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Keanekaragaman Spesies Kupu-Kupu (Lepidoptera) Di Kebun Koleksi Tumbuhan Obat Kalisoro, Tawangmangu

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Keanekaragaman Spesies Kupu-Kupu (Lepidoptera) Di Kebun Koleksi Tumbuhan Obat Kalisoro, Tawangmangu KEANEKARAGAMAN SPESIES KUPU-KUPU (LEPIDOPTERA) DI KEBUN KOLEKSI TUMBUHAN OBAT KALISORO, TAWANGMANGU Species Biodiversity of Butterfly (Lepidoptera) in the Medicinal Plants Garden Kalisoro, Tawangmangu M.Bakti Samsu Adi *, Dian Susanti * * Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Obat dan Obat Tradisional, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Kementerian Kesehatan RI *e-mail : [email protected] ABSTRACT One of the problems in the development of medicinal plants is the presence of pests. Cultivation of medicinal plants are often attacked by pests, so the quality and biomass to be low. It is important to know the data and information on various organisms that could potentially disrupt the production process. This research aims to inventory species of butterflies around medicinal plant cultivation. Research was conducted in January-February 2016. The sampling scan method used to calculate the number of species and number of individuals of each species. The data obtained and analyzed using Shannon-Wiener index (H'), Margalef index (Dmg), evenness index (E), and Simpson dominance index (D). There are 25 species of butterflies in four families. The highest occurrences indicated by Catopsilia pomona of 57.4%, while Symbrenthia sp, Moduza procris, Junonia hedonia, Elymnias nesaea, Elymnias hypermnestra, and Cyrestis nivea, have the lowest occurrences, respectively 0.5%. Biodiversity indices for diversity index (H ') = 1.91, richness index (Dmg)= 4.61, evenness index (E) = 0.59 and dominance index (D) = 0.34. Based on the findings of butterflies and their biodiversity indices, in general all butterflies have the potential to become pests, with the greatest potential being in C. Pomona. That's because in medicinal plant garden there are host plants for their larvae. However, further studies are needed related to the nature and characteristics of butterflies in the environment, so that pest control can be more appropriate. Keywords : Biodiversity, Butterfly, lepidoptera, medicinal plant cultivation, pest ABSTRAK Salah satu kendala dalam pengembangan tumbuhan obat adalah keberadaan hama atau organisme pengganggu tanaman. Proses produksi bahan baku simplisia tumbuhan obat seringkali diserang hama, sehingga hasil yang diperoleh tidak sesuai yang dikehendaki. Data dan informasi mengenai jenis-jenis organisme yang berpotensi sebagai pengganggu proses produksi sangat penting untuk diketahui, sehingga dapat digunakan untuk meramalkan serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman dan meminimalkan dampak dari serangan yang terjadi. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui dan menginventarisir jenis kupu-kupu yang hidup di sekitar budidaya tumbuhan obat. Riset yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari-Februari 2016 ini difokuskan pada inventarisasi kupu-kupu. Metode scan sampling digunakan untuk menghitung jumlah spesies dan jumlah individu tiap spesies. Data keragaman kupu-kupu yang didapat kemudian dianalisis dengan indeks keragaman Shannon-Wiener (H’), indeks kekayaan spesies Margalef (Dmg), indeks kemerataan Evenness (E), dan indeks Dominansi Simpson (D). Ditemukan sebanyak 25 spesies kupu-kupu dari empat famili. Catopsilia pomona adalah spesies dengan kemunculan tertinggi sebesar 57,4%, sedangkan Symbrenthia sp, Moduza procris, Junonia hedonia, Elymnias nesaea, Elymnias hypermnestra, dan Cyrestis nivea, memiliki kemunculan terendah, masing-masing 0,5%. Nilai indeks biodiversitas kupu-kupu di kebun koleksi untuk indeks keragaman (H’) 1,91, indeks kekayaan spesies (Dmg) 4,61, indeks kemerataan (E) 0,59 Volume 10, No. 2, Desember 2017 | 70 M.Bakti Samsu Adi , Dian Susanti dan indeks dominansi 0,34. Berdasarkan jenis kupu-kupu yang ditemukan, secara umum, seluruh kupu-kupu memiliki potensi untuk menjadi hama tumbuhan obat, dengan C. Pomona berpotensi paling besar untuk menjadi hama. Hal ini mengingat tumbuhan inang untuk larva- larva mereka ada di kebun tumbuhan obat. Studi lebih lanjut mengenai sifat dan karakteristik kupu-kupu di lingkungan kebun tumbuhan obat masih diperlukan, sehingga pengendalian agar tidak menjadi hama yang merugikan dapat menjadi lebih tepat. Kata Kunci : Keanekaragaman, Kupu-kupu, lepidoptera, budidaya tumbuhan obat, hama PENDAHULUAN pengamatan pada kebun koleksi tumbuhan Tumbuhan obat merupakan salah obat (Bahar et al., 2016). Pengamatan satu komoditas penting dan memiliki nilai dilakukan pada 12 titik selama 5 menit di ekonomis tinggi. Pengembangan dan setiap titik untuk menghitung jenis dan pemanfaatan tumbuhan obat dalam jumlah kupu-kupu yang terlihat serta 15 perjalanannya memiliki banyak kendala menit untuk koleksi kupu-kupu. Jarak yang harus diatasi (Permadi, 2008). Salah antara titik pengamatan sekitar 10 meter. satu kendala tersebut adalah keberadaan Jenis kupu-kupu yang belum dikenali hama yang mengganggu dan bahkan ditangkap dengan menggunakan jaring merusak tumbuhan, beberapa diantaranya serangga. Alat yang digunakan adalah jaring masuk dalam ordo Lepidoptera. serangga, mikroskop, pinset, papan Lepidoptera adalah salah satu ordo perentang dan kamera. Bahan yang serangga yang meliputi semua jenis kupu- digunakan diantaranya amplop papilot, kupu dan ngengat yang memiliki ciri khas jarum serangga dan label. berupa sepasang sayap dilapisi sisik Pengamatan dilaksanakan bulan mikroskopis. Larva adalah salah satu fase Januari-Februari 2016 mulai pukul 08.00 - siklus hidup kupu-kupu yang memakan 12.00 WIB di kebun koleksi tumbuhan obat bagian tumbuhan untuk pertumbuhannya, Balai Besar Litbang Tanaman Obat dan Obat sehingga berpotensi merusak tanaman Tradisional Tawangmangu, Karanganyar, budidaya (Ashok, 2013). Sebagai contoh, Jawa Tengah, mengingat kebanyakan kupu- beberapa jenis dari Lepidoptera yang kupu bersifat diurnal dan bunga sebagai ditemukan menyerang tanaman kenanga sumber makanan baru mulai mekar di pagi termasuk dalam famili Lymantridae, hari. Kupu-kupu hasil koleksi dimatikan Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Satyridae, dengan menekan pada thoraxnya dan Psychidae dan Saturniidae (Himawati dan dilakukan perentangan spesimen kupu- Wijayanti, 2010). kupu sesuai dengan metode yang digunakan Untuk dapat mengatasi organisme Bahar et al. (Bahar et al., 2016). Spesimen pengganggu tersebut, yang pertama kali diidentifikasi untuk mengetahui jenisnya. dilakukan adalah mengetahui jenis anggota Identifikasi dilakukan dengan melihat pola ordo Lepidoptera yang menyerang suatu sayap, bentuk antena dan bentuk abdomen tanaman obat. Penelitian dilakukan untuk berdasarkan The complete field guide to mengetahui dan menginventarisir jenis butterflies of Australia (Braby, 2004), kupu-kupu yang hidup di sekitar kebun Lepidoptera Indica Volume I (Moore, 1892) tumbuhan obat. sampai Lepidoptera Indica volume X (Swinhoe, 1913) dan Butterflies of Borneo METODE PENELITIAN Vol. 2 Lyccaenidae, Hesperiidae (Seki et al., Pengamatan menggunakan metode 1991). scan sampling dengan mendata langsung jenis-jenis yang ditemui di sepanjang jalur 71 | Volume 10, No. 2, Desember 2017 KEANEKARAGAMAN SPESIES KUPU-KUPU (LEPIDOPTERA) DI KEBUN KOLEKSI TUMBUHAN OBAT KALISORO, TAWANGMANGU Species Biodiversity of Butterfly (Lepidoptera) in the Medicinal Plants Garden Kalisoro, Tawangmangu Variabel jumlah jenis dan jumlah Lycaenidae kemunculannya paling rendah individu setiap jenis kupu-kupu yang didata sebesar 4 %, sebagaimana ditampilkan pada kemudian dianalisis melalui indeks gambar 1. Kebun koleksi tanaman obat yang keragaman, kemerataan, dan dominansi memiliki koleksi lebih dari 800 spesies spesiesnya. Perhitungan indeks Keragaman tumbuhan merupakan lingkungan yang kupu-kupu menggunakan indeks Shannon- relatif mendukung bagi keberadaan spesies- Wiener (H’), kemerataan dengan indeks spesies dari Famili Nymphalidae berkaitan Evenness (E), dan dominansi dengan indeks dengan sumber pangan, sebagaimana Dominansi Simpson (D) (Nautiyal et al., disampaikan oleh (Lamatoa et al., 2013), 2015) serta analisis keanekaragaman perbedaan spesies dan jumlah kupu-kupu menggunakan indeks diversitas Margalef’s yang ditemukan di suatu tempat, tergantung (Dmg) (Priyono dan Abdullah, 2013). Nilai- pada keanekaragaman tanaman yang nilai indeks biodiversitas ini, akan dapat berperan sebagai tanaman inang bagi kupu- membantu dalam melihat ada tidaknya jenis kupu tersebut, dimana rendahnya jumlah yang ditemukan melimpah dan tanaman inang di suatu habitat mendominasi, sehingga potensi menjadi menyebabkan sedikitnya jumlah populasi hama dari larva yang dihasilkan dapat spesies tersebut. Faktor lain yang diprediksi. mempengaruhi keanekaragaman spesies kupu-kupu pada suatu habitat yaitu suhu, HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN kelembaban, curah hujan, cahaya, dan Kupu-kupu hasil tangkapan musuh alami dari kupu-kupu (predator dan diidentifikasi sampai tingkat spesies. Hasil parasit). identifikasi yang diinvetarisasi Kupu-kupu dari jenis Catopsilia pomona menunjukkan bahwa kupu-kupu yang memiliki jumlah individu yang paling terkoleksi sebanyak 25 spesies, dari lima banyak tertangkap, sebesar 57,4%. C. famili dari ordo Lepidoptera, sebagaimana pomona dikenal sebagai kupu-kupu migran ditampilkan pada Gambar 1., dengan daftar yang memiliki kemampuan migrasi karena spesies menurut famili ditampilkan pada kemampuannya yang besar untuk menyebar Tabel 1. secara massal, meskipun tidak teratur (Orr Famili Nymphalidae memiliki kemunculan and Kitching, 2010). paling tinggi sebesar 56%, sedangkan Famili Gambar 1. Persentase kemunculan anggota ordo Lepidoptera dalam kategori famili Volume 10, No. 2, Desember 2017| 72 M.Bakti Samsu Adi , Dian Susanti Tabel 1. Daftar spesies menurut Famili No Famili Spesies
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