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Redalyc.RESEÑA HISTÓRICA ACERCA DEL ÁCARO DEL MOHO Fitosanidad ISSN: 1562-3009 [email protected] Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal Cuba Cao López, Josefina RESEÑA HISTÓRICA ACERCA DEL ÁCARO DEL MOHO, PHYLLOCOPTRUTA OLEIVORA, PLAGA PRINCIPAL DE LOS CÍTRICOS EN CUBA Fitosanidad, vol. 7, núm. 2, junio, 2003, pp. 67-74 Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal La Habana, Cuba Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=209118162012 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto FITOSANIDAD vol. 7, no. 2, junio 2003 RESEÑA HISTÓRICA ACERCA DEL ÁCARO DEL MOHO, PHYLLOCOPTRUTA OLEIVORA, PLAGA PRINCIPAL DE LOS CÍTRICOS EN CUBA Historia Josefina Cao López Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana. Calle 25 no. 455 e/ I y J, Vedado, La Habana. Los cítricos, según González Sicilia (1968), son origina- siglos VIII y XIII los distribuyeron por el Próximo y Medio rios de una amplia zona que comprende las regiones tro- Oriente, el norte de África y España. En el siglo XVI los picales y subtropicales de Asia y el archipiélago malayo. portugueses los introdujeron en Portugal procedentes de Se extende su hábitat nativo desde el nordeste de la In- China. dia y centro norte de China hasta Nueva Guinea, archi- piélago Bismarck, nordeste de Australia y Nueva Actualmente se sabe que el ácaro del moho es una plaga Caledonia. monófaga [Cao, 1998] que ataca sólo a las plantas del género Citrus [Krantz, 1978; Rivero, 1996], y que la se- Actualmente son cultivados en un gran número de países lección que hace del hábitat donde vive [Cao, 2000], así siempre que las condiciones climáticas lo permitan. Esta como su alimentación selectiva junto a otras característi- zona de cultivo se conoce con el nombre de Cinturón cas de su ecología, ciclo de vida y su morfología, lo con- Citrícola Mundial, y abarca una franja geográfica com- vierten en un fitoparásito de gran éxito. prendida entre las latitudes 40ºN y 40°S [Chapot, 1975]. Por lo tanto, el ácaro del moho pudo viajar perfectamen- La historia de la propagación de los cítricos va unida ínti- te con los cítricos hace quinientos años hacia el Nuevo mamente a los grandes acontecimientos históricos como Mundo y soportar las condiciones de su traslado en bar- las expediciones de Alejandro Magno, la expansión árabe, co. Llegó a nuestra isla y se propagó a medida que se ex- las Cruzadas, los descubrimientos y los viajes de los por- tendían de forma anárquica las plantas cítricas por todo tugueses y españoles. el territorio [Cao, 1998a]. Los cítricos como la naranja dulce (Citrus sinensis), el li- Transcurrieron más de trescientos años para que se reco- món (C. limon) y la lima (C. aurantifolia) fueron introdu- nocieran los daños causados por este ácaro a los cítricos. cidos por Cristóbal Colón en La Española desde Islas Ca- Fue en 1875 en los naranjos (C. sinensis) de la Florida, narias durante su segundo viaje en 1493, y de allí a Cuba. Estados Unidos, que el entomólogo W. H. Ashmead es- Según Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, Colón, en este viaje a tudió el problema que se presentaba en las naranjas en América, llevó entre otras cosas semillas de naranjas, li- esa zona: cambios de coloración (tostado), pérdidas de mones y cidras. peso y tamaño, y determinó que el agente causante era La naranja dulce fue llevada hasta México, en 1518, des- un ácaro eriófido que describió bajo el nombre de de Cuba, y posiblemente antes, en 1509, a América Cen- Tryphlodromus oleivorus Ashmead (1879). Cuando el tral. Es decir, que a mediados del siglo XVI los cítricos se austriaco Alfred Nalepa en 1898 establece el género habían introducido por todas las Antillas y territorios de Phyllocoptes, se le llamó Phyllocoptes oleivorus. Posteriormen- Centroamérica. En Brasil se introdujeron hacia 1530- te el norteamericano H. H. Keifer, en 1938, describe el 1540, y en 1565 viajaron desde La Española hacia la Flo- género Phyllocoptruta donde se sitúa actualmente. Por lo rida. La naranja dulce variedad Washington o Bahía fue tanto, la ubicación taxonómica del ácaro del moho es la llevada desde Brasil a Australia en 1824, a la Florida en siguiente: 1835, a Washington en 1870, y entre este año y 1873 Phylum Artrhopoda [Siebold y Stannius, 1845] fue trasladada a California. Subphylum Chelicerata Heymonds, 1901 Mucho antes, desde 330 a.n.e., los cítricos ya habían sido Classis Arachnida Cuvier, 1812 llevados desde el sudeste asiático al nordeste de la cuenca Ordo Acari Nitzch, 1818 del Mediterráneo, y posteriormente los árabes, entre los Subordo Trambidiformes Reuter, 1909 fitosanidad/67 Josefina Cao López Superfamilia Eriophoidea modo no sufren mucho perjuicio en cuanto al sabor, pero Familia Eriophyidae Nalepa, 1898 no se conservan tanto tiempo ni se venden tan bien. Se Subfamilia Phyllocoptinae Nalepa, 1898 les llaman naranjas bermejas (russet oranges)». Genus Phyllocoptruta Keifer, 1938 En 1909 se presenta el Segundo Informe de la Estación Especie Phyllocoptruta oleivora [Ashmead, 1879] Central Agronómica que abarca el período comprendido de junio de 1905 a enero de 1909. En este informe se P. oleivora es conocido vulgarmente como el ácaro del plantean los mismos problemas con el ácaro del moho, el moho, ácaro del tostado, ácaro del plateado, negrilla, áca- que continúa sin recibir ninguna atención por parte de ro de la herrumbre, ácaro de la roya, arador de la naranja los investigadores. y ácaro maorí. La designación de estos nombres obedece al tipo de mancha que ocasiona al follaje y a los frutos. Seis años después aparece publicado el Tercer Informe de la Estación Central Agronómica que comprende de febre- En 1959 W. Ebeling, de la Universidad de California, ro de 1909 a julio de 1914. Aquí aparece el primer esfuer- recopiló una lista de aproximadamente 875 especies zo por catalogar a nuestras plagas en el Primer compendio de insectos y ácaros que atacan a los cítricos en dife- general de plagas que afectan a las plantas agrícolas de Cuba, rentes partes del mundo. En esta lista se señaló al áca- realizado por Patricio Cardín, un joven e inteligente ro del moho como una de las principales plagas de los entomólogo que en aquel momento fungía como jefe del cítricos. Distribuido por todo el árbol, se alimenta de ahora Departamento de Patología Vegetal y Entomología. hojas, ramas y frutos para causarles múltiples daños. Según palabras del propio Cardín, «esto se hizo en vista Es una plaga estrictamente fitófaga y que sólo ha sido de la importancia de un estudio acabado de los insectos y encontrada en cítricos, criterio que comparten Avidoz de las enfermedades de las plantas que afectan a nuestras y Harpaz (1969) y Krantz (1978), quienes además cosechas». Ya el ácaro del moho está siendo tenido en indicaron que las principales plantas hospederas de este cuenta porque «es sumamente abundante y es inaprecia- ácaro son limoneros (Citrus limon), limeros (C. aurantifolia), ble el daño que les causa a los naranjos, porque el insec- cidreros (Citrus medica), naranjos dulces (C. sinensis) to es tan sumamente pequeño que no puede verse a sim- y amargos (C. aurantium), pomelos (C. paradisi) y ple vista». mandarinos (C. reticulata). Rivero (1996) concluye que P. oleivora no habita otras plantas fuera de las En este Informe también se plantean cambios en la es- rutáceas. Es además la plaga acarina que está recono- tructura organizativa de la Estación. No se puede dejar cida como la de más amplia difusión en los cítricos de señalar lo que su director de entonces, el norteameri- [Jeppson y Carman, 1960; Commonwealth Institute cano J. T. Crawley, expresó en él: «Se verá por nuestros of Entomology, 1970; Delucchi, 1975; Davisond y planes (se refiere a los cambios estructurales y ampliación Lyon, 1987; Yang et al.,1994; Rivero, 1996; Brouning, de las investigaciones) que son más bien extensos, pero 1999]. pueden ser y serán llevados a cabo si los cubanos nos pres- tan su cooperación y apoyo. Ellos no obstante deben tener Aparece distribuido y se le considera como plaga de ma- paciencia, pues para que una investigación sea de valor yor importancia en Estados Unidos, desde California pa- requiere de mucho tiempo y atención». ¿Cuál era la sando por la Florida y Texas; en México, desde Veracruz, cubanía de la Estación Central Agronómica de Santiago Nuevo León, Colima, San Luis de Potosí, Tamaulipas, de las Vegas? «Nuestros planes (los de los norteamerica- Michoacán, Sonora y Yucatán; en las Antillas; en Améri- nos) se verán realizados si ustedes (los cubanos) nos pres- ca Central, y en América del Sur en Colombia, Venezue- tan su cooperación y apoyo». Este es un testimonio muy la, Perú, Brasil y Argentina. vivo de que el conocimiento de nuestros recursos natura- La cita más antigua de este ácaro en muestro país está les dependía casi por entero de los estudios que realizaran incluida en el Primer Informe Anual de la Estación Cen- especialistas extranjeros, sobre todo norteamericanos, que tral Agronómica de Santiago de las Vegas, que engloba todo lo controlaban. los trabajos realizados en el período comprendido de abril En 1916 R. S. Cunliffe y H. A. Van Hermann, en el Bole- de 1904 a junio de 1905. En ese informe la parte corres- tín no. 32 de la propia Estación, publican el artículo titu- pondiente al Departamento de Patología Vegetal realiza- lado «El cultivo de las plantas cítricas en Cuba», en el que do por Melville T. Cook bajo el epígrafe «Insectos y enfer- expresan: «Casi todo el mundo conoce las naranjas ber- medades del naranjo», se dice: «En los alrededores de mejas, y tan común es este defecto que muchas personas Santiago de Las Vegas se señala que se ha observado un creen que hay naranjas de la variedad bermeja.
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