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WORLDCOMP'12 Typing Instructions for Preparation of Final Camera A Use of Cloud Computing and Chrome OS to Reduce Energy Consumption and E-waste on an Educational Environment Rodrigo Daron Wang, Paulo Roberto Janissek, and Mirelli Zanetti Graduate Program on Environmental Management, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil carbon footprint, and that can be easily achieved by Abstract -Environmental concerns, specially related to use reducing power consumption as suggested by the law [3]. of non- renewable sources of energy are the main topics on nowadays business. For many institutions the computers To perform a present study, the power consumption of power consumption, even on standby mode, can represent different operational system was compared. Two operational most of the electricity consume. It has been observed that a systems, a cloud-based and a conventional one were large number of computers are normally desktops even if installed on different computers. The computers most of that are just used for simple tasks, like writing configurations were representative of university documents. A normal desktop consumes about 130 W, environment used to evaluate the cloud computing leading to an expressive parcel of total energy consume due utilization on an educational institution. to its significance and number at majority of institutions. This work presents a cloud computer alternative as a way to reduce energy consumption. By using a computer configured Using less powerful computers also has the advantage to use just Internet resources and services, is possible to of having smaller computers, which are going to produce much less electronic waste, also known as E-waste, when reduce the power consumption to a level around 15W with similar capabilities. This configuration is possible using a the device got obsolete. This work also estimates the e- cloud specific operational system, like Chrome OS or waste production over a time-line period as computers become obsolete. Chromium OS, its open source version. Keywords:Cloud Computing, Chrome OS, Environment, Based on its characteristics, it can be assumed that cloud Energy-Saving. computers are good either for a computational point of view as for the environment, but this work also tries to look at the 1 Introduction user’s point of view. Using a different operational system can be a challenge for users wont to use the conventional Nowadays the use of internet services, like Google systems like Windows and Mac OS. To investigate the user Docs, Facebook and YouTube, are growing quite fast and experience, it was created an application that simulates the most of the time spend on a computer is on those services use of a cloud computing on computers usually accessed by [1]. Most of users and applications don´t need a big and students at the university campus. The user´s experience on powerful computer. The use of Cloud Computing cloud environment was accessed by a “not compulsory” operational systems, like Chrome OS[2], may in the near answers to a questionnaire automatically presented before future fill all the user’s needs. the student log off. Google already released some netbook’s call Since cloud computers use servers to provide the services, “Chromebook“ that runs on Chrome OS, an operational their power consumption and the waste generation becomes system based entirely on a web browser. This work presents also a concern. But a server has one benefit as different the results from a study to use a similar system as an clients around the world can access it. So its use can easily alternative for the conventional computers of a private be optimized, since clients from different time zones can use university. Due to similarities, the main results could be it. By this arrangement computers become more productive, applied to many institutions out of the educational business. and being less time on idle state. Another server´s advantage is that it can be placed near renewable energy sources, a Since a computer that just access the Internet can be situation not always possible for institutions or companies less powerful, and consequently consuming less energy, that need to be settled near big cities. Also a server can adopting a cloud concept can helps a institution to reduce easily be updated or recycled, since it has a higher volume, the carbon footprint. In Sao Paulo, one of the biggest if compared to personal computer from users around the Brazilian city it was already adopted laws to reduce the world. Using a power consumption meter, connected to the 2 Related Work outlet, all the 10-hour test was accounted on each round. Power consumption can be considered one of the The meter used on the test is the P3 International model major environmental problems, so the procedures to P4400. After the 4 times round of each computer, the measure are very important for the study. averages of power consumption results were considered. Bianzino [4] had reported a method to compare Table 1 – Configuration of computers used to compare different computers and the power consumption of them. cloud and conventional system. His study presents 3 computers, being 2 desktops and 1 notebook, using 3 different operational systems. The power consumption was obtained using the computer´s native OS Computers Processor Operational browser to access the web. As results, the authors observed RAM/Storage System about 70 to 100% of the processor use, with power consumption in the range from 25 to 85W. Intel Atom 1.6GHz Chromium OS 2Gb/8GB Cloud Configured System Souza et al. [5] present a study about the power Intel Atom 1.6GHz consumption of notebooks. The project uses a P3 Windows 7 International model P4400 power consumption meter, which 2GB/160GB is a very useful device to measure the capable of power and Intel dual core energy consumption. The power measurements were Notebook 2,13GHz Windows 7 captured at every 30 minutes and computers were analyzed 4GB/500GB in stand- by and active mode. As results, the authors [5] AMD Athlon found an average of 17.5W for active mode and a 5,7W for a computer on stand-by mode. They conclude that if the Desktop 01 2,0GHz Windows 7 computer were turned off instead of use on stand-by mode 2GB/200GB there will be a 25% economy on power consumption. AMD Phenon X4 Desktop 02 2,2GHz Windows 7 3 Methodology Conventional 8GB/2x750GB 3.1 Power Consumption comparison between Cloud and conventional computing 3.2 E-Waste generation from computers end First a computer was configured to use Chromium OS, of life the cloud based OS. This computer was a netbook with an Intel Atom N270 with 2GB of ram and Compact Flash card Another subject addressed by this work was the E- with 8GB for storage. This configuration can be acquired by waste generation from computers. The indicator of waste is about $250 dollars in Brazil. normally represented by its total mass. The computers on this study were all measured using a precision scale. As a matter of comparison, the same computer was configured for use the conventional Microsoft Windows 7 The E-waste is generated after the computer end of OS. The computer was also compared to standard desktops life, when it is considered obsolete. The university where configurations found on the university campus were the this project was developed has a policy of a 6-year term of present work was done. Table 1 shows the configuration of computer life cycle, as was reported in [6]. So, if a new all the computers used on the test. computer is added to university today, it will be considered obsolete 6 years later. All the computers were tested on a same environment, for 10-hour and 4repetitions for each test. All the computers This lifecycle can be bigger or smaller on other were on an active state running a word processor institutions, and it will impact directly on the generation of application, and connected to an automated keyboard, that e-waste. With the historical data of the university it was could type at a continuous rate. possible to make a projected scenario for e-waste generation. The scenarios can be used to shows how much The word processor application was choose, since this e-waste will be produced each in the future, using cloud was considered the application used more often on a computing replacements or only the conventional computing university, and by all courses and degrees. system. After the creation of the scenarios, one analyze was 3.3 User experience on the use of Cloud done to find out the power consumption, waste generation Computing and costs for implement each scenario.The power The user experience is an important aspect of this consumption was based on the comparison of cloud-based study, since the computers need to remains functional for and conventional computers, using the average power the tasks and needs. An application was made to allow the consumption of each computer. The waste generation was user to use a simulation of a cloud computing OS. This calculated from mass of computers generated over the years, application was running on Windows 7. After the use of the taken into account the 6-years computer lifetime policy of application the user could answer a questionnaire with the university. So, after 6 years a computer is considered questions about his experience using cloud services and obsolete and the waste is generated. cloud OS. The cost of implementation is the sum of the unitary The questionnaire users responses indicates the major cost of each computer. The cost of the computers was problems of using cloud computing and also the separated in cloud computing and conventional computers. appropriated places or environment at the university to This cost was based on the Brazilian market, in Real’s, and deploy cloud computing.
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