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UA37/37 the Ruins of a Confederate Fort on the Campus of Western Kentucky State College" (1964)

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UA37/37 the Ruins of a Confederate Fort on the Campus of Western Kentucky State College Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Faculty/Staff eP rsonal Papers WKU Archives Records 1964 UA37/37 The Ruins of a onfedeC rate Fort on the Campus of Western Kentucky State College Arndt Stickles Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/fac_staff_papers Part of the Higher Education Administration Commons, Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons, Military History Commons, United States History Commons, and the Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons Recommended Citation Stickles, Arndt, "UA37/37 The Ruins of a Confederate Fort on the Campus of Western Kentucky State College" (1964). Faculty/Staff Personal Papers. Paper 55. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/fac_staff_papers/55 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty/Staff eP rsonal Papers by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. : THE RUINS OF A CONFEDERATE FORT ON THE CAMPUS OF WESTERN KENTUCKY STATE COLLEGE by Arndt M. Stickles WESTERN KENTUCKY UN IVERSITY ARCHIV ES WESTERN KEN1UCKY UNI'/lRSI1Y ARCHIVES THE RUINS OF A CO ~!'E D E:l,ATE FORT ON THE CAMPUS OF I'IESTER>: K.E :;TuC:~Y STATE COLLEGE by Arndt }'1 . Stickl e s The casual r e ad er of Kentuc ky h istory today woul d naturally inquire why a Confederate for t was eve r begun in Am e rican Civil War "time and partially completed as far north as Bowling Gr een , Kentucky. \'/hen he takes a g lance at our Census of 1860, however, a nd finds tha t the re \':ere a l mos t 225 , 000 slaves in the state the n, d i s tri buted so t h at each cou nty h ad s ome a nd also that t her e we re nore s~ ave holder s here t han in any ot her state in t he Union exc e p t Virginia , he then r ealizes '.·:hy slavery a nd sl:.ve e xter.- t sion, coupled with the old question of State Rights , haa been causing so much controversy in r ect. nt debates a nd e lections i n Kentucky and e l sewhere. I n the state el ~ ction of 18 59, Kentucky chose for governor Be riah Magoffin , a man who mi ght have been an average executi ve in noroal times, bu..t who proved now to be weak and vaC i llating in the impending crisis the state faced when the Un ion wa s breaking and soon eleven states had s eced ed . t.1agoffin soon found his Southern sympathy blocked by pro-Uni on legi s l ahtr e s , and was ,f virtually forced to r esign. In the ~o tin g for Pr esident in 1 8 60 , Kentucky gave a new party, t he Const i t uT i onal Union, its e lectoral vot e; but only three othe r states d id. I t is very int ere sting that Lincoln r eceived but 1,360 votes in tha t-e lection. The business int eres ts, which Qe ant many of the large • slave holders, tri ed Western Kentucky State College Li brary earnestly to preserve neutrali ty between No rth and South , but so i ntense was the feeling i n the state that neutrality proved a ( miser able failure . By the mid- year of 1861, i nvasi on by both sides was i mminent , and it \-laS ominous that Kentucky woul d be a battle- ground .. General Albert Sydney Jo!"i nston , a native of Mason County , Kent1.!cky , and a !o'Jest Point gr aduate, \'las i n September , 1861, appointed by the Confede r a t e governme;:t as r egional c amlllande r of Tennessee, Ken tucky , a nd other southwe st territory of the Con­ f ederacy.. J ohnston soon issued f r om Nashville an order t a Bri g .. • Gen . Simon Boliva r Buckner to o ccupy Bowling Gr een on Septembe r 1 8 , 1 861. Bowling Green, in 1861, was a small country t own of about 2500 i nhabitants . Although 65 miles north of Nashville, it was considere d { as an outpost of that city a nd needed to be we ll fortified . General Johnston made .ao,vling Gr een his headquarters a.nd took charge of the ·~tr oo?s her e . The Confederate command rightly fel t that its greatest danger at Bowling Green lay from the Union army sta t i oned on Green River north of Munfordvill e . To be s afe f r om capture , Johnston , soon after Buckner's arrival, began the f ort on \','hat is today called College He ights. Othe r pr otective outposts for the defense of Nashville we r e t wo forts in e xtreme northwest Tennessee to guard the interior of the state a nd the rail connecti on with Memph is. On the ba:1ks of the Tennessee River was built Fort Henry ; the other fort was Donelson on the Cumberland .K.iver~ These forts were about. 12 mi l e s apart . It was Brig . Gen. U.S. Grant , a Wes t Point graduate who , I 3 had left his posi t i on i n the Union a r my unde r a cloud, \'.' ho was , t he first to see t he value of these rorts if c aptured by the Union 1 army . He \"' a5 intrusted with a small army of probably 15,000 infantry, and was a ssisted by Flag Officer A. H. Foote with seven small morta~ boats and ironclads . Gene r al Grant order ed an attack on Ft . Henr y , February 6, 1862 , and Foote ' s gunboats cap tured it before Gr ant arrived w ith t he infantry . Nearly all the garrison in Ft . Henry had esc aped to Ft. Donelson . Ge n e ral Johnston ordered General Buckner at BO\'Jling Green to go with a sm a ll army of infantry to help r einforce Ft . Donelson; he a rrived there Februa ry 11. I n c o~and of the Confederate troops at Donelson \-{ere Gen. John B. Floyd and General Gideon J. PillO\'I . After a f ew days of fighting Generc;.ls Pill ow and Floyd deserted their arn ies , Rnd t he command fell to General Buckner , who surrendered ( the for t to General "Grant on February 16 , 1862 . The loss to the South of the rorts was a v ery serious blow; in r eality, it put all of Tennessee into Union hands for a t i me . Soon aft er the fall of Ft. Henry , the Confederates be gan to evacuate BOWling Gr een. When it had become e vident that Ft . Donelson also would soon fall, large quantities of wa r materiel were burned , and the bridge across" Barren River '"Jas d estroyed before t he officers and rer.laining troops , [ still i n Em·ili ng Green , fled to Nashville when Ge neral O. M. Mitchell of the Un i on army from l>~unf or dville, began shel ling the city. This meant Union army control of the city as we ll as t he u nfiniShed fort her e --in fact , Union control for all this area of Kent UCky . lIt should be stated t hat the actual numbe= of me n is still disputed. 1 . , ---~-.'--- 4 In 1 906 , the Kentucky Legi s latur e e :l&cted a l aw cre atinG two State No rmal Schools, one for the eastern part of the stat e , the other for the western sec t i on. The l aw a lso pr ovi ded :for the appointment o f a c ommission t o locate the school s . For \\'estern Kentucky , Bowling Green was selected , a nd a Board of Re gents chose Henry Hardin Cherry as the first president for t he \'leste rn Kentucky State Normal School . The new Norma l School r eceived f r om the city of Bowling Gr een the building on College Street which after a few years was sold to the Bowling Gr een Business Un iversity. TIle building , which i s still s tanding , was r ecently parti ally burned . The young State Normal school gr ew r api d l y and Soon needed a new s ite where it could expand . In its u nfinished condition, the fort and all the remainder of the Hill, after a long period of neglect, became the property ( of Prof. B. F. Cqbell, 'dho "h ad organize d a stock company to found a college for young women .. Professor Cabell landscaped only a small fringe of the Hill along Fifteenth Street . On this small area was built a stone house for his own home ; also, he erected a l arge three -story brick buildin g which served as a dormitory and provided classrooms for the college he founded. The new school was a:.alled Potter College , and i t \'las r eady for student enrollment in the fall of 1889. Except for t he immediate surround ings of the build ings above me ntioned, the r emainder of the Hill was allowed to con tinue its ing l ori ous neg lect. The numerous dead c edars, bushes of all sorts interming l ed with greenbriers , and the r emains of a n abandoned lime stone quarry, all were evidence of t r avesty and of being a firs t-Class nuisance to Bowlin g Green's future pr ogress .
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