In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Extracts of Zehneria Scabra and Ricinus Communis Against Escherichia Coli and Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus Aureus
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Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(10): 816-820 816 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtb Document heading doi:10.12980/APJTB.4.201414B16 2014 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. All rights reserved. 襃 In vitro antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Zehneria scabra and Ricinus communis against Escherichia coli and methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus 1 1 2* Bereket Abew , Samuel Sahile , Feleke Moges 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia 2Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia PEER REVIEW ABSTRACT Peer reviewer Objective: Zehneria scabra Z. scabra To eRicinusvaluate communisthe antibactR.er icommunisal activities of the cEscherichiarude leave scoli ext rE.ac tscoli of Staphylococcus ( ) ( ) ( ) Dr. Berhanu Andualem, Associate aureus S. aureus and S. aureus against , ( ) Professor, Department of Biotechnology Methods: and methicillin resistancZ.e scabra . R. communis College of Natural and Computational The crude powdered leaves of and were extracted successively Sciences, Ethiopia. by organic solvents in increasing polarity [benzene, chloroform:acetone (1:1), 70% alcohol and + Tel: 251918700027 distilled water]. TheE. a ncolitibacterial susceptibS.ili taureusy of th e crude leaves extracts of were testeE.d acoligainS.st (ATCC 25922) (ATCC 2923) E-mail: [email protected] saureustandar d strains of S. aureus and and clinical isolates of , Comments Results:and mZ.et hscabraicillin resistR.an ccommunise using agar well diffusion method. S. aureus In and leaf extracts, the most sensitive standard strain was (14 00 1 20) (15 90 2 13) This paper is very interesting and has with an inhibition zone of . 依Z.. scabra mm and . 依 . mm, respectively. The minimum (MIC) 1 95 wide application in biotechnology inhibitory concentration values of extracS.ts aureusagainst test organisms ranged from . 3 250 1 4 where many researchers can follow mg/mL for extract in clinical and E.sta ncolidard strains of R. t ocommunis mg/mL for extract and MIC the screening and extraction of natural in clinical and standard strains of . The values of S. aureusextracts against test 1 95 2 3 250 products for the discovery of noble organisms ranged from . mg/mE.L fcoli.or extract and standard strains of to mg/mL 1 MIC compounds. Therefore, this study is for extract in clinical isolate of Most of the minimR.um communis bactericidal concentration and helpful to initiate other researchers in values of plant extracts were almost similar particularly in , or minimum Z.ba cscabratericidal the area of interest. Conclusions:concentration e qual to one dilution factor less than MIC value of the extracts mainly in . Details on Page 819 The potency of plant extracts against test organisms were depend on different organic solvents used. Clinical isolate of bacterial pathogens showed less zones of diameter compared to the standard strains. Gram-positive had wide inhibition zones than Gram-negative bacteria. Further studies should be carinri evitrod out to isolate the pure compounds and standardization of the methods of plant extracts for an testing. KEYWORDS Antibacterial, Extracts, Inhibition zone, MBC, MIC 1. Introduction incorrect use of synthetic drugs results in side’ effects and other problems[2]. Large percentage of the world s population In recent years, there has been growing interest in does not have access to conventional pharmacological alternative therapies and the therapeutic use of natural treatment, and folk medicine and ecological awareness products, especially those derived from plants[1]. This suggests that natural products are harmless. However, the interest in drugs of plant origin is limited due to several use of these substances is not always authorized by legal re.geasons, namely, conventional medicine can be inefficient authorities dealing with efficacy and safety procedures, ( . side effects and ineffective therapy), abusive and/or and many published papers explained the lack of quality *Corresponding author: Feleke Moges, Department of Medical Microbiology, College Article history: of Medicine and Health Sciences, Post Box 196, University of Gondar, Ethiopia. Received 9 Jan 2014 Tel: +251918778160 Received in revised form 12 Feb, 2nd revised form 19 Feb, 3rd revised form 28 Feb 2014 E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 5 Jun 2014 Foundation Project: Supported by University of Gondar under teaching and learning Available online 16 Jul 2014 program (UoG/Budget code: 6417). Bereket Abew et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(10): 816-820 817 in the production, trade and prescription of phytomedicinal water and air dried at room temperature under shade for products. So, formulation of plants for standardization and 10 d and powdered using wooden-made pestle and mortar. regulation of phytomedicinal products is the most alternative The powdered materials were sieved and stored in air tight way[3]. container until use. In Ethiopia, medicinal plants have been used as traditional A 100 g of air-dried plant powdered leaves were measured medicine to treat number of human and animal ailments by by electronic balance (CY510) and then placed in a 2 000 mL the local people from time immemorial. About 80% of the clean round bottomed flask at room temperature caped with population in Ethiopia uses traditional medicine, mainly aluminum foil. After that, 1 000 mL benzene was added to the [4] Zehneria scabra Z. scabra Ricinus hcommuniserbal planR.ts communis. ( ) and flask which contained powdered leaves material [1 part test ( Z. scabra) are some of the traditionally used material and 10 parts of solvent (w/v)]. The mixture was kept “medicinal pl”ants. , vernacular name is called on a rotary shaker at 200 r/min for 24 h. The macerate was Hareg Resa in Amharic, is a climbing or trailing herb first filtered through double layer muslin cloth then through belongs to the Cucurbitaceae that can go up to 10 m. Old Whatman No. 1 filter paper and it was assigned as extract stems become woody with corky-ridged bark. It inhabits 1. The residue was taken again and mixed with chloroform/ forest and on forest margins, riverine fringes and exotic acetone with ratio 1:1 in a volume of 1 000 mL, and the filtrate plantations across 900-2 100 m above sea level with a was assigned as extract 2. The same procedure was followed widespread in tropical Africa, South AfricZ.a, Ascabrarabia, India, using 70% alcohol and distilled water to obtain extract 3 and Java and the Philippines[5]. In Ethiopia, is one extract 4, respectively. These successive cold maceration of the traditional medical plants commonly used for the methods were done with increasing order of their polarity[13]. treatment of alopecia, wound and eczema, burn remedy and The filtrates we°re allowed to concentrate under rotary vapor ( ) skin rashes as part of a poly-herbal preparation, the ash RE 2000 at 40° C, weighed and stored in sterilized air tight [6] R. communis and wash prepared from pounded leaves . Gulo container at 4 C for further analysis. popularly called castor bean in English and in 2.3. Test organisms Amharic. It is widely spread as a wild plant through East and North Africa. In Ethiopia, castor plant is important to E. coli S. aureus treat tooth ache, cold, dysentery and itachy, fetal membrane Standard strains of (ATCC 25922) and [7-9] retention and rabies in different preparationZ. scabra. R. (ATCC 2923) were collected from Biomedical and Laboratory communis Ethno-botanical studies revealed that and Sciences ResearcE.h coliCenter, UniveS.rs iaureusty of Gondar while are being used in the treatment of pathogenic clinical isolates of , MRSA and were collected organisms in the traditional health care system in Ethiopia. from Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, However, very little work has been done to evaluate their Addis Ababa. The microorganisms were transported to [10] efficacy in scientificin w vitroay . Therefore, this study was Microbiology L° aboratory by using nutrient agar slant and aimed to evaluate theZ. scabra antibacR.ter icommunisal activity of crude preserved at 4 C for further use. leaf extractions of anEscherichiad coli E.ag acoliinst 2.4. Standard antibiotics Staphylococcusstandard and cl iaureusnical is oS.la taureuses of ( ), S. aureus ( ) including methicillin (MRSA) ( ) resistance . Ciprofloxacin in the form of powder havingµ a broad spectrum property was used as a positive control (5 g/mL). 2. Materials and methods 2.5. Inocula preparation 2.1. Study area The inocula preparation was carried out by growth methods[14,15]. The test organisms from nutrient agar slant The study was conducted at University of Gondar, Gondar were transferr°ed into a nutrient agar medium to get a pure town. It is located in the North West Ethiopia of Amhara colony at 37 C for 24 h. Three to five pure colonies were region. The town has an elevation of 2 080 m above sea selected and transferred into a sterile test tube containing level with a mid-altitude c°limate and an average annual 5 mL of sterile nutrient broth and the solutions were mixe°d 30 37 ma°ximum temperature of C and minimum temperature of by a vortex mixer. The broth cultur5e wa6 s incubated at C 16 C[11]. until it reached the turbidity of (10 -10 CFU/mL) which was 2.2. Plant material equivalent to 0.5 McFarland standards (usually about 8 h) and turbidity was adjusted visually by comparing the test. 2.2.1. Sampling, sample collection and identification 2.6. Agar well diffusion method Through random sampling, Z.he ascabralthy and diR.se acommunisse free of the leaves of a wild growing and Susceptibility tests were performed by agar well diffusion were collected from gardens in Gondar town by scissors and method using Muller-Hinton agar[16,17].