064 Genus Ceratrichia Butler

AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES. MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Updated 17 April 2019

Genus Ceratrichia Butler, 1870

Catalogue of diurnal lepidoptera described by Fabricius in the collection of the British Museum : 274 ( 303 pp.). London. Type-species: Papilio nothus Fabricius, by original designation.

Male Forest Sylph (Ceratrichia species). Kibale Forest, Uganda. October, 2014. Image courtesy R. Schutte.

The genus Ceratrichia belongs to the Family Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809; Subfamily Hesperiinae Latreille, 1809, incertae sedis. Other genera in the Subfamily Hesperiinae, incertae sedis are Tsitana, Lepella, Astictopterus, Arnetta, Prosopalpus, Kedestes, Fulda, Gorgyra, Gyrogra, Teniorhinus, Herila, Ceratricula, Flandria, Pardaleodes, Hollandus, Ankola, Xanthodisca, Acada, Rhabdomantis, Osmodes, Parosmodes, Osphantes, Acleros, Paracleros, Semalea, Hypoleucis, Meza, Paronymus, Andronymus, Malaza, Perrotia, Ploetzia, Moltena, Chondrolepis, Zophopetes, Gamia, Artitropa, Mopala, Gretna, Pteroteinon, Leona, Caenides, Monza, Melphina, Melphinyet, Noctulana, Fresna, Platylesches, and Erionota.

Ceratrichia (Forest Sylphs) is an Afrotropical genus of 17 species. The larvae of one of the species is known to feed on grass (Poaceae).

*Ceratrichia argyrosticta (Plötz, 1879) Pearl-spotted Forest Sylph

Pearl-spotted Forest Sylph (Ceratrichia argyrosticta). Kwabina-sam, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai.

1 Apaustus argyrosticta Plötz, 1879. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 40: 358 (353-364).

Ceratrichia argyrosticta argyrosticta. Left – male upperside, Ghana. Right – male underside, Ghana. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

Ceratrichia argyrosticta argyrosticta. Female upperside, Nigeria. Image courtesy Torben Larsen.

Type locality: Ghana: “Bei Aburi”. Distribution: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda. Habitat: Forest of good quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A scarce skipper, which is usually found unexpectedly as single specimens. It flies higher up than the yellow-winged species (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Ceratrichia argyrosticta argyrosticta (Plötz, 1879)

Apaustus argyrosticta Plötz, 1879. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 40: 358 (353-364).

Ceratrichia argyrosticta argyrosticta. Left – male upperside, Ghana. Right – male underside, Ghana. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

Ceratrichia argyrosticta argyrosticta. Female upperside, Nigeria. Image courtesy Torben Larsen.

Type locality: Ghana: “Bei Aburi”. Distribution: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic. Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Tai National Park (Plowes family and H. Warren-Gash, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Aburi (TL); Bia (Larsen, 2005a); Ankasa (Larsen, 2005a); Owabi (Larsen, 2005a); Kakum (Larsen, 2005a); Prah-Suhien (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Cameroon – Alen (Strand, 1913). Gabon – Waka National Park (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010).

argyrospila Plötz, 1884 (as sp. of Apaustus). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 45: 156 (151-166). Ghana: “Aburi”.

limbana Strand, 1913 (as ab. of Ceratrichia guineensis). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 78 (A.12.): 54 (30- 84). Cameroon: “Alen”.

Ceratrichia argyrosticta enta Evans, 1947

Ceratrichia argyrosticta enta Evans, 1947. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (11) 13:645 (641-648).

Ceratrichia argyrosticta enta. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 1 July 2015. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Ceratrichia argyrosticta enta. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 1 July 2015. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Entebbe”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Entebbe (TL).

Note: This subspecies may not be conspecific with argyrosticta and its status needs to be re-assessed (Larsen, 2005a).

*Ceratrichia aurea Druce, 1910

Ceratrichia aurea Druce, 1910. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 377 (356-378).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Upper Kasai district, Congo Free State”. Distribution: Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda. Specific localities: Cameroon – Alen (Strand, 1913). Democratic Republic of Congo – Upper Kasai district (TL); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Budongo Forest (Riley, 1925). Habitat: Forest. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

guineensis Strand, 1913 (as sp. of Ceratrichia). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 78 (A.12.): 54 (30-84). Cameroon: “Alen”.

ugandae Riley, 1925 (ssp. of Ceratrichia aurea). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 16: 414 (405-416). Uganda: “Budongo Forest”.

*Ceratrichia bonga Evans, 1947

Ceratrichia bonga Evans, 1947. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (11) 13: 645 (641-648).

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Amani, Usambara”. Distribution: Tanzania (Usambara and Uluguru Mountains). Specific localities: Tanzania – Amani in the Usambara Mountains (TL); Kimboza Forest at the foot of the Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Forest. Habits: The flight is weak and low down (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published.

4 Larval food: Nothing published.

*Ceratrichia brunnea Bethune-Baker, 1906 Brown Forest Sylph

Ceratrichia brunnea Bethune-Baker, 1906. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 18: 343 (339-346).

Ceratrichia brunnea brunnea. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kibale Forest, Uganda. 22 October 2014. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Nandi Country”. Distribution: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. Habitat: Forest. Habits: Tends to fly higher up than other members of the genus, perching from one to two metres above the ground (Larsen, 1991c). Occasionally it feeds from flowers in the open (Larsen, 1991c). When settled, with closed wings, it resembles a species of Andronymus (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Ceratrichia brunnea brunnea Bethune-Baker, 1906

Ceratrichia brunnea Bethune-Baker, 1906. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 18: 343 (339-346).

Ceratrichia brunnea brunnea. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kibale Forest, Uganda. 22 October 2014. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Nandi Country”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018).

5 Kenya – Nandi Country (TL); Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Kere Hill, in Minziro Forest (very common) (Congdon & Collins, 1998).

Ceratrichia brunnea ialemia Druce, 1909

Ceratrichia ialemia Druce, 1909. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909: 413 (406-413).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 feet”. Distribution: Cameroon. Specific localities: Cameroon – Bitje (TL).

*Ceratrichia clara Riley, 1925 Clear Forest Sylph

Ceratrichia hollandi f. clara Riley, 1925. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 16: 410 (405-416). Ceratrichia hollandi clara Evans, 1937. Ackery et al., 1995: 98. Ceratrichia clara Evans, 1937. Congdon & Collins, 1998: 17. Ceratrichia clara Riley, 1925. Lamas, pers. comm., April, 2008.

Type locality: Ghana: “Gold Coast”. Diagnosis: Similar to Ceratrichia hollandi, from which it differs in the following respects: hindwing upperside costal area almost straight along its inner border (widened at apex in hollandi); hindwing underside without costal spot and apical spot reduced and not triangular as in hollandi (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Distribution: Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania. Habitat: Forest. Habits: An uncommon forest sylph (Larsen, 2005a). Most often seen on forest paths (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Flies higher up than other members of the genus, often alighting about a metre above the ground (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Ceratrichia clara clara Riley, 1925

Type locality: Ghana: “Gold Coast”. Distribution: Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon (west). Specific localities: Guinea – Nimbas (Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast – Tai National Park (Larsen, 2005a); Yeale (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Subri (Larsen, 2005a); Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a); Konongo (Larsen, 2005a); Kakum (Larsen, 2005a); Bia (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Nigeria – Okomu (Larsen, 2005a); Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a); Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a); Oban Hills. Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a).

6 Ceratrichia clara medea Evans, 1937

Ceratrichia hollandi medea Evans, 1937. A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum: 101 (212 pp.). Ceratrichia clara medea Evans, 1937. Congdon & Collins, 1998: 17.

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Fernando Po”. Distribution: Cameroon (except west), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Equatorial Guinea – Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon – Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Alen Nkoma (Vande weghe, 2010); Mboumie (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka National Park (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka, Loango National Park (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (common) (Congdon & Collins, 1998).

*Ceratrichia crowleyi Riley, 1925 Crowley’s Forest Sylph

Ceratrichia crowleyi Riley, 1925. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 16: 410 (405-416).

Type locality: Sierra Leone. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana (extreme south-west). Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Yapo (Larsen, 2005a); Tai National Park (Larsen, 2005a); Yeale (Larsen, 2005a); Comoe (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Ankasa National Park (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Wetter forest of good quality, especially near streams (Belcastro, 1986; Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A rare and localized species that readily comes to flowers in sunny spots on stream banks or on the edges of forest paths (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Ceratrichia fako Sáfián & Tropek, 2016

Ceratrichia fako Sáfián & Tropek, 2016. Zootaxa 4150 (2): 128 (123-132).

Type locality: Cameroon: PlantiCam camp, the main tourist trail, south-western slope of Mount Cameroon, South-West Province, Cameroon; 23.XI–18.XII.2014. Leg.: Sáfián, Sz. & Tropek, R. Gen. prep.: SAFI00079. Coordinates: 04.117° N, 09.073°E; 1100 m. Holotype (male) in the A.B.R.I., Nairobi, Kenya. Diagnosis: “C. fako is obviously closely related to C. lewisi and the recently described C. manengouba, with the following differences, which are consistent over the large available series. The hindwing upperside of both sexes of C. lewisi has an extensive yellow patch along the outer margin, covering almost half of the wing, which is missing completely from C. fako, replaced by an overlay of dense golden-brown scales. Uppersides of both wings of C. fako, and especially the hindwing, are slightly overlaid by golden-brown scales, distinguishing it from both of its relatives. The ground colour of C. manengouba is generally darker; in its description, Larsen & Collins (2014) state that: “Upperside of both sets of wings uniformly deep black”; while the ground colour of C. fako is significantly lighter—it is a warm dark chocolate brown.” (Sáfián & Tropek, 2016). Etymology: Named for the local name of Mount Cameroon, the type locality.

7 Distribution: Cameroon.

Distribution: Cameroon. Specific localities: Cameroon – Mount Cameroon (TL); Buea-Bokwaongo trail (1 700 m), Mt Cameroon (Sáfián & Tropek, 2016). Habitat: Found in submontane forest at altitudes between 1 100 and 1 700 m (Sáfián & Tropek, 2016). Habits: Flies in sunny clearings in rocky ravines. Males perch low down on sunlit leaves and are territorial (Sáfián & Tropek, 2016). Flight period: April, November, December (Sáfián & Tropek, 2016). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Ceratrichia flava Hewitson, 1878 Yellow Forest Sylph

Ceratrichia flava Hewitson, 1878. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 1: 343 (340-348).

Ceratrichia flava flava. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kongu, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 23 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo (Collins et al., 2003), Central African Republic (Collins et al., 2003), Uganda (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017). Habitat: Open areas in forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Found in localized populations; when encountered it may be numerous (Larsen, 2005a). Flowers are avidly visited, including the large ones of Costus, into which they actually disappear (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

8 Ceratrichia flava flava Hewitson, 1878

Ceratrichia flava Hewitson, 1878. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 1: 343 (340-348).

Ceratrichia flava flava. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kongu, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 23 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo (Collins et al., 2003), Central African Republic (Collins et al., 2003), Uganda (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017). Specific localities: Cameroon – Bonjongo (Plötz, 1879); Alen (Strand, 1912); Korup, at 1 100 m (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – Benito (Millar, 1964). Gabon – Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Lake Evaro (Vande weghe, 2010); Mboumie (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017).

charita Plötz, 1879 (as sp. of Plastingia). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 40: 356 (353-364). Cameroon: “Bonjongo (Cameroon-Gebirge)”.

fasciata Aurivillius, 1896 (as sp. of Ceratrichia). Entomologisk Tidskrift 17: 286 (279-291). Cameroon: “Kamerun”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/f).

tessmanniana Strand, 1912 (as var. of Ceratrichia fasciata). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 78 (A.9.): 109 (92-111). Cameroon: “Alen”.

benitoensis Miller, 1964 (as ssp. of Ceratrichia flava). Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 26: 645 (640-647). Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Benito [Rio Muni]”. Status downgraded from subspecies to form by Collins et al., 2003: 104.

Ceratrichia flava fernanda Evans, 1937

Ceratrichia flava fernanda Evans, 1937. A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum: 100 (212 pp.).

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Fernando Po”. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Island of Bioko).

*Ceratrichia hollandi Bethune-Baker, 1908 Holland’s Forest Sylph

Ceratrichia hollandi Bethune-Baker, 1908. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 2: 482 (469-482).

Ceratrichia hollandi. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 30 June 2015. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Ceratrichia hollandi. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mpanga Forest, Uganda. 9-11 June 2017. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common name: Holland’s Sylph. Type locality: [Uganda]: “Fort Portal”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Recorded, in error, from West Africa due to confusion with Ceratrichia clara (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Fort Portal (TL). Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998; common); Munene (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Usually encountered along forest paths (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Ceratrichia lewisi Collins & Larsen, 2000 Obudu Forest Sylph

Ceratrichia lewisi Collins & Larsen, 2000. Metamorphosis 11 (2): 68 (57-75).

Type locality: Nigeria: “Nigeria, Obudu Plateau, 1965. (C.S. Lewis leg., in Natural History Museum, London).” Described from two males and a female from the type locality.

Distribution: Nigeria.

Distribution: Nigeria. Specific localities: Nigeria – Obudu Plateau (TL). Known only from the type locality near the Obudu Cattle Ranch, at 1,400 m. Habitat: Forest. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Ceratrichia mabirensis Riley, 1925 Mabira Forest Sylph

Ceratrichia mabirensis Riley, 1925. Annals and Magazne of Natural History (9) 16: 407 (405-416).

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Toro, Daro, or Durro Forest, 4000-4500 ft”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Durro Forest (TL). Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (not uncommon) (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Flies very low down, along forest paths and in open places in the forest, settling on low vegetation (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

toroensis Riley, 1925. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 16: 414 (405-416). [lapsus: both Ceratrichia mabirensis and Ceratrichia toroensis were introduced by Riley (1925) for the same taxon; Evans (1937), as first reviser, selected mabirensis]

*Ceratrichia maesseni Miller, 1971 Maessen’s Forest Sylph

Ceratrichia maesseni Miller, 1971. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum (2): 5 (17 pp.).

Ceratrichia maesseni. Left – male upperside, Ivory Coast. Right – male underside, Ivory Coast. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

Ceratrichia maesseni. Female upperside, Ghana. Image courtesy Torben Larsen.

Type locality: Ghana: “Konongo (Ashanti Forest Reserve)”. Distribution: Ivory Coast (Warren-Gash, pers. comm., 2002), Ghana (Ashanti district). Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Yeale (H. Warren-Gash, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Konongo (TL); Bia National Park (Larsen, 2005a); Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a); Kakum National Park (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Habitat: Forest of good quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Even scarcer than the closely-related Ceratrichia argyrosticta (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Ceratrichia manengouba Larsen & Collins, 2014

Ceratrichia manengouba Larsen & Collins, 2014. Metamorphosis 25: 69 (60-76).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Mt Manengouba (05.00N 09.25E), 1900-2100 m (12.xi.2012)”. Holotype (male) in the African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi. Diagnosis: This taxon is a member of the Ceratrichia phocion species group.

12 Distribution: Cameroon.

Distribution: Cameroon. Specific localities: Cameroon – Mount Manengouba (TL). Habitat: The edges of submontane forest, at about 2000 m a.s.l. (Larsen & Collins, 2014). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Ceratrichia nothus (Fabricius, 1787) White-winged Forest Sylph

Papilio Plebeius Urbicola nothus Fabricius, 1787. Mantissa Insectorum 2: 88 (382 pp.). Hafniae.

Type locality: [Sierra Leone] (Collins et al., 2003): “in America”. [False locality.] Diagnosis: Both sexes black above with small white spots on forewing; two cell spots small and usually unfused; hindwing unmarked; hindwing underside white with well developed black margins (Collins et al., 2003). Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, Central African Republic. Habitat: Wetter forest in good condition (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A localized and uncommon skipper (Larsen, 2005a). Flies in the densest parts of the forest, where little light penetrates (Larsen, 2005a). The flight is higher above the ground than the yellow- winged species in the genus (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Ceratrichia nothus nothus (Fabricius, 1787)

Papilio nothus Fabricius, 1787. Mantissa Insectorum 2: 88 (382 pp.). Hafniae.

Type locality: [Sierra Leone] (Collins et al., 2003): “in America”. [False locality.] Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana (west). Specific localities: Guinea – Dubreka (Larsen, 2005a); Seredou (Larsen, 2005a).

Ceratrichia nothus enantia (Karsch, 1893)

Hypoleucis enantia Karsch, 1893. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 255 (1-266). Synonym of Ceratrichia nothus nothus (Fabricius, 1787). Ackery et al., 1995. Ceratrichia nothus enantia (Karsch, 1893). Collins et al., 2003.

Type locality: Togo: “Bismarckburg”. General remarks: This subspecies could be considered as part of a cline between the nominate subspecies and subspecies makomensis, but Collins et al. (2003) prefer to treat it as a good subspecies. Diagnosis: Male similar to nominate subspecies but hindwing paler and ocelli of hindwing underside spaces 2 and 3 tend to shine through; cell spots usually fused; female with variably cream hindwing (Collins et al., 2003). Distribution: Ghana (central), Togo, Nigeria (Collins et al., 2003). Specific localities: Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Togo – Bismarckburg (TL).

Ceratrichia nothus makomensis Strand, 1913

Ceratrichia makomensis Strand, 1913. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 78 (A.12.): 53 (30-84). Ceratrichia nothus makomensis Strand, 1913. Collins et al., 2003.

Type locality: [Equatorial Guinea]: “Spanisch-Guinea, Makomo, Ntumgebiet”. Diagnosis: Both sexes with hindwing broadly cream; hindwing underside with black markings much reduced; ocelli in spaces 2 and 3 usually without pupils and showing through on upperside as black dots (Collins et al., 2003). Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola. Specific localities: Equatorial Guinea – Makomo, Ntum district (TL). Gabon – Lope National Park (Vande weghe, 2010). Angola – Kwanza Norte Province (Mendes et al., 2013).

Ceratrichia nothus yakoli Collins & Larsen, 2003

Ceratrichia nothus yakoli Collins & Larsen, 2003. Metamorphosis 14 (3): 103 (63-110).

Type locality: Central African Republic: “near Bangui, Bimon, September 1995”. Holotype (male) in African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi. General remarks: Named after the village of Yakoli in the Central African Republic (Collins et al., 2003). Distribution: Central African Republic. Specific localities: Central African Republic – near Bangui (TL).

*Ceratrichia phocion (Fabricius, 1781) Common Forest Sylph

Papilio phocion Fabricius, 1781. Species Insectorum 2: 138 (499 pp.). Hamburgi & Kilonii.

Ceratrichia phocion phocion. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Sanniquellei, Nimba Mountains, Liberia. 9 January 2014. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: “Africa aequinoctiali”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo. Recorded, probably in error, from Senegal by Evans, 1937 (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Forest. Habits: This is a common skipper that flies especially along forest paths. It rarely rises more than 25 cm above the ground and feeds readily at low flowers (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Ceratrichia phocion phocion (Fabricius, 1781)

Papilio phocion Fabricius, 1781. Species Insectorum 2: 138 (499 pp.). Hamburgi & Kilonii.

Ceratrichia phocion phocion. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Sanniquellei, Nimba Mountains, Liberia. 9 January 2014. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: “Africa aequinoctiali”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon (west). Specific localities: Guinea – Nimbas (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007).

phocaeus Westwood, 1852 in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52] (as [unjustified] replacement name for Papilio phocion Fabricius). The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: 521 (1: 1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.). London.

Ceratrichia phocion camerona Miller, 1971

Ceratrichia phocion camerona Miller, 1971. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum (2): 4 (17 pp.).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Lolodorf”. Distribution: Cameroon (except west), Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo. Specific localities: Cameroon – Lolodorf (TL).

15 Equatorial Guinea – Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon – Pointe Pongara (Vande weghe, 2010); Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Safala (Vande weghe, 2010); Alen Nkoma (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Lake Evaro (Vande weghe, 2010); Kangwe (Vande weghe, 2010); Talaguga (Vande weghe, 2010).

*Ceratrichia punctata Holland, 1896

Ceratrichia punctata Holland, 1896. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1896: 79 (2-107).

Type locality: “Tropical West Africa”. Distribution: Cameroon, Angola. Habitat: Forest. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Ceratrichia semlikensis Joicey & Talbot, 1921

Ceratrichia flava semlikensis Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 102 (40-166). Ceratrichia semlikensis Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Collins et al., 2003 (Metamorphosis 14 (3): 104).

Ceratrichia semlikensis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kibale Forest, Uganda. 22 October 2014. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Lower Batahu River, Semliki Valley”. Distribution: Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic (Collins et al., 2003), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania, Zambia (north-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kamituga (Dufrane, 1945); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Lower Batahu River, Semliki Valley (TL); Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2017). Kenya – Kakamega (Larsen, 1991c); Tiriki (Larsen, 1991c); Nandi (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Minziru Forest (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Flies low down along paths inside the forest (Larsen, 1991c). Both sexes venture into the sunlight to feed on the flowers of small forbs along forest roads or in forest clearings (Larsen, 1991c). They are sometimes active until late in the afternoon (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages:

Cock & Congdon, 2014: 313. [Kakamega Forest, Kenya].

These authors describe oviposition behaviour, the ovum, leaf shelters, penultimate and final instar larva, and the pupa. They illustrate the ovum, penultimate and final instar larva. 16

Larval food: Isachne mauritiana Knuth (Poaceae) [M. Cock, vide Larsen, 2005a: 498; Kenya].

rebeli Dufrane, 1945 (as female f. (?) of Ceratrichia flava). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 81: 125 (90-143). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kamituga”.

*Ceratrichia wollastoni Heron, 1909 Wollaston’s Forest Sylph

Ceratrichia wollastoni Heron, 1909. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 19: 174 (141-178).

Ceratrichia wollastoni. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kibale Forest, Uganda. 22 October 2014. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Ceratrichia wollastoni. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 15 June 2009. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Entebbe; Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Gabon – Langoue, Ivindo National Park (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi and camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kamituga (Dufrane, 1945); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Entebbe (TL); Mubuku Valley, E. Ruwenzori (Heron, 1909); Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Kikuru Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Flies along paths and in clearings in forest. The flight is flitting and low down, among

17 vegetation (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

extensa Aurivillius, 1925 in Seitz, 1908-25 (as male f. of Ceratrichia flava). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 526 (614 pp.). Cameroon.

extensa Evans, 1937 (as ssp. of Ceratrichia wollastoni). A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum : 101 (212 pp.). Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Synonymized with Ceratrichia wollastoni by Ackery et al., 1995: 99.

mariae Dufrane, 1945 (as female f. (?) of Ceratrichia flava). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 81: 125 (90-143). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “pris àKamituga”.