THE URDU DIALECT OF THE PATHANS OF KAIMGANJ (U.P.) A Linguistic Analysis of its Characteristics —Lexical Items and Idioms

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Philosophy IN ^ LINGUISTICS . TO ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH

BY SHAHIDA MASOOD M.A. (Alig.)

Price Rs.100^"

DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH 1986 /^

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2 8 JUL 2003

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^t^^ FOREWORD by

PROF. MASOOD HUSAIN Former Chairman Department of of Linguistics A.M.U., Aiigarh

My daughter Shahida Masood (now l\4rs. Shahida Afridi) after taldng her Master's degree in Linguistics from Aiigarh Muslim University in 1984, was on the look out for a topic of dissertation for her M. Phil, degree. Since the Department of Linguistics in A.M.U., was primarily an Urdu-Oriented Deptt. I suggested that she should take up the topic of 'The Urdu dialect of the Path an s of Kaimganj. (U.P.)', where to her family belonged. For this topic she had the advantage of having in her family three informants of graded qualifications:

(1) Her paternal aunt Khadija Begum, a totally uneducated lady aged 72.

(2) Her own mother Najma Begum aged 56, who holds a High School Certificate, but was closely knit with KPU and has an extra ordinary discriminatory Linguistic sense in spite of her exposure to standard language.

(3) Her father, Prof. Masood Husain who has been Professor of Urdu and Linguistics, and as such is highly educated. He was L^at that time.

In this way Shahida Masood has the triple advantage of working with two graded informants, presided over by her father who could check her results.

Shahida has to work at a very high speed in view of the settlement of her marriage - date soon after She could, therefore, do it very briefly bringing out only the salient features of the dialect (KPU) as compared to standard Urdu. Of these features two are very prominent: (1) Remnants of Pashtu in the KPU, especially in the vocabulary, idioms and certain social songs (2) The archaic forms of Old Urdu, which are lost in Standard Urdu.

For getting her resuMs, she has collected enormous linguistic corpus from the above mentioned sources.

Her dissertation though brief, shows her linguistic insight and skill in the analysis of her corpus. Her rqsults may be of use to those who are interested in socio-linguistics, and Dialectology as also in the Development of Urdu Language.

Masood Husain Prof. Emeritus. M.A. Ph.D. (Alig.) Doctorat d' Urtiversite' (Paris) Former Prof, of Urdu, Osmania University Former Prof of Linguistics, Aiigarh Musiim University Former Vice-Chancellor, Jamia Millia Isiamia, New Delhi PREFACE

Soon after I completed my M.Ao in Linguistics in 1984, I began to look for a topic of research which might be of my liking and which could stimulate me for proper conduct of the the linguistic enquiry. After consultations, I finally decided to study and analyse the variety of Urdu spoken by the Pathans of Kaimganj (UP)^ which is also my native place.

The topic fascinated me for a variety of reasons. Firstly* I had an intimate acquaintance with Kaimganj Pathan Urdu (or KPU for short) as it was the dial*ct my forefathers spoke. Even today the elderly members of my family, living at Kaimganj and elsewhere, use this dialect in their day to day life. But with the spread of literacy and modern education and most importantly with the cultural and literary dominance of Standard Urdu, Kaimganj Pathan Urdu (KPU) Is fading away day by day, KPU is fast losing its ground among the people of younger generation and thus approaching total extinction.

Secondly, it has preserved a large number of linguistic features of Old Urdu, an idiom current in and around Delhi in the .17th, 18th and early 19th centuries. Due to certain historical, cultural, linguistic and soclolinguistic reasons, KPU, with a few exceptions, could not be influenced by Kanauji, the local dialect of the Kaimganj area. Besides, KPU has borrowed and derived a large number of words from Pashto, an Ill

Indo-Iranlan language^ which was the mother tongue of the Pathan settlers of KaimganJ in the first quarter of the 18th Century,

The present work Is an attempt to find out the linguistic characteristics of KPU pertaining to lexical items^ idioms and phrases. Though KPU is based on Khari Boll, but in its linguistic features it is distinguished from Modern Standard Urdu (or MSU for short) mainly because of the employment of Pashto words and the preservation of linguistic features of Old Urdu. The research work was carried out with a view to explaining the real nature and genius of this particular dialect. I have tried my best to fulfill this objective.

When I took up this work* my initial difficulty was that no previous descriptive study or model for the linguistic analysis of KPU was available in any language as nobody had hitherto analysed the dialect. This presentation can» therefore, rightly claim to be the first work ever done on this dialect. It may pave way for further field work and enquiry into the subject. Though my M.Phil, topic is restricted Only to the linguistic analysis of KPU pertaining to lexical items and idioms, I have chalked out for my Ph.D. thesis a much bigger plan for the comprehensive linguistic description of KPU by undertaking extensive field work.

As regards the field work for the present study, I have the privilege of working with three of my intimate and close IV family members, viz., my mother Ms. Najma Begum (56), my paternal aunt Ms. Khadlja Begum (72) and my father Prof. Masud Husaln Khan (65) who very kindly acted as informants for me and helped In the collection of the data. While my father is highly educated* my mother has received her education upto the High school level but my paternal aunt has very little or no formal education. While my paternal aunt is monolingual with KPU, my mother speaks both KPU and MSU and my father also uses languages other than KPU and MSU. I have had access to Informants with this linguistic background and inferred interesting data from them for the analysis.

I shall be failing in my duties If I do not thank my research supervisor Dr. Mirza Khalil A, Beg, Lecturer, Department of Linguistics, AMU, Aligarh who guided me in planning and writing this dissertation. It was very kind of hira to go through the manuscript and make necessary corrections, I am deeply grateful to him tor all the help and guidance he gave me.

I would like to express my sense of gratitude to my father. Prof, Masud Husaln Khan who has been a constant source of inspiration for me. He gave me numerous hints and suggestions and provided guidelines for the present work. It is because of his inspiration and encouragement that I was able to complete this work. V

My thanks are also due to Prof, Abdul Azim, Ch;jirman, Dtpartment of Linguistics, AMU, Allgarh who, besides taking encouraging interest in my research work,, helped me in various ways in the completion of the v70rk,

I am personally thankful to my mother .^nd my paternal aunt who were my principal informants and, whose unfailing interest in my work was always inspiring. My mother's support also goes beyond what is merely academic and v;ill always be remembered by me with warmth and affectionate feeling.

SHAHIDA MASOOD

DEPARTMENT OP LINGUISTICS ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH

April 17, 1986 TABLE O F CONTENTS

• PREFACE II ABBREVIATIONS VIII TRANSCRIPTION IX

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 General Statement 2 1.2 The Town of KalmganJ 3 1.3 The Pathans 4 1*4 Linguistic Influences 4 1.5 The Employment of Old Urdu Idiom 6 by the Pathans 1.6 KaimganJ Pathan Urdu (KPU) and the 14 Kanaujl Dialect

CHAPTER 2. PHONOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 18 2.1 General Statement 19 2.2 Phonological Characteristics relating 19 to Consonants 2.2. Interchangeability of Consonants 19 2.2. Breaking of Consonant Clusters 30 2.2. Dropping of Medial Consonants 31 2.2. Loss of /h/ 31 2.2. Loss of Aspiration 3b 2.2. Gemination 36 2.2. Metathesis 37 2.2. Aspiration through Metathesis 36 2.2. Syncopated Aspiration 39 2.3 Phonological Characteristics 39 relating to Vowels 2.3. Shortening of Vowels 39 2.3. Lengthening of Vowels 41 2.3. Nasalization of Vowels 41 2.3. Qualitative Change of Vowels 42

CHAPTER 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIQS .. . 43 3.1 General Statement 44 3.2 Nouns 45 3.2.1 Nominal Inflections 45 3.2.2 Plural Forms 46 3.2.3 Feminine Forms 47 3.2.4 Feminine Forms used as Masculine 48 3.2.5 Diminitive Forms 49 VII

3.2,6 Treatment of Proper Nouns 50 3.3 Adjectives 50 3.4 Numerals 51 - 3,4,1 Cardinal Numerals 51 3.4.2 Ordinal Numerals 52 3.4.3 Indefinite Numerals 52 • 3«5 Pronouns 53 3.6 Verbs 55 3.6.1 Archaic Present Auxiliary Verb Forms 55 • 3,6,2 Kanauji Past Auxiliary Verb Forms 57 3.6.3 Archaic Imperatives 58 3.6.4 Double Causals 58 3.7 indeclinables 59 3.7»1 A.dverbs 59 3.7.2 Postposition 62 3.7.3 Conjunctions 64 3.7.4 Interjections and Enclitics 64

CHAPTER 4, LEXICAL ITEMS AND IDIOMS 66 4,1 General Statement 67 4.2 words Peculiar to KPU 68 4.3 Words of Pashto Origin 82 444 Compound Words 84 4,5 Idioms and phrases 85

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION * 91

APPENDIX — SOME SPECIMENS OF KAIM3ANJ PATHAN URDU .,, 97 1. Dialogues between two Pathan Ladies 98 2. Dialogues between two Pathans lOl 3. 'Rame KJjorT' Song i03 4. Sehra 104 5. Sehra 105 6. LorT 106 7. 'Niyat' for Prayers 107

BIBLIOGRAPHY 108 ABBREVIATIONS act* • active c* = circa (about* approximate date) cf. = confer (L* compare)

Dir. = Direct ed. = edited fern, = feminine ibid. = ibiden (L# in the same place) imp. = imperative KPU = KaimganJ Pathan Urdu mas. = masculine MSU = Modern Standard Urdu Nom. = Nominative Obi. = Oblique op.cit. = opere citato (L, in the work cited) OU * Old Urdu P»#PP«= page(s) pi, « plural pt. = part sg. = singular Skt. = Sanskrit V0C4 - Vocative Vol. = Volume TRANSCRIPTION p = Voiceless bilabial stop ph = Aspirated voiceless bilabial stop b = Voiced bilabial stop bh = Aspirated voiced bilabial stop t = Voiceless alveolar stop th = Aspirated voiceless alveolar stop d = Voiced alveolar stop dh = Aspirated voiced alveolar stop t = Voiceless retroflex stop th = Aspirated voiceless retro flex stop d = Voiced retroflex stop dh = Aspirated voiced retroflex stop c = Voiceless palatal stop ch " Aspirated voiceless palatal stop J = Voiced palatal stop Jh = Aspirated voiced palatal k = Voiceless velar stop kh «= Aspirated voiceless velar stop g « Voiced velar stop gh = Aspirated voiced velar stop q = Voiceless uvular stop m a Bilabial nasal n " Alveolar nasal 1 «= Alveolar lateral r = Alveolar trill r « Retroflex flap rh » Aspirated retroflex flap f » Voiceless lablo-dental fricative g = Voiceless alveolar fricative 2 = Voicea alveolar fricative ^ = Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative z = voiced palato-alveolar fricative x « Voiceless velar fricative g = Voiced velar fricative h « Voiceless glottal fricative V = Labio-dental semi-vowel y = Palatal semi-vowel

I = High front short vowel 1 = High front long vowel A » Mid central vowel (short) a = Low central vowel (long) U « High back short vowel u a High back long vowel e = Mid front vowel o » Mid back vowel ai « Diphthong au - Diphthong

r>^ = Nasalization (written above the vowel symbol)

// = Phonemic writing INDIA UTTAR PnnDfJM IHAHOAHANPU

ETAUAH CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1,1 General Statement

With the rise of Descriptive Linguistics in the present century, the study of dialects and language varieties has assumed greater importance. The dialects of Hindi and some other Indian languages have been adequately studied in the past • 1 decades. But with the exception of a few studies, no concerted effort has been made to study and analyse the dialects and varieties of the Urdu language, Urdu which spreads over a large territory of the Indian Union, represents diverse linguistic varieties having their own peculiarities and characteristics. One such variety of the Urdu language is spoken by the Pathans of Kaimganj in the Farrukhabad district of Uttar Pradesh.

1. These studies are: (1) S.M. Qadri Zore, Hindustani Phonetics (Paris: L' Union Typographique, 1930), (il) Gopi Chand Narang, the KarKbandarl Dialect of Delhi (Delhi: llunshiram Manoharlal, 1961), and (iii) John J, Gumperz and CM, Nairn, "Formal and Informal Standards in the Hindi Regional Language Area," Tn Linguistic Diversity in South Asia ..., ed, C,A, Ferguson and John J. Gmpprz, UAL, "Vol, 26, No, 3 (July 1960). In this connection the following studies, though fragmentary, _^also deserve^mention: (iv) Cyan Chand Jain, "Bhopali Urdu", Hindustani Zaban, Vol, 4, No.l (October 1972), (v) Abdus_Sattar Dalvi, "Bombay ki Urdu - Ek LisanI Jaiza", Hindustani Zaban, Vol,3, No.l (October 1971), and Fahndda Begum, "Mysori Urdu aur ne" (Bangalore: Kamatak Ishaat Ghar, 19757:; - 3 -

This work, based on certain lexical Items and Idioms, presents a linguistic analysis and identifies the linguistic peculiarities of KaimganJ Pathan Urdu (abbreviated as KPu), Is which/different in many respects from Modem Standard Urdu (abbxreviated as MSU). KRJ certainly contains a special idiom employed only by the Pathans of Kaimganj. It is an amalgamation of various linguistic influences^ as will be evident from the analysis that we propose to present in the following chapters.

1,2 The Town of Kairoganj

The town of Kaimganj is situated in the district of Parrukhabad (U.P.) on the bank of the river Ganges, its actual location is twenty-two miles North-West of Farrukhabad, in 27° 30' N and 79® 21*^ E. Linguistically, it falls in the region of Kanauji which, according to George A, Grierson is a dialect of Western Hindi spreading over the present districts of Farrukhabad, Etawah, Shahjahanpur, Pillbhit and parts of Kanpur 3 and Hardoi districts. In the West and North-West it is surroundec by BraJ Bhasa and in the South it extends to the area of the 4 Bundeli dialect.

2, George A, Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India, Vol, ix. Part I, p, 82, 3, Dhirendra Verma, Hindi Bhasa ka Sahitya (Prayag: Sahitya Bhavan, 1933), p.TS^T ~ 4, Amba Prasad Suman, Hindi auf "f kl UpaBhasaon ka Swanip (Prayagt Mohan Lai Bhatt, 1966), p, 180, ' ~~ - 4 -

KalmganJ was founded in A.D« 1713 by Mohammad Khan Bangash* the first Nawab of Parrukhabad who named It after his son Qaim Khan«

1,3 The Pathans

Soon after the town of KaimganJ was founded, the families of Afridi Pathans began to migrate to KaimganJ from their homeland Kohat and Teera in the North-West Frontier Province (l-n^'P?) commonly known as Subah-e-Sarhad presently situated in Pakistan. They were invited by the Bangash Nawabs of Farrukhabad for military services and were given also lands in lieu of these 5 services, rtost of them settled around the KaimganJ town in the forms of muhallas named after their JKhels 'groups' in their homelands such as Kalakhel/ Kukikhel, Mawalkhel, etc. Their settlement in KaimganJ began round about A.^, 1725 and continued throughout the reign of the Mughal Emperor Mohammad Shah who died in A.D. 1748.

1.4 Linguistic Influences

The mother tongue of these Pathan settlers was Pashto, an Indo-Iranlan language. Their first generation was exposed to two linguistic influences i.e., Indo-lranian and Indo-Aryan. The Afridi Pathans who, as stated above, began to settle down at

5. District Gazetteer of the United Provinces, Vol.IX: Farrukhabad, p. 108. - 5 -

KalmganJ by A.D, 1725, still form a distinguished social group among a diversified population of the Baniyas (traders), Kurmis (cultivators' caste) and people belonging to certain lower castes such as Chamars, Dhuniyas, Khatlks, Kachhis, etc. speaking the Kanauji dialect. The Pathans who settled down on outskirts of the Kaimganj town in the form of muhallas had their own cultural identity which they have not lost till today. They mix up with the local population for purposes of commerce and cultivation, but in their homes and in their social gatherings they keep a distinct cultural identity. Linguistically, this identity has two peculiar features t

1. They continue to speak the idiom of Old Urdu of the 18th century. For practical purposes they understand the local Kanauji dialect but even with the speakers of this dialect they generally converse in their own Khari Boli, which is understood by others also. It is a dally scene that a Pathan communicates with other castes in Old Urdu (Khari Boli) while receives responses in the Kanauji dialect. Both the parties perfectly understand each other although in speaking they always employ their own idioms.

2* In their homes the Pathans, especially the women folks employ a lot of words of Pashto origin. The use of Pashto - 6 - words is scaling down as we come to the present day. The first generation of the Pathans spoke Pashto in their homes and used Urdu only for outside cowminication. In the second generation Urdu became their first language and Pashto receded to the second place. In the third generation, i.e.# by the close of tht 19th century/ Pashto as a language was lost even in homes except that a few ceremonial songs, sung at the time of marriage, or at the birth of a son survived, besides a lot of Pashto words employed mostly by the women.

1,5 The Employment of Old Urdu Idiom by the Path

As stated above, the first generation of the Pathans who came to Kaimganj in the first quarter of the l8th century, spoke h the Pas^o language. The later generations of these Pathans picked up Urdu as their mother tongue • This was the same language which, in the form of Khari Boli, had evolved in and around Delhi at the end of the 12th century (A.D, 1193 to be 6 precise), and was taken to the Deccan at the end of the l3th century (A.°. 1295 to be precise) by the forces of Alauddin Khilji and later on by Mohammad Bin Tughlaq when he shifted his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (Devagirl^ln A.D. 1327.

^ _ -e- 6. Masud Husain Khan, Muqaddama-'e-Tarilsh/zaban-e-Urdu, 4th edition (Aligarht Sir Syed Book Depot, 1970), pp. 114-127. - 7 -

By the time the Pathans came to KaimganJ, Urdu had spread over the whole of Northern India and some parts of the Deccan. This was the period when the Urdu poetry had just started flourishing in Delhi and such Masters as Wawab Sadniddln •Faiz', Shah liubarak 'Abni', Shah Hatim, Khan-e-An!U, Sharfuddin •Mazmun' and Mir«a Mazhar Jan-e-Janan were polishing the idiom ol 7 Urdu. The Pathan families of KaimganJ still employ in their speech the archaic form of Urdu, prevelent in Delhi around the middle of the 18th century. There are marked influences of Old Urdu on KPU at various levels of linguistics, especially phonology and morphology.

1. The phonological characteristics of Old Urdu (CXJ), such as, loss of aspiration, syncopated aspiration, lengthening of vowels, shortening of vowels, loss of intervocalic ~h-, breaking of consonant clusters and gemination are also predominantly found in KaimganJ Pathan Urdu (KPU) which make this dialect distinct from Modern Standard Urdu (MSn). These deviations from MSU become the characteristic features of KE

7, Muhammad Sadiq, A History of Urdu Literature (London: Oxford University Press, 1964), pp. 36-37, - 8 -

(1) Loss of asplratlont

mi MSU

/tujko/ /tUJhko/ 'to Y'^" /mUjko/ /mUjhko/ ' to tl'" • /tumara/ /tUmhara/ 'you r' /nAnna/ /nAnnha/ ' sma^ 1 '

The lo-ss of aspiration is also very common r r. nf^'v - R from an Old Urdu text, Karbal Katha (1732-3?)'.

OU MSU

/pAnkAryoX /pAnkhAryo/ •buds' /muj/ /mUJh/ •me' /tuj/ /tujh/ •you' /sat/ /sath/ •with'

The loss of aspiration is also found in other texts of Old Urdu like Blkat Kahini, Ashur Nama» etc.

8. Khaliq Anjum and Gopi Chand Narang, Karbal Katha ka Lisani Mutala (Delhi! Maktaba-e-Shabrah# 1970), p. 17. ~ - 9 -

(2) Nasalization of vo\-;els:

KPU MSU

/ghas/ /ghas/ 'grass' /ata/ /ata/ •flour* /dak/ /dlTk/ •post' /Jhut/ /Jhut/ •lie'

In Old Urdu (OU) too there is the tendency towards the nasalization of vowels. The examples are quoted again from 9 Karbal Katha.

OU MSU

/b'ecna/ /becna/ •to sell' /puch/ /puch/ ' (to) ask' /fu/ /tu/ 'thou•

The nasalization of vowels is found in almost all the texts of Old Urdu,

(3) Breaking of consonant clusters!

KPU MSU

/sAxAt/ /sAxt/ •hard' /xUsAk/ /xUsk/ 'dry* /zUlAnv/ /zUlnv^ 'tyranny* /sUrAx/ /sUrx/ 'red*

9. ibido p4 194 - 10 -

This phonological feature is also very common in Old Urxau especially In Ashur Nama (A.D. 1688) by Raushan All. The 10 ~~ examples aret

OU MSU

/s^AkAl/ /sAkl/ 'face* /AqAl/ /Aql/ •intelligence' /zlkAr/ /zllcr/ 'mention*

(4) Geminations

KPU MSU

/cAddAr/ /c ad Ar/ •sheet* /wAzzu/ /wAzu/ •ablution" /dAlli/ /dAli/ •betel-nut'

The use of geminated consonants are also found in Old Urdu, e,g.

OU MSU

/jAggAh/ /jAgAh/ 'place' Auii/ Aui/ 'all*

10, Raushan All, Ashur Nama, ed. Masud Husain Khan (Aligarh: Department of Linguistics, AMU, 1972), 'Preface', p. 16. 11. ibid., p* 18. -li­

es) Loss Of Intervocalic -h- t

KPU HSU

AAO/ /kAho/ •say' (itrp.) /bAu/ /bAhu/ •daughter-in-law' /nAl/ /nAhT/ •no, not' AAi/ /kAhi/ •said'

Instances of loss of Intervocalic -h- are found in many _, 12 Old Urdu tejcts, especially in AshurNama,

(6) Lengthening and shortening of vowelst

KPU HSU

/sAhar/ /sAhAr/ •morning' /mAlurn/ /malun\/ • known' /ASman/ /asman/ 'sky^ /mAttha/ /matha/ •forehead' /bAdam/ /badan\/ • almond•

Numerous instances of lengthening i.ii {Shortening of vowels are found in Old Urdu texts, especially in Bika^ Kahanl (c. 1625), Ashur Nama (1688), and Karbal Katha (1732-33).

12. ibid. - 12 -

2« At the lexical and morphological levels too, KalmganJ

Pathan Urdu (KPIT) shows certain affinities with Old Urdu (OU). Following are the examplesi

(1) KPU has retained a number of Old Urdu Indecllnables which are not found in Modern Standard Urdu (MSu) t

OU KPU MSU

/lAk / /lAk/ /tAk/ •till /agu/ /agu/ /age/ •forward ' /J Ad/ /jAdu/ /jAb/ •when' AABhi/ /kAdhi /kAbhl/ 'sometime* /kAbhu/ / kAbhu/ /kAbhl/. 'sometime' /kAne/ AAne/ /pas/ 'near* with' /nlcu/ /nlcu/ /nice/ 'below' /tAlak/ /tAlAk/ /tAk/ 'till'

(2) KPU employs the following present tense auxiliary forms very commonly:

sg. /haiga/ •is' pl» /haige/ 'are'

The same auxiliary forms are found in Old Urdu too. Following are the examples from Fazll's Karbal Katha (1732-33)i - 13 -

13 hidls halgi gAvah •Hadis (Prophet's saying^is the witness' 14 halga sAnAd 'is the authority* AwAli haige 'are the first'.

(3) With regard to the formation of imperatives (denoting command, request, entreaty, prohibition) KPu differs considerably from MSu. In KPu the imperatives are formed mostly on the same pattern as we find in CO • The examples are as follow

KPU MSU

/sUnyo/ /SUno/ 'listen' (imp.) /alyo/ /ao/ 'come' ^mp.) /lalyo/ /lao/ 'bring' (imp.)

16 Old Urdu (OU) imperative forms are given belowi

/rAkhyo/ *lceep' (imp.) /Uthalyo/ 'lift' (imp.) Aijiyo/ 'do* (imp.) /dijiyo/ 'give* (imp.)

13. Pazl-e-All 'Fazli', Karbal Katha, ed. Malik Ram and Muldjtaruddin Ahmed (patna; Idara-e-Tahqlqat-e-Urdu, 1965), p. 7. 14. ibid* 15. ibidk, p* 9i

16. Khaliq Anjum and Gopi Chand Narang, op.cit., pp, 29-30, - 14 -

(4) KaimganJ Pathan Urdu (^^P") employs a large number of lexical items and idioms which are not found in Modern Standard Urdu (MSU) or which have changed their shape and pronunciation in M3J . Most of these words have come into KPU from Old Urdu. KI\j is not the only Urdu dialect which has preserved Old Urdu words. Old Urdu words and idioms, according to Khaliq Anjum and Narang, are also found in the Karkhandari 17 dialect of Delhi, A list of such words are given in Chapter IV.

1.6 Kaimganj Pathan Urdu (KPU) and the Kanauji Dialect

Besides the influences of Old Urdu on KPU, the traces of the impact of Kanauji, the local dialect of the area have also been found on KPU, Kanauji, as we know, like Braj Bhasa is an 'o'- based dialect and in this respect significantly differs from Kharl Boli which is an 'a*- based dialect. According to Grierson "Kanauji takes its name from the city of Kanauj, which is situated on the bank of the river Ganges in the modern district of Farrukhabad. The city is one of the most ancient in India: under the name of Kanya - Kubja (the Canogyza of classical geography), it is celebrated in Sanskrit literature as early as the Ramayana and the earlier Arab geographers describe it as the 18 chief city of India." Through educational and cultural influences

17. ibid,, 46. 18, George A. Grierson, op.cit., p, 82. - 15 - the Pathans began to adopt Urdu as their mother tongue but they could not reject the Influences of the local dialect of Kanaujl to which they were exposed day In and day out.

It Is the considered opinion of such scholars as Grlerson and Dhlrendra Verma that linguistically there Is very little dlfftrtjnae betv/een BraJ Bhasa and Kanaujl. In fact we can say that Kanaujl Is a sub-dialect of BraJ Bhasa, It has been given the status of an Independent dialect by Grlerson In view of the historical Importance of the city of KanauJ situated In the district of Farrukhabad. KalmganJ Is situated twenty-two miles Morth-West of Farrukhabad, very near to the border of BraJ Bhasa,

From the linguistic point of view, there Is much affinity a between Kanujl and BraJ Bhasa, as both form a single group of 'o'- ending dialects of Western Hindi, According to Grlerson "Kanaujl 19 Is really a form of BraJ Bhasa," He further states that "Kanaujl 20 differs but slightly from BraJ Bhasa." «

As already said, linguistically Kl" is based on Kharl Boll (Old Urdu), which was current In and around Delhi In the middle of the 18th century. That Is why KPU considerably differs from Kanaujl but sporadic Influences of Kanaujl on KPU cannot be ruled out. The reason being the location of KpU In the region of Kanaujl.

One of the most linportant characteristics of Kanaujl Is that It prefers the termination -o, e.g. choto 'small', mero 'my'

19* ibid., p.l 20, ibid*, p* 83. - 16 -

21 tero 'yourS hamaro *our«* etc. No Instances of the terndnation -o has been found in KPU.

Another Important characteristic which is very coraroon in Kanauji is the addition of MI to the end of noons which in KP" and MSU terminate in a consonant, e.g. gharu 'house', vahu 22 •he', yahu 'this*, etc. Sometimes the ending ^ is put instead of -u. This feature is also totally absent in KPU,

In Kanauji the plural oblique is formed by adding ^a" to the nominal roots and nominal forms, e.g. qhoran 'horses', 23 gharan 'houses', etc. No such instances have been found in KRJ .

KRJ also does not reflect some of the phonological features of the Kanauji dialect, such as its preference of /r/ as against KPU /vA /b/ as against KPU /v/; /s/ as gainst KRJ /s/'.

There are many more instances where KPU and Kanauji differ widely but as stated earlier, KPU and Kanauji also share some linguistic features.

In Kanauji, as in other dialects there is the tendency to dro2p4 -h- between the two vowels.e.g.' , ——_kaihau— * for _kahihav» _T 'I will say.' In KPU also there are instances in which the intervocalic Z^ is dropped, e.g., /kAo/ 'say (imp.)8 instead of /kAho/. This feature is also found in Old Urdu.

2 1. XMfl., p. 85: Skeleton Grammar of Kanauji. 222. ibdd. 23. Ibid. 24. ibid., p* 83. - 17 -

An important feature which KPU and Kanauji both share is the use of the present tense plural auxiliary hai~ge 'are*. This auxiliary form is very frequently used in KPU and also a 25 ^ occurs in Kanuji. It is very interesting to note that hai-qe 26 also occurs in Karbal Katha which is the first Urdu prose work of Northern India written in A.D, 1732-33 (although a translation from Persian).

Besides, there are many postpositions, pronouns and conjunctions which are common both in KHJ and Kanauji.

The linguistic influences which have crept, here and there, into KaimganJ Pathan Urdu (KPU) will be pointed out at their proper places in this study.

25, Ibid.j p, 851 Skeleton Grammar of Kanauji. 26. Fazl-e-Ali 'Fazli', op.cit,, pp.7 and 9. It is worth noting that in the Kanauji dialect only the present tense plurjal auxiliary /haT ge/ 'are' is foui^ • its singular counterpart/halga/ 'is' does not show up In ' this dialect. The form /haiga/ »is' is replaced by /haigo/ 'is' in Kanauji whereas in Old Urdu both forms, i.e., /haiga/ and /halge/ are available. CHAPTER 2

PHONOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS CHAPTER 2

PHONOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

2,1 General Statement

As indicated in the introduction KaimganJ Pathan Urdu (KPU) is an old form of Modern Standard Urdu (MSU) Isolated in the extensive area of the Kanauji dialect. Its phonemic inventory is, therefore, the same as that of MSU, except that no word in it exists which carries the phoneme /z/. It does not show, in at least its phonology, any marked influence of the Kanauji dialect by which it is surrounded. Like Karkhandari and DaKani, KPU in respect of m^tny phonological features, differs from MSU. These differences are in the nature of retention of old forms and can be studied usefully with reference to Dakani, *) 3 Old Urdu (OU) and the Karkhandari dialect which again forms a linguistic island in the sea of Delhi Standard Urdu.

2,2 Phonological Characteristics relating to Consonants.

2.2,1 Interchangeability of Consonants

The interchangeability of consonants is an important phonological characteristic of KPU. Very Interesting examples

1. S.M. Oadri Zore, Hindustani Phonetics (Parisi L' Union Typographique, 1930); and Ruth Laila Schmidt, Dakhini Urdu - History and structure (New Delhi: Bahri Publications, 1991), 2. Masud Husain Khan, "Dakani ya Urdu-e-Qadim ?", Sher-o-Zaban (Hyderabad, 1966). 3. Gopi Chand Narang, Karlcbandari Dialect of Delhi Urdu (Delhi: Munshlram Manoharlal, 1961). ~ - 20 - of the Interchange of consonants have been found In this dialect. The data show that in KPU there is a tendency to replace the Perso-Arabic sounds like /q/ by /k/, /g/ by /g/, /z/ by /J/ and /f/ by /?/• As in Dakani the sound /q/ is also replaced by /x/. In KPU certain exaples have been found in which /s/ is replaced by /t/ and vice versa. Similarly A>/ is replaced by /v/ and vice versa. In some other examples the sounds /r/, /s/ and /b/ are replaced by /r/, /h/ and /£/ respectively.

In KPU we also come across with certain interesting example of over-phonemicization of consonants. As a result of which /k/ in certain words is changed to /q/. Similarly /g/ is changed to /g/ and /Ic/ and /kh/ to /x/. According to Prof, Masud Husain Khan this undue meddling is not only common in Old and Modem Dakani but also found in the colloquial speech of the North Indian populace, e.g.

Ugaldan (Ugaldan) flqr (flkr) rax (rakh) 4 tArAxna (tArAkna)

The inteirchangeabllity of consonants in KPU is discussed belowt

(1) KPU /x/ for MSU /q/ »

4. Masud Husain Khan> op,cit,> p, 180* - 21 -

The uvular stop /q/ of MSU changes to voiceless velar fricative /x/ in KPU, /q/ is a borrowed phoneme from Arabic. It does not exist in any of the Indian languages. As such, its behaviour in Urdu is very Interesting. It changes to A/ in 5 6 ' Punjabi, to /x/ in Dakani as also in Old Urdu and Karkhandari. But this change in KPU does not occur regularly as compared to the change to /W in Punjabi or to /x/ in Dakani. This change in KPU takes place only medially and finally but never initially. The correct pronunciation of /q/ is found among the educated native speakers of Urdu and those Urdu speakers living in th«- urban centres. Gumperz and Nairn in their studies of formal and informal standarfs in the Hindi regional language area observe that "the segment /q/ occurs only with informants C and F, both trained in 8 Urdu". The informants "C and F are !-1usllms trained in Urdu." The

examples of KPU /x/ for MSU /q/ are as follows:

(a) Medially! KPU MSU

/v Ax At/ /v Aq t/ • 11 me * /fAxat/ /fAqAt/ 'only*

5. S.M. Qadri Zore, op.cit,^ p. 103. 6. Masud Husain Khan, op*clt,, p» 180. 7. Gopi Chand IJarang, optcit., p« 38. 8. John J. Gumperx and CM, Naim, "Formal and Informal Standards in the Hindi Regional Language Area". In Linguistic Diversity in South Asia ..,, ed. C.A. Ferguson and J.J.Gumper^ UAL (1960), p. 108. 9. ibid., p. 102. - 22 -

(b) Finally:

KPU MSU

A>Andux/ /bAnduq/ •gun*

/sAndux/ /sAnduq/ •box'

/tAbax/ /tAbaq/ •big plate' /bullax/ /bUiaq/ •a nose-pendant* /mAzax/ /mAz aq/ •joke' /fArAx/ /fArq/ •difference'

As stated above, the change of /%/ to /x/ is not limited to Dakani only, but this tendency is also found in the areas around Delhi even today. The examples of the change of /q/ to / are also found in Old Urdu. In Qissa-e-Me'hr Afroz-o-Dilbar

(1732-59), for instance, occurs the word /mAzax/ 'joke' instead of /mAzaq/ invariably.

(2) KPU /k/for MSU /q/ t

MSU /q/ is sometimes changed to /k/ in KPU. But this change takes place only in the initial and medial positions of certain words, e.g.

(a) initially: -

KPU MSU

/kUlAf/ /qUfl/ •lock*

/kUran/ /qUran/ •the holy Quran*

/kAsAnv/ /q As Art/ 'oath*

10. iswi Khan Bahadur, Qissa-e-Mehr Afroz-o-Dilbar, ed. Masud Husain Khan (Hyderabad, 1966), p. 28 (preface)". - 23 -

(b) Medially:

KPU MSU

/c AJcku/ /caqu/ • knl f e • /lAkUa/ /lAqva/ 'paralysis'

(3) KPU /q/ for MSU A/t

In certain words KPU has a tendency to change MSU /q/ into A/, e.g.

KPU MSU

/qAbut Ar/ AAbut Ar/ ' pigeon • /qAmra/ AAmra/ 'room' /qagAz/ AagAz/ 'paper*

This tendency is also found in Karjcljandari dialect of Delhi (KDD) which like KPU# has retained some of the peculiar features of Old Urdu, e.g.

KDD MSU

/qAbutAr/ /kAbutAr/ 'pigeon*

The change from MSU /k/ to KPU /q/ is an example of over-phonemicizatlon in KPU. But this tendency is found perhaps because of the dominance of uvular stop /q/ borrowed from Arabic.

(4) KPU /x/ for MSU /kh/ :

There is a tendency in KPU to change MSU /kh/ to /x/ in certain words, e,g. - 24 -

KPU HSU

/rax/ /rakh/ * ashes *

This tendency also reflects the over-phonemicizatlon in KPU. This is also because of the presence of the Perso-Arablc words containing the sound /x/.

(b) KPU /x/ for MSU /k/ »

In certain words KPU has a tendency to change MSU /k/ to /x/, e.g.

KPU MSU

/tAmaxu/ /tAmbaku/ 'tobacco'

This is another example of the over-phonemicization in which the Perso-Arabic /x/ of MSU changes into /k/ in KPU. It is interesting to note that both sounds share the same point of articulation, i.e. both are velar sounds.

(6) KPU /q/ for MSU /x/ t

In certain-words KPU has a tendency to change MSU /x/ to /q/, e.g.

KPU MSU

/fArqabad/ /f Arruxabad/ • Farrukhabad' - 25 -

(7) KPU /i/ for MSU /s/ \

In certain words MSU /s/ Is changed to /%/ in KPU, e.g.

' KPU MSU

/\itt/ /hta/ •bamboo' /sAfAk/ /sArAk/ 'road'

(8) KPU /J/ for MSU /z/ I

In certain words KPU has a t endency to change MSU /V to /j/ under the influence of the Kanauji dialect, e.g.

KPU MSU

/jira/ /zira/ 'cuminseed'

(9) KPU /g/ for MSU /g/ j

In certain words KPU has a tendency to change MSU /g/ to /g/, e«g*

KPU MSU

/nigAlna/ /nIgAlna/ 'to swallovf •

This tendency again reflects the over-phonemicization in KPU,

(10) KPU /g/ for MSU /g/ t

There is sometimes the reverse phonlogical tendency when MSU /g/ is changed to /g/ in KPU under the influence of Kanauji, e.g. - 26 -

KPU MSU

/gUsAlxana/ /gUslxana/ •bathroom* /gllaf/ /gllaf/ •cover* /gUbbara/ /gUbbara/ »ballooh'

(11) KPU /j/ for MSU /g/ t

In certain v;ords KPU also has a tendency to change M3A3 /g/ to /5/. Ibis cViat^ge Is also due t.o the influence of Kanauji> e.g.

KPU MSU

/bhijna/ /bhigna/ 'to get wet"

A>hajna/ A>hagna/ 'to run' (12) KPU /p/ for MSU /f/ : In certain words KPU has a tendency to change MSU /f/

to /p/, e.g.

KPU MSU

/pAxirni/ /fAqirni/ *a female beggar'

(13) KPU /g/ for MSU /k/ t

In certain words KPU has a tendency to change MSU /V

to /g/> e.g.

KPU MSU

/hAlge-hAlge/ /hAlke-hAlke/ 'slovrly* - 27 -

This is obviously a change from unvoicing to voicing.

(14) KPU /!/ for MSU /r/ t

In certain worfs KPU has a tendency to change MSu /r/ to /!// e.g.

KPU MSU

/dival/ /divar/ •wall*,

/salotra/ /sArota/ 'betel-nut cutter'

This phonological tendency is very strong in the dialects of Eastern Hindi. The interchangeabiltty of /I/ and /r/ in the eastern dialects has been recorded since the time of Old Indo 11 Aryan (OIA). pew Instances of the change of /r/ to /I/ have alsi 12 been found in the Karkhandari dialect of Delhi Urdu.

(15) KPU /r/ for MSU /r/ t

In certain words KPU has a tendency to change MSU /rA a trill to flapped /fA e«g,

KPU MSU

/mArAd/ /mArd/ 'man' /dArAd/ /dArd/ 'pain' /fArAd/ /fArd/ 'blanks • /UrAd/ /Ujbd/ 'horse-bean'

11, S.K. Chatterjl, The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language (Calcutta, 1926), pp. 34, 53^. 12. Gopi Chand Narang, op.cit., p. 42. - 28 -

(16) KPU /f/ for MSU /b/ t

KPU also has a tendency to change MSU A>/ to /f/ In certain words, e.g.

KPU MSU

AAraf/ /xArab/ 'bad'

(17) KPU A»/ for MSU /s/t

In certain words MSU /s/ is replaced by A/ in KPU, e.g.

KPU MSU

/mAhjId/ /mAsjId/ 'mosque'

(18) KPU /d/ for MSU /z/ J

In certain words the /z/ of MSU is changed to /d/ in KPU, e^g*

KPU MSU

/haudlya/ /ham/ 'small tank' (19) KPU /b/ for MSU /v/ KPU has /h/ and /v/ both, but in certain words MSU /v/ is changed to /b/ in KPU* e.g. KPU MSU

/tAsbir/ /tAsvir/ 'picture'

In MSU there is a strong tendency to change the /v/ sound of 'tatsama' (Sanskrit) words to /h/, e.g. - 29 -

SKt. MSU

/vArsA/ /bATAs/ 'year*

/vivahA/ A>yah/ »marriage'

Generally the change from /v/ to A/ does not take place in Perso-Arabic words borrowed into MSU. It is the characteristic feature of KPU to change /v/ to /b/ even in Perso-Arabic words,

ThiG tendency is also found in the Karkhandari dialect of Delhi 13 (KDD), e.g,

KDD MJS

A>Afat/ /vAfat/ 'demise'

/tAsbir/ /tAsvir/ 'picture*

(20). KPU /v/ for MSU /b/ t

In certain words KPU also has a reverse tendency to change MSU /b/ to /v/, e.g.

KPU MSU

/mervani/ /mehrbani/ 'kindness' /kAvab/ /kAbab/ 'roasted meat' /nAv As/ /nAbz/ 'pulse*

This tendency is also found in certain Old Urdu texts, - - - 14 In Ashur Nama (A,D, 1688) there occurs the word /javir/ instead of MSU /Jabir/ 'despotic'.

13. ibid., 39 14, Rau.g)ian..Ali# Ashur Nama^ ed. Masud Husain Khan and sifarish Hus'aln Rizvi (Aligarh: Department of Linguistics, AMU. 1972), p. 210, -so­

ls This tendency is also found In KDD, e.g.

KDD MSU /varl/ /bari/ •turn*

2.2,2 Breaking of Consonant Clusters

The breaking of consonant clusters is an Important phonological characteristic of KPU. In some KPU words the final MSU consonant cluster is broken up by insertion of a vowel in between the two consonants* e.g.

KPU MSU

/SAXAt/ /sAxt/ •hard*

/vAxat/ /vAqt/ • time•

/dAr-Ad/ /dArd/ Ipain*

/xnkrac\/ /mard/ •man'

/thxht/ /tAxt/ * throne *

/mUfAt/ /mUft/ • free•

/xUsAk/ /xUsk/ •dry' /UmAr/ /Umr/ •age' /sUrax/ /sUrx/ •red'

/zUlAm/ /zuim/ •tyranny'

/qAtal/ /qAtl/ •murder'

15. Gopl Chand Narang, op.cit,, 39. - 31 -

The breaking of consonant clusters Is also a characterlsti( 16 feature of Old Urdu as well as the Karlchandari dialect of Delhi. This feature abounds in Ashur Nama/ an Old Urdu text of the second half of the 17th century, e.g.

OU MSU

ZrAhAn/^'' /rAhm/ •kindness*

/AqAl/^ /Aql/ •mind* /zlkAr/^ /zllcr/ •mention*

2.2.3 Dropping of Medial Consonants

The dropping of medial consonants is an important phonological characteristic of KPU, In certain words a consonant occurring in the medial position of the word is dropped in KPU/

^'^' KMJ MSU /tAmaxu/ /tAmbaku/ 2.2.4 Loss of /h/

The loss of /h/ is also an important feature of KPU, There is a general tendency in OU to drop the medial /h/ especially the intervocalic /h/. This feature was transferred from OU to some of the dialects of Urdu. For instance, Dakani Urdu and the Karkhandai dialect of Delhi Urdu abound in the examples where the medial and

16. ibid., pp. 45-48. 17. Raushan Ali, op,cit., p, 16, (Preface), 18. ibid. 19. ibid* - 32 - the intervocalic /h/ is lost. KPU als« has retained this characteristic feature of OU.

The loss of /h/ in KPU is generally simple, but sometimes it affects the quality of vowels. The loss of /h/ In KPU can be described under the following headst

(1) LOSS of intervocalic /h/ :

(a) Without affecting the vowelt

The major type of the loss of Intervocalic /h/ is without affecting the quality of the preceding and following vov;els, e.g.

KPU MSU

AAO/ AAho/ •say(imp.)' /pMJc/ /pA^iUc/ 'reach' /bAu/ A>Ahu/ •daughter-in-law* /sAi/ /sAhi/ 'correct' /rAi/ /rAhi/ •stayed' /dAi/ /dAhi/ ' cu rd' /KAl/ AAhi/ •said'

(b) Affecting the vowelt

In certain words when the intervocalic /h/ is dropped, the preceding and follov/ing vowels are affected. Sometimes the preceding vowel is also lost alongwith /h/and sometimes both preceding and following vowels assume the diphthongal character. ' 23 -

"(i) When the preceding vowel is also lostt

KPU MSU

/vAha/ /va? 'there* /yAha/ /yZ/ 'here*

(ii) When the following vowel is also lostx

KPU MSU

/sab/ /sahib/ 'a gentleman*

(ili) When the preceding and following vowels assume diphthongaJ character:

KPU MSU

/nal/ /nAhi/ 'no, not' /lau/ /lAhu/ 'blood'

(c) Compensatory loss of /h/j

In certain words when the intervocalic /h/ is lost, a compensatory semi-vowel /y/ is inserted intervocally, e.g.

KPU MSU

/kAya/ /kAha/ 'said*

(2) Loss of medial /h/ t When the medial /h/ is lost, the preceding short vov^el /A/ assumes the diphthongal character, e.g. - 34 -

KPU MSU

/kalna/ AAhna/ •to say'

/palle/ /pAhle/ •before*

Aalte/ /kAhte/ 'say' 1v)

(3) LOSS of final /h/ t

In KPU the final /h/ Is also lost. When the final /h/ preceded by the short vowel /A/ IS lost. It affects the vowel quality. The preceding short vowel /A/ assumes the diphthongal character* e.g.

KPU MSU

/rai/ /rAh/ •live' (v)

/bal/ /bAh/ •flow' (v) Aai/ AAh/ ' say' (v)

As already stated, the loss of /h/ reflected in KPU is

also an important regular feature of Old Urdu and Karkhandari,

Following are some of the examples from Old Urdu:

OU MSU

20 /kr/ /kAha/ 'whe re' 21 /nAi/ /nAh*i/ 'no, not' 22 /sipai/ /sipahi/ • soldier'

20. Muhammad Afzal 'Afzal', Bikat Kahani, ed. Murul Hasan Hashimi and Masud Husain (Lucknow: Idara~e-Farogh-e-Un3U| 1970), p. 57. 21. Raushan All, op.clt,, p. 34, 22. ibid,, p. 178. - 35 -

2.2,5 LOSS of Aspiration

The loss of aspiration or deaspiration of MSU aspirates like /ph/, /bh/, /th/,/dh/. Ah/, /gh/, etc. is another important phonological characteristic of KPU. This feature, like many other phonological features has been transferrer^ to KPU from OU. The examples of deaspiration is found in almost every Old Urdu text. But it is specifically noted in Ashur Nama, Divan-e-

Faiz and Karbal Katha. The loss2 3o f aspiration or deaspiration is also a regular feature of Dakani. Deaspiration in KPU takes place medially as well as finally. Following are the examples: (1) Medially*

KPU MSU

/tUmara/ /tUmhara/ 'your' /tUJ ko/ /tUjhko/ • to you• /mUje/ /mUjhe/ • to fne' /nAnna/ /nAnnha/ •little'

(2) Finally:

KPU MSU

/hat/ /hath/ 'hand'

23, Fazl-e-Ali 'Fazli*, Karbal Katha, ed. Malik Ram and Mukbtaruddin Ahmed (Patna: Indara-e-Tahqiqat-e-Urdu, 1965), p. 38, (Preface). - 36 -

The examples of deasplration from Old Urdu (OU) are as followsi

OU MSU

/mUj/24 /mUjh/ •me' /s-Tj/^S /s^jh/ 'evening' /dud/2^ /dudh/ •milk* Ai/2'' /bhi/ •also' /ta/28 /tha/ • was •

2«2«6 Gemination

Gemination or the doubling of consonants Is another important phonological characteristic of KPU. This tendency is not as strong as we find in Punjabi or Ha'"yani (Bengru). It is also not as strong as we see in rural Khari Boll, But it is certainly stronger than found in MSU.. A few examples are:

KPU MSU

A>ArAbbAr/ A)ArabAr/ •equal' /cAddAr/ /cadAr/ •sheet* /dAll an/ /daIan/ 'varandah' /tAlle/ /tAle/ •below' /vAzzu/ /vAzu/ • ablution•

24. ibid., 193 25. ibid. 26. Raushan All# op.cit,, p. 138, 2 7. Falz Dehlavi» ^Ivan-e-Faiz, ed. Syed Masud Hasan Rizvi •Adib^ (Allgarh : Anjuman Taraqqi-e-Urdu, 1965), p, 146, (Preface). 28. ibid. - 37 -

KPU MSU

/mAttha/ /matha/ 'forehead' /dArvAzza/ /dArvaza/ 'door' /dAlll/ /dAli/ 'betel-nut'

It is interesting to note that when the gemination takes place, the long vowel preceding the consonant is shortened. Consonantal gemination is also a marked feature of Old Urdu, It is also a special feature of Dakani and Karkhandarl. The tendency to geminate the consonants, unlike Braj Bhasa, is a 30 regular feature of Khari Boll and Haryani, and there is a marked influence of Haryani o n Old Urdu,. Following are the examples of gemination from Old Urdu (OU):

OU MSU

31 /jAggAh/ /jAgAh/ 'place* /sAbb/^^ /sAb / 'all 33 /Assarh/ /Asarh/ 'month Asarh'

2.2»7 Metathesis

Metathesis which is a change of place or transposition of two phonemes in a word, is also an important phonological

29, Gopi Chand Narang, opicit,, p,44, 30. Iswi Khan Bahadur, op,cit,, p, 28, (Preface by Masud Husain Khan). 3lt ibid* 32, Raushan All, op.cit., p, 35, 33. Muhammad Afzal 'Afzal'* op,cit,, p* 62. - 38 - characteristic of KPU. . Examples arej

KPU MSU

/nAkhlau/ /IAkhn au/ 'Lucknow' /chlkla/ /chllka/ 'peel* /pIlAgna/ /pighAlna/ 'to melt'

Metathesis with the change of vowel quality:

KPU MSU

/hiyaV /yAhaV 'he re• /hUviC/ /vAha/ ' there •

In KPUt when /h/ is replaced by /y/, it is preceded by /l/ .^nd when /h/ is replaced by /v/, it is preceded by /U/, Its phonetic reason is quite obvious. Methathesis is a common phenomenon in the colloquial speech of the North Indian populace. This tendency is also found in Dakani Urdu,

2,2.8 Aspiration through Metathesis

Aspiration through metathesis is also found in KPU. This type of aspiration results when /h/ is transported to some other consonant in thfe word, e.g.

KPU MSU

/bhar/ /bahAr/ 'outside' A>hain/ /bAhen/ 'sister' /bhaut/ /bAhot/ 'too much' - 39 -

2,2«9 Syncopated Aspiration

Certain Instances of syncopated aspiration have also been found in KPU in which the aspiration shifts from one consonant to another, e.g.

KPU MSU

/phAttAr/ /pAtthAr/ 'stone•

Syncopated aspiration is also an ittqportant feature of 34 Dakani Urdu.

2,3 Phonological Characteristics relating to Vowels

2,3,1 Shortening of Vowels

There is a general tendency in KPU to shorten the MSU long vowel /a/ to /A/. Sometimes the shortening of vowel takes place with the doubling of the next consonant,

(1) Shortening of vowel v;ithout the doubling of the next consonantt

KPU - MSU

/Asman/ /asman/ 'sky* /tAviz/ /taviz/ * amulet*

34, Abdul Qadir Sarwari, "Dakaril Zaban", In Urdu Lisaniy^t, ed, Fazlul Haq, 2nd edn, (Department of Urdu, Delhi University, 1981), p, 67. - 40 -

KPU MSU

/bAdam/ A>aclam/ •almond'

A>Azar/ A>azar/ 'market*

(2) Shortening of vowel with the doubling of the next consonant*

KPU MSU

/cAddAr/ /cadAr/ •sheet' /mAttha/ /matha/ • forehead • /d All an/ /dalan/ •varandah*

35 Shortening of voue%3 is also very common in Dakanl, 36 "^ "7 • Kirkhandari and Old Urdu . The following are the Instances of this tendency in Old Urdu (OU):

OU MSU

/Akho/38 /a'kh'o/ •eyes'

/dUsre/-'^ /dusre/ •other'

/UpAr/^° /upAr/ 'above•

35, S.M. Qadri Zore, op.cit,, (Introduction),

36. Gopi Chand Narang, op*cit,, p, 30,

37, Masud Husain Khan, op.cit., pp. 178-179. 38, Raushan All, op.clt,/ p, 173, 39. ibid.

40. Muhammad Afzal 'AfzalS op.cit,, p. 36, - 41 -

2.3.2 Lengthening of Vowels

As opposed to shortening of vowels* there are certain Instances of lengthening of vowels In KPU* e.g.

KPU MSU

/sAhar/ /sAhAr/ 'dawn'

2,3.3 Nasalization of Vowels

Nasalization of vowels Is another marked characteristic of KPU. In KPU we generally find the Instances of spontaneous nasalization. In this process of nasalization, KPU words shows nasalization v;here there In no nasal in the corresponding MSU words. Such examples arei

KPU MSU

/ghas/ /ghas/ 'grass' /at a/ /ata/ •flour' • /soc/ /soc/ •thinking' /d'Sk/ /dak/ 'post' /JhT?t/ /jhut/ 'lie' • Nasalization of vowels Is also an Important characteristic of Dakanl as well as Old Urdu. The following examples are from Old Urdu (OU)t - 42 -

OU MSU

/pucha/ /pucha/ • asked• /dlyS'^^ /dlya/ 'gave* /tS-/3 /tu/ 'thou* AAir/^ /tAle/ •below*

2*3*4 Qualitative Change of Vowels

There are certain words whose vowel quality changes from M^U to KPU.

(1) Change of MSU front vowel /e/ to KPU back vowel /u/:

KPU MSU

/agu/ /age/ 'front* /pichu/ /piche/ •back* /nicu/ /nice/ 'below'

(2) Change of MSU back vowel /u/ to KPU central vowel /A/S

KPU MSU

/xAbsurAt/ /xubsurAt/ 'beautiful'

(3) Change of MSU low central vowel /a/ to KPU front vowel /e/:

KPU MSU

/rAkebi/ /rAkabi/ 'plate'

41, Raushan Ali# op.cit** p* 44. 42. ibido p* 73* 4 3. Faiz Dehlavi, op.cit., p. 148, (Preface by Syed Masud Hasan Rlzvl *Adlb'). 44. ibid. CHAPTER 3

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS CHAPTER 3

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

3.1 General Statement

As stated In the preceding chapter> KaimganJ Pathan Urdu (KPU) has preserved a number of phonological characteristics of Old Urdu. Some of these features are also found in the Kanauji dialect by which KPU is surrounded. These phonological features distinguish KPU from Modern Standard Urdu (MSU) upto the great extent. With regard to these features KPU shows marked resemblances 1 2 with Dakani Urdu and the Karkhandari dialect of Delhi Urdu.

At the morphological level too, KPU shares many features with Old Urdu, The Kanauji dialect which is closely related to Brai Bhasa has not exerted much influence on KPU at this level. LikeMSU , KPU never adopted the forms ending in - o, as found in Braj Bhasa and Kanauji, Like phonological features, the morphological features o^ Kanauji are also sporadic in KPU. The archaic forms preserved in KPU distinguish it from MSU and bring closer to Old Urdn,

1. Masud Husain Khan, "Dakani ya Urdu-e-QadTm", Sher-o-Zaban (Hyderabad, 1966). 2, Gopi Chand Narang, Karkhandari Dialect of Delhi Urdu (Delhi 1 Munshiram Manoharlal, 1961). ' - 45 -

3.2 Nouns

3.2«1 Nominal Inflections

With a slight difference in certain feminine forms, the nominal inflections in KPU are the same as those of MSU, lo Masculine:

(a) Lexical forms ending in -a:

Singular Plural

KPU MSU KPU MSU

Norn. a a e e Obi, e e o o VoCi e e o o

As in MSU, a noun used in oblique case is follovved by a post position in KPU.

(b) Lexical forms ending in a consonant:

Singular Plural

KPU MSU KPU MSU

Nom, - - - _ Obl« - - '^ '5'

VOCi - - O o - 46 -

2* Femlninet

(a) Lexical forms ending in -1:

Singular Plural

KPU MSU KPU MSU

Norn, i 1 ya lya

Obi. i i yo lyo

Voc. i i yo lyo

(b) Lexical forms ending in a consonant*

Singular Plural

KPU MSU KPU MSU

Nom, e e

Obi, O o

Voc.

3.2,2 Plural Forms

Plural forms of feminine nouns ending in -1 in KPU are different from MSU. Instead of adding -lya as in MSU, KPU speakers add -ya to form the plural. At the same time a short vowel /A/ is inserted between the final consonant cluster of th nominal root* e.g. - 47 -

KPU MSU KPU/MSU Ei El sg« /lAkArya/' /lAkriyay /lAkri/ *wood' • • /bAkAirya/ /bAkrIya/ /bAkri/ •she goat' /kAkArya/ /kAkrIya? /kAkri/ •cucumber' • • /UgAlya? /jglly^/ /ugli/ •finger' /mAchAlya/ /mAchllya/ /rnAchli/ •fish' /imAlya^ /I ml I y a/' /imll/ 'tamarind' /tUtAlya/' /titllya/' /tit11/(MSU) •butterfly' /tUtli/(KPU)

KPU and MSU plural forms remain the same when the feminine nouns ending in -i have a consonant instead of a consonant cluster before the final ending, i.e. -i# e.g.

KPU MSU KPU/MSU

El. El. sg.

/eriya/ /eriya/ /eri/ *heel^

3 4 2,3 Feminine Forms

In KPU certain feminine nouns are formed by adding -ya as the diminitive suffix. When -ya is suffixed the vowel quality of th*=> masculine noun is affected. The examples are: - 48 -

KPU MSU KPU/MSU

fern. fem. mas*

/ghUrya/ /ghori/ /ghora/ •horse* • • /sUArya/ /sUArnl/ /suAr/ •pig' /cAmArya/ /cAmarAn/ /cAmar/ •cobbler'

/pllya/ /pi Hi/ /pilla/ •puppy* Autya/ /kUtti/ /kutta/ •dog* Altya/ /beti/ /beta/ ' son* • • /gAdhalya/ /gAdhi/ /gAdha/ •donkey*

3.2,4 Feminine Forms used as Masculine

Some speakers of KPU use the following feminine forms of MSU as masculinet

KPU MSU mas« fem.

/qAmis/ /qAmis/ •shirt*

/avaz/ /avaz/ *voice'

The word /dAhi/ *curd* in KPU is used as masculine and feminine both. - 49 -

3,2.5 Diminitive Forms

KPU Is very rich In diminitive forms with its usual diminitive marker -y..

KPU MSU

/cAkUIya/ /caqu/ •knife* /dlve.r/ •wall*

AhAtlya/ Ahat/ •cot' • /pAj Amy a/ /pajama/ •trousers* AltAbya/ /kitab/ •book* A>AtUIya/ /bAtUva/ •purse* • /mUsAlya/ *pestle' /musAl/ /pAhArya/ •hill' /pAhari/ To form the diminitives sometimes -va is used instead of -ya/ e.g.

KPU MSU

/bitva/ /beta/ •son'

formed Sometimes diminitive is / by adding -ta as in:

KPU MSU

/cirauta/ /clra/ 'cock-sparrow• - 50 -

3.2«6 Treatment of Proper Nouns

The proper nouns denoting persons and endinq in a consonant are treated differently in KPU. The vowel /a/ is suffixed to such names with no change of meaning, e.g.

KPU MSU

/xUrsida/ /xUrsid/ *Khurshid» A>Adra/ /bAdr/ *Badr' /m Asud a/ /mAsud/ 'Masud'

This feature is the result of direct influence of Pashto on KPU» It has absolutely nothing to do with the Persian vocative markt r -a ui

/saha/ 'OP king' /rAbba/ • OI God •

3,3 Adjectives

Adjectives in KPU are of two types, ane inflected and the other uninflected. The inflected adjective- changes according to gender and number of the noun qualified by it, e.g.

NUMBER

/bur a/ /bUre/ 'bad' /pila/ /pile/ •yellow* /bhAla/ /bhAle/ 'good' - 51 -

GENDER:

mas. fern*

A>Ura/ A>Uri/ *bad' /pile/ /pill/ •yellow' /bhAla/ /bhAll/ *good'

An uninflected adjective is neither affected by number nor gender of the noun, e.g.

/xAbsurAt/ •beautiful* /mAsahur/ * famous *

The treatment of pronominal* qualitative and numerical adjectives in KPU is the same as that in MSU.

3.4 Numerals

3*4.1 Cardinal Numerals

KPU cardinal numerals are the same as those of MSU with the followlna exceptions where the gemination is generally lost, and in some cases a syllable Is inserted and in some other cases the vowel quality Is changed:

KPU MSU

/sAtals/ /sAttals/ * twenty-seven* /Athals/ /Atthais/ • twenty-eight* - 52 -

KPU MSU

/Iktis/ /ikAttis/ 'thirty-one' /UnAncas/ /Uncas/ 'forty-nine* /t rep An/ /tIrpAn/ 'fifty throe' /tIresAth/ /tIrsAth/ 'sixty three' /Ikasi/ /Ikklasi/ •eighty one' /AthavAn/ /AtthavAn/ 'fifty eight' • ft /sal/ /sau/ 'hundred'

3,4,2 Ordinal Numerals

The following slight difference Is noted between KPU and MSU ordinalSt

KPU MSU

/dUsra/ /dusra/ 'second* /tisra/ /tisra/ •third*

The long vowels of MSU are changed to short vowels in

KPU.

3«4,3 Indefinite Numerals

KPU also employs certain Indefinite numerals which are quite different from MSU. These are:

/mAno/ *many'

(e.g. /vAha mAno admi the/ 'there weie many people') - 53 -

Note: The word /mAn/ is derived from the English word maund which denotes weight, bvit in KPU it is used to denote the numeral adjective.

/plantlyo*v/. •great in number*

Note: This word is derived from the English word plenty.

3,5 Pronouns

As regards the pronouns KPU does not differ much from MSU except that certain aspirates are deaspirated, KPU pronouns are given below:

1st 2nd 3rd Person Person Person

Norn, sg. mai tu voh/vo pl» hAm tUm voh/vo

Obi, sg* mUj(h) tUj (h) Us pl» hAm tUm Un • Acc» sg* mUj(h)e tUj(h)e Use pi * hAme tOm(h)e Un(h)e'

Gen, sg* mera tera - pi. hAmara tUm(h)ara .^ - 54 -

The 2nd person pronoun /tu/ 'thou* which is thought by some European writers as obsolete in Urdu, is very much in use in KPU. Its use is not restricted only to children and menials, but is also freely used for acquaintances and for the persons equal in age and status. In all these situations it replaces /turn/ 'you*.

/ap/, the honorific for 'you* is rarely used by the typical KPU speakers. It is of recent origin under the influence of Standard Urdu, in the place of /ap/ the popular usage is /turn/. Even when /ap/ is employed it does not take the honorific form of verb. The verbal fonn with /ap/ remains the same as that with /tUm/ e.g.

/ap khana khao/ 'please eat the food*.

/ap sam ko ghAr jao/ *please go to home in the evening'.

This v/as the regular form of Old Urdu and Dakani. It is 3 current in the Deccan even today*

It is interesting to note that KPU has not been influenced by Kanauji as far as its pronouns are concerned.

3, Shriram Sharma, Dakkhinl Hindi ka Udbhava aur Vlkas (Prayag: Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, 1964), pp.236-37. 55 -^^?C^5l5:%

3.6 Verbs

As far as the verbs are concerned it has been observed that KPU never employs the Khari Boli forms of /ave hai/, /jave hai/ or /ae hai/, /Jae hai/. In their places KPU invariably uses MSU forms formed by -ta indicating the present imperfect, e.g.

/ata hai/ '(he) comes* /jata hai/ * (he) goes*

It also never employs the Kanauji or the BraJ Bhasa forms like -

/avAt hai/ or /at hai/ *(he) comes' /javAt hai/ or /jat hai/ '(he) goes'

Note* -ta form in Urdu is of recent origin, taking -t from BraJ and -a from Khari Boll (~t + a = -ta) such as /cAlta/, /kArta/, etc,

3.6,1 Archaic Present Auxiliary Verb Forms

With regard to the present auxiliary verbs, one of the most important characteristics of KPU is the employment of

4. Abdul Hag> Qawjid-e-Urdu (1940), p. 88, 5, Dhirendra Verma, Braj Bhasa" Vyakaran (1937), pp,114-5< - 56 -

01 d Urfu auxiliary verb fornis /haiga/ 'is* and /haige/ *are'. e.g.

KPU MSU

sg. /voh haiga/ /voh hai/ 'be is (there)' pi. /voh kah*^ haiga/ /voh kah*^ hai/ 'where are they?'

These forms of present auxiliary verbs are also found in Old Urdu, A number of instances of such forms are found in Karbal Katha, an Old Urdu text of North India written in A.D. 6 1732-33. The examples are:

/yeh mAjlIs haigi/ 'it is the assembly'. /muskil haigi/ 'is difficult' /sAb ne klya haiga zUhur/ *all have appeared' /AvvAli*haige/ *are the first* /sAb kAhte haTge/ 'all of them say'

7 Khaliq and Narang are of the view that these forms are cis.soclated with Khari Boll, It is interesting to note that the plural form /haige/ 'are*also occurs in the Kanauji dialect. George A, Grierson while discussing the Kanauji skeleton g grammar has mentioned this form. It is also interesting to note that its singular counterpart /haiga/ 'is* does not appear in Kanauji as can be seen below;

6, As quoted by Khaliq Anjurn and Gopi Chand Narang, Karbal Katha ka" Lls'anT Mutala (Delhi: Maktaba-e-Shahrab, 1970), pp.27-28. 7, ibid., p. 28. 8, iJeorge A, Grlbrson, Linguistic Survey of India, Vol,IX, Part I. Reprint (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1968), p. 85 - 57 -

Plural

1st /y^/ /hai> hai-ge/

2nd /hai# hai-go/ /ho> ho-ge/

3rcl /hai# hai-go/ /hal^ hai-ge/

Since Kanauji, like BraJ Bhasa, is an -o ending dialect, the Old Urx3u and KPU auxiliary verb form(sg.) /haiga/ is changed to /haigo/ in Kanauji,

3.6.2 Kanauji Past Auxiliary Verb Forms

KPU haa b(*rr»wed the following past auxiliary verb forms 9 from Kanauji, These are quite different from the MSU past

auxiliary verb forms:

MSU Kan. MSU

/hAta/ /hAta/ /tha/ 'was, (Mas. )

/hAte/ /hAte/ /the/ •were'

/hAti/ /hAti/ /thi/ •was (fem.)*

Examples from KPU aret

/fla bAnda vaha hAta/ 'that certain person was there', /vAha bhaut si jirva*hAti/ *there were many women*.

However> /thaA /the/, /thi/> /thi/ of MSU are also in vogue in KPU.

9, ibld.> p. - 58 -

3.6.3 Archaic imperatives

Another morphological peculiarity of KPU is the use of archaic imperative forms coming from Old Urdu. These forms terminate in -jlyo or -lyo (-lyyo) as opposed to -Jlye or -iye simply -o in MSU.

KPU MSU

/yeh kam KArlijIyo/ /yeh kam kArliJlye/ 'do this work' /meri bat sUnlyo/ /meri bat sUno/ 'li«=!ten to what I say' /yeh bazar se lalyo/ /yeh bazar se lao/ 'bring this from the market'

/J a to rAe ho bAre /Ja to rAhe ho 'well, you are jMdi aiyo / lekin jAldl ao/ going but come very soon*. 10 The examples from Old Urdu are:

/mUjh asi ko bAxslyo/ 'forgive me^ the sinner',

/ma f fArmalyo/ 'pardon (me)' /mujhe rat ko dAfn kijiyo/ 'bury me at night.•

3.6,4 Double Causals

KPU is very fond of using double causals, which MSU is often shy of, e.g*

10. These examples are from Karbal Katha as quoted by Khaliq Anjum and Gopi Chand Narang, op.clt., p. 29. - 59 -

Primitive Verb Causal Double Causal

/gl me/ /gl ran a/ /girvana/ •to fall* 'to cause to 'to cause another fall* to fall*

/sAmAjhna/ /sAmJhana/ /sAmAjhvana/ *to unclerstand' 'to explain* 'to get explained by someone'

/jagna/ /jAgana/ /jAgvana/ • to awake• 'to awake' 'to cause another to awake' /^ubna/ /dUbana/ /dUbvana/ •to sink'

/balthBa/ /bithana/ /bithvana/ •to sit* •to seat* •*to cause to be seated•

/chuna/ /chulana/ /chUlvana/ •to touch* •to cause to *to cause t« be touch' touched*

/kAhna/ /kAhlana/ /kAhAlvana/ •to say' •to be called' *to cause another to say'

3,7 Indeclinables

3.741 Adverbs

With regard to adverbs the following distinctions are found betweea. KPU and MSU. Some KPU adverbs have preserved the 3ame archaic forms of Old Urdu: - 60 -

1. Adverbs of Time:

KPU MSU

/kAbhu/ AAbhl/ * sometime* /kAdhi/ •

/jAdu/ /jAb/ *when* /j Abhu/

/Abhu/ /Abhl/ •now* /rozina/ /rozana/, 'daily' /s Abe re/ /sAvere/ •early morning* ./sAda/' • /sAda/ • a3fways • /j Armauti/ /hAmesa/ •ever, Pepctually*

sometimes the adverbs are repeated* e.g*

/kAbhu kAbu/ • sometimes* /Abhu Abhu/ 'Just nov/*

The adverbs like /kAbhu/ and /kAdhi/ also occur in Old Urdu. The frequency of /kAbhu/ is very high in Old Urdu. Thi53 eiiverb is found even in the poetry of Mir Taqi 'Mir' (d. I8l0), e.g.

/mai bhl kAbhu kAsu ka sAre pUr gUrur tha/ •once I too v;as the proud head of someone,* - 61 -

Adverbs of Placei

KPU ' MSU

/hlya/ /yAh^ 'here' /hlyAn/

/hUva/' /vAha/ •there' /hUvAn • /agu/ /age/ •ahead' /pichu/ /piche/ •behind'

/k^/ /kAha^ •v;heie*

/j^/ /jAhSj' 'whe re' AAT/ /kAhi/ •sotnevvhe re' /nicu/ /nice/ •belov'

3, Adverbs of Direction:

KPU MSU

/idAr/ /idhAr/ •hither* /UdAr/ /UdhAr/ •thither* /kidAr/ /kidhAr/ •whither* /JIdAr/ /j IdhAr/ •whither^

4. Adverbs of Manner and Degree:

KPU MSU

/Itta/ /itna/ *this much* /Utta/ /Utna/ 'that much* - 62 -

KPU MSU

/kitta/ Altna/ 'hoW much' /jitta/ /jitna/ 'as much as* /mAddhe/ /ahlsta/ »slowly'

The last tv;o adverbs are generally used by combining v;ith itself* e.g.

/mAdde mAdde/ 'slowly slowly' /rAsAn rAsAn/ 'slowly slowly'

5, Adverbs of affirmation and Negationt

KPU MSU

/Aha^ /h^ 'yes* /elhu/

/nM/ /nai/ /nAhi/ 'no,not' /ni/

/mAti/ /mAt/ 'don't'

^^ /mAti/ is used with imperatives /nai/ is also very common in Old Urdu,

3.7.2 Pos^osition

KPU also differs from MSU with regard to certain postpositions. Some of the postptsltiims which are quite - 63 - .

peculiar to KPU are also found In Old Urdu. The postposition in KPU generally occur after Ae/, but sometimes /ke/ is also omitted. Examples are:

KPU MSU

/bhitAr/ /AndAr/ •in, inside' /badi/ /bad/ *after» /plchu/ /piche/ •behind * /agu/ /age/ »ahead' /mare/ /vAjh/ •on account of*

These postpositions are preceded by /ke/ in the sentences.

e.g.

/titAr ghAr ke bhitAr/ 'the patridge inside the house*

/Us ke badi voh ayi/ *she came after he left' /voh Us ke pichu aya/ 'he came after him'

/voh us ke agu cAl rAi hai/ 'she is walking before him'

. »>* r^ >>* /Us ke mare mai vAha nAhi J a sAki/ 'i could not go there, because of her*.

Sometimes /ke/ is omitted. The following postpositi»as occurs without being preceded by /ke/:

KPU MSU ^"^^~ /kAne/ /pas/ •with, near'

/sUdda/ /sath/ •with, alongwith' /lAk/ /tAlAk/ /tAk/ »to« /pAlle/ /pAre/ •beyond* - 64 -

The postpositions like A>hitAr/ /pichu/, /agu/, /kAre/ /tAlAk/, etc. are also very common in Old Urdu. According to Grierson A>adi/ is current from Farrukhabad to Kanpur, The postposition /kAne/ is also found in the Karkl}andari dialect of

Delhi Urdu13,

2»7,3 Conjunctions

The conjunctions in KPU and MSU are largely the sane with

the following exceptions:

KPU MSU

/bAlkin/ /bAlkl/ •but* /bAre/ »but* Ao/ •but*

/sIrAf/ /?lrf/ *only*

2,6,4 Interjections and Enclitics

An interjection is used to express an emotion or feeling such as grief, Joy, surprise, disgust, distress, etc, VJith regard to interjections the following peculiarities are noted in KPU:

11, For example in texts like Bika^ Kah'anT, Karbal Katha, Qlssa~e-Mehr Afroz-o-Dilbar, etc, 12, George A, Grierson, op,cit,, p,82 13, Gopi Chand Narang, op,cito, p, 53, - 65 -

lo Applause and approval:

/sabAs/ (MSu/sabas/) *'bravo I well done!' /sAdramAt/

2, Grief, sorrow:

/ho ho/ 'weeping aloud'

3, Disapproval!

/hAt tere ki/ /thuk IanAt (hal)/ /caxe dut/ *be off*

4, Vocationt

/bAi/ (MSU/bhAi/ •brother' /xUare/ (MSU/xvahAr/ 'sister* /ho/ '01' /hot/ <0l»

e.g»# /Amma ho/ *ol mother'

/Adda hot/ 'ol elder brother* CHAPTER 4

LEXICAIi ITEMS AND ±DIOMS CHAPTER 4

LEXICAL ITEMS AND-IDIOMS

4.1 General Statement

Kaimganj Pa'than Urdu (KPU) is quite rich in its vocabulary. Its words and idioms come from nany sources. The main •30urce of a very large number of KPU words is Modern

Standard Urdu (MSU) itself. KPU has also preserved fairly a good number of Old Urdu words which have become obsolete in MSU.

But these were in active use in the 17th, 18th and the early 19th centuries. The old and the classical literature of Urdu presents the testimony of such words. Like KPU* the Karkhandari dialect » of Delhi Urdu ^as also preserved a large number of Old Urdu v;ords, It is interesting to note that some of the KPU words come from the Kanauji dialect by which KPU is surrounded. But the most important characteristic of KPU vocabulary is its affiliation with the Pashto language, A large number of KPU words have been borrowed or derived from Pashto, a language of the Indo-iranian family. The history of Pashto words in KPU dates back to the early period of the 18th century when the Afridi Pathans belonging to the areas of North West Frontier Province (now in Pakistan) arrived at Kaimganj and settled there. These Pathans were the Pashto speaking people. The Pashto wortJs were handed over from generation to generation of the Pathans of Kaimganj, As the time passed the number of Pashto words in KPU - 68 - wpnt on decreasing. But even today a considerable amount of Pashto words have been retained by the KPU speakers, especially by the women folk, KPU Is also very rich in Idiomatic expressions, A large number of KPU idioms and phrases are based on the Pashto vocabulary.

It is also interesting to note that here and there a few English words have also crept into KPU* but these have been considerably modified according to the phonetic tendencies of KPU.

In the sections below we will mention only those words and idioms which are peculiar to KPU and are generally distinguished from MSU, The lexical Items and Idioms which are common in both KPU and MSU will generally be avoided. The analysis shows that a large number of KPU words have either become absolete or have changed their pronunciation in MUS.

4,2 Words Peculiar to KPU

Aenda 'to dig the wall for house breaking* Akoma 'frying* Alfi * first dress to be put on by a newly bom child*

Amiya *unripe small mango* Anta 'marble* - 69 -

.Mite CMite •a game played by small girls in which the fingers are folded over each others*

Antlya •a barsati* (room at the top of a • house) ... 1 Asman •sky' ^ 2 »limb» Azu 3 •front* ahead' agu 4 'small vessel* bAdhAnlya «/ 'goats• bAkArlya V 5 bAglya 'small garden* bAkota *ajhandful> clutch' bAlagund 'wood-apple' bAmbukat 'hefty and strong* • •gun' bAndux 'metal bangles fixed with small bAtane Jingles* bAxcoca •crane - necked* idiot* bAxcUrlya •a cloth bag for keeping needles, etc, badlya 'big bowl* large cup' barAh vAfat 'Rabi-ul-Awwal* (3rd month of Hijra)

1. MSU/asman/ *sky' 2. MSU/Azv/ *limb'* 3. MSU/age/ 'front* ahead*. 4. Diminitive of /bAdhna/. 5. Diminitiive of /bag/, 6. MSU/bAnduq/ 'gun'. - 70 -

. ^v7 bas •bamboo* bhArtibAx *blg hole* bhAndArya *a kind of small almirah In the kitchen to keep kitchen belongings' bhAraka *loud sound* bhAya •been# happened* bhAyat • relatives* bhAgAnlya * sweepress* bhAgaeta 'sweeper* bhijna^ •to get wet* bhole •small hole In the ear for wearing Jwellery' bhUsauri •a place where com, husk or chaff « is kept.• biJokAlya •a middle woman causing quarrel between two persons•, bllaute •nonsense, nonsensical talk* blttl sArota *a game played by young girls in which lines are marked on the ground and an earthen disc is pushed by one leg*. bugada •big hole*

7. MSU /bas/ bamboo'

8. MSU /hua/ * happened*

9. MSU /bhigna/ 'to get wet^ - 71 - bUllax 10 'nose ornament* bUiya •elder sister* bUzAlcya •a woman belonging to a low caste', cAddAr^^ 'sheet* cAhar 'huge• • •knite' cAkku^^ •small knife* cAkUlya •the wife of a cham^E» a female cAmArya chamar;' h c AmAtta 'a low caste* a earner' • * cAtxani •bolt (of a door)' -»'l3 ca •tea* caita •a bag full of dry fruits presented to the bridegroom at the time of marriage'•

caita (i) thick mucns coning out of nose* * (ii)fresh cow-dung chAtna 'large sieve* ft chAtula •very small* « ,»-' 14 'hole' chid 15 chlkla 'peel *

10. MSU /bulaq/ 'nose ornament* 11. MSU /cadAr/ 'sheet* 12. MSU /caqu/' 'knlfe^ 13. M3U /cae/ 'tea' 14. MSU /ched/ derived from Sanskrit chidra 'hole, 15. MSU /chilka/ 'peel' - 72 -

cUxclfica • rumour* dAllan^^ •rarandah' •a dish cooked with dal + green dAlsAggf vegetable*

dAra •kachcha road * dArd&ra •coarse* dArez •printed muslin, any fine printed cloth•

dArAd •pain* • •handkerchief* dAsti •wheat• dene •round-shaped earthen cover' dhUnka •lump^ dhlmmAr 'small wall* dIvAlya dlval^^ •v;all^ 19 dAlli •betel-nut* dhAddo 'old woman' • • • diglalya •branch (of a tree)• fArAd •cotton stiffed blanket' flnnl^O • rice-pudding* gAdya •ear-loop' ^ gAnthalna •stout> heavily built person*

16. MSU /dalan/ *varandah* 17* MSU/dArtI/ 'pain* 18. MSU /divar/ 'wall* 19. MSU /dAli/ *betal-nut* 20. MSU /firini/ 'rice - pudding. - 73 -

gArtAlya 'child's napkin*

ghas * grass' ghlglyana •to flatter*

ghUkUa •big hole* 21 ghUtTTa' •knee*

gllglla 'soft> weak* gIttAk •thread-reel* glJcci (D'hole made in the ground for playing gilli-dQ"<3a* (li)*a person with deep-set eyes'

gUlgUthUa •healthy and hefty* gUmma ' •a brick of large s 22 gUrkhUddi •grave-digger* hAla •yes* hAlge-h^lge *slowly*

hAlUa * sweet dish* 23 h Aryan" •astonished*' hAudlya •small tank*

hAyao •courage'

hi go hi go (phi ma) •to roam aimlessly*

iJl. MSU /ghU^na/ *knee*. 22. MSU /gorkAn/ 'grave-digger', 23. MSU /hairan/ 'perplexed* 24. MSU /hauz/ 'tank' 25. Derived from Skt, h pi aya 'heart,* - 74 - hIjUa * affection* hlk •smell* hUria:ya 'a low caste* hus 'barbarian, wild* imAlya •tamarinds' 26 *he (nominative)' Inne •so much' Itta •pyjama (trousers)' izar •pyjama string* IzarbAnd 'malicious' j AlXUkra 'carpet' JajAm 'cuminseed' jira •to strike with a shoe* jutlyana •wood apple* kAbit 'brick of small size', lakauri bricl kAkaiya 'cucumbers' kAkAriya* •rude' kAlamagnl •marble* kAnca 'quarrel (to fight like kanjays - •kAnjAryao a low caste)• kArcUake 'chicken - poa* kArra •hard* kAsai 28 'butcher, a hard-hearted person'

26. Also found in Old Urdu. 27, MSU /zira/ •cuminseed'. 20. MSU /qAsai/ 'butcher'. - 75 -

kAsuka dessert-spoon• kAsUklya small spoon * 29 kAsAm vow* kAttt r cutting * kAtkhAna rash» violent* • a dark woman* khArodni the tree Mlmusops Kauli and its khlnnl small fruits of yellow colour* kinne 30 who* . . klrAc piece or particle* kitta how much* .-^ '^ * 31 cup-saucer* kop sasAr 32 ku]/. f lock* kUndi (i) iron catch for fastening' (il) a small water tank'

kunji key* kUran (the holy) Quran* lAbAd sticking* lAbda sticker' lAbuda one who sticks^ a sycophant' lAk&l to repeat a thing* lAkuta f1ame *

29, MSU /qAsAn\/ «vow* 30, Also found in Old Urdu. 31, Borrowed from English 32, MSU /qUfl/ 'lock* - 76 -

lAlana to amuse^ to entertain* lAnjhera trouble* lAntain lantern' lApAttl lier* lApxa characterless person* lAtkAn a nose ornament* lAtUrya locks• lUk upto* lUkhArya fox* luka flame* mAdar Jamadi-ul-Awwal * (5th month of Hijra)

mAnghUnna Introvert^ selfish* mArAa man^ husbad «^ w 34 famous• mAsahur forehead * mAttha^^ roasted and peeled girams* niAxte (cAne) dark* mAxuxa afternoon* mAzdIgAr small hole for light* ventilator* raUkla 36 mUlud sArif a religious meeting for commemorating the Prophet's birth*.

33. MSU /mArd/ »man» 34. MSU /mAshur/ • famous* 35. MSU /ma tha/ •forehead* 36. MSU /maulud/ or /milad/ *birth* /eisl mUrkl ' a nos e o rT mUrklya * roasted corn' mUsxAtAn •evening prayers* mUtna •a child who wets the bed' mUtthlya •meat-balls* » • my an a *a kind of sedan or palki' '-' . •to quarrel face to face' mucal 37 nAglc •near* nAlli •bone* nIgAlna •to swallow* nimsauri •maulsiri non3 9 •salt' -'^40 ot •lip* • pAnda^ n 41 •betel-box* pAn

37. MSU /nAzdik/ 'near' 38, MSU /nIgAlna/ 'to swallow* 39, In Old Urdu it occurs as /Ion/ 'salt' (cf, Karbal Katha, p.127). 'lO. MSU /h^^/ 'lip', 41. MSU /pandan/ 'betel-box' - 78 -

pad Ax white wild pigeon' perzo favour* phAsukAr froth, scum' phepsa lung* phUIya paternal aunt* phUlll nose-stud• phUnnAk tree-top' 42 pIlAgna to melt* V go away' (for cats) pise 43 behind, 'back' pichu 44 pUtauva dear son' qAbutAr 45 pigeon* 46 qAmra room V, 47 qagAz paper* rAkebl*® plate* roza Ramazan* (9th month of Hijra) sAf Arlya guava orchard * sAfri guava* sAlotra betel-nut cutter* sAluka a full-sleeve*

42. MSU /pIghAlna/ 'fco^ihBl*:' 43. MSU /piche/ »behind' 44. MSU /put/ derived from Skt. putra 'son*. 45. MSU /kAbutAr/ 'pigeon* 46. MSU /kAmra/ •room* 4 7. MSU /kagAz/ 'paper' 48. MSU /rAkabi/ Iplate' 79 -

sAndux 49 fbox* sArga •the muslin head - cover of a bride* sAttar^° •to cover* to hide* sAtkaura *rice pudding eaten by the bride and bridegroom* sAvaxiin •maotoeicre' sAxat •hard* s AbbArat •Shaban* (8th month of Hljra) sAmAttu •idiot* sAra 'measles* ^sArAX^^ •road* sArbAtl •sweet lemon* sex bUrrax •jamadl-us-Sanl (6th month of Hljra) sikora •earthen cup* sirauni •Indian myna* siri paye •a dish cooked with head and legs of goat or buffalo In spices' slso bag •shisham orchard' sofa 'a small verandah having one open door' soxa •small hole In the string cot' sUdda^ •along with'

49. MSU /sAnduq/ *box* 50. MSU /sAtr/ 'lo hide' 51. MSU /sArAk/ •road* - 80 -

\/ 52 soup* sUrUa tAlalya small pond' tAlao pond« tank* 54 tAlle under* .55 tAinaxu tobacco tAtAyya yellow coloured small wasp* tAtaiya mirac very pungent chilli^ a hot tempered person' taiya rupee* ^ 56 amulet* tera tezl Safar* (2nd month of HiJfa) thasna to stuff, to eat greedily* thUtArna to be chilled or frozen' > • thUrra hard« dry* thUrrlana to be of small size* tItUa throat> wind-pipe* • • toga tall* tUiya - tota a kind of small sized parrot* • tUgyana to tease* • bridal costume* tllAk triangular* tlkUnIya a small earthen water-pot* tutalya

52, MSU /sorba/ *soup* 534 MSU /talab/ 'pond* 54. MSU /tAle/ *under* 55. MSU /tAmbaku/ * tobacco* 56. MSU /taviz/ * amulet* - 81 -

Ulicna *to splash* Unne 57 *he (Nominative)* UrAsna *to stick in» to tuck up* UrAncu *vanished^ disappeared* Usara •a shed (of thatched roof), porch*. Us oh* VAX At 58 •time* 59 vAzzu •ablution* xAbsurAt 60 *beautiful* xAllo^^ (xala)'raateimal aunt' xAlxAlana *to loosen* xAraf^^ •bad* spoiled* xIskAt 'a small piece of cloth stitched at the bottom of pyjama* xUda ka cad »RaJab* (7th month of Hijra)' xyall •zi-Qad* (11th month of HlJra) gAptona *to spoil something by dipping fingers in it* gArAg *blg hole*

57# MSU /Usne/ or /Unhone/, Also found in Old Urdu, 58, MSU /vAqt/ *tirae* 59* MSU /vAzu/ 60« MSU /xubsurAt/ * beautiful* 61. MSU /xala/ 'maternal aunt*, 62, MSU /Arab/ •bad* - 82 -

gUlAmta®^ •slave* * gUlta •small ball* •noise* 65 zAhlr •sad*

4,3 Words of Pashto Origin

Anta gAfll •unconscious*

• •pieces of meat cooked in soup* Axni •big, huge^ AzgAhlm •but' bAre •go away* cAl cAxe 'be off' cAxe dUt •compound* ghei; •group* horl •eye-ball* kAgol •plaits woven in the heads of kaucaly^ -^ . a-'6 7 young girls* kUre *word used for driving away the hens * lar bar6 8 'one who comes repeatedly'

63. MSU /gUlam/ 'slave* 64, MSU /gUl/ *noise» 65. Arabic = zahir •dysentery*. 66, Imtiaz Ali, Urdu men Pashto ka Hissa (Peshawar: Pashto Academy, 1960), p, 26. 67. Pashto = koxi koci. With reference to Imtiaz Arshi, op, cit,* p.24, 68, ibid,, p, 28, - 83 -

nAxaedl •low* pArda^^ *seclusion* (MSU /pArda/) pirxlya 'loose motions* • ^ 70 * taunt * pegor rog«^a 71 •friendship* sAdramAt •bravo 1 * 72 sAhar morning* (MSU /sAhAr/) sAnda''^ *unheard of thing* sArln •relatives * sArlno-Jitl •a woman whose all relatives are alive* sArino-pl^i 'a woman whose all relatives are dead* slyali''* * rival ty* tAndl''^ •skull* tArbur *enemy* tAraxa •idiotic talk* • ' ArbAl*'^ *plaits tied with c;ac h other beh the head of the bride which the bridegroom unfastens* vUse 'perplexity* agitation^

69. lbld.# ?• 13 70. ibld.# P* 5 71. Ibid.* p. iJO 72. ibid.> p. 22 73. ibid.* P* 23 74. ibid.* p. 22 75. ibid.* P» 16 76. Pashto s \UrbAlUr b j Rampur = Urbal, (imtiaz All Arshl, - 84 - vAzAr •condolence* vallulle tulle •imaginary talk* vUgada •big hole' xAtAkni 'feminine of |^|ytak»a tribe of the Pathans xela •idiot* xo •but* xUlgae ' moxith * xuna 77 * hous e * >/ gUrbez •anger mixed with protest' zAmada 'small plaits worn near the hair parting* z an k Ad An 'weeping and crying at the time of death* zAre''^ 'jaundice*

4,4 Compound Words

Anta gAtii Aunconscious * Aure xaure •average* ordinary' (e.g./voh lArki bAs Aure xaure hai/) abAr khabAr •up and down* (land) bitti sArota •a game of young girls in which line are marked on the ground and an earthen disc is pushed by one leg' cAl cAxe 'go away*

77. Pashto = xuna; Persian = xana 'house'. 78. Imtiaz Ali Arshi* op« cit, p, 22, - 85 -

CAxe dUt be off* dautAr plti conceited* proud' dhu ka dhu huge* of big size* gAvar gandAr rustic, villager* gira gir totally* all through* jUglya nid tinconsciousness preceding death kApa dAlala hypocrite* lAxlAxata tlka bright ornament worn on forehead* pito cirAlya one who is always crying', pila tApxa absolutely yellow (sick)' thukka fAzlta quarrel * tAlle bazl evasion* postponement* tUiya tota a species of small parirot'

a woman whose all relatives are sArino jitl alive* (blessing) a woman whose all relatives are dead' sArlno pitl (curse) imaginary talk' vallulle tulle

4,5 Idioms and Phrases

Are tAre bolna 'to talk disrespectfully' Arhai ghAri ki aye •may die immediately* (curse) ai se nAhi Aval se.mAma *to die before time* ala hakna •to talk foolishly* - 86 - axta hona •to loTe passionately* bAm7 9 pe hona •to be very angry bllblll pArna 'to sob or cry violently* to blubber* bllgAiya khana •to twist bUre kl zall me pAma •to fall in the clutches ol evil* bUzza sa mu *crane like face' cAl cAxe •be off* cAndAn kAr dena *to clean thoroughly cArAndAm xUrAndAin kAma •to eat and drink and be merry* cAxe dut •be off* chu hona •to disappear* cl bolna •to accept defeat cutro se xatir bandh dena •to entertain too much* dana dana kAma •to scatter* to destroy* deli dArAzze pAr hona •to be Just in front of* dhAniya bArabar hona •to be very small* dhAnlya se dlde •very small round eyes' dhAndle dikhana *to show coquetry* dhAta bhejna •to disappear* dlde ka panl mAma •to become shameless* dAnda doll kAma *to ride on a doll*®°

79« English « bonib 80. A kind of closed litter used for females* - 87 -

dhekli lAgana *to turn a somer sault* dhu ka dhti •very huge* . • 81 gUmma Am a •to feel heaviness* gu pAr tinke dalna •to cover one*s defects or faults* haiblit kAma •to hurry up' her kl her •in large number' hulkl ana •to die* JhUlsa piti •distressed in mind (curse) ji hAra rAkhna •to remain cheerful* jl pe gAraze lAgna •to reaelve shocks at heart* Ji pe gute Uthna •to be agitated and confused' Jl pe vAse Uthna Ji UcAt hona •to be disinterested' JUglya nind •sleep of death^ Jue kl cal cAlna •to walk very slowly, kAttA• • r ut• •a bltter# cruel* •to die by thunderbolt* kArkAratl bijll glma (curse) •black devil may kill you* kala deo mArore (curse) « kali andhl pe Urana •to be destroyed badly, to « die* (curse) 'to break with someone konlya se nlkJLL Jana completely* 'to be not on talking terms« kUlAf pAr Jana to become enemy*

81, gUmma » half of a brick - 88 -

82 kutte ka k;^phAn •very coarse cloth' l/\birn xAtKona 'to wear torn clothes* lAkal lena *to -ask repeatedly for something *• lAro dena 'to bring to dust, to destroy* lAtthAm lAttha *to hit with sticks* • • • • lAxtArya Urana *to dishonour* • » *may you die and your coffin may go out creaking'(curse) mAcmAcAtl khAtya nikle 'to wipe one*s plate in eating' mAkke me jharu dena mAnAue pAma *to conciliate* mAsAtti mama *to show oneself asleep' marte xa 'quarrelsome* ~. 83 mere si gAt se •l damn care* roUxa mUx bat kAma •to talk face to face* mu sulya sa nlkAl ana •to become thin-faced'. L4. nAndu xa ke cAhar kha *to die* (Curse) non pAt bona 'to have less salt in food' nuk pe cuk kama *to do Just similar thing* pAnlyAr pAma *to conciliate* * paekre pAma •to go mad'

82, MSU /kAfAn/ * shroud* 83 4 sigAt « thumb 84, Nandu Khan is a famous graveyard in Kaimganj. - 89 - pIrAx pIrAx thukna *to spit* • •to bave loose motions* pirplrlya bona •one wbo weeps easily* pi to ciraiya *very pale, bloodless* plla tApxa * •to die' pile tAlvo se nIkAlna •to be cbronically diseased' rAns kl eriya rAgArna *Propbet*s curse be on you* « • rAsul pAt kAre (Curse) rAsobe catna •to entertain oneself at otbers cost* sAhar ka deo tnArore •may you be stuck by the morning devil* N/ ^ .85 •roaming about* sArago pAr bona V •destruction of someone^s sadi hAram bona happiness* tAtto thAmbo kAma •to hold back, someone from quarreling* tikka botl kAma *to cut to pieces and bits* tlya paca kAma •to make pieces' tue lAge •urging the dog for prey' tu Itta ka Itta bAzAm bojaye •may you die completely* (curse) tAkebal •destitute, vagabond• tAlle bazl •to ivol«5'

85, Irotlaz All Arshl, op* cit** p» 23* - 90 -

tAraxa dena •to say silly thing* te ho Jana *to be finished, to die* tlllllll dhoye Ki dal 'used for teasing a young child when he is naked' var lena •to wait* gArAp bona •to sink into sleep or to become unconscious• gAraz se mama •to strike forcefully' gAr gAre ka vAqt 'very hard time* gar bhAma •to fill in the stomach* 86 zAre Ha mara •very weak, sick*

86, ibid»» p« 21 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

After presenting the linguistic analysis of characteristics of the Urdu dialect of the Pathans of Kalmganj in the preceding chapters, we can conclude that the linguistic peculiarities of Kalmganj Pathan Urdu (KPU), differ in many respects from Modem Standard Urdu (MSU)# KPU certainly contains a special idiom employed only by the Pathans of Kalmganj, It is an amalgamation of various linguistic influences, as is evident from its analysis in the preceding chapters.

The town of Kalmganj is situated in the district of Farrukhabad (U.P.) on the bank of the river Ganges. Llngulsticall it falls in the region of Kanaujl which* according to George A, Grierson is a dialect of Western Hindi. In the West and North­ west it is surrounded by Braj Bhasa and in the South it extends to the area of the Bundell dialect.

The mohher tongue of the early Pathan settlers of Kalmganj was Pashto# an Indo-Iranlan language. But the use of Pashto words by these Pathans went on decreasing trom generation to generation. The first generation of the Pathans spoke Pashto in their homes and used Urdu only for outside communication. In the second generation Urdu became their first language and Pashto receded to the second place. In the third generation, i,e,, by the close of the 19th century, Pashto as a language was lost - 93 - even in homes except that a few ceremonial songs^ sung on the occasion of marriage^ or at the birth of a son survived. Today, most of the Pashto words are employed mostly by the women,

KPU employs a large number of lexical items and idioms which are not found in Modem Standard Urdu (MSU) or which have changed their shape and pronunciation in MSU. Most of these words have come into KPU from Old Urdu,

Besides the influences of Old Urdu on .KPU» the traces of the impact of Kanuji# the local dialect of the area, have also been found on KPU. Kanauji, as we know, like Braj Bhasa is an *o* - based dialect and in this respect it significantly differs from Khari Boli which is an 'a* - based dialect.

II

The phonemic inventory of KPU is the same as that of MSU because both KPU and MSU are based on Khari Boli and f both have borrowed certain Perso-Arabic elements. Motli sh-ire almost the same Perso-Arablc elements except that the sound /z/ does not exist in KPU. In at least its phonology, KPU does not show any marked influenced of the Kanauji dialect by which it is surrounded.

The Interchangeability of consonants is an important phonological characteristic of KPU. Very interesting examples - 94 -

of the interchange of consonants have befen found In this dialect. The data show that in KPU there is a tendency to replace the Per so-Arabic sounds like /q/ by /k/» /%/ by /g/» /z/ by /j/ and /f/ by /p/» Over-phonemicization is a common phenomenon of KPU in which /k/ in certain words is changed to /q/; /g/ and /k/ and /kh/ to /x/»

The breaking of consonant clusters is an important phonological characteristic of KPU. In some KPU words the final MSu consonant cluster is broken up by insertion of a vowel in between the two consonants. Other important phonological characteristics of KPU are dropping of medial consonants, loss of /h/# loss of aspiration* gemination* metathesis, aspiration through metathesis* syncopated aspiration, etc.

There are also some phonological characteristics relating to vowels* such as shortening of vowels. There is a general tendency in KPU to shorten the MSU long vowel /a/ to /A/. This phenomenan is also very common in Dakani, Karkljandarl and Old Urdu, There are serval instances of lengthening of vowels in KPU. Nasalization of vowels is another marked characteristic of KPU. In KPU we generally find the instances of spontaneous nasalization. In this process of nasalization* KPU words show nasalization where there is no nasal in the - 95 -

corresponding MSU words. Nasalization of vowels is also an important characteristic of Dakanl as well as Old Urdu,

III

At the nvorphologlcal level too# KPU shares many features with Old Urdu, The Kanaujl dialect which is closely related to BraJ Bhafa has not exerted much influence on KPU at this level. Like MSU# KPU never adopted the forms ending in -o, as found in BraJ Bhasa and Kanaujl, Lllce phonological features the morphological features of Kanauji are also sporadic in KPU. The archaic forms preserved in KPU distinguish it from MSU and bring closer to Old Urdu,

With a slight difference in certain feminine forms, the nominal inflections in KPU are the same as those of MSU,

KPU differs from MSU in the formation of the plural of feminine nouns. Instead of adding -ly"? as in MSU, KPU speakers add -y'a' to form the plural. At the same time a short vowel /A/ is inserted between the final consonant cluster of the nominal root, KPU is also very rich in dlminltive forms with Its usual dlminltive marker -ya.

The proper nouns denoting persons and ending in a consonant are treated differently in KPU, The vowel /a/ is - 96 -

suffixed to such names with no change of meaning* This feature is the result of direct Influence of Pashto on KPU, It has absolutely nothing to do with the Persian vocative marker -a meaning *o*l suffixed to a noun.

There are also other morphological characteristics which are very peculiarto KPU such as adjectives, numerals, pronouns> verbs and Indeclinables,

IV

KPU has a rich vocabulary* Its words come from different sources* The most important source of KPU vocabulary is MSU itself* But like other levels KPU is also distinguished from MSU at the lexical level. There are two main reasons for this distlnctiont (1) KPU has borrowed or derived a good number of words from Pashtd. These words are used by the KPU speakers even today* (2) KPU has preserved a large number of Old Urdu words which have become obsolete in M%, Some of these words have changed their pronunciation in M§U. Some words of the Kanauji dialect have also crept into KPU. Besides words, we also find in KPU a large number of idiomatic expressions based on Pashto and old Urdu words. The use of Pashto words« the preservation of Old Urdu elements and some other linguistic peculiarities make KPU a unique and wortl studying dialect. APPENDIX APPENDIX

SOME SPECIMENS OP KAlMSAMJ PATHAN URDU

SPECIMEN I

Dlal»gues between two Pathan Ladies

I4 Chhugga (Sughra)

2« Mud an (Hamldan)

chUggat

e Ife ye t« mudAn a ral hal.kA» aj kaise bhul pArl. mudAnl Arl bhain kya kAu« rAbb# k^ bya k6 cAkkar me phAsi hu. chUggal kyo kya hUa ?. mudAill 2 *^ ui bAno mAti e lo alse kaltl ho Jaise tume xAbAr hi na *><3 ^r-N* 4 hOi xuda ki su mAl to hAr gAi« chUggat ui to koi tere xune ki koi nAi bat hai« jArAm ^

1, »look« 2i 'saying' 3* 'l swear by God* (su ^ swearing) 4* 'disgusted* 64 'house' 6« 'always' - 99 -

7 *-^ koi kaj ho tere yAhl pltna pArta hal, hAra to bole nrtl nal to mautzis• 8 tAlAk chut Jat« mud Ant bhAla bhAya'^ Jo tu nal' boll, Ari ye inArdUa xAsAm kya hai mere ji ka z&xAm hai« ^nl hi ala Jata hal. mAlne bhAtera kAya ke Abl byane kl hal HJrdAgl zAra si pegla , xela tAraxe detl phlrtl hal» na kol ho^ na tAmlz bAre vo sunta hi chUggat 15 '^ Arl xvare tu cup rae* jo hona hal vol hoega bat AtTgo pAtlgo ho Jaegl* mud Ant

xvara tu bhl bya me ayyo mM Abhl se bulauva detl h'tu cauthl pAvartl kArke phlr lautne deugl.

7« 'getting Into the trouble*. 8* •relationship* (death and life) 9 » •happened * 10i *husband' II4 'harping* 12« 'young girl' 13* 'stupid talk' 14. *but* 15« 'sister' 16» 'to spread^ circulate* 17* 'third day of marriage* when brldfe's relatives go to the bridegroom's house with presents*. - 100 - chUggat - * ^ f^ ^ bhAla mAl bya kXrke a jaugl* pAvartl me le lijlyo* <-/ mere dArAzze pe se to nlklogl, Arl xvara sun mAlne caet*t^® si llye hal^* )cuch thopa thapi kAr detl bAre muje mAhin fa^a sujta HA!'. ye klsl lArkl se kAra lijiyo, Utte xAn^^ cAmAk dhAmAk acchi lAgti hal. mud Ant

xo tu raende ye kol bya hal xo mAl Jugnl ka pit na dal rAi Hul ye sAb code jAb bhAle lAgte hal jAb sAb ;^ne sArin^° j^Arik hoT,

18* 'bags full of betel-nuts* cardamoms* etc* given to bride and bridegroom on the wedding day» * 19, *that very moment* 20, •relatives* - 101 -

SPECIMEN IZ

Dialogues between two Pathans

I4 Mahmud Khan (Hidtfii Khan) 2* Mudlruddln Khan (Mtiddu Khan)

mlddu xat mUddu x'a' hot} are tUm ka' Ja rae off val 11 jo mAl bl aya, rduddu xat Are Adda tu hlya 7 XAla-xelo se )cAb aya? Are mere SAg tere sath ek zAnirl kam hal* middu xat

Are mAi kAl se tere mare higo hi go phir rAya hu bAre tUm imltel nai aj n«lle ho. mAlum bhl hal kUid - xelo me mUnnu xa aur nAbl alAm xa me kAl lAth - poga cAl gAya. Are mudval dono bAre sig aur hAth chUt hal, pAthAnvAll pAr a Jate hal to na kua dekhte hal lia khal* b'As zAra me jUth Jate hal. kAl Jo Un rae'lAth poga hUa to m^ bhl hUan?

!• vocative » *0l' 2. *walt» 3. *telder brother* 4« •hfere* 5» name o£ a roohallai 6k *hfer« and there* 7« •there* - 102 -

khAra tha» KUrati XI kAsAm bal bal bAc gAya nai to hUan hi dher hota* ye pAthan bhi bAre mArAk ke log bote hal. Jan cAll Jaye imich nlci na hone paye« isl ko •pAthAnvAll* kalte haf.

8« •vanity* - 103 -

SPECIMEN III

•game K|jorI* Song

(A song sung by domlnls on any happy occasion » such as marriage or the birth of a son).

Are ame xori rai rai ante zo xUdayal xair Ada so Tuce zo yazo ( Haroe ) xa'xair ane pare pai

alAg zo ya zo (Name of a close relative) xa xair ana xv'ade bArati bo zo«

(Ol sisters ( • xorl ) come on this happy occasion. God bless ••«• xa and «•«« xa)« - 104 -

SPECIMEN IV

Sehra

Ide merAiA zo ya adAm gtlala bAnya pa dakhAn rAhlya agle vo beta pa mAnsAb de dup eao gora xana mllya pa dAkkhAn'

rAhlya agle vo,

I ;^parently It Is a sehra' song of a bridegroom who has his military service In the Deccan)« - 105 -

SPECIMEN V

Sehra

Ide zAr eArl vo SAra yeh Jor ^Ara gulsan alya barl- voh hAryall bAne acchabAna ( Name ) xa xeta IcAraxa dera

dUlhAn bAnya pAnilisora

(This shhra describes the bana (••bridegroom) sitting In an elephants canopy ( « pAnlH sora ) - 106 -

SPECIMEN VI

Lorl

Ax lAllo lAllo lAllo nld ka mAr sUg lu dAl dAl kUndAlya dAi

Hotet An Urdu equivalent of this Pashto song reads as followst

Ax lallo lallo lallo loriya dudh bhAri kAtorlya dudh me gir gAi mAkkhi mere mia ki topi Allah rAkkhi

Note: These and other Pashto ftongs are sung by domnis and Pathan ladies without understanding their meanings. I have tried to establish their meanings without any success as in course of time their language has undergone a considerable change* - 107 -

SPECIMEN VI1

*Nlyat* for Prayers

nlyAt mokrAm zAr de xUlasa * 1 2 sllaur rAkAta fAtde fArduHa 3 4 mAx mera kabe te - lorl Allah-o-A)cbar I

!• 'four* 2. rakat 3. 'face* 4. Kaba BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY

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