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Structural Geometry, Tectonic History And STRUCTURALGEOMETRY, TECTONIC HISTORY AND DEFORMATIONMECHANISMS IN THE MOINETHRUST ZONENEAR ULLAPOOL N. W. SCOTLAND D.A. WINTER B. Sc. M.Sc. DIC Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh 1984 The laboratory work for Chapter 6 was carried out at St. Andrews University by Dr. G. Oliver, the remainder of the thesis is all my own work. Signed. A-W CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT. 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 2 CHAPTER13 INTRODUCTION. 3 STRATIGRAPHY. 4 1.1.1. THE LEWISIAN GNEISS COMPLEX. 4 1.1.2. THE "TORRIDONIAN" SEDIMENTS. 5 1.1.3. THE CAMBRO-ORDOVICIANSEDIMENTS. 6 1.1.4. THE MOINE METASEDIMENTS. 7 1.2. THRUSTTECTONICS AND CURRENTRESEARCH IN THE 9 MOINE THRUSTZONE CHAPTERTWO THE STRUCTURALGEOMETRY OF THE MOINE THRUSTZONE BETWEEN LOCH BROOMAND THE ASSYNTCULMINATION 2.1. INTRODUCTION 11 2.1.1 NOMENCLATURE 12 2.2. STRUCTURALGEOMETRY: THE MOINE THRUST 13 2.2.1 LATE MOVEMENTON THE MOINE THRUST: THE EVIDENCEOF AN 15 EXTENSIONALMOINE THRUST 2.3. THE LOCH BROOMTHRUST SHEET 18 2.3.1 STRUCTURALGEOMETRY OF LOCH BROOMTHRUST SHEET 18 2.3.2 DISPLACEMENTON THE LOCH BROOMTHRUST 19 2.4. THE ULLAPOOLTHRUST SHEET 21 2.4.1 DISPLACEMENTON THE ULLAPOOLTHRUST 22 2.5. SHEETIV 22 2.5.1 STRUCTURALGEOMETRY OF SHEETIV 23 2.5.1.1 BEDDINGPLANE GEOMETRY AND ITS STRUCTURAL IMPORTANCEIN SHEETIV 23 2.5.1.2 FOLDINGIN SHEETIV 24 2.5.1.3 FAULTSAND TECTONIC VEINS 26 2.5.1.3a THE NE-SWSET OF EXTENSIONFAULTS 26 2.5.1.3b THE NW-SESET OF EXTENSIONFAULTS 27 2.5.1.3c THE STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS 28 2.5.1.4 TECTONICVEINS 29 2.5.1.5 CLASSIFICATIONOF THE EXTENSIONFAULTS 31 2.6. THE STRUCTURALGEOMETRY OF THE KNOCKANAREA 32 2.7. FAULTROCK PRODUCTS IN THE MOINETHRUST ZONE BETWEENLOCH BROOM AND THE ASSYNTCULMINATION 34 2.7.1 FAULTROCKS FROM THE MOINETHRUST 35 2.7.2 FAULTROCKS FROM THE ULLAPOOLTHRUST 36 2.7.3 FAULTROCKS OF SHEETIV 37 2.8. DEFORMATIONCYCLES IN FAULTROCKS 38 CHAPTERTHREE INTERNAL DEFROMATIONOF THRUSTSHEETS AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND GEOMETRYOF FOOTWALLDERIVED HORSES 41 3.1. INTERNAL DEFORMATIONOF THRUSTSHEETS 41 3.1.1 DEFkOMATIONOF THE LOCH BROOMTHRUST SHEET DUE TO THE 43 ACCRETIONOF FOOTWALLHORSES 3.1.2 INTERNAL DEFORMATIONOF THE ULLAPOOLTHRUST SHEET 44 3.2. THE DEVELOPMENTAND GEOMETRY OF FOOTWALLDERIVED HORSES. 45 3.2.1 DERIVATIONAND GEOMETRY OF HORSESFROM FOOTWALL RAMPS 47 3.2.1.1 ORIGIN OF RAMPS 47 3.2.1.2 GEOMETRYOF HORSESFROM FOOTWALL RAMPS 49 3.2.2 HORSESDERIVED FROMASPERITIES 50 3.2.3 HORSEDEVELOPMENT FROM ANASTOMOSING THRUST ZONES 52 3.2.4 HORSESTACKING 54 3.3. CONCLUSIONS 1 55 CHAPTERFOUR THE FORMATIONOF EXTENSIONALSTRUCTURES DURING TECTONICLOADING BY A THICK THRUSTSHEET 56 4.1. INTRODUCTION 56 4.1.1 POREFLUID PRESSUREAND HYDRAULICFRACTURE 58 4.1.2 SHEARFAILURE 60 4.1.3 TENSILE FAILURE 61 4.1.4 SIMULTANEOUSSHEAR FAILURE AND HYDRAULICFRACTURE 62 4.2. ABNORMALFLUID PRESSUREGENERATIl )N 63 4.2.1 TECTONICLOADING 63 4.2.2 AQUATHERMALPRESSURING AND PHASE CHANGES 64 4.3. THE EVIDENCEFOR HIGH POREFLUID PRESSURESIN SHEETIV 65 4.3.1 POROSITYAND PERMEABILITY OF THE DYRNESSFORMATION DURING TECTONICLOADING 67 4.4. A MODELFOR'THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXTENSION FAULTSYSTEMS IN SHEETIV 68 4.4.1 ORIENTATIONOF THE PRINCIPALSTRESSES 68 4.4.2 MAGNITUDEOF THE OVERBURDENSTRESS 69 4.4.3 ESTIMATIONOF DIFFERENTIALSTRESS 70 4.4.3.1 ESTIMATIONOF DIFFERENTIALSTRESS FROM THE ANALYSISOF 71 CALCITEAND DOLOMITE TWIN LAMELLAE 4.4.3.2 ESTIMATIONOF DIFFERENTIALSTRESS FROM NATURAL 74 EXTENSIONFAULTS AND VEINS 4.4.4 THE DEVELOPMENTOF THE FAULTSYSTEMS WITH LOADING: 76 APPLICATIONOF THE MODEL 4.4.5 FORMATIONOF THE STRIKE SLIP FAULTS AND THE REACTIVATIONOF EXTENSIONFAULTS DURINGTHE EROSIONAND UPLIFT OF THE THRUSTSHEET 79 4.5. DISCUSSION 82 4.5.1 THE CREAGNAM BROC FAULT 82 4.5.2 FOOTWALLDEFORMATION AT THRUSTRAMPS 83 4.6. CONCLUSIONS 85 CHAPTERFIVE STRUCTURALEVOLUTION OF THE MOINE THRUSTZONE BETWEEN LOCH BROOMAND THE ASSYNTCULMINATION: A SUMMARY 86 INTRODUCTION 86 5.2. STRUCTURALEVOLUTION OF THE THRUSTZONE 86 CHAPTERSIX THE THERMALEFFECTS OF THRUSTINGIN THE MOINETHRUST ZONE: 89 THE TECTONICAND REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS 6.1. INTRODUCTION 89 6.2. THE METHODSUSED: ILLITE CRYSTALLINITY AND bo SPACING 91 6.2.1 ILLITE CRYSTALLINITY: METHODOLOGY 92 6.2.1.1 SAMPLECOLLECTION 92 6.2.1.2 SAMPLEPREPARATION 93 6.2.1.3 ANALYTICALMETHOD 93 6.2.1.4 LIMITATIONS OF ILLITE CRYSTALLINITY 94 6.2.1.4a PROVENANCEOF ILLITE 94 6.2.1.4b EFFECTOF WEATHERING 6.2.1.4c ROCKCOMPOSITION 95 6.2.2 THE bo SPACINGOF WHITE MICAS 95 6.2.2.1 SAMPLECOLLECTION 6.2.2.2 THE TECHNIQUEFOR MEASURINGbo- SPACING IN WHITE MICAS. 96 6.2.2.3 LIMITATIONS OF bo SPACING 96 6.3. ANALYTICALRESULTS 97 6.3.1 ILLITE CRYSTALLINITY 97 6.3.1.1 SUMMARYOF ILLITE CRYSTALLINITYRESULTS 98 6.3.2 ANALYTICALRESULTS OF bo- SPACINGMEASUREMENTS 98 6.4. DISCUSSION 99 6.4.1 TIMESPANOF THRUSTING 99 6.4.2 TEMPERATURESOF THE BASEOF THE MOINETHRUST SHEET DURING THRUSTING 101 6.4.3 THE AGEOF THE ILLITE EVENT 102 6.4.4 INTERPRETATIONOF THE RESULTSAND THE TECTONICIMPLICATIONS. 102 6.5. CONCLUSIONS 105 rwADT; 70 7 CONCLUSIONS. 107 ReFERENCES 110 LIST OF FIGURES I Fig. 1.1. Map to show the location of the study areas and the location of enclosures 1-3. AFig. 1.2. The stratigraphic succession in the foreland and the Moine thrust zone. Fig. 1.3. Diagram to illustrate the concept of 'piggy-back' thrusting. From Royse et al (1975) Fig. 1.4. Diagram to show the progressive collapse of a footwall ramp to produce a duplex, from Boyer & Elliott (1982). Fig. 1.5. A schematic section through a 'surge zone' type thrust sheet Fig. 2.1. Stratigraphic separation diagram for the Loch Broom thrust sheet: The hangingwall and the footwall usually start at the same point on the stratigraphic column. However, because prior to movement the Loch Broom thrust terminated against a large lateral ramp in the Moine thrust, the stratigraphic separation is large on the diagram, see fig. 2.2. Note the large ramps defined by the hangingwall line. With movementon the Loch Broom thrust large folds developed in the hanging wall. Fig. 2.2. A hangingwall sequence diagram illustrates the structural history and geometry of the Loch Broom thrust sheet and Moine thrust by stages from its initiation to the present day geometry. View is down thrust dip, i. e. SE. a) The Moine thrust ramped laterally from the Lewsian gneiss to at least the Eilean Dubh Memberof the Durness Formation. The Loch Broom thrust was initiated along an irregular thrust plane. b) After movementon the Loch Broom thrust, large folds were developed in the hangingwall, also folding the Moine thrust. c) Later movement on the Moine thrust cut through the folds and carried two horses of Eilean Dubh Member to rest on the Fucoid Beds and Pipe Rock, demonstrating an extensional geometry for the Moine thrust. See 2.1.1. Fig. 2.3. Sketch section along the line A-A' on encl. 1. This illustrates the extensional geometry of the reactivated Moine thrust. It may possibly cut across the Sole fault to continue down-cutting onto the foreland, or it may join the Sole fault. * SEe ALSO F-NCLOSVKF- 1+-. Fig. 2.4. Diagrammatic section from Elliott & Johnson (1980), to show the disposition of the "Torrido6ian" rocks in the Foreland and Assynt basins prior to movement on the thrusts. Displacement estimates for the Loch Broom thrust by Elliott & Johnson (op. cit. ) are based on the width of the eroded anticline. The original positions of the Langwell and the Achall portions of the Loch Broom thrust sheet are marked. See fig. 2.5 and section 2.3.2. Fig. 2.5. Sketch map of the two "Torridonian" basins prior to thrust movement, with the present day thrust front marked. The original thrust front prior to movement on the Loch Broom thrust is also marked, note that it represents a ramp that is oblique to the transport direction. This ramp terminated in the north at the large lateral ramp in the Moine thrust. See fig 2.2a and section 2.3.2 Fig. 2.6. Stratigraphic separation diagram for the Ullapool thrust sheet: Note that the northern termination is marked by diminishing stratigraphic separation as the displacement decreases. However the southern termination was against a lateral ramp in the Loch Broom thrust. See fig. 2.7 & 2.8. Fig. 2.7. Geological map of the Ullapool thrust sheet: The diminishing strati- graphic separation northwards is clearly seen. The bedding dips are a result of rotation during the emplacement of the thrust sheet. Fig. 2.8. Hangingwall sequence diagram for the Ullapool thrust. Viewed down the thrust dip, i. e., down the line of transport. a). The Ullapool thrust is initiated at a lateral ramp in the Loch Broom thrust as an attempt to reduce friction at the ramp. b). With movement on the Ullapool thrust, the hangingwall, the Looch Broom and Moine thrusts are folded. Deformation within the Ullapool thrust sheet produces extensional strains which are taken up by extensional faulting. These faults are later cut and truncated by the, reactivated extensional movement on the Moine thrust. See 2.4. Fig. 2.9. Stereogram of poles to bedding in Sheet IV at Achall. Note the spread of dips as a result of rotation on the extension f aults in Sheet IV. Lower hemisphere projection. See 2.5.1.1. Fig. 2.10. Diagram to show relationship between tectonic veins and bedding parallel stylolites. These are illustrated with respect to the stress system active during the extensional faulting. Material desolved by pressure solution along the stylolites is deposited in the veins. With rotation of bedding by movement on the faults, earlier veins and stylolites are also rotated.
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