Air pollution fact sheet 2014
France XDesign and cover photo: EEA Layout: EEA
Copyright notice © European Environment Agency, 2014 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated.
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European Environment Agency Kongens Nytorv 6 1050 Copenhagen K Denmark Tel.: +45 33 36 71 00 Fax: +45 33 36 71 99 Web: eea.europa.eu Enquiries: eea.europa.eu/enquiries Introduction
Air pollution is a complex problem. Different where exceedances of air quality standards occur. pollutants interact in the atmosphere, affecting our Particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) pollution are health, environment and climate. particularly associated with serious health risks.
Air pollutants are emitted from almost all economic Air pollutants released in one European country and societal activities. Across Europe as a whole, may contribute to or result in poor air quality emissions of many air pollutants have decreased in elsewhere. Moreover, important contributions from recent decades, resulting in improved air quality intercontinental transport influence O3 and PM across the region. Much progress has been made in concentrations in Europe. Addressing air pollution tackling air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), requires local measures to improve air quality, carbon monoxide (CO) and benzene (C6H6). greater international cooperation, and a focus on the However, air pollutant concentrations are still too links between climate policies and air pollution high and harm our health and the ecosystems we policies. depend on. A significant proportion of Europe's population lives in areas – especially cities –
Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – France 1
This fact sheet presents compiled information based addressing air pollution are also published by the on the latest official air pollution data reported by EEA each year. Information on the data sources the European Environment Agency’s (EEA) member used is provided in the following sections and at the countries. A comprehensive overview of back of this fact sheet a glossary explains the various information about Europe’s air quality is also abbreviations and acronyms used throughout. published each year by the EEA in the report ‘Air quality in Europe’. A number of other publications
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Box 1. Facts about air pollutants Pollutant Description and sources Health and environment effects
Sulphur SO2 is formed by oxidation of sulphur (S), mainly SO2 aggravates asthma and can reduce lung dioxide (SO2) through combustion of fuels containing S. The function and inflame the respiratory tract. It can electricity generation sector is the most important cause headache, general discomfort and anxiety. source of SO2. SO2 also can contribute to the SO2 contributes to acid deposition, the impacts of formation of secondary sulphate particles in the which can be significant, causing damage to atmosphere. forests and ecosystems in rivers and lakes.
Nitrogen oxides NOx is emitted during fuel combustion e.g. from NO2 is associated with adverse effects on health: it (NOX) industrial facilities and the road transport sector. NOx can affect the liver, lung, spleen and blood. It can is a group of gases comprising nitrogen monoxide also aggravate lung diseases leading to respiratory (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). NO makes up the symptoms and increased susceptibility to majority of NOx emissions. NOx contributes to the respiratory infection. As with SO2, NOx formation of ozone and particulate matter. contributes to acid deposition but also to eutrophication of soil and water.
Particulate PM is a mixture of aerosol particles (solid and liquid) PM can cause or aggravate cardiovascular and matter (PM) covering a wide range of sizes and chemical lung diseases, heart attacks and arrhythmias. It compositions. PM10 (PM2.5) refers to particles with a can also affect the central nervous system and the diameter of 10 (2.5) micrometres or less. PM is either reproductive system, and can cause cancer. One directly emitted as primary particles or it forms in the outcome of exposure to PM can be premature atmosphere from emissions of SO2, NOx, NH3 and death. PM also acts as a greenhouse gas, mainly NMVOCs. PM is emitted from many anthropogenic cooling the earth’s climate, although in some cases sources, including both combustion and non- it can lead to warming. PM in the atmosphere can combustion sources. Important natural sources of PM also alter rainfall patterns, and affect the surface are sea salt and natural re-suspended dust. albedo properties of snow (the extent to which the snow reflects light).
Ozone (O3) Ground-level (tropospheric) ozone is not directly Elevated levels of ozone can cause respiratory emitted into the atmosphere. Instead, it forms in the health problems, including decreased lung atmosphere from a chain of chemical reactions function, aggravation of asthma, and other lung following emissions of certain precursor gases: NOx, diseases. It can also lead to premature mortality. carbon monoxide (CO) and NMVOCs and methane Ozone is also a greenhouse gas contributing to (CH4). warming of the atmosphere.
Ammonia The vast majority of NH3 emissions come from the Exposure to high levels of ammonia may irritate (NH3) agricultural sector, in connection with activities such skin, eyes, throat, and lungs and cause coughing. as manure storage, slurry spreading, and the use of People with asthma may be more sensitive to synthetic nitrogenous fertilisers. It also contributes to breathing ammonia than others. NH3, like NOx, the formation of secondary particles. contributes to eutrophication and acidification.
Non methane NMVOCs produce photochemical oxidants by NMVOCs include a variety of chemicals. Certain volatile organic reacting with NOx in the presence of sunlight. NMVOC species, such as benzene (C6H6) and 1,3- compounds Anthropogenic NMVOCs are emitted from sources butadiene, are directly hazardous to human (NMVOCs) including paint application, road transport, dry- health. NMVOCs are also precursors of ground- cleaning and other solvent uses. Biogenic NMVOCs level ozone. are emitted by vegetation, with the amounts emitted dependent on species and on temperature.
Carbon CO is emitted due to incomplete combustion. CO can lead to heart disease and damage to the monoxide (CO) Important sources of CO include road transport, nervous system. It can also cause headache, businesses, households, and industry. CO reacts with dizziness and fatigue. other pollutants producing ground-level ozone.
Methane (CH4) CH4 is produced by both anthropogenic and natural Methane is an important greenhouse gas, and is sources. Significant anthropogenic sources include one of the gases controlled under the UNFCCC’s the agriculture sector (from the enteric fermentation Kyoto protocol. At the regional and global scale of CH4 from livestock), the waste sector, and ‘fugitive’ methane also contributes to the formation of emissions from coal mining and gas. ground level ozone.
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Further information and data sources
Data sources
Air quality concentration data are from European legislation establishes air quality AirBase v. 8, the EEA´s public air quality objectives (limit and target values) for the database, which stores data reported by EEA different pollutants. These are concentrations that member countries. Concentration data measured must not be exceeded in a given period of time. in the year ‘x’ are submitted by 30 September of the following year (x+1) and become publicly The estimations of the population exposure were available in AirBase by March of year x+2. These obtained from the EEA´s Core Set Indicator 004. data correspond to measurements taken at air quality monitoring stations. Stations are defined Estimated emissions of air pollutants 1990-2012 according to the type of area they represent and and projections data are from the annual the dominant emission sources in that area. European Union emission inventory submitted under the UNECE Convention on Long-range The station types in this document include: Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP), and data rural stations located outside of built-up submitted under the EU National Emission urban areas (it corresponds to rural Ceilings Directive (81/2001/EC). Emissions data background stations in AirBase); for some countries is gap-filled – further details urban stations located in built-up areas are contained in the annual EU emission where pollution levels are not influenced inventory report submitted to the LRTAP significantly by any single source or Convention. Methane data is from GHG data street, but rather by a combination of reported under the EU GHG Monitoring many sources (it corresponds to urban Mechanism (280/2004/EC)/UNFCCC. and suburban background stations in AirBase); The ‘with measures’ projections illustrated refer to traffic stations located such that the projections of anthropogenic emissions that pollution levels they record are encompass the effects, in terms of air pollutant determined predominantly by the emission reductions, of policies and measures that emissions from nearby traffic (it have been adopted at the time the projection is corresponds to rural, urban and suburban calculated. traffic stations in AirBase); and other stations, mainly industrial stations, Information on source-receptor relationships was located such that the pollution levels they obtained from EMEP for the year 2010 (website record are influenced predominantly by accessed 3 November 2014). emissions from nearby single industrial sources or by emissions from industrial areas with many pollution sources (it corresponds to rural, urban and suburban industrial stations in AirBase).
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Air pollutant emissions and projections
Air pollutants are emitted from a range of both Internationally, the issue of air pollution man-made and natural sources including: emissions is also addressed by the UNECE burning of fossil fuels in electricity Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air generation, transport, industry, and Pollution (the LRTAP Convention) and its households; protocols. The Gothenburg ‘multi-pollutant’ industrial processes and solvent use, for protocol under the LRTAP Convention was example in the chemical and mining amended in May 2012. In addition to emission industries; ceilings for 2010 (that for the EU Member States, agriculture; are either equal to or less ambitious than those in waste treatment; the EU NEC Directive), the revised protocol now natural sources, including volcanic includes emission reduction commitments for eruptions, windblown dust, sea-salt spray 2020 expressed as a percentage of 2005 emissions. and emissions of volatile organic The revised Protocol also introduced a 2020
compounds from plants. emission reduction commitment for PM2.5.
For EU Member States, the National Emission Ceilings Directive (NEC Directive) sets emission ceilings (or limits) for the year 2010 and thereafter The following section shows information on the for man-made emissions of four key air pollutants past emission trends of key air pollutants. It also (nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, non-methane compares the latest reported data with respective volatile organic compounds, and ammonia). national ceiling limits and, shows (where this These pollutants harm human health and the information is available) information on the environment. Information concerning the revision expected level of future emissions. of the NEC Directive is available on the website of the European Commission's DG Environment here.
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Nitrogen oxides (NOx) France
NOx emissions and projections Emissions by sector - 2012 2 500 Energy use & supply excl. transport (43%) 2 000 Road transport (54%)
x 1 500
Other transport (3%) Gg NO Gg 1 000 Industrial processes (0%)
500 Agriculture (0%)
0 Waste (0%) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
NOx emissions MS projections Other (0%)
NECD 2010 ceiling GP 2020 red. commitments
Current and projected progress towards ceilings Value Unit
2010 NECD emission ceiling for NOx 810 (Gg)
2020 Gothenburg protocol (GP) reduction commitment for NOx 702* (Gg) 2015 with measures projections 827 (Gg) 2020 with measures projections 626 (Gg) Relative Absolute Unit (%) Distance of latest year NOx emission data to emission ceiling in 281 (Gg) 40 2020
Trend of total NOx emissions 1990-2012 - 883 (Gg) - 47
Trend of total NOx emissions 2001-2012 for comparison with air
Progress towards ceilings towards Progress - 553 (Gg) - 36 quality trends * calculated based on the percentage emission reduction commitment for 2020 expressed relative to 2005 emissions
Non methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) France
NMVOC emissions and projections Emissions by sector - 2012 3 000 Energy use & supply excl. transport (32%) 2 500 Road transport (10%) 2 000 Other transport (5%) 1 500
Industrial processes (7%)
1 000 Gg NMVOCs Gg 500 Agriculture (0%)
0 Waste (1%) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
NMVOC emissions MS projections Other (45%)
NECD 2010 ceiling GP 2020 red. commitments
Current and projected progress towards ceilings Value Unit 2010 NECD emission ceiling for NMVOCs 1 050 (Gg) 2020 Gothenburg protocol (GP) reduction commitment for NMVOCs 719* (Gg) 2015 with measures projections 627 (Gg) 2020 with measures projections 578 (Gg) Relative Absolute Unit (%) Distance of latest year NMVOC emission data to emission ceiling in - 8 (Gg) - 1 2020 Trend of total NMVOC emissions 1990-2012 -1 880 (Gg) - 73 Trend of total NMVOC emissions 2001-2012 for comparison with air Progress towards ceilings towards Progress - 954 (Gg) - 57 quality trends * calculated based on the percentage emission reduction commitment for 2020 expressed relative to 2005 emissions
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Sulphur dioxide (SO2) France
SO2 emissions and projections Emissions by sector - 2012 1 600 Energy use & supply excl. 1 400 transport (95%)
1 200 Road transport (0%)
2 1 000 Other transport (1%)
800 Gg SO Gg 600 Industrial processes (4%)
400 Agriculture (0%) 200
0 Waste (0%) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
SO2 emissions MS projections Other (0%)
NECD 2010 ceiling GP 2020 red. commitments
Current and projected progress towards ceilings Value Unit
2010 NECD emission ceiling for SO2 375 (Gg)
2020 Gothenburg protocol (GP) reduction commitment for SO2 207* (Gg) 2015 with measures projections 198 (Gg) 2020 with measures projections 162 (Gg) Relative Absolute Unit (%) Distance of latest year SO2 emission data to emission ceiling in 25 (Gg) 12 2020
Trend of total SO2 emissions 1990-2012 -1 073 (Gg) - 82
Trend of total SO2 emissions 2001-2012 for comparison with air
Progress towards ceilings towards Progress - 331 (Gg) - 59 quality trends * calculated based on the percentage emission reduction commitment for 2020 expressed relative to 2005 emissions
Ammonia (NH3) France
NH3 emissions and projections Emissions by sector - 2012 900 Energy use & supply excl. 800 transport (0%)
700 Road transport (1%)
600 3 500 Other transport (0%) 400 Gg NH Gg Industrial processes (1%) 300 200 Agriculture (97%) 100
0 Waste (1%) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
NH3 emissions MS projections Other (0%)
NECD 2010 ceiling GP 2020 red. commitments
Current and projected progress towards ceilings Value Unit
2010 NECD emission ceiling for NH3 780 (Gg)
2020 Gothenburg protocol (GP) reduction commitment for NH3 659* (Gg) 2015 with measures projections 634 (Gg) 2020 with measures projections 627 (Gg) Relative Absolute Unit (%) Distance of latest year NH3 emission data to emission ceiling in 20 (Gg) 3 2020
Trend of total NH3 emissions 1990-2012 - 26 (Gg) - 4
Trend of total NH3 emissions 2001-2012 for comparison with air Progress towards ceilings towards Progress - 29 (Gg) - 4 quality trends * calculated based on the percentage emission reduction commitment for 2020 expressed relative to 2005 emissions
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Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) France
PM2.5 emissions and projections Emissions by sector - 2012 500 Energy use & supply excl. 450 transport (59%) 400 Road transport (17%) 350 300 2.5 Other transport (2%) 250 200
Gg PM Gg Industrial processes (15%) 150
100 Agriculture (4%) 50
0 Waste (2%) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
PM2.5 emissions MS projections Other (1%)
GP 2020 red. commitments
Current and projected progress towards ceilings Value Unit
2010 NECD emission ceiling for PM2.5 n/a (Gg)
2020 Gothenburg protocol (GP) reduction commitment for PM2.5 179* (Gg) 2015 with measures projections 143 (Gg) 2020 with measures projections 117 (Gg) Relative Absolute Unit (%) Distance of latest year PM2.5 emission data to emission ceiling in 1 (Gg) 1 2020
Trend of total PM2.5 emissions 1990-2012 - 234 (Gg) - 56
Trend of total PM2.5 emissions 2001-2012 for comparison with air
Progress towards ceilings towards Progress - 120 (Gg) - 40 quality trends * calculated based on the percentage emission reduction commitment for 2020 expressed relative to 2005 emissions
Carbon monoxide (CO) France
CO emissions and projections Emissions by sector - 2012 12 000 Energy use & supply excl. transport (59%) 10 000 Road transport (13%) 8 000 Other transport (5%)
6 000 Gg CO Gg Industrial processes (21%) 4 000
2 000 Agriculture (1%)
0 Waste (0%) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Other (0%) CO emissions
Current and projected progress towards ceilings Value Unit 2010 NECD emission ceiling for CO n/a (Gg) 2020 Gothenburg protocol (GP) reduction commitment for CO n/a (Gg) 2015 with measures projections n/a (Gg) 2020 with measures projections n/a (Gg) Relative Absolute Unit (%) Distance of latest year CO emission data to emission ceiling in 2020 n/a (Gg) n/a Trend of total CO emissions 1990-2012 -7 432 (Gg) - 70 Trend of total CO emissions 2001-2012 for comparison with air -2 937 (Gg) - 48 Progress towards ceilings towards Progress quality trends
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Methane (CH4) France
CH4 emissions and projections Emissions by sector - 2012 3 500 Energy use & supply excl. 3 000 transport (11%)
2 500 Transport (1%) 4 2 000 Industrial processes (0%)
Gg CH Gg 1 500
1 000 Agriculture (44%)
500 Waste (44%) 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Other (0%) CH4 emissions
Current and projected progress towards ceilings Value Unit
2010 NECD emission ceiling for CH4 n/a (Gg)
2020 Gothenburg protocol (GP) reduction commitment for CH4 n/a (Gg) 2015 with measures projections n/a (Gg) 2020 with measures projections n/a (Gg) Relative Absolute Unit (%) Distance of latest year CH4 emission data to emission ceiling in n/a (Gg) n/a 2020
Trend of total CH4 emissions 1990-2012 - 384 (Gg) - 14
Trend of total CH4 emissions 2001-2012 for comparison with air
Progress towards ceilings towards Progress - 362 (Gg) - 13 quality trends
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Linking air emissions and air quality
Emissions of the main air pollutants in Europe have precursor substances by vegetation; the increase in declined since 1990. Over the past decade, this global background ozone concentrations; and reduction in emissions has resulted – for some of the transportation of ozone and of ozone precursor pollutants – in improved air quality across the substances from source areas outside Europe. All region. However, due to the complex links between these contributing factors mean that European emissions and air quality, emission reductions do emission reductions of pollutants contributing to the not always produce a corresponding drop in formation of ozone may not result in equivalent atmospheric concentrations, especially for PM and reductions of ozone concentrations. O3. Improving our understanding of air pollution For example, while reductions of O3-forming therefore remains a challenge. Developing and substances (i.e. O3 precursor gases) have been implementing effective policy to reduce air pollution substantial in Europe, O3 concentrations in Europe should be a priority. For further information, see the have remained stable. Concentration levels depend EEA annual report Air quality in Europe. on year-by-year variations in weather conditions including sunlight; natural emissions of ozone
Exposure of urban population to selected air pollutants
Exposure of urban population (1)
Urban population exposed to air pollutant concentrations above the EU air quality objectives (2010-2012) (2)
France EU reference value Exposure estimate (%)
2010 2011 2012
PM10 day (50 μg/m3) 4.2 18.9 5.4
O3 8-hour (120 μg/m3) 25.6 18.6 7.4
NO2 year (40 μg/m3) 5.4 3.9 4.0
The colour coding of exposure estimates refers to the fraction of urban population exposed to concentrations above the reference level:
0% < 5 % 5-50 % 50-75 % > 75 %
(1) The detailed methodology of the calculation can be found at: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exceedance-of-air-quality-limit-3 (2) The pollutants in this table are ordered in terms of their relative risk for health damage. The reference levels include EU limit or target values. For PM10 and NO2 the estimates are related to the most stringent EU limit value set for the protection of human health. For O3 there is only one target value.
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Air quality status Directive 2008/50/EC hourly limit value (HLV): 200 The calculations for the attainment status presented μg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 18 times below have been made for stations with a data capture of at least 75 % per calendar year. NO2 HLV attainment status at monitoring stations (year 2012) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
NO2 monitoring stations in the EEA´s air quality
- database – AirBase (year 2012)
LV LV
Station Number of s Percentage classification stations station type) Other 42 9.1
Rural 24 5.2 tage of total) tage of
attainment of H attainment of H attainment Traffic 95 20.6 - -
Station classificationStation Number of station non Numberin of stations attainment of HLV Percentage in of stations non (percen Percentage in of stations non (percen Urban 301 65.2 Other Total 462 100 39 0 0.0 0.0 Rural 18 0 0.0 0.0 A map with the stations location and classification Traffic 77 3 0.7 3.9 can be found at: Urban 271 0 0.0 0.0 http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/interactive/air Total base-reporting-stations. 405 3 0.7 -
Changes in NO2 concentrations Directive 2008/50/EC annual limit value (ALV): 40 μg/m3 Changes in annual mean concentrations of NO2 (2003- 2012) per station type NO2 ALV attainment status at monitoring stations (year 2012)
-
s
ions in in ions in ions
station type)
tage of total) tage of
attainment of ALV attainment of ALV attainment
- -
Station classificationStation Number of station non Numberin of stations attainment of ALV Percentage of stat non (percen Percentage of stat non (percen
Other 39 0 0.0 0.0 Rural 18 0 0.0 0.0 Traffic 77 38 9.4 49.4 Urban 271 1 0.2 0.4 Total 405 39 9.6 -
A map with the NO2 annual mean concentrations at the reporting stations can be found at: http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/interactive/no 2.
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Particulate matter (PM10) This percentile 90.4 represents, in a complete series, the 36th highest value. If it is above 50 μg/m3, it According to current legislation, Member States can indicates non-attainment of the DLV. subtract contributions from natural sources and from re-suspension due to sanding or salting of Daily limit value: 50 μg/m3, not to be exceeded more than roads in the winter. The results below do not take 35 times into account these possible subtractions. PM10 DLV attainment status at monitoring stations (year 2012) PM10 monitoring stations in the EEA´s air quality
database – AirBase (year 2012) -
LV LV
Station Number of s Percentage classification stations Other 48 12.8
Rural 25 6.7 tage of total) stationtage type) of
attainment of D attainment of D attainment Traffic 75 20.1 - -
Urban 226 60.4 classificationStation Number of station non Numberin of stations attainment of DLV Percentage in of stations non (percen Percentage in of stations non (percen Total 374 100 Other 45 5 1.5 11.1 Rural 23 0 0.0 0.0 A map with the stations location and classification Traffic 64 21 6.2 32.8 can be found at: Urban http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/interactive/air 206 13 3.8 6.3 base-reporting-stations. Total 338 39 11.5 -
Directive 2008/50/EC annual limit value (ALV): 40 Changes in PM10 concentrations μg/m3 Changes in annual mean concentrations of PM10 (2003- PM10 ALV attainment status at monitoring stations 2012) per station type (*) (year 2012)
-
s
ions in in ions in ions
total)
tage of stationtage type) of
attainment of ALV attainment of ALV attainment
- -
Station classificationStation Number of station non Numberin of stations attainment of ALV Percentage of stat non (percen Percentage of stat non (percen
Other 45 0 0.0 0.0 Rural 23 0 0.0 0.0 Traffic 64 4 1.2 6.3 Urban 206 0 0.0 0.0 Total 338 4 1.2 -
A map with the PM10 annual mean concentrations at the reporting stations can be found at: http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/interactive/p m10.
A map with the 90.4 percentile of PM10 concentration in 2012 can be found at: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and- (*) France introduced a nation-wide system to correct maps/figures/airbase-exchange-of-information-5. PM10 measurements in 2007 Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – France 12
Ozone (O3) A map with the 93.2 percentile of ozone The results presented below have been calculated concentrations in 2012, and a map with the annual for the target value threshold (TVt) as defined in the mean ozone concentrations in 2012 can be found at annual summer ozone reports published by EEA (3). http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and- maps/figures/airbase-exchange-of-information-5. Ozone monitoring stations in the EEA´s air quality database – AirBase (for protection of human health, year This percentile 93.2 represents, in a complete series, 2012) the 26th highest value. If it is above 120 μg/m3, it indicates non-attainment of the TVt. Station Number of Percentage classification stations Other 13 3.2 Changes in ozone concentrations
Rural 76 18.8 Changes in annual mean of the daily maximum 8-h Traffic 1 0.2 average O3 (2003-2012) per station type Urban 315 77.8
Total 405 100
A map with the stations location and classification can be found at: http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/interactive/air base-reporting-stations.
Protection of human health: Directive 2008/50/EC long term objective (LTO): Maximum daily eight-hour mean = 120 μg/m3. Target value threshold (TVt): 25 exceedances of the LTO
Ozone TVt attainment status at monitoring stations (year 2012)
attainment
attainment of attainment of attainment of attainment
-
- - -
attainment of attainment of
type)
- -
tage of station type) of tage
tage of total) tage of
in nonin
(percen
t t
(percen
t
tage of total) tage of station
(percen (percen
t t t
LTO TV but
Station classification Number of station non Numberin of stations TV Number of stations LTO of but TV Percentage non in of stations TV Percentage non in of stations LTO TV but Percentage non in of stations TV Percentage non of in stations of
Other 13 4 8 1.1 2.2 30.8 61.5
Rural 66 10 54 2.8 15.0 15.2 81.8 Traffic 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urban 279 24 241 6.7 67.1 8.6 86.4
Total 359 38 303 10.6 84.4
3 ( ) EEA technical report No 3/2013: Air pollution by ozone across Europe during summer 2012 Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – France 13
Changes in concentrations and impacts of air pollutants caused by emissions from other countries
Source-receptor (SR) relationships are a type of data The charts below show the source-receptor developed by the Cooperative Programme for relationships for each country for three selected Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range parameters: Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP). Ground-level mean ozone over 35 ppb SRs provide information on the change in air (SOMO35) (effect of a 15% reduction in concentrations, deposition or impacts that arise from precursor NOx emissions); changes in emissions from different emitting Ground-level mean ozone over 35 ppb countries. (SOMO35) (effect of a 15% reduction in precursor NMVOC emissions); Each figure which follows provides an indication of PM2.5. Effect on PM2.5 concentrations caused by the distribution of imported air pollution by a 15% reduction in all precursor emissions (i.e. country. Results are dependent upon the version of primary PM2.5, SOx, NOx, NH3 and VOC). the EMEP model being used, the absolute magnitude of emissions, and meteorological drivers. Further information on the source-receptor matrices is available from the EMEP website.
The six most important emitter countries, or regions, with respect to the reduction in SOMO35 in France that would result from a 15 % decrease in NOx emissions
Source: EMEP/MSC-W Note: BIC – Boundary and Initial Conditions; ATL – Remaining N.E. Atlantic; MED – Mediterranean Sea
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The six most important emitter countries, or regions, with respect to the reduction in SOMO35 in France that would result from a 15 % decrease in NMVOC emissions
Source: EMEP/MSC-W
The six most important emitter countries, or regions, with respect to the reduction in primary and secondary PM2.5 in France that would result from a 15 % reduction in emissions
Source: EMEP/MSC-W Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – France 15
Units, abbreviations and acronyms
ALV Annual limit value NO Nitrogen monoxide C6H6 Benzene NO2 Nitrogen dioxide CH4 Methane NOx Nitrogen oxides CO Carbon monoxide O3 Ozone DLV Daily limit value PAH(s) Polycyclic aromatic EEA European Environment Agency hydrocarbon(s) EMEP European Monitoring and Evaluation PM Particulate matter Programme (Cooperative PM10 Coarse particulate matter programme for monitoring and (particles measuring 10 µm or evaluation of the long-range less) transmissions of air pollutants in PM2.5 Fine particulate matter (particles Europe) measuring 2.5 µm or less) EU European Union ppb parts per billion Gg 1 gigagram = 109 g = 1 kilotonne (kt) SO2 Sulphur dioxide GHG Greenhouse gas SOx Sulphur oxides GP Gothenburg Protocol of the LRTAP SOMO35 The sum of the amounts by which Convention maximum daily 8-hour HLV Hourly limit value concentrations of ozone exceed LRTAP Long-range Transboundary Air 70 μg m-3 (cut-off value) on each Pollution (Convention) day in a calendar year. LTO Long-term objective SR Source-receptor relationships MS Member State TVt Target value threshold MSC-W EMEP Meteorological Synthesizing µg/m3 micrograms per cubic meter Centre - West UNECE United Nations Economic n/a Not applicable/not available Commission for Europe NECD NEC Directive: EU National UNFCCC United Nations Framework Emission Ceilings Directive Convention on Climate Change (2001/81/EC) VOC(s) Volatile organic compound(s) NH3 Ammonia NMVOC(s) Non-methane volatile organic compound(s)
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© EEA, 2014
European Environment Agency Kongens Nytorv 6 1050 Copenhagen K Denmark
Tel.: +45 33 36 71 00 Fax: +45 33 36 71 99
Web: eea.europa.eu Enquiries: eea.europa.eu/enquiries