacier Park, Inc., cine. Additional cabin facilities and general stores carry­ See the section titled "Help Us Protect Your Park" be­ from June 1 through October 15, at East Glacier Park, ing complete lines of campers' supplies and photographic fore launching a private boat in any of the park waters. Mont.; from October 16 through May 31, at P.O. Box HOW TO REACH THE PARK film are available on private lands within the park at Apgar Medical service. During the park season, there are quali­ 4250, Tucson, Ariz. Village and near Lake McDonald Lodge. fied nurses at the hotels on both sides of the park, and a By automobile. You can reach Glacier National Park Chalets. Two chalets, Sperry and Granite Park, are All-expense tours. The park concessioners have jointly resident physician is at the Glacier Park Lodge. over a number of modern well-marked roads. It is on U.S. open for use of hikers and horseback parties from July 1 arranged attractive all-expense tours, which include bus fare, Religious services. Protestant and Roman Catholic 2 and 89 and near U.S. 91 and 93. Automobile associations, through Labor Day. They are operated by B. Ross Luding, meals, hotel lodging, launch excursion, and horseback rid- church services are conducted at several places in the park on touring services, travel bureaus, chambers of commerce, and Martin City, Mont., and are reached by trail only. Sperry 28 29 26 27 Sundays. Protestant services are sponsored by the National Hunting. The park is a sanctuary for all wildlife, and 1966, the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Na­ Council of Churches. Times and locations of the services hunting within park boundaries is prohibited. Firearms are tional Park Service. The program is concerned with de­ are posted in the principal gathering places within the park, permitted within the park only if they are adequately sealed, veloping, staffing, and improving the areas managed by the and park rangers will have this information. cased, broken down, or otherwise packed to prevent their National Park Service, in such a way as to assure their wisest Post office, telephone, and telegraph. Post offices are lo­ use. possible use. cated at East Glacier Park, West Glacier, Babb, Polebridge, Motor vehicles and bicycles are prohibited on trails. MISSION 66 projects completed at Glacier include ex­ Glacier and (from June 15 to September 10) Lake McDonald. Dogs and cats are permitted in the park, but they must be pansion and renovation of several campgrounds; two new NATIONAL PARK, MONTANA Telephone and telegraph services are available at all hotels crated or otherwise under physical restraint at all times. campgrounds; road improvements, with roadside parking and motels. They are not allowed on park trails. areas; trail improvements, with shelter cabins for the back country; and new or improved water and sewer systems. Private boats. You must obtain a boat permit at the en­ UNITED STATES SECTION HELP US PROTECT YOUR PARK As for the future—improvement and expansion of camp­ trance station or at any ranger station before you may launch grounds will continue; visitor centers will be built; im­ WATERTON-GLACIER You can help us protect the park's beauty and its wildlife a private boat in any of the park waters. State and Federal proved roads, especially the Camas Creek cutoff part of the by observing the regulations, which were established to pro­ boating regulations apply. Restrictions are placed on the proposed International Loop Road, will be completed; and INTERNATIONAL PEACE PARK tect you as well as the park. use of motorboats in certain waters. other related facilities will be built to help you better to Lost articles should be reported at the nearest ranger sta­ Fires. Build fires only in fireplaces provided in desig­ enjoy Glacier National Park. nated campgrounds. . If you desire to camp away from tion. If found, they should be deposited at the office of Privately owned lands within the park are being obtained designated campgrounds, you must obtain a fire permit from the superintendent or at the nearest ranger station. Articles as owners are willing to sell and funds become available. It a park ranger. Make sure your fire is out before you leave not claimed by the owners within 60 days will be returned is the goal of the National Park Service to acquire allsuch it! Extinguish the last spark with water. Be just as care­ to the finders. lands ultimately so that they may be preserved for general ful with any other burning material; do not throw cigarettes, ADMINISTRATION public benefit and use. cigars, or matches from your automobile or along the trails. Ranger, naturalist, and maintenance staffs at Glacier have Remember, fire is the greatest enemy of the forests of the Glacier National Park is administered by the National been expanded and given additional training under the park and of all the creatures that live in them. Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. A superin­ MISSION 66 program so that you can be served better. Camping. Camping is limited to 14 days at designated tendent is in immediate charge; his address is Glacier Na­ campgrounds during July and August. tional Park, West Glacier, Mont. Send any questions or Preserving natural features. It is against the law to dis­ comments about services within the park to him. turb, injure, or destroy trees, flowers, and other vegetation, Park rangers and naturalists are here to help you learn and VISITOR-USE FEES and all wildlife, rocks, and fossils within the park. understand the natural and human history of Glacier, to Vehicle permit fees are collected at entrance stations. Traffic. The speed limit in the park is 45 miles per hour, enforce park regulations, and to help and advise you; there­ If you arrive when an entrance station is unattended, you unless otherwise posted; ll/2-ton trucks or over, 35 miles per fore, you should consult them if you have any questions must obtain a permit before leaving the park. Fees are hour. Keep gears meshed and out of overdrive on grades. about the park or are in any difficulty. not listed herein because they are subject to change, but the information may be obtained by writing to the super­ Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior—Amer­ Signal when leaving the road to park on overlooks. Do intendent. not park so as to interfere with travel on the road. Drive ica's Department of Natural Resources—is concerned with Fee revenues are deposited in the U.S. Treasury; they slowly and do not park on curves. the management, conservation, and development of the Na­ offset, in part, the cost of operating and maintaining the Report all accidents to the nearest ranger station or to tion's water, wildlife, mineral, forest, and park and recrea­ National Parks. park headquarters. tional resources. It also has major responsibilities for Indian and Territorial affairs. As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the De­ partment works to assure that nonrenewable resources are Cover: ST. MARY LAKE. ABOUT WILD ANIMALS developed and used wisely, that park and recreational re­ Wild animals are harmless at a distance, but they are sources are conserved for the future, and that renewable dangerous when approached or startled. Please—for your protection—never offer food to hears; never get between resources make their full contribution to the progress, pros­ UNITED STATES an adult animal and her young; always keep a safe dis­ perity, and security of the United States—now and in the DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR tance; be noisy on trails. future. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE To avoid startling the grizzly bear in the back country, hikers should use various methods of creating noise to MISSION 66 AT GLACIER make their presence known, such as rocks in cans, using a For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. small bell or whistle, or loud talking or singing. Washington 25, D.C. — Price 15 cents Remember, wild animals are dangerous when startled MISSION 66 is a 10-year conservation, development, and Revised 1963 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1963—O-670613 or approached. improvement program of the National Park Service. It was launched in 1956 and is scheduled for completion in 30 31