International Journal for Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation Volume II No. 2 December 2011

CONTENTS

1 – 7 1. Histopathological effect of testosterone propionate on male and hydroxyl progesterone caproate on female rain quail, Coturnix coromandelica. Pravin Charde, Jyoti Ramteke and Suresh Zade 2. Assessment of ambient noise level in the city of Bareilly (U.P.) 8 – 15 Singh, Vikas; Bhadauriya, Gaurav, and Matta, Gagan 3. Evaluation of present water quality status of Sapta Sarovars at Ujjain 16 – 22

Bhadauriya, Gaurav; Matta, Gagan and Singh, Vikas 4. Population ecology of the Indian torrent catfish, Amblyceps mangois 23 – 28 (hamilton- buchanan) from Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India Ram Krishan, A. K. Dobriyal, K.L.Bisht, R.Kumar and P. Bahuguna 5. Deterioration of water quality of some eco-efficient Himalayan rivers 25 – 49 in India Ankur Kansal, Nihal A. Siddiqui and Ashutosh Gautam 6. Seasonal variation in bee forage of Apis cerana bees in urban area of 50 – 57 Nagpur due to the varied plant diversity S. D. Godghate, K.J. Cherian and M. Bhowal

7. Organic farming a necessity for sustenance of soil algal flora for 58 – 63 agricultural fields

Bhowal, M., Cherian, K. J., Vishwakarma, S. and Matta, Gagan

8. Influence of early and late mounting on economic parameters in autumn 64 – 69 Rearing of PM × CSR2 larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Shamin Ahmed Bandey and Amardev Singh

9. Pollution, a threat to conservation of biodiversity in fresh water body of 70 – 78 Chulband River, Gondia Dist., Maharashtra

Cherian K.J. and Shahare P.C. 10. Evaluating economic sustainability of ponds (talab) of Dhar town (M.P.) 79 – 84 Preeti Chaudhary 11. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts of cyperus rotundus and vetiveria 85 – 90 zizanoides on the air borne micro-organisms of some houses in Nagpur city Balpande, Shubhangini M. And Cherian K.J.

12. Counteractive impacts of plant growth regulators over uv-b radiation 91 – 106 damage on certain physiological and biological aspects in wheat crop

Panwar, S. K. and Dhingra, G. K. – Instructions to authors – Subscription form

VolumeInternational II Number Journal 2 2011 for [1-7] Environmen tal Rehabilitation and Conservation Volume[ISSN 0975 II No. - 6272] 2 2011 [1-7] Charde [ISSN et al.0975 - 6272]

Histopathological effect of testosterone propionate on male and hydroxyl progesterone caproate on female rain quail, Coturnix coromandelica.

Pravin Charde1, Jyoti Ramteke1 and Suresh Zade2

Received: January 2, 2011 ⏐ Accepted: July 3, 2011 ⏐ Online: October 20, 2011

Abstract Introduction Quails are almost tailless patridge like bird Adult rain quail are sexually diamorphic. The popularly known as “Batter”, belonging to the aim of this study was to determine the effect class Aves and family Phasianidae. Batter is of testosterone propionate and hydroxyl a good table bird known for its delicacy since progesterone caproate on gonads and some olden days. They are used as food before other endocrine glands of male and female chicken was domesticated. Meat is rich in rain quail. 15 male and 15 female rain quails vitamins, amino acids, unsaturated fatty acid were treated with testosterone and etc., which are very vital for health of human progesterone daily for 7 and 15 days being. Quail meat therefore can be respectively. The study reveals that after the recommended to be included in diet of treatment of testosterone, the spermatogonia children, pregnant mother and convalescent were detached and show hypertrophy as well patient for speedy recovery. as the germ cells were enlarged and vacuolated every degenerates, thyroid and Perusal of literature on quail reproduction reveals that, little is known about these adrenal shows hypertrophy. aspects in exotic and tropical species. The Keywords: Testosterone Propionate ⏐ reason is that more critical experiments have Hydroxyl Progesterone Caproate⏐Sexual not been successfully undertaken in Indian Dimorphism ⏐ Gonads ⏐ Rain Quail. quail species. Studies on these species are confined mainly to the changes in the

reproductive organs and rarely endocrine glands during different phases of reproductive For Correspondence: cycle. No experimental studies have been 1Principal, Sevadal Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur- made in these species endocrine glands in 440009 (M.S.) reproduction. Fundamental knowledge of 2 Professor, P.G.T.D. Zoology, Rashtrasant Tukadoji reproductive process and the endocrine Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur (M.S.) mechanism that control process is therefore,

Email: [email protected] invisible for profitable management and production of these birds in large scale. The paucity of information on reproduction

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endocrinology of Indian quail motivated me were acclimatized in laboratory for at least 2 to undertake this investigation. to 3 weeks.

The present study was undertaken on rain The males are divided into four groups quail, Coturnix coromandelica. This bird was of 15 animals each. The ground II and IV are selected for this work because it offers the given intramuscular injection of testosterone advantages of endocrinological works. The propionate 0.15 mg/kg/day for 7 and 15 aim and objective this investigation is to study consecutive days respectively. The I and III the histopathological effect of testosterone group receive equivalent volume of propionate and hydroxy progesterone physiological saline for the same period. For caproate on gonads and other endocrine another experiment 40 female birds were glands and to investigate the mechanism of divided into four groups of 10 birds each. The action of this steroids in both sexes of this group II and IV were given intramuscular Rain quail. injection of hydroxy progesterone caproate

In the present study testosterone propionate 0.15 mg/kg/day consecutive for 7 and 15 days and hydroxyl progesterone caproate obtain respectively. The I group and II were used as from German Remedies Limited, Bombay a control and treated with equivalent volume under trademark of Schering AG, West- of physiological saline for the same period. German. Birds of experimental and control groups were weighed before and at the end of the MATERIAL AND METHODS experiments and maintained under same husbandry condition. At the end of each The Indian rain quail C. coromandelica has experimental animals were sacrificed. For been selected for present investigation. Adult histopathological studies reproductive organs quail are sexually dimorphic. Reproductive and endocrine glands were dissected, weighed behaviour is sexually differentiated in quail. and fixed in various fixatives. All endocrine The adult rain quail is about 6½ to 7 inches in glands were fixed in formal sublimate for 24 size (without tail) and body weight is 85 to 90 Hrs. and other tissue were fixed in Bouin’s gms. Temperature, light, floor space, fluid. The tissue were dehydrated in various humidity and feed are most important factors grades of alcohol cleared in xylene and after for good housing and maintenance of quails. embedded in paraffin blocks were prepared. The maximum daily amount of feed given Paraffin sections were cut at 5 to 6 µm was equivalent to 20 to 25% of body weight. thickness. Sections were stained with To identify individual quails from each haematoxyline and eosin. groups, they were marked with numbered aluminium strips using bands. HISTOMORPHOLOGY The rain quail utilized in this study were Testis – The testis consists of compact collected from various places in Nagpur convoluted seminiferous tubules which are district and Amravati district of Maharashtra lined by single or double layer of germinal State. The birds were trap over a period of cells. The tubules are composed of primary four months during October to January and spermatogonia, secondary spermatogonia and consisted of 60 adult males and 40 adult sectoli cells. Further stages of females weighing 70 to 90 gms. Before spermatogenesis such as spermatocytes, commencement of the experiments all birds spermatids and spermatozoa are not observed. Similarly, the sertoli cells are inconspicuous

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and regressed. Since, the control males are sacrificed in the month of January which is sexually inactive period in rain quails, the testis have showed regression. In the interfollicular region blood capillaries, connective tissue and regressed Leydig’s cells are present.

Figure 2: Photomicrograph of control ovary showing primary follicles and germinal follicles with theca externa, theca interna and interstitial cells.

Adrenal gland of rain quail is paired, triangular in shape and yellow or orange in colour. It locates anterior and medial to the cephalic lobe of kidney and posterior to the lungs. It is surrounded by thick capsule which Figure 1: Photomicrograph of control testis is made up of connective tissue. showing convoluted seminiferous tubules with germ cells, sertoli cells and interstitial Pineal gland is present on the dorsal side of cells. the brain in triangular space between Ovary: cerebellum and cerebral hemisphere. Pineal In the rain quail single ovary and oviduct is grain in rain quail is creamisa brown, club- present which is situated on the left side of the shaped conical structure. Pineal gland is cephalic end of kidneys and attached the body composed of lobules and each lobule consists wall by ligament. In rain quail, the ovary of follicles which are separated by contains several primary follicles and blood intralobular septa.

haemorrhage. Developing follicles are Thyroid gland of the male and female rain composed of germinal vesicle granulose cells, quail is composed of two separate lobes theca interna and theca externa. Some degree which are reddish in colour, situated on either of atresia is observed at primary follicular side of the trachea in between jugular and stage. Rarely degeneration is visible in large carotid blood vessels. The normal thyroid follicles. gland is encapsulated and composed of well organized compact follicles.

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Parathyroid gland in the rain quail is paired, more pronounced in the fifteen days treated well vascularised and closely attached to the birds. posterior part of the thyroid gland. Adrenal: 7 days after treatment: No significant changes RESULTS AND DISCUSSION were found in the vasculature of the gland. No Pineal: changes were evident in Type II cells while 7 days after treatment: No significant Type I cells showed slight hypertrophy and changes were observed in the vasculature of degradation. pineal gland. Lumen of the follicle was 15 days after treatment: More significant slightly obliterated. Type-I i.e. polygonal cells changes were seen in the internal cells. The shows regression whereas Type-II i.e. tall internal cells shows hypertrophy and were cells shows hypertrophy and degranulation. degranulated and vacuolated. No significant changes were observed in Type II and showed 15 days after treatment: Showed more little hypertrophy as compared to control. pronounced hypertrophy of Type-II i.e. tall

columnar cells as compared to 7 days of Testis: testosterone propionate. The cell debris in 7 days after treatment: lumen was evident. Type-I i.e. polygonal cells showed more regression.

Thyroids: 7 days after treatment: Testosterone propionate treatment resulted in hypertrophy of the follicular epithelial cells and thickness of follicular wall. It induced hypertrophy and hyperplasia in small follicles. Large follicles showed little regressive effect.

15 days after treatment: Induced changes in thyroid follicles. Diameter of follicles were increased. The gland contained several empty follicles. The colloid contained few vacuoles at the peripheral region. The reduction in the amount of colloid was more evident.

Parathyroid: Figure 3: Photomicrograph of testis 7 days 7 days after treatment: Testosterone treatment of testosterone propionate showing propionate treatment induced hypertrophy and detached spermatogonia in the lumen.

vacuolization in the cells of parathyroid cells The germinal epithelium was not affected of parathyroid gland. Small circular vacuoles after treatment of testosterone propionate. appeared adjacent to the nucleus. Debris formation in the lumen of the

15 days after treatment: The above mentioned seminiferous tubules was seen. Regressive effect of testosterone propionate were same, changes were observed in peripheral rather more pronounced were same, rather seminiferous tubules. Primary spermatogonia and secondary spermatogonia were detached

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and seen accumulated in the lumen of viscous. The large follicles shows regressive seminiferous tubules. In some tubules lumen changes. disappeared because of hypertrophy of germ 7 days after treatment: cells. No changes were observed in the vasculature of gland.

15 days treatment:

Figure 5: Photomicrograph of Ovary 7 days treatment of hydroxyl progesterone caproate showing primary follicles and formation of space between ovarian stroma and blood haemorrhage

15 days after treatment:

Figure 4: Photomicrograph of testis 15 days treatment of testosterone propionate showing completely obligated lumen, hypertrophy of sertoli cells and degenerative effect on Leydig’s cells (Interstitial cells) Figure 6: Photomicrograph of Ovary 15 days treatment of hydroxyl progesterone caproate In most of the tubules germ cells detached showing greatly regressed germinal vesicle, and accumulated as debris in the lumen. Germ degenerating large follicles and disturbed cells were enlarged and vacuolated. Lumen of interstitials cells. seminiferous tubules disappear enlarged size of the primary spermatogonia and secondary The space between blood haemorrhage and spermatogona showed hypertrophy. Reydig’s ovarian stroma is more pronounced. Follicular cells were degenerated while sertoli cells cytoplasm and germinal vesicle shows showed hypertrophy. Blood vessels because regressive changes. There was no significant dilated. effect on the theca interna and theca externa, but these two layers started to separate from Ovary each other in large follicles. In stroma interstitial cells shows more degenerative The atretic primary follicles and formation of changes. space between the haemorrhage and ovarian

stroma changes. Haemorphage become more

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CONCLUSION: Bently, P. J. (1976). Comparative invertebrate From the present study it has been concluded endocrinology, Cambridge University that the doses of testosterone propionate Press, Cambridge, London, New stimulates the spermatogenesis in male rain York. quail. Similarly the treatment of hydroxyl Bhatia, A.J. and Wade, G.N.(1989). progesterone caproate in female stimulates the Progesterone can either increase or secretion of FSH of pituitary and decrease weight gain and adiposity in development of ovarian follicles. ovariectomized Syrain Hamsters Physiology and Behaviour, 46:273- 278. References C. Berg, L. Holni, I. Brandt and B. Abalain, J. H., Amet, Y. Dahiel, J. Y. and Brunstrom, (2001) Anatomical and Floch, H. H. (1983). Testosterone histological changes in the oviduct of stimulation of DNA- Dependant DNA Japanese quail coturnix japonica, after polymerase activities in the cloacal embryonic exposure to and uropygial glands of the male quail ethynyloesstradiol. Reproduction 121, (coturnix coturnix japonica). Gen. 155-165. Comp. Endocrinology. 52, 164-171. Charde, P. N. (1998). Influence of Exogenesis Alison, M. R. and Wright, N.A. Testosterone Pharmacological Compounds on 5 alpha reductase activity as related to Reproductive Biology of Coturnix proliferative status in mouse accessory coromandelica. Thesis submitted for sex glands: J. endocrinology; 81;83- Ph.D. Degree Nagpur University, 92, 1979. Nagpur. Ambadkar, P. M. and Chauhan, B. C. (1980). Follet, B. K. (1984a). In Marshal’s Observations on influences of Physiology of Reproduction. Vol. 1: pinealectomy on certain aspects of Reproductive Cycles of Vertebrates testicular functions in Indian house (G.E. Lamming Ed.), pp.283-350. crow (Crovus splendens). Pavo 18, 39- Fuladi, R. S. (1992). Histopathological and 52. biochemical effects of some drugs on Arneja, D.V., George, G.C., Mehta, S.N. gonads and endocrine glands of grey Dixit, V.P. and Razdan, M. N. (1984). quail, coturnix coturnix. Thesis Plasma testosterone concentration in submitted for Ph.D. Degree, Nagpur relation of thyroid status in Japanese University, Nagpur. quail. Indian J. Poultry Science, 19, Gorbman, A. and Bern, H. A. (1962). A 207-209. textbook of comparative Arneja, D.V., Sharma, D. W. and Razdan, endocrinology, John Wikey and Sons, M.N. (1985). Histomorphology of New York. parathyroids in white perkin drakes. Hervey, E. and Hervey, G. R. (1967). The Ind. Journal Poultry Sci. Vol.20, 58- effects of progesterone on body 60. weight and composition in the rat.

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Journal of Endocrinology. 37: 361- Distribution and effects of testosterone 384. on aromatase mRNA in the quail M.A.Ottinger, S. Pitts and M.A. Abdelnabi forebrain. A non-radioactive in situ (2001). Steroid hormones during hybridization study. Journal of embryonic development in Japanese Chemical Neuroanatomy 14, 103-115. quail; plasma gonadal, and adrenal levels. Paultry Science 8; 795-799.

N. Aste, G.C. Panzica, C. Viglietti. Panzica, N. Harada, J. Balthazar (1998).

Histopathological effect of testosterone propionate on male and hydroxyl progesterone caproate on female rain quail, Coturnix coromandelica. 7 VolumeInternational II Number Journal 2 2011 for [23-28] Environmen tal Rehabilitation and Conservation Volume[ISSN 0975 II No. - 6272] 2 2011 [8 – 15] Krishan, et [ISSN al. 0975 - 6272]

Assessment of ambient Noise level in the city of Bareilly (U.P.)

Singh, Vikas2; Bhadauriya1, Gaurav, and Matta, Gagan2

Received: May 02, 2011 ⏐ Accepted: August 01, 2011 ⏐ Online: December 27, 2011

Abstract Introduction In the present study ambient noise level of Bareilly is prominent city in Bareilly Bareilly city (Uttar Pradesh) was monitored district in the northern Indian state of Uttar by using noise meter. Monitoring was carried Pradesh Standing on the Ramganga River. It out for a year from October 2009 to is the commisonary of the Bareilly September 2010 to assess the ambient noise division and the geographical region is also level at different locations in the city of called as Rohilkhand. It is located 252 Bareilly. Different locations were categorized kilometres (157 mi) north of state as Commercial, Residential and Silence Zone capital, Lucknow and 250 kilometres (155 mi) area. After analyzing the data it was found east of national capital New Delhi. Bareilly is that noise level was found above in extended from latitude 28°10’in the north to compression of standard given by Central longitude 78°23”in the east and has moderate Pollution Control Board. climate. Total area under Bareilly is of about 2 Keywords: dB (A) ⏐ Leq. ⏐ Ambient ⏐ 235 km (90.7 sq mi). The four distinct Sensitive ⏐ Silence zone season’s autumn, winter, spring and summer can be seen here. In this rapid age of

industrialization and urbanization environmental pollution is a common problem in both developing and developed countries. As a result of increase in Urbanization and

population day by day numbers of vehicles are also increasing. Besides this due to power failure in large no. of DG sets are also used For correspondence: mostly in commercial and industrial areas that 1Department of Environmental Science, Bareilly College, cause Noise pollution. Number of studies has Bareilly, U.P., India been conducted on noise pollution in various 2Dept. of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula cities of India (Edison et al 1999; Yilmaz et Kangri University, Haridwar Uttarakhand, India al. 2009; 2000; Tandel et al. 2011; ETI,

Assessment of ambient Noise level in the city of Bareilly (U.P.) 8 Volume II Number 2 2011 [8 – 15] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Singh et al.

2003). The Urban population is exposed to Bareilly city on the basis of vehicular density high level of noise and air pollutants due to and population i.e. motor vehicle pollution. It is worldwide Site-I (Indian Oil Corporation Limited phenomena and problem is more acute Office):- This sampling site is a residential especially in developing countries because of site situated on the main highway No- 24 fast growth rate, slow adaptability of upgrade (Lucknow-Delhi) various vehicles going to technology and other socio economic factors different parts of the different cities pass (Bacow 1980). The potential health effects of through this sampling site. noise pollution are numerous, pervasive, persistent, and medically and socially Site-II (Satellite Bus Stand):- The insignificant. Noise produces direct and main "Inter-city Satellite Bus Stand" is cumulative adverse effects that impair health located just outside the city on the intersection and that degrade residential, social, working, of National Highway 24 and Pilibhit By-pass and learning environments with Road (National Highway 74. This is a new corresponding real (economic) and intangible improvement over the cramped older Bus (well-being) losses.The impact of noise on Stand. human health is a matter of great concern. Site-III (Shyamtganj):- This forms the The reason being the adverse consequences central point of all important traffic routes that high noise levels have on human health. connecting different parts of the Bareilly city A Noise meter was used to observe the values such as Rampur Garden, Rajendra Nagar, of sound level at different places. Satellite Bus Stand, Roadways, and Railway Methodology of sound level monitoring was Station. This sampling site is one of the adopted as per the manual of the instruments busiest areas of city with lots of commercial and CPCB guidelines. The measurement of activity. sound pressure levels at each sites were Site-IV (Kutubkhana):- This sampling site carried out the day (6 AM to 10 PM) and lies in the heart of the city and one of the night time (10 PM to 6 AM) with the help of congested areas of the city. This zone forms Noise level Meter. During each sampling of the main focal point of the commercial noise, 20 readings of SPL were recorded at an activity in the Bareilly city. interval of 30 seconds in a period of 10 Site-V (Indain Veterniry research minutes. The noise monitoring was carried Institute):-This site is without commercial out as per protocols given by (Maiti, 2003). activity and lies outside of the city and treated as silent zone. MONITORING STATIONS: Site-VI Cantonment Board):- This site is In this present study data were collected for situated at the end point of city and has no one year (2009-10) from six sampling sites in

9 Volume II Number 2 2011 [8 – 15] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Singh et al.

commercial activity.this sampling site is Sampling site II at sampling site II the values treated as silent site. of maximum and minimum noise level were observed 62.4 dB(A) and 58.3 dB(A)

respectively and their average value observed RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: 60.98±1.19 dB(A) during day time while Traffic noise is the main source of noise during night time maximum and minimum pollution caused in urban areas. With the values were found as 57.1dB(A) and 50.0 ever-increasing number of vehicles on road, dB(A) and its average values were found as the sound caused by the cars and exhaust 53.25±1.89 dB(A) respectively at the system of autos, trucks, buses and monitoring point- A. At this sampling site the motorcycles is the chief reason for noise average values of day and night time both are pollution. The results of Noise level are given found above the prescribed standards given in Table-1 It is cleared from the Table-1 that by Central pollution control board. during day time noise level values varied Chandrasekar (2003) Mangalekar et al. between 50.1 dB - 78.84 dB and during night (2009) also found similar finding during his time the values of noise level found between study. 23.3 dB (A) to 55.1 dB (A) The average Sampling Site III- During day time the values of noise level during day time values of sound level at monitoring point –III monitoring recorded 63.97±8.41 dB (A) and ranges between 78.4 dB (A) (maximum) to during night time monitoring average values 71.5 dB (A) (minimum) and its average value was observed 49.23±5.33 dB (A) of all was found 74.25±1.77 dB(A). During night sampling stations. time the values of noise level found between Sampling site I (IOCL Office)- at sampling 58.8 dB (A) (maximum) to 50.1 dB(A) site I the values of maximum and minimum (minimum) and its average value observed noise level were observed 65.2 dB(A) and 52.29±2.27 dB(A).The maximum and 59.4 dB(A) and their average value observed minimum values of day and night time both 62.61±2.00 dB(A) during day time while are obtained above the standards limit for during night time maximum and minimum commercial area which may be due to light values were found as 54.7dB(A) and 50.2 and heavy vehicular movements, traffic jam dB(A) and its average values were found as and working of DG sets during day time. 51.77±1.25 dB(A) respectively at the Kankal and Gaikwad (2011), Meenakshi and monitoring point- I. The average values of Sasthran (2003) found similar observation day and night time both are found above the during his study on noise pollution prescribed standards given by CPCB. Similar monitoring. trends were observed by Ingle et al. (2001),

Edison et al. (1999).

10 Volume II Number 2 2011 [8 – 15] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Singh et al.

Month IOCL Satellite Bus Shyamatganj Kutubkhana IVRI Cant Office stand Zone Residential Residential Commercial Commercial Silent Silent Standard October 60.3 61.6 76.2 75.3 57.3 56.3 November 65.2 62.4 78.4 75.5 56.8 57.9 December 63.3 62.0 73.9 74.3 56.8 54.3 January 63.4 61.3 73.6 72.1 57.4 52.3 February 64.8 61.5 71.5 72.5 58.2 53.4 March 61.4 58.3 74.6 76.4 58.3 50.1 April 59.4 59.6 73.8 72.5 58.0 52.5 May 64.5 59.8 74.0 74.8 57.5 54.5 June 60.5 61.0 72.8 74.0 57.0 55.0 July 64.8 62.0 72.9 72.8 58.4 54.5 August 61.3 60.8 74.0 74.5 56.5 56.0 September 62.5 61.5 75.4 75.0 57.5 55.8 Average 54.38±2.0 62.61±2.00 60.98±1.19 74.25±1.77 74.14±1.38 57.47±0.63 9 Table.1.1: Average Noise Level dB (A) during Day Time for the period 2009-10

Month IOCL Satellite Bus Shyamatganj Kutubkhana IVRI Cant Office stand Zone Residential Residential Commercial Commercial Silent Silent Standard October 52.6 54.2 52.1 54.3 43.4 44.7 November 54.7 57.1 58.8 53.5 43.1 48.7 December 51.6 53.9 51.4 54.0 43.1 42.8 January 52.8 55.3 52.9 52.0 42.1 41.7 February 52.1 53.7 50.1 51.5 42.5 41.7 March 50.3 54.0 53.8 54.3 43.5 40.0 April 51.6 51.2 51.6 52.6 42.5 42.1 May 52.1 50.0 51.5 53.5 41.0 42.5 June 50.4 52.4 52.0 53.0 42.0 41.5 July 51.4 52.6 51.6 53.5 42.5 40.5 August 50.2 51.8 51.2 52.9 43.1 41.5 September 51.5 52.8 50.5 54.5 41.0 40.0 Average 51.77±1.25 53.25±1.89 52.29±2.27 53.30±0.94 42.48±0.84 42.30±2.39

Table.1.2: Average Noise Level dB (A) during Night Time for the period 2009-10

11 Volume II Number 2 2011 [8 – 15] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Singh et al.

Sampling Site IV At monitoring station-IV dB(A) and its average value was found the range of sound pressure level observed 54.38±2.09 dB(A) during day time while maximum 76.4 dB(A) and minimum 72.1 during night time the range of noise level dB(A) and its average value was found observed maximum 48.7 dB(A) and 74.14±1.38 dB(A) during day time while minimum 40.0 dB(A) and its average value during night time the range of noise level was found 42.30±2.39 dB(A).The minimum observed maximum 54.5 dB(A) and and maximum value of day and night time minimum 51.5 dB(A) and its average value found beyond prescribed standards limit was found 53.30±0.94 dB(A).The maximum given for for silence zone which may be due and minimum value of day and night time to movement of light and heavy vehicles on found beyond prescribed standards limit at road and trains on the nearby railway track. this sampling site was due to movement of Pathak et al. (2008), Sampath et al. (2004) light and heavy vehicles, blowing of horns, investigated that the noise levels in the cities working of DG sets. Pandya and Shrivastava are increasing due to heavy traffic density. (1999) Singh et al. (2000) found that the noise Highest average values was found at levels in the Commercial areas in the range of monitoring point III during day time as 65-84 dBA and due to vehicle horn, traffic compared to monitoring point-I,II,IV, V and jam and presence of other noise sources. VI which may be due to heavy traffic, traffic Sampling Site V- At monitoring station-V jam, blowing of horns, operation of DG sets the range of sound level observed maximum during power failure, sirens of ambulance and 58.4 dB(A) and minimum 56.5 dB(A) and its VIP vehicles at the national highway. average value was found 57.47±0.63 dB(A) Whereas during night time the average values during day time while during night time the of the noise level were observed height at range of noise level observed maximum 43.5 monitoring points-IV as compared to other dB(A) and minimum 41.0 dB(A) and its monitoring point this may be due to average value was found 42.48±0.84 negligence of vehicular movements at these dB(A).The maximum and minimum value of points. Agrawal and Swami (2010) reported day and night time found beyond prescribed 65.0 dB(A) to 81.0 dB(A); Gangwar et al. standards limit given for silence zone which (2006) reported 71.9 dB(A) to 77.8 dB(A) may be due to movement of light and heavy and Babu (2003) reported noise level 30.0 to vehicles on roads. Kerketta et al. (2011), 90.0 dB(A). Babu (2003) found that the noise levels at the Higher noise level pollution can disturb our junction points of national highways are due work. There are many side effects of the noise to heavy traffic density. pollution. It affects the general health and Sampling Site VI- At monitoring station-VI hearing power of the human beings. The high the range of sound pressure level observed intensity of noise and its continued use can maximum 57.9 dB(A) and minimum 50.1 cause injury to the ears. It may lead to the

12 Volume II Number 2 2011 [8 – 15] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Singh et al.

permanent loss of hearing. A large explosion Conclusion: can cause the injury to tympanic membrane. It Continuous exposure is a matter of concern may cause anxiety and stress which may lead with respect to health of Lucnowites in the to the fright. It causes the disturbance in long run. The result of this study show that nervous systems of urban babies and lead to the levels of noise pollution in Bareilly city the emotional disturbances along with the far exceed the acceptable limit during peak abnormal behavior. It may increase the heart days (Saturday, Sunday, Thursday and rate, decreased output, constriction of vessels National Holidays) and Festival Days as per and impaired vision. In case of animals it can set by CPCB Even the residential area and affect the heart, liver and brain. It may also vulnerable institutions like school and affect the brain by dilating the blood vessels. hospitals faces noise which has much higher It may also affect the eyes by dilating the noise level than acceptable limit. For pupil and cause the digestive spasms. It may overcoming this problem in Bareilly city also lead to the increase in cholesterol level in Uttar Pradesh, India government should take blood. necessary action. There are four fundamental In modern society, transportation systems – ways in which noise can be controlled: reduce including cars, trains and airplanes – are one noise at the source, block the path of noise, of the most common sources of noise increase the path-length, and protect the pollution since they can be particularly loud recipient. In general, the best control method and unrelenting in certain areas. In general, is to reduce noise levels at the source. people who live in urban centers are more Acknowledgement: Authors are thankful to likely to be exposed to noise pollution due to authorities and staff of IVRI and Indian oil population density and the increased presence Corporation for their kind permission to carry of the transportation systems described above. out the study and cooperation in conducting Living in an urban city may also mean that the noise level survey at different times. people are more exposed to the noises of construction, which is another major source of noise pollution. While those in larger cities References: are more likely to experience noise pollution, Agarwal, S. and Swami, B.L. (2010): Status those in rural settings may also experience of Ambient Noise Levels in Jaipur City, this problem as well. A key example of rural Environment Conservation Journal., noise pollution is farming, which may include 11(1&2):105-108. a variety of machines that produce harsh or Bacow L.S., (1980): The Technical and loud noises. Additionally, things like barking Judgmental Dimensions of Impact dogs or neighbours playing loud music can Assessment Environmental Impact also be sources of noise pollution. Assessment Review., 1,3, 109-120.

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Babu, S. Sarvana (2003): Noise Pollution Hasanm Yilmaz, Muratm Yesil and Pervin health hazard. Noise Pollution. Yesil. (2009): Evaluation of noise Environmental Training Institute, pollution caused by vehicles in the city DANIDA(Denmark),Tamil Nadu of Tokat, Turkey Serkan Ozer, Pollution Control Board Chennai.P.9. Scientific Research and Essay 4 (11):1205-1212. Bhaven, Tandel, Macwan, Joel and Ruparel, Pratik N. (2011): Urban Corridor Noise Ingle, S T; Attarde, S B; Dhake, R.B; and Pollution: A case study of Surat city, Panchpande, B.G. (2001): Noise India IPCBEE 12: 144-148 Pollution- An insidious Hazardous in Urban Environment-A case study of Central pollution control board, Noise Jalgoon City-” Status of Indian pollution regulation in India (Ministry Environment-(Pre conference of Environment & forest, Govt. of Proceedings), ASEA, Rishikesh, P-31. India, New Delhi) PCLS/06/2000-01 Maiti, S.K. (2003): Handbook of Methods in Chandrasekar, E., (2003): Study of noise level Environmental Studies., Vol. 2: Air, in trains and stations. M.E. Thesis, Noise and Overburden Analysis. ABD Department of Civil Engineering, publication: 110-121. annamalai University, Annnamalainagar, India, Meenakshi, P. and Sasthran, M. K., (2003): Assessment of Noise level. Indian Edison., R. Raja, C. Ravi Chandran and J. Journal of Environmental Protection, Christal Sagila, (1999): A assessment of 84,1-5.. Noise Pollution due to automobiles in Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu. India. J. Env. Mangalekar, S.B., Jadhav A.S. and Raut P.D. Health.41(4):312-316. (2009): Study of Noise Pollution in Kolhapur City, Maharashtra, India Environmental Concerns of India (1996): Universal Journal of Environmental Noise pollution P. No.73-74. Research and Technology 2( 1): 65-69 ETI, (2003): Noise Pollution Environmental Pathak, V. Tripathi, B. D. and Mishra, V.K. Training Institute DANIDA(Denmark), (2008): Evaluation of Traffic Noise Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board Pollution and Chennai. P.I. Attitudes of Exposed Individuals in Working Gangwar, K. K., Joshi, B.D. and Swami, A. Place. Atmos Environ., 42(16): 3892– (2006): Noise Pollution Status at Four 3898. Selected Intersections in Commercial Areas of Bareilly Metropolitan City. Pandya M. and Shrivastava R.K. (1999): U.P. Him J Environ Zool., 20(1):75–77 Analysis of noise levels and its health effects in areas of Jabalpur City: PartI

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analysis of noise levels. Indian Journal Singh, P. K., Prasad S. S. and Singh, T.N. of Environmental Science, 3:197200. (2000): Status of Noise Pollution in Dhanbad Municipal Area. Indian Raja, R.E., Ravi, C. Chandran and Sagila, Journal of Environmental Protection, C.J. (1999): An assessment of Noise 20:1114. Pollution due to automobiles in Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, India”. J. Sunamani Kerketta, Rajendra Gartia, Jai Environ Hlth, Vol. 41(4), P-312-316. Krishna Tewari, Somanath Bagh (2011): Status of ambient noise in a S. B. Kankal and R. W. Gaikwad (2011): chromite mining complex: An Studies on noise and air quality assessment and analysis New York monitoring at Shirdi(Maharashtra), Science Journal, 4(8) India. Advances in Applied Science Research 2 (1): 63-75. Tondan, N. and Pandey, H. (1998): Noise levels of some vehicles and traffic S. Sampath, S. Murali Das and V.Sasi Kumar. Noise at some major road crossing in (2004): Ambient noise levels in major south Delhi. Indian J. Environment cities in Kerala J. Ind. Geophys. Union Protection 18(6): 454-458. 8(4):293-298.

15 VolumeInternational II Number Journal 2 2011 for [23-28] Environmen tal Rehabilitation and Conservation Volume[ISSN 0975 II No. - 6272] 2 2011 [16 – 22] Krishan, et [ISSN al. 0975 - 6272]

Evaluation of present water quality status of Sapta Sarovars at Ujjain

Bhadauriya, Gaurav; Matta, Gagan and Singh, Vikas

Received: April 29, 2011 ⏐ Accepted: September 12, 2011 ⏐ Online: December 27, 2011

Abstract Introduction In the present investigation Assessment of Water is one of the most vital natural physico-chemical parameters were carried out resources. Compared with other resources during the period July 2008 to June 2009 water is generally very utilizable resource. from seven sarovars namely the Rudra Sagar, Hence we can say that Water is one of the Pushkar Sagar, Kshir Sagar, Goverdhan most important components for survival of Sagar, Ratnakar Sagar, VishnuSagar and any kind of living organism. It covers nearly Purushotam Sagar located in Ujjain , an three fourth of the surface of the earth. Fresh ancient city of central India in the Malwa water is the most precious resource on earth. region of Madhya Pradesh. Sites I, II, II IV, Today, the easy availability of fresh water is a VI and VII were subjected to various major problem as 80% rivers are getting anthropogenic activities of man, passing polluted. Singh et al.(2002).There are serious through the urban residential areas while sites water quality problems in the cities, towns V were located in a forested village and have and villages using these waters. Water borne heavy human disturbances. Parameters diseases are rampant, fisheries are on decline, studied were Temperature, pH, Conductivity, and even cattle are not spared from the Total solid, free CO2, DO, BOD, Alkalinity, onslaught of pollution. Ujjain is situated on a Hardness and Chlorides. unique geographical location (Latitude 23°- Keywords: Physicochemical parameter ⏐ 11” N Longitude 75°-45” E) from where Saptasarovar ⏐ Water quality ⏐ DO ⏐ BOD tropic of cancer passes. It is the 'Greenwich Mean Time' of India for Panchang. The tilting

of earth at angle of 23½ ◦ on its axis and geographical line of tropic of cancer has special cosmic influence making it fit for For correspondence: absolute time location. Ujjain city is situated Dept. of Zoology and Environmental Science on the bank of river Kshipra, the only river Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar that travels straight from south to north. Uttarakhand, India Water intended for human consumption

Evaluation of present water quality status of Sapta Sarovars at Ujjain 16 Volume I Number 1 2010 [16 – 22] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Singh et al.

should be safe and wholesome i.e. free from Material and method: pathogenic agent and harmful chemicals, Water samples were collected from different pleasant to taste and useable for domestic location of Sapt sarover in Ujjain city. purpose (Parashar et al., 2006). Present study Monthly sampling was done for a period of comprises of interpretation and analysis of twelve month from July-2008 to June water samples collected from seven polluted 2009.The water samples were collected water bodies of Ujjain city and found that between 7.00 a.m. to 9.00 a.m. in plastic heavy pollution occurred due to urbanization, container as possible to avoid unpredictable anthropogenic activities; increased human changes in physico-chemical characteristics Interventions in the water bodies have been from each sampling sites. The testing of ascertained. samples was done according to the procedure Sampling Sites: prescribed by APHA (1998), S.K. Mati Sampling Site I (Rudra Sagar):Rudra Sagar (2004) and Trivedy and Goel (1986). The pH, is situated on the west side of the Mahakaal electrical conductivity and turbidity were Temple Complex. Being part of the Sapta estimated at sampling sites. DO was fixed at Sarovar the tank has a great religious and the sampling site and other parameters were historical significance. measured according to standard procedure given by APHA (1998), Trivedy & Goel Sampling Site II (Pushkar sagar): is situated (1986) and S.K. Matti (2004) in the at Naliabakhal is one of the Seven Holy laboratory. Tanks of the city Ujjain. Due to rapid urbanization and absence of public drainage Result and discussion: system in the city this water body is converted The physicochemical characteristic provides a in to a collection tank of dirty water. fair idea of the water quality of any water Sampling Site III (Kshir sagar): is situated at body. The physico-chemical analysis carried Nai sadak in the city Ujjain. out from the different site during different seasons has been presented in table 1. Sampling Site IV (Goverdhan sagar): this sampling site is in main city situated at Nikas Temperature is one of the most important Chourha. factor which influence chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water bodies. The Sampling Site V (Ratnakar sagar): this present study revealed that temperature varied sampling site is situated in odasa village. from 26.22±3.19 °C to 27.41±3.43 °C Sampling Site VI (Vishnu sagar): is situated however maximum temperature was found at in ankpat behind the temple ram laxaman sampling site VII and minimum was at sampling site VI. Average value of Sampling Site VII (Purushotamsagar): is temperature was found 26.62±0.43 °C during situated Near the Ankpat Darwaja it is also study period. Similar pattern were observed called as Solah Sagar

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for temperature by Prasad (1952), Sivakumar µmhos/Cm2 during study period. Similar et al. (2003) during their study on water study was made by Abida, (2008), Badrinath quality of the river Ambarapalaym. pH is an (1980) and Saksena et al. (2008).Total Solid important parameter which is important in was found highest in monsoon period and evaluating the acid-base balance of water.The minimum in winter. The concentration is high pH values ranged from 7.50±0.12 to during the monsoon, which may be due to 8.20±0.20. Maximum pH was found at addition of solids from the runoff water. sampling site VII and minimum was at Caroline (1992).Total solid varied from sampling site I. Average value of pH was 1525.36±68.97 mg/l to 1814.40±49.06 mg/l found 7.94±0.23 during study period. Ellis however maximum total solid was found at (1937) has observed that a pH range of 6.7 to sampling site VI and minimum was at 8.4 is suitable for the growth of aquatic sampling site II. Average value of total solid biota.Alkaline Ph was also obserbed by was found 1642.67±131.74 mg/l during study Shaikh and Yeragi (2004) in river Tansa period. Chacko Ganapathy, (1949) and while Varma (1998) have observed acidic Fokmare et al. (2002) has made the same nature of ph during his study.Turbidity of observation Alkalinity of water is a measure water is an important parameter, which of weak acid present in it and of the cations influences the light penetration. The turbidity balanced against them. In the present value of sapta sarovars varied from investigation also, total alkalinity level 67.21±4.58 JTU to 75.28±8.97 JTU however reduced in the post-rainy months. Higher maximum turbidity was found at sampling level of alkalinity 272.31±32.62 mg/l was site VI and minimum was at sampling site IV. found at sampling site II during study period Average value of turbidity was found and lower 159.54±1309 mg/l at sampling 72.11±2.57 JTU during study period. Similar point I. Average value of alkalinity was found pattern for turbidity was observed by Shrada 207.51±36.04 mg/l during study period. et al. (2011), during physiochemical study on Similar observation has also been reported by water quality of narmada river and Singh et Singh and Rai (1999); Garg et al. (2010). The al. (2002) during Hydrobiological studies of alkalinity varies in accordance with the two ponds of satna M.P. Electrical fluctuation in the pollution load (Parashar et Conductivity measures the capacity of a al. 2006).Hardness is very important substance or solution to conduct electrical parameter in decreasing the toxic effect of current. In the present study, lowest poisonous element.The water hardness was conductivity value (171.76±16.74 µmhos/Cm2 higher in monsoon but it was highest during )was observed at Station-VI and highest value summer season which might have caused of conductivity (212.70±61.74 µmhos/Cm2 increased concentration of salts by excessive )was observed at Station-I. Average value of evaporation as also observed by Jitendra et al. conductivity was found 200.86±14.15 (2008). Hardness varied from 178.52±5.74

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mg/l to 198.45±45.32mg/l however maximum average value was observed at all sampling hardness was found at sampling site III and site 10.98±0.71 mg/l. Dissolved oxygen minimum was at sampling site I. Average concentration more than 5.00 mgl/1 favours value of hardness was found 187.62±6.54 good growth of flora and fauna (Das, 2000). mg/l during study period. Present The dissolved oxygen ranged from 3.41 to observations are in agreement with similar 6.21 mgl/1 in Seetadwar lake (Tewari and ones made by Das, (2000); Mahor (2009). Mishra, 2005), from 5.30 to 9.00 mgl/1 in Chloride is one of the important indicators of Deoria tal (Rawat and Sharma, 2005) and pollution. Chlorides are present in sewage, from 3.00 to 6.00 mgl/1 in Kandhar dam effluents and farm drainage. Main sources of (Surve et al., 2005). Biological oxygen chloride in any water bodies are sediments, demand is a measure of the oxygen in the sewage and trade and industrial effluents, if water that is required by the aerobic present. Sewage bring with urine, which is organisms. The biodegradation of organic rich in chloride content. Chloride varied from materials exerts oxygen tension in the water 24.04±1.80 mg/l to 42.84±2.45 mg/l. The and increases the biochemical oxygen demand value of chloride concentration in the present (Abida, 2008). In this study value of BOD study was highest at sampling station II and varied from (2.57±0.41) mg/l to (5.38±0.67) lowest at sampling station III. Average value mg/l in sapta sarovar water samples. Average of chloride was found 35.24±6.84 mg/l during value of BOD for all sampling site was study period Rajkumar, 2004; Rai (1974) also observed 4.28±1.17 mg/l. Desirable limit for reported similar findings in their study on BOD is 4.0 mg/l and permissible limit is 6.0 different water bodies.Dissolve oxygen is a mg/l according to Indian standards. BOD one of the important parameter in water demand below 3 mg/l or less is required for quality assessment its presence is essential to the best use. Fokmare and Musaddiq (2002) maintain variety of forms of biological life in recorded high value of biochemical oxygen the water and the effect of waste discharge in demand (BOD) as 20.00 mgl/1 in river Purna. a water body is largely determined by the Rajkumar et al. (2004) and Jitendra et al. oxygen balance of the system. Dissolved (2008) also reported maximum BOD value in oxygen is regulator of metabolic activities of winter and minimum in summer in their organisms and thus governs metabolism of study. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) the biological community as a whole and also ranged from (12.56±0.35) mg/l to acts as an indicator of trophic status of the (20.23±0.82) mg/l (Table 1). And average water body (Saksena and Kaushik, 1994). The value was found 16.17±2.31 mg/l. The test is mean value of the dissolved oxygen ranged commonly used to indirectly measure the between (9.71±0.53 mg/l ) to (11.76±0.79 amount of organic compounds in water. Most mg/l ). Lowest DO means maximum pollution applications of COD determine the amount of due to effluent and human activities. Annual organic pollutants found in surface water,

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making COD a useful measure of water matter and from respiration of organisms quality. It is expressed in milligrams per liter (Singh and Rai 1999). In polluted water, the (mg/l), which indicates the mass of oxygen free carbon dioxide is generally high. In consumed per liter of solution (Clair 2003). Chambal river, free carbon dioxide ranged COD is the measure of the oxygen required from non traceable amount at all stations. the

for chemical oxidation of organic matter. In maximum value of free CO2 was found this study maximum value of COD was found 4.10±0.52 mg/l at sampling station VIII and at Station-II and minimum value at Station- minimum 2.68±0.48 mg/l was at sampling IV. Vyas et al.(2006) and Das (2000) also station I . average value was recorded as suggested a similar finding during his 3.42±0.43 mg/l. Good oxygen saturation and study.The pH, alkalinity and free carbon low free carbon dioxide indicate no pollution dioxide are interrelated in aquatic ecosystems. load in the river at all Stations. Most of the free carbon dioxide in water comes from the decomposition of organic

Parameter Site I Site II Site III Site IV Site V Site VI Site VII Average 7.50 7.90 8.10 8.00 7.80 8.10 8.20 7.94 pH ± 0.12 ± 0.14 ± 0.20 ± 0.19 ± 0.15 ± 0.21 ± 0.20 ± 0.23 26.55 26.30 26.52 27.00 26.36 26.22 27.41 26.62 Temperature ( °C) ± 2.65 ± 2.79 ± 2.92 ± 2.60 ± 3.12 ± 3.19 ± 3.43 ± 0.43 Conductivity 212.70 202.24 212.24 206.56 205.34 171.76 195.21 200.86 (µmhos/Cm2) ± 61.74 ± 31.03 ± 77.86 ± 33.72 ± 28.81 ± 16.74 ± 54.53 ± 14.15 74.31 72.19 71.29 67.21 72.42 75.28 72.10 72.11 Turbidity (JTU) ± 13.81 ± 13.02 ± 10.76 ± 4.58 ± 13.10 ± 8.97 ± 13.20 ± 2.57 1537.29 1525.36 1703.45 1517.90 1590.85 1814.40 1809.49 1642.67 Total Solid (mg/l) ± 51.34 ± 68.97 ± 74.59 ± 48.37 ± 27.40 ± 49.06 ± 46.01 ± 131.74 2.57 5.38 3.17 4.78 3.52 5.24 5.35 4.28 BOD (mg/l) ± 0.41 ± 0.67 ± 0.42 ± 0.56 ± 0.51 ± 0.62 ± 0.65 ± 1.17 14.97 20.23 15.82 12.56 15.85 16.82 16.95 16.17 COD (mg/l) ± 0.41 ± 0.82 ± 1.32 ± 0.35 ± 1.35 ± 1.38 ± 1.42 ± 2.31 9.71 11.76 11.10 10.45 10.90 11.35 11.65 10.98 DO (mg/l) ± 0.53 ± 0.79 ± 0.47 ± 0.42 ± 0.43 ± 0.46 ± 0.56 ± 0.71 2.68 3.27 3.33 3.58 3.35 3.65 4.10 3.42 Free CO (mg/l) 2 ± 0.48 ± 0.32 ± 0.39 ± 0.41 ± 0.33 ± 0.46 ± 0.52 ± 0.43 159.54 272.31 187.17 195.25 192.20 225.46 220.68 207.51 Alkalinity (mg/l) ± 1309 ± 32.62 ± 6.13 ± 6.32 ± 3.24 ± 30.42 ± 30.05 ± 36.04 178.52 191.72 198.45 185.65 182.60 190.45 185.98 187.62 Hardness (mg/l) ± 5.74 ± 44.69 ± 45.32 ± 42.21 ± 41.56 ± 43.25 ± 42.55 ± 6.54 32.41 42.84 24.04 35.65 30.45 38.68 42.65 35.24 Chloride (mg/l) ± 1.51 ± 2.45 ± 1.80 ± 1.24 ± 1.15 ± 1.35 ± 1.68 ± 6.84

Table 1: Physico-chemical characteristics of Sapta sarovar at different sampling stations during 2008-09

Acknowledgement: authors are thankfull to University Ujjain for providing lab facility for head of the department of School of studies in the present study. Environment Management, Vikram

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References: Akola district of Maharastra, India. Nat. Abida B. and Harikrishna, (2008): Study on the Environ. Pollut. Technol., 1, 261-263. Quality of Water in Some Streams of Jitendra, S., Agrawal, D.K., and Shradha, P., Cauvery River, E-Journal of Chemistry, 5, (2008): Seasonal Variations in Different (2): 377-384. Physico-Chemical Characteristics of APHA (1998): Standard Methods for the Yamuna River Water Quality in Proposed Examination of Water and Waste Water. Lakhwar hydropower project influence 20th Edition. Washington: American Area. Research India Publications, Public Health Association International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, ISSN 0973-6077 Badrinath., S.D. (1980): Water quality of rivers. A 3, (1):107–117. case of study. IAWPC Tech., Annual VI & VII, 149-155. Mahor R.K. (2009): Water quality of tighra fresh water reservoir in relation to physico- Caroline O. Dublin - Green. (1992): Seasonal and chemical characteristics & periodicity of Spatial variations in some physico- zooplanktons.1(13):74-76. chemical paramets of the rivers Bonny (Niger Delta). Acta hydrobiol 14 (12); 3- Parashar C., Dixit S. and Srivastava R. (2006): 17. Seasanal Variations in Physico-chemical characteristics in upper lake of Bhopal, Chacko., P. L. and S.V. Ganapathy, (1949): Some Asian. J. Exp. Sci., 20(2), 297-302. observation the Adayar river with reference to its hydrobiological Prasad R.R., (1952): Priliminary observations on conditions. Indian Geogr. J. 24(3) 3 401- the temperature gradients and light 409. penetration in the upper 200 feet of water of the Bay of Bengal, Proc. Indian Acad. Clair N. Sawyer, Perry L. McCarty and Gene F. Sci., 36, 61-69 Parkin. (2003): Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science, R. K. Garg, R. J. Rao, D. Uchchariya, G. Shukla 5th edition,Tata McGraw-Hill, pp. 625- and D. N. Saksena (2010): Seasonal 630. variations in water quality and major threats to Ramsagar reservoir, India D.N. Saksena, R.K. Garg and R.J. Rao (2008): African Journal of Environmental Science Water quality and pollution status of and Technology 4(2): 061-076, Chambal river in National Chambal sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh.Journal of Rai, H. (1974): Limnological observation on the Environmental Biology. 29(5): 701-710 different rivers and lakes in the Ivory Coast, Hydrobiologia, 44(213): 301-317 Das, A.K. (2000): Limno-Chemistry of Some Andhra Pradesh Reservoirs. J. Inland Rajkumar, S., Velmurugan, P., Shanthi, K., Fish. Soc. India 32: 37-44. Ayyasamy, P.M., and Lakshmanaperumalasamy, P. (2004): Ellis, M. M. (1937): Detection and measurement Water Quality of Kodaikanal lake, of stream pollution. U.S. Bur. Fish. Bull. Tamilnadu in Relation to Physico- Washington, 22, 367-437. Chemical and Bacteriological Fokmare, A. K. and Musaddiq, M. (2002): A Characteristics, Capital Publishing study of physico-chemical characteristics Company, Lake, pp. 339-346. of Kapsi lake and Purna river waters in

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Rawat, M. S. and Sharma, R. C. (2005): Surve, P.R., Ambore, N.E., Pulle, J.S. (2005): Phytoplankton population of Garhwal Hydrobiological studies of Kandhar dam Himalayam Lake Deoria Tal, Uttranchal. water, district Nanded (M.S.), India. J. J. Ecophysiol. Occupat. Health 5: 73-76. Ecophysiol. Occupat. Health 5: 61-63. Matti, S.K. (2004): Handbook of Methods in Singh, P. K., Prasad S. S. and Singh, T.N. Environmental Studies, Water and Waste (2000): Status of Noise Pollution in Water Analysis, Vol. 1, Jaipur: ABD Dhanbad Municipal Area. Indian Journal Publishers. of Environmental Protection, 20:1114. Saksena, D. N. and Kaushik, S. (1994): Trophic Sunamani, Kerketta, Rajendra Gartia, Jai Krishna status and habitat ecology of entomofauna Tewari, Somanath Bagh (2011): Status of of three water bodies at Gwalior, Madhya ambient noise in a chromite mining Pradesh. In: Perspective in entomological complex: An assessment and analysis research (Ed.: O.P. Agrawal). Scientific New York Science Journal, 4(8) Publishers, Jodhpur Tondan, N. and Pandey, H. (1998): Noise levels Shaikh, N. and Yeragi, S.G. (2004): Some of some vehicles and traffic Noise at some physico-chemical aspects of Tansa river major road crossing in south Delhi. Indian of Thane district, Maharastra. J. Aqua. J. Environment Protection 18(6): 454- Biol., 19:99-102 458. Sharma Shraddha, Vishwakarma Rakesh, Dixit Tewari, D.D. and Mishra, S. M. (2005): Savita and Jain Praveen (2011): Limnological study during rainy season of Evaluation of Water Quality of Narmada Seetadwar Lake at Shrawasti District. J. River with reference to Physcochemical Ecophysiol. Occupat. Health 5: 71-72. Parameters at Hoshangabad city, MP, Trivedy & Goel (1986): Chemical and Biological India Res.J.Chem.Sci.1(3):40-48. method for water pollution studies. Karad Singh, S.P., Pathak, D. and Singh, R. (2002): Environmental Publications 1 - 251. Hydrobiological studies of two ponds of Varma, C.M. (1998): Chemical and biological satna (M.P.) India, Eco. Env. and evaluation of an industrially polluted Cons.,8(3): 289-292. river. J. Environ. Pollut., 5:181-187 . Singh, B.N. and S. Rai: (1999): Physico-chemical Vyas, A., Mishra, D. D., Bajapai A., Dixit S. and studies of Ganga river at Varanasi. J. Verma, N. (2006): Environment Impact of Environ. Pollut., 6, 43-46 . Idol Immersion Activity Lakes of Bhopal, Sivakumar, A.A., Arunadevi, P., Aruchami, M. India. Asian J. Exp. Sci., 20 (2): 289-296. (2003). Studies on water quality of the river Ambarapalaym, Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu. Nature Env. Polln. Techno, 2(3): 305-308

22 VolumeInternational II Number Journal 2 2011 for [23-28] Environmen tal Rehabilitation and Conservation Volume[ISSN 0975 II No. - 6272] 2 2011 [23 - 28] Krishan, et [ISSN al. 0975 - 6272]

Population ecology of the Indian torrent catfish, Amblyceps mangois (Hamilton - buchanan) from Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India

Ram Krishan 1, A. K. Dobriyal 2, K.L.Bisht3, R.Kumar4 and P. Bahuguna4

Received: May 12, 2011 ⏐ Accepted: August 16, 2011 ⏐ Online: December 27, 2011

It clearly indicates that the low size of male Abstract population may lead into low fertility of the The paper deals with population study of species and hence it should be taken care of Indian torrent catfish Amblyceps mangois during conservation efforts of the species.

(Ham-Buch) from rivar Mandal in between Rathuadhab and Banjadevi (longitude Introduction 0 0 78 17’15”E - 78 55’20” E and latitude A large number of rivers, rivulets and streams 0 0 0 29 45 N-29 55’40”N) during January, 2008 form a vast network in the central himalayan to December, 2010 in district Pauri Garhwal, mountains (Garhwal and Kumaun region; Uttarakhand. Sex ratio from a sample size of latitudes 2905’-31025’ N and longitudes 114 specimens was analysed moth wise and 77045’-810 E) and have a large number of also season wise to see whether there is any indigenous fish species. About 65 species of disturbance in population or not for being a fish have been reported from Garhwal region factor of its low population. The significance (Singh et.al., 1987). Major rivers of Garhwal was tested by Chi-square test. It was observed are the Alaknanda, Mandakini, Bhagirathi, that during breeding season (Monsoon Asiganga, Bhilangana, Ganga, Nayar (Eastern months), the sex ratio differed significantly and Western Nayar), Song, Suswa, Khoh, being 1 male: 3.17 female (χ²0.01 = 6.67). Mandal and the Pinder, etc. All these rivers Keywords: Amblyceps mangois ⏐ Habitat and most of fish inhabiting these streams are ecology ⏐ Population structure ⏐ River Mandal ⏐ biologically investigated by earlier workers Sex Ratio (Badola and Singh, 1980; Nautiyal, 1982; For correspondence: Dobriyal and Singh, 1987, 90, 93; Dobriyal et

1 al., 2000, 2004; and Bahuguna, 2008). Department of Zoology, Government S P College, Srinagar (J & K) 2 *Department of Zoology, H N B Garhwal, Central University Amblyceps mangois (Ham-Buch), is a torrent Campus, Pauri Garhwal-246001, Uttarakhand. India hillstream catfish whose population structure 3Department of Zoology, P.D.B.H. Government P.G. College Kotdwara Garhwal, India and bio-ecology has not been studied so far. 4. Department of Zoology, LMS Government PG College, Pithoragarh, Thus to fill up the lacuna in literature and to

generate basic data for the eco-conservation

Population ecology of the Indian torrent catfish, Amblyceps Mangois (hamilton- buchanan) from Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India 23 Volume II Number 2 2011 [23-28] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Krishan, et al.

of this minor species, it is decided to work out Certain important ecological parameters were the conservation biology of this interesting analysed by following standard methods fish species. (Welch, 1948). Sex composition study shows the abundance of any sex at a particular time or season. It Results and Discussion emphasizes on whether the population is in Amblyceps mangois (Fig. 2) has been reported natural ratio or not. The nature allows a sex- from foothills of Garhwal Himalaya, Kangra ratio of 1:1 between males and females. It is valley in Himachal Pradesh and Assam in considered as healthy population. However, India and also from Bangladesh, Burma, sometime this ratio differs greatly, which Thialand and Pakistan. Body is elongated. points towards some disturbance in Head is small and broad, depressed and population. Under those circumstances the covered with thick skin. Mouth is wide with reasons thereof should be traced out. Some four pairs of barbels. Nostrils are close important contributions in this area of together and separated by the nasal barbel. research in fishes during recent years have Dorsal spine is weak and concealed. Caudal been made by Dobriyal et.al.(2000), Jameela fin is truncate and emarginated. Colour of Beevi and Ramachandran (2005), Panwar and body is olive brown often with a dark lateral Mani (2006) and Bahuguna et.al (2010). band. The fish is least populous in the hill-streams Materials and Methods of Garhwal Himalaya except the river Mandal The fish was monthly collected from river which is in the foothill of Uttarakhnad with Mandal in between Rathuadhab and pebbly bottom and slow flowing water. Banjadevi (longitude 78017’15”E-78055’20” Collected specimens were in a size range of E and latitude 290450N-29055’40”N) during 4.5 to 8.5 cm. However a maximum size of January, 2008 to December, 2010 in district 12.5 cm is reported by Talwar and Jhingran Pauri Garhwal (Fig 1) with the help of small (1991). net made of bolting silk cloth and preserved on the spot after recording basic Taxonomic details of Amblyceps mangois: morphometric data from January, 2008 to (After Talwar and Jhingran, 1991) Genus December 2010. Sex ration from a sample Pimelodus mangois Hamilton- Buchanan, size of 114 specimens was analysed moth 1822, Fishes of Ganges: 199, 379 (Type wise and also season wise to see whether locality: Northen Bihar) there is any disturbance in population or not Genus Amblyceps Blyth (1858), Proceedings for being a factor of its low population. The of Asiatic Society, Bengal, 27: 282 significance was tested by Chi-square test as (Type species- Amblyceps caecutiens Blyth). χ² = ∑ (O – E)2 / E, where O is the observed Species- Amblyceps mangois (Day, 1877) value and E is the expected value. Fishes of India: 490, pl 102, Fig 6 and pl 117,

Population ecology of the Indian torrent catfish, Amblyceps Mangois (hamilton- buchanan) from Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India 24 Volume II Number 2 2011 [23-28] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Krishan, et al.

Habitat Ecology is highly significant (For pooled data of The abiotic dynamics of any aquatic body monsoon season- Ratio- 1 Male : 3.17

play most important role in its biological Female, Significant at 1 % level, χ²0.01 = 6.63; productivity and life support system. It fact it For monthly data of July- August- Ratio- 1 is most sensitive ecosystem than any other. It Male : 3- 3.14 Female, Significant at 5 %

is the quality of physico- chemical parameters level, χ²0.05 = 3.84). It might be possible that that determines the density and diversity of due to low population of male fish the biota existing there. In fluvial system, the fertilization percentage is poor because velocity of water current, gradient at which normally in a successful fish species the the river is flowing, temperature, conductivity ration of male is more than female to get good of ions, hardness and alkalinity along with percentage fertility during breeding season. some important minerals are the important Secondly this is also possible that during detrimental. In the present communication monsoon there is a high velocity of water three selected parameters are discussed. The current due to flash flood after heavy rains. It river Mandal in general is slow flowing might have disturbed the breeding grounds as stream with pebbly bottom and moderately we observed the fish under the stones mostly rich in plankton and benthos. Temperature in side waters round the year. Nikolski (1980) (Fig. 3) varied from 15- 270C from winter to has opined that difference in sex ratio may be summer. Dissolved oxygen (Fig.4) fluctuated caused by several ecological factors. In from 7- 10 mg.-l and pH ranged in between another study we have also observed that 7.1-8.2. It showed the clarity of water round Amblyceps mangois is a low fecund fish the year except monsoon. The rich plankton (Maximum absolute fecundity being about and benthic fauna and suitable substratum 650). heterogeneity supported diverse fauna which Enough literature is available on the included some least populous species like that population study of fishes. The nature allows of Amblyceps mangois. a healthy population a ratio of 1:1. Sobhana and Nair (1976) observed the sex ratio of 1 Population structure Male: 1.4 Female in Puntius sarana. The sex– A collection of 114 specimens in a span of composition in Glyptothorax telchitta and three years is explanatory in itself regarding Garra lamta was 1:1.052 and 1:1.18 (Male: size of population in the stream. However, it Female) respectively in Khoh river as is noticeable that this species do not have this reported by Rautela (1999). Dobriyal et al size of population in any other stream of (2004) reported a sex ratio of 1 male: 1.028 Garhwal Himalaya. On the basis of present female in Crossocheilus latius latius from the study we have tried to analyse the reason of river Mandakini. In Puntius vittatus, Jameela its thin population and the only conclusion Beevi and Ramachandran (2005) observed a available as per data recorded is that during ratio of 1: 2. In Botia dayi Hora, the sex– its breeding season the difference in sex ratio composition was recorded as 1:1.04 (Male:

Population ecology of the Indian torrent catfish, Amblyceps Mangois (hamilton- buchanan) from Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India 25 Volume II Number 2 2011 [23-28] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Krishan, et al.

Female) by Kumar et.al (2006) from Khoh conchonius (1 Male: 1.17 Female) which has river. Bahuguna et.al (2007) estimated that a very high population in Mandal river. the sex–ratio was quite natural in Puntius

No. No. % % Ratio Total No. Months of of of of χ² Remark of fish M F Males Females Males Females January 6 3 3 50.00 50.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 NS February 6 2 4 33.33 66.67 1.00 2.00 0.67 NS March 9 3 6 33.33 66.67 1.00 2.00 1.00 NS April 7 3 4 42.85 57.15 1.00 1.34 0.142 NS May 8 5 3 62.5 37.5 1.67 1.00 0.500 NS June 13 6 7 46.15 53.84 1.00 1.16 0.076 NS July 13 3 10 23.07 76.92 1.00 3.34 3.769 * August 12 3 9 25.00 75.00 1.00 3.00 3.0 * September 15 5 10 33.33 66.67 1.00 2.00 1.67 NS October 10 4 6 40.00 60.00 1.00 1.50 0.4 NS November 8 3 5 37.50 62.50 1.00 1.67 0.5 NS December 7 3 4 42.85 57.15 1.00 1.34 0.143 NS

* Significant at 5 % level (χ²0.05 = 3.84), NS= Non significant

Table 1: Population structure (Sex Ratio) of Amblyceps mangois in the river Mandal during January, 2008 to December, 2010.

Total No. No. % % Ratio Season No. of of of of χ² Remark Male Female of fish Male Female Male Female Winter NS 19 8 11 42.11 57.89 1.00 1.37 0.472 (Dec.-Feb.) Spring NS 16 6 10 37.50 62.5 1.00 1.67 1.0 (Mar.-Apr.) Summer NS 21 11 10 52.38 47.62 1.1 1.00 0.048 (May.-Jun.) Monsoon * 25 6 19 24.00 76.00 1.00 3.17 6.76 (Jul.-Aug.) Autumn ** 33 12 21 36.36 63.64 1.00 1.75 2.46 (Sep.-Nov.) Pooled Data * 114 43 71 37.72 62.28 1.00 1.65 6.876

* Significant at 1 % level (χ²0.01 = 6.63), ** Low significance, NS= Non significant

Table 2: Seasonal Population structure (Sex Ratio) of Amblyceps mangois in the river Mandal during January, 2008 to December, 2010.

Population ecology of the Indian torrent catfish, Amblyceps Mangois (hamilton- buchanan) from Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India 26 Volume II Number 2 2011 [23-28] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Krishan, et al.

Conservation of the species Garhwal, Central Himalaya. D. Phil. It was observed that apart from biological Thesis, HNB Garhwal University facts there are some anthropological, social Srinagar Garhwal. and agricultural issues which are needed to be Bahuguna, P.K., Joshi, H.K. and Dobriyal, properly taken care of. Rural folk usually A.K. (2007). Fecundity and sex ratio practice overfishing by the use of illegal in Puntius fishing techniques which damage the conchonius (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from ichthyofauna specially these minor species. Garhwal Himalaya. Environment Sream bed which is important for feeding and Conservation J. (1-2): 37-43. breeding of fish is considerably disturbed by Bahuguna, P., Kumar, R. and Joshi, H.K. anthropological activities. The river is (2010). Studies on the reproduction embanked by agricultural fields which are capacity and fertilized with urea and other chemicals. Sex ratio in a hill – stream loach fish These chemicals generally leak into stream Noemacheilus denisoni Day from river and damage biota. Mandal of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand. Uttar Pradesh J. Zool. To conserve the species like Amblyceps vol (30): (Accepted in Press) mangois, it is essential that these problems are Day, F. (1889) . The fauna of British India solved through ecological awareness. including Ceylone and Plantation should be encouraged on the banks Burma.Dawson and Sons Ltd., of stream so that the riparian vegetation can London. be improved which indirectly contributes Dobriyal, A. K. and Singh, H. R. 1987: The towards productivity of rivers. Attempts reproductive biology of a hillstream should be made of induced breeding which is minor carp Barilius bendelisis (Ham.) easy in case of minor species in aquariums. from Garhwal Himalaya, India.Vest By introducing fish into its natural habitat cs. Spolec. Zool.51: 1- 10. may solve the problem of differential sex ratio Dobriyal, A. K. and Singh, H. R. 1989: also. By these conservation efforts the entire Ecology of rhithrofauna in the aquatic resource can be conserved. torrential waters of Garhwal Himalaya : Fecundity and sex ratio of References: Glyptothorax pectinopterus (Pisces). Badola, S.P. and Singh H.R. 1980. Food and Vest. cs. Spolec. Zool. 53 : 17 - 25. feeding habits of fishes of the genera Dobriyal, A.K. and Singh, H.R. 1990. Tor, Puntius and Barilius. Proc Indian. Ecological studies on the age and natn. Sci. Acad. B 46(1): 58-62. growth of Barilius bendelisis (Ham.) Bahuguna, P. 2008. Fish biology of Puntius from India. Arch. Hydrobiol. 118: 93 conchonius (Ham. Buch) From –103.

Population ecology of the Indian torrent catfish, Amblyceps Mangois (hamilton- buchanan) from Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India 27

Dobriyal, A. K. and Singh, H. R. 1993: hillstreams. D.Phil.Thesis.HNB Reproductive biology of a Hillstream Garhwal University, Srinagar catfish Glyptothorax madraspatanum Garhwal. (Day) from Garhwal Himalaya, India. Nikolsky, G.V.(1980).Theory of fish Aquaculture and Fisheries population dynamics. Bishen singh Management: 24: 699- 706. and Mahendar Pal Dobriyal, A.K., Kumar, N., Bahuguna, A.K. Singh, India and Ottokoeltz Science and Singh, H.R (2000): Breeding Publishers (West Germany), pp. 317 ecology of some coldwater minor Panwar, B.A. and Mani, U.H. (2006): Sex carps from Garhwal Himalayas. Cold ratio of Macrones bleekeri (Blecker) water aquaculture and fisheries. (Eds from H. R. Singh and W.S. Lakra), Sadatpur Lake, Ahmednager, District Narendra Publishing House, Delhi. Maharashtra. J.Aqua. Biol. 21(2): 182- 177-186. 185 (2006). Dobriyal, A.K., Negi, K.S., Joshi, H.K. and Rautela, K.K. 1999. Ecological studies on Bisht, K.L. (2004). Breeding capacity the spawning biology of some of coldwater fishes from the Khoh Crossocheilus latius latius (Pisces: stream. D. Phil. Thesis, HNB Garhwal Cyprinidae) in the river Mandakini of University, Srinagar Garhwal. Garhwal, uttaranchal. Flora and Singh, H.R., Badola, S.P. and Dobriyal, A.K. Fauna Vol 10 : 151-153. (1987) :Geographical distributional Jameela Beevi, K.S. and Ramachandran, A. list of ichthyofauna of the Garhwal (2005). Sex ratio in Puntius vittatus Himalay with some new records. J. Day in the fresh water bodies of Bombay nat. Hist Soc. 84 : 126-132. Ernakulam District, Kerala. Zoos Print Sobhana, B. and Nair, N.B.(1976) Journal 20(9): 1989-90. Observation on the maturation and Kumar, K., Bisht, K. L., Dobriyal, A. K., spawning of Puntius Joshi, H. K., Bahuguna, P. K., sarana subnasutus (Valenciennes). Goswami, S., Balodi, V.P. and Indian J. Fish. 21(2): 357-359. Thapliyal, A. (2006). Fecundity and Talwar, P.K. and Jhingran, A. G. (1991): sex ratio in a rare hill-stream fish Inland fishes of India and adjacent Botia dayi Hora from Garhwal countries. Oxford & IBH Publ. Co. Himalaya, Uttranchal. Uttar Pradesh Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Pp. 250-295. J. Zool. 26 (3): 271-276 Welch, P.S. (1948). Limnological Methods. Nautiyal, P. (1982). Some aspects of Mc Graw- Hill Book Co. NY, bioecology of Tor putitora in relation Toronto, London. to hydrobiology of some Garhwal

28 VolumeInternational II Number Journal 2 2011 for [23-28] Environmen tal Rehabilitation and Conservation Volume[ISSN 0975 II No. - 6272] 1 2011 [29 - 49] Krishan, et [ISSN al. 0975 - 6272]

Deterioration of Water Quality of Some Eco-efficient Himalayan Rivers in India

Ankur Kansal1, Nihal A. Siddiqui2 and Ashutosh Gautam3

Received: May 12, 2011 ⏐ Accepted: August 16, 2011 ⏐ Online: December 27, 2011

Abstract other pollutants and exceeded the maximum Most precious water reservoirs like permissible limits of Bureau of Indian Himalayan Glaciers, and origin of world Standards. However, the rivers were found famous Himalayan rivers like Ganga, least polluted near the points of their origin. Yamuna and their tributaries is from Increased levels of Heavy Metal and other Uttarakhand state of India. Over the years pollutants are found at densely populated increased industrial activities and urban stretches of some tourist destinations growth along the rivers and lakes has resulted established along the river Ganga and in increased load over the water bodies In the Yamuna flowing through Garhwal region. present study, a comparison of water quality Among the heavy metals, Cu shows highest has been made in the water bodies flowing concentration and simultaneously Cu had through the two geographical regions of the higher concentration in water bodies of state named as Garhwal and Kumaon. The Kumaon region compared to that of Garhwal study was carried out at 30 locations in two region. It is concluded that the water bodies of different seasons viz. winter season (January Kuman region are polluted manifolds due to 2010) and Pre monsoon, (April 2010) to heavy industrial discharge and untreated analyze various physiochemical parameters sewage disposal. and heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu and Pb). The rivers of Kumaon region were found most Keywords: Water bodies ⏐ Heavy Metal ⏐ polluted in terms of heavy metals as well as Development⏐ Garhwal ⏐ Pollution⏐

Introduction

For correspondence: Water is the most precious resource essential

to sustain the life on earth. For several 1Uttarakhand Environment Protection and Pollution Control decades developing countries have been Board, E-115, Nehru Colony, Dehradun Uttarakhand 2University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, leading the world in the pace of urbanization

Uttarakhand, and water pollution (UN, 1996). Rapid 3 India Glycols Ltd, Kashipur, Uttarakhand, industrialization and urban development Email - [email protected] results in inclusion of variety of pollutants

29 Volume II Number 2 2011 [29 - 49] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Kansal, et al.

into rivers (CPCB, 2004) including heavy nourished by river Ganga, Yamuna and Tons, metals having geological origin and entry into while the river Kosi, Ramganga, Gola etc. are river bodies by weathering and erosion flowing through Kumaon area. Almost all the (Zhang and Huang, 1993) or due to water bodies of Kumaon region, presented in anthropogenic activities like mining, this paper, are of non-glacier origin and discharge of industrial and domestic effluent mainly seasonal rivers. Naini Lake, an (Abbasi et al. 1998). Among the inorganic important lake in Kumaon region has also contaminants of the river, heavy metals are been studied for water quality monitoring. getting importance for their non-degradable nature and often accumulative characteristics There are many Hydro electric power projects through tropic levels (Jain 1978). under construction phase and discharge their Anthropogenic activities like mining, disposal muck into water bodies resulting in of treated and untreated toxic waste, and deterioration of water quality of eco-efficient metal chelates (Amman et al. 2002) from Himalayan Rivers. At present nearly 700 different industries resulted in deterioration of polluting industries have been established in water quality rendering serious environmental Uttarakhand discharge their effluent along problems posing threat to human beings (Ross rivers and lakes. Most of the urban 1994) and aquatic life (Ghosh and Vass, development is taking place along the river 1997; Das et al. 1997). Inadequate urban banks and results in discharge of sewage, sanitary infrastructure, lack of formulation of sullage and construction waste into the rivers. plans, and effective implementation of Effluent mainly from Pulp and Paper Mills, necessary pollution control measures are Sugar Industries, Distilleries and sewage are making the situation worse (Karan and of great concern for contamination of water Harada, 2001). bodies of the State. As per Uttarakhand Environment Protection and Pollution Control Present study was carried out in the state of Board report (UEPPCB, 2007) submitted to Uttarakhand, which is to many important Central Pollution Control Board of India, rivers of India including river Ganga and Paper Industries discharge nearly 141620 Yamuna. It borders Tibet on north, Nepal on KLD effluent, Sugar Industries discharge east, and the states of Himachal Pradesh and nearly 24137 KLD and Distilleries discharge Uttar Pradesh in west and south respectively. nearly 6000 KLD effluent into river bodies of Uttarakhand lies between geo-coordinates Uttarakhand. Apart from this 97.37 MLD of from 30019’48” N to 7803’36” E. Uttarakhand sewage either in treated or untreated form find has geographical area of 53566 Sq Km. Out the way into water bodies of Uttarakhand of the total area, about 85% is hilly/ (UPJN, 2009). There have been several forest/glacier area and remaining 15% area is studies on water quality monitoring of rivers burdened with most of the commercial flowing through Uttarakhand (Semwal and activities. The whole state of Uttarakhand is Akolkar, 2006; Okndro et al. 2007; Bhandari divided into two geographical areas namely and Nayal, 2008; Sati and Paliwal, 2008; Garhwal and Kumaon area. Garhwal area is Singh et al. 2008; Kaushik et al. 2009; Kumar

Deterioration of Water Quality of Some Eco-efficient Himalayan Rivers in India 30 Volume II Number 2 2011 [29 - 49] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Kansal, et al.

and Bahadur, 2009). The objective of the of above four groups was compared present study is to sketch a picture of seasonal statistically.

variation in water quality of major water Samples were analyzed for phosphate (PO4) bodies of Uttarakhand and to examine levels by spectrophotometer; Biological Oxygen of various heavy metals along with physico- Demand (BOD), Total Hardness (TH), Total chemical parameters in surface waters and Alkalinity (TA), Total Suspended Solids there interrelationships. (TSS), Chloride (Cl) gravimetrically; Turbidity by Nephlometer; Sodium (Na) and Materials and Methods Potassium (K) by Flame Photometer; Pb, Cu, All the rivers and lakes of the study area were Fe, Zn by Atomic Absorption grouped into four sectors i) River Ganga Spectrophotometer. A.R. grade chemicals System having 15 sampling/monitoring were used for analysis as per the standard stations, ii) River Yamuna System having 05 methods described by Clesceri et al. (1996). monitoring/sampling stations, iii) Kumaon Rivers having 08 sampling/monitoring station Results and Discussion and iv) two monitoring stations at Naini Lake In the present study, various water bodies making a total of 30 sites. Sampling locations were monitored for heavy metals namely Pb, and site characteristics are given in Table-1. Cu, Fe and Zn. Temporal and spatial Sampling locations have also been presented distribution of studied heavy metals in in the state map at Fig. 1. The locations were different water bodies of Uttarakhand is selected on upstream and downstream of presented in Table 2. major urban centers; and before and after confluence of tributaries with the rivers. Lead (Pb): Samples were collected in the month of Mean value of Pb was 0.15 mg/l in winter January 2010 (winter season), and April 2010 season and 0.32 mgl-1 in pre-monsoon in (Spring/pre-monsoon season). Integrated grab Ganga River System. Very low concentration samples were collected in high-grade plastic of lead in river Ganga has been observed in bottles of 2 Liter capacity in triplicate and West Bangal (Kar et al. 2008). Higher value mixed to get a composite sample. All the of Pb was found at downstream of Uttarkashi sample bottles were stored in ice box till in river Bhagirathi, and upstream and brought to laboratory for analysis. On site downstream of Haridwar town. These two analysis of Dissolved oxygen was done towns sustain comparatively large size of gravimetrically; pH, Electrical Conductivity, population than other towns situated along the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were measured river Ganga and its tributaries in Uttarakhand. by Eventech Cybernetics Model meters; Untreated sewage and industrial effluent may Temperature data was collected by lab be the reason for higher values at Haridwar. thermometer. Water samples were preserved However, construction activity of at pH < 2 in separate 300 ml plastic bottle by hydroelectric power project at Uttarkashi is

adding concentrated HNO3 for heavy metal the strong possible reason for increased analysis. Seasonal and temporal water quality values of Pb in river water bodies. In River

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Yamuna very low concentration of Pb was Ganga system downstream of Haridwar, observed. Average values of Pb in were 0.07 Uttarkashi and Devprayag represented higher mgl-1 in winter season and 0.17 mgl-1 in pre- values compared to the maximum permissible monsoon. Compared to river Ganga System, limit of 1.5 mgl-1. It was found that water very less developmental activities and bodies of Uttarakhand had higher population persists along river Yamuna in the concentration of Cu than river Yamuna state. Higher average concentration of Pb was (Zaherrudin and Shabber, 1996), and river observed in Kumaon rivers. It was 2.7 mgl-1 Kaveri (Ayyadui et al. 1994). and 3.85 mgl-1 in winter and pre-monsoon season respectively. As per Indian Standard Iron (Fe): Institute desirable limit of Pb is 0.1 mgl-1 Fe represented average value of 0.28 mg/l in (BIS, 1998). All observed values of Pb except winter and pre-monsoon in river Ganga. Its were exceeding the standard limit. However, average value was found 0.16 mgl-1 and 0.17 at few monitoring stations situated at higher mgl-1 in respective seasons in river Yamuna. latitudes Pb was below the maximum Highest value of Fe was observed in the permissible limit. River bodies of Kumaon rivers which were 0.94 mgl-1 and Uttarakhand were found to have almost 0.99 mgl-1 respectively in both the seasons. similar concentration of Pb as observed by Naini lake showed higher values of Fe than Zaherrudin et al. (1996) in water bodies of other metals. Average Fe concentration in Delhi. Naini lake also had lower value of 0.25 Naini Lake was found to be 0.74 mgl-1 in mgl-1 for Pb in both the seasons. winters and 0.73 mgl-1 in pre-monsoon season. Iron did not show many variations Copper (Cu): which clearly indicate the dominant Copper is discharged from the industrial lithological weathering as the source. sources. In present study, Cu showed highest However, observation show increased values values among all studied metals. The of Fe than desirable limit of 0.1 mgl-1 as concentration was 0.64 mgl-1 in winter and prescribed by Indian Council of Medical 0.99 mgl-1 in pre-monsoon season in river Research given in BIS, (1989). Kumaon Ganga, and 0.32 mg/l and 0.59 mgl-1 in rivers are showing higher values than respective seasons in river Yamuna. Highest maximum permissible limit of 0.5 mgl-1. value of Cu was observed in the Kumaon Average values of Iron were also found rivers which were 4.1 mgl-1 and 5.33 mgl-1 almost in the same concentration in river respectively in both the seasons. Naini lake Ganga in West Bengal (Kar et al. 2008) as showed low concentration of Cu and average also observed in present study. value was 0.16 mgl-1 in winter and 0.22 mgl-1 in pre-monsoon season. All values for copper Zinc (Zn): were higher when compared with desirable Zinc shows lower concentrations among all limit of 0.05 mgl-1 as prescribed by BIS, studied metals in the present study. Zn was (1989). A total of 14 observations out of 16 found almost constant in all water bodies. Out in Kumaon rivers, some locations in river of 60 observations, Zn was not detectable in

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17 samples and the concentration was always respectively. In river Yamuna, phosphate found higher in pre-monsoon than in winters. ranges from not detectable to 381.92 µgl-1 and None of the sample is exceeding with the having mean concentration of 64.53 µgl-1 and desirable limit for Zn when compared with 124.66 µgl-1 respectively. River Ganga Indian Standards (BIS, 1989). showed relatively higher concentration as observed and compared to river Yamuna. This Most of the Industrial effluents are generated may be because of less human settlement and in Kumaon region (UEPPCB, 2007) and there industrial growth in river Yamuna basin in is not any Sewage Treatment Facility in this Uttarakhand. Water quality monitoring of area (UPJN, 2009). This is one of the reasons Yamuna downstream of the Uttarakhand state for higher values of heavy metals in Kumaon has been done by Kaushik et al. (2009) and it rivers. was found that phosphate vary from 2.0 µgl-1 to 356.0 µgl-1. Kumaon Rivers were also had Physicochemical parameters: slightly higher concentration of phosphate Mean, Standard Deviation and Range than river Yamuna which ranged from not (minimum and maximum concentration) of detectable to 646.71 µgl-1 and having average different physico-chemical parameters in concentration of 56.51µgl-1 and 207.05 µgl-1 different water bodies of Uttarakhand during in winter and pre monsoon season, winter and pre-monsoon period is given in respectively. Phosphate in Kosi river during Table 3. Correlation of physico-chemical 2004-05 was varying from 40.0 µgl-1 to 63.0 parameters is presented in Table 4. µgl-1 (Bhandari and Nayal, 2008) and during 2001 and 2002 it varied from 60 µgl-1 to 250 Phosphate: µgl-1 with higher values in pre-monsoon Temporal and spatial distribution of period (Sati and Paliwal, 2008) as observed in phosphate is given in Fig 2. Phosphate the present study. Least variations in showed higher positive correlation with phosphate were observed in Naini lake and it Sodium, Potassium, Electrical Conductivity, varied from 88.65 µgl-1 to 162.8 µgl-1 with Total Dissolved Solids and Total Suspended mean value of 90.89 µgl-1 in winter season Solids. It is inferred that concentration of and 172.63 µgl-1 in pre-monsoon season. phosphate move parallel with the above Phosphate concentration was found always constituents and phosphate showed opposite higher in pre-monsoon season than in winter. behavior with Dissolved Oxygen. Higher DO Sampling location G-8, G-15, Y-4, and K-8 results in aerobic digestion by represented higher concentration than at other microorganisms in water bodies and help in stations. This may be due to sewage disposal dissociation of Phosphate thus lower the in the river bodies. Relatively higher concentration observed. Phosphate in river concentration of phosphate as compared with Ganga System during all sampling periods a study on river water quality of Uttarakhand ranged from not detectable to 732.39 µg/l. It published in 2006 (Semwal and Akolkar, had mean value of 107.66 µgl-1 and 143.74 2006) showed that the concentration of µgl-1 during winter and pre-monsoon season, phosphate in water bodies of Uttarakhand

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varied from 12.2 µgl-1 to 68.0 µgl-1 during Yamuna system and Naini lake were found to 2004-05. It concludes that during four years have BO ranging from 2.10 mgl-1 to 15.60 rapid industrialization and urban development mgl-1, 3.70 mgl-1 to 15.90 mgl-1; and 3.86 mg/l has lead to pollution in water bodies and to 4.80 mgl-1 respectively. Naini lake concentration of phosphate increased represented stable and lower BOD. Points of manifold. origin of river Ganga and Yamuna werw enriched with higher DO and lower BOD. Temperature and pH: Dissolved Oxygen is also the function of Temperature varied from 13.00C to 25.00C in aquatic life and fishes require 5 mgl-1 of DO all water bodies. Lower temperature was for survival. Thus river bodies of Uttarakhand found at higher altitudes and higher except, Kumaon rivers including river Kosi, temperature was found in the water bodies are suitable for aquatic life. These results are flowing in plains. pH varied from 6.50 to in contradiction with the findings by other 9.10. Higher variation of pH was found in authors (Bhargava, 1989; Pandey and Sharma, Kumaon rivers. Most of the wastewater 1998). Highest desirable limit for BOD as discharging industries are situated in Kumaon prescribed by World Health Organization region and dispose industrial effluent into (WHO, 1998) is 1.3 mgl-1. Out of 60 rivers and hence the rivers of Kumaon region observations in the present study none of the showed higher fluctuations in pH values. sample was within the WHO prescribed limit. This indicates the load of organic pollutants in Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biological the river bodies due to increased urbanization Oxygen Demand (BOD): and industrialization and shifting of human Seasonal variation of DO and BOD and their settlement along the rivers and lakes. In interrelationship is shown in Fig 3. Kashipur area of Kumaon region, there are 24 Concentration of DO varied from 4.20 mgl-1 highly polluting industries out of which 11 to 10.20 mgl-1 in river Ganga, 3.70 mgl- units have very poor pollution control 1to8.90 mgl-1 in river Yamuna, 4.0 mgl-1to facilities (Down to Earth, 2006). DO and 8.60mgl-1 in Naini lake. However, very low BOD in all the water bodies shows negative concentration of DO was observed in river of correlation means higher the BOD lower DO Kumaon regions which were even zero at and vice versa. Apart from BOD, DO also many points with average value of 4.65 in represented negative correlation with other winter season and 1.49 mgl-1 in pre-monsoon. parameters studied except Chloride in Naini Higher values of DO in winter season are due lake. to more dissolution of oxygen at lower temperature. Kumaon Rivers, due low water Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total flow and high industrial waste water Suspended Solids (TSS) and Electrical discharge during pre-monsoon season, Conductivity (EC): showed lowered DO and higher BOD. BOD Temporal and spatial variations in TDS, TSS in Kumaon Rivers varied from 4.80 mgl-1 to and EC are presented in Fig 4. Higher values 140 mgl-1. However, river Ganga system, were observed in pre-monsoon season than in

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winter. All three parameters showed higher µscm-1 to 580 µscm-1 in river Ganga system, positive correlation with each other and river Yamuna Sysem, Kumaon rivers and negative correlation with Dissolved Oxygen. Naini lake, respectively. During 1998-1999 TDS, TSS and EC showed higher values in EC was observed to be 276.7 µscm-1 in Naini Kumaon Rivers. TDS varied from 120 mgl-1 lake (Chakrapani, 2002). In a study carried to 548 mgl-1; 112 mgl-1 to 238 mgl-1; 122 mgl- out on river Yamuna in Uttarakhand (Singh et 1 to 1224 mgl-1 and 359 mgl-1 to 417 mgl-1 in al. 2008), Electrical Conductivity and river Ganga system, river Yamuna Sysem, concentration of Total Solids were reported Kumaon river and Naini lake, respectively. higher in Pre-monsoon season and lower in Higher values of TDS and TSS in river Ganga winter season as observed in the present. TDS System were observed at G-8 (river were found much higher in Kosi river Bhagirathi d/s of Uttarkashi). This may be compared to that of the study carried out due to construction of Maneri Bhali Hydro during 2001-02 (Sati et al. 2008). It was Electric Project on the river side and disposal observed that average value of 121.33 mgl-1 of muck/debries from construction activity. for TDS, and average value of 236.5 mgl-1 for TSS varied from 24 mgl-1 to 534 mgl-1; 26 TSS persists in river bodies of Uttarakhand mgl-1 to 298 mgl-1; 48 mgl-1 to 1612 mgl-1 and (Semwal and Akolkar, 2006). However, in 315 mgl-1 to 390 mgl-1 in river Ganga system, present study the overall average of TDS river Yamuna System, Kumaon river and ranged from 155.4 mg/l in river Yamuna Naini lake, respectively. There was a system to 710.50 mg/l in Kumaon rivers; TSS significant difference in minimum values of 79.80 mg/l in Yamuna river System to 464 TDS and TSS. However maximum values did mg/l in Kumaon rivers. Observed higher not show many variations. World Health values in the present study may be due to Organization has recommended limit of TDS rapid urban and industrial growth in the as 500 mgl-1 and maximum permissible limit region. Chemical dissolution of bed of TDS as 1000 mgl-1 (WHO, 1998). Bureau rock/minerals plays a central role in of Indian Standards has recommended 1500 determining the geochemistry of natural mgl-1 as maximum permissible limit for TDS waters. Higher concentration of TDS and TSS (BIS, 1989). In the present study 03 alongwith EC may be result of rock-bed observations in Kumaon rivers were found to interaction with flowing water (Yadav and exceed the limits in comparison of WHO Chakrapani, 2006). High relief, tectonic standards. Out of 60 observations, 06 disturbance and large scale human observation exceeded with highest desirable interventions may be responsible for higher limit and 04 observations showed higher sediment load in Indian rivers and thus result value than maximum permissible limits and in high TDS and TSS (Chakrapani, 2005a). these samples were from Kumaon rivers. This may be due to higher pollution load from Total Alkalinity (TA) and Total Hardness industries in Kumaon region. EC varied from (TH): 122 µscm-1 to 454 µscm-1 ; 150 µscm-1 to 316 Total Hardness was found always higher from µscm-1 ; 96 µscm-1 to 1254 µscm-1 and 500 Total Alkalinity and both TA and TH were

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observed with higher values in pre-monsoon found 61 mgl-1 to 96 mgl-1 and average season than in winter season in the present alkalinity was found 37 mg/l to 96 mgl-1 study. Total hardness is due to the carbonates, (Semwal and Akolkar, 2006) which is quite bicarbonates, and hydroxide ions in water. lower than the observed value in present However, alkalinity is due to abundance of study. This is clear indication of increased hydroxide ion. Hence Total Hardness is pollution in the rivers over the years due to higher than Total Alkalinity. In river Ganga industrialization and infrastructure system TH ranged from 122 mgl-1 to 290 mgl- development in the state. 1; and 136 mgl-1 to 224 mgl-1 in river Yamuna system. Kumaon rivers showed higher Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K): fluctuations of Total Hardness varying from Temporal and spatial distribution of Na and K 88 mgl-1 to 398 mgl-1. Contrary to it Naini in different water bodies of Uttarakhand is lake showed a stagnant pattern and higher given in Fig 6. Average values of sodium value of TH as compared to other water were always found lower than potassium in bodies varying from 254 mgl-1 to 392 mgl-1. all water bodies. This difference in average TH exceeded desirable limits of 300 mgl-1 values of both the parameters was nearly five (BIS, 1989) in most of the samples of times in river Ganga System and river Kumaon rivers. Total Alkalinity varied from Yamuna. However this difference decreased 54 mgl-1 to 144 mgl-1; 82 mgl-1 to 148 mgl-1; and stands two and three folds respectively in 74 mgl-1 to 36 mgl-1and 146 mgl-1 to 242 mgl-1 Kumaon rivers and Naini lake. Sodium and at river Ganga system, river Yamuna, Potassium are mainly of natural origin and Kumaon rivers and Naini lake, respectively. lately due to the use of fertilizers and rapid Higher values of Total Alkalinity were also runoff in hilly areas. In the present study observed in the Kumaon rivers. TA and TH sodium ranged from 6.24 to 15.89 mgl-1 and both showed higher positive correlation in all potassium ranged from 13.22 mgl-1 to 152.54 water bodies and this pattern is reflected in mgl-1 in river Ganga system. River Yamuna Fig 5. TH also shows positive correlation with had relatively lower values of sodium and chloride in all river bodies except in Naini potassium in different seasons and ranged lake. TH and TA in river Kosi was observed from 1.85 mgl-1 to 12.32 mgl-1 and 12.80 mgl-1 from 188 mgl-1 to 227 mgl-1 and 91 mgl-1 to to 82.57 mgl-1 respectively. Kumaon rivers 200 mgl-1 respectively (Kumar and Bahadur, showed a little closer trend of sodium and 2009). However present study had a relatively potassium i.e. 3.60 mgl-1 to 24.80 mgl-1 and lower concentration of TH and TA which 14.24 mgl-1 to 35.40 mgl-1 respectively. were 154 mgl-1 and 134 mgl-1 respectively in Sodium varied from 3.10 mgl-1 to 3.30 mgl-1 river Kosi which is in contradiction to the and potassium varied from 10.37 mgl-1 to study of river Kosi (Sati et al. 2008). River 12.58 mgl-1 in Naini lake. During 1999 higher Yamuna also showed higher concentration of values of sodium and lower values of total hardness as compared to previous study potassium were observed in Himalayan (Singh et al. 2008). During year 2004-05 Rivers (Chakrapani, 2005b) which is in average hardness in rivers of Uttarakhand was contradiction to the results of present study.

Deterioration of Water Quality of Some Eco-efficient Himalayan Rivers in India 36 Volume II Number 2 2011 [29 - 49] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Kansal, et al.

This is area of debate and further research to Akolkar, 2006 in Himalayan rivers and is conduct more studies to verify the almost near to the values observed in the contradictory results. Very small present study. Chloride in river Yamuna concentrations of Sodium and Potassium were ranged from 2.1 to 2.9 mgl-1+ in a study by also reported in Himalayan Rivers during Singh et al., 2008 and maximum chloride (19 2004-05 (Semwal and Akolkar, 2006). mgl-1) was observed in river Yamuna in the Sodium and Potassium showed positive present study. correlation with all other studied parameters in the present study except DO in all river Statistical analysis: All heavy metals had bodies except in Naini lake. Potassium positive correlation with each other in all showed higher positive correlation with BOD, water bodies except in Naini lake. Lead had TDS Cl and it interestingly showed negative negative relation with Fe and Zn; and Fe with correlation with Na in Naini lake. Sodium had Zinc in Naini lake. This shows that higher higher positive correlation with Phosphate concentration of Cu and Fe results in lower and Chloride and higher negative correlation concentration of lead in Naini Lake. All with pH, TDS and BOD. This variation in metals had negative correlation with DO in behavior of Na and K in Naini lake may be river Ganga system and vice versa in river due to ecology of the lake having close water Yamuna and Naini Lake. BOD too had circuit and different water strata than rivers. positive correlation with metals signifying the presence of a common source. Lead had Chloride: positive correlation with Potassium, Seasonal variation of chloride is also given in Phosphate and TDS. Copper was negatively Fig 6. Chloride showed maximum values of correlated with DO in rivers of Kumaon and 21.0 mgl-1, 19.0 mgl-1 and 27.0 mgl-1 in river Naini lake like Fe and Zn. Cu had positive Ganga System, river Yamuna System and in correlation with DO in river Yamuna. Iron Kumaon rivers, respectively. Chloride varied represented negative correlation with DO and from 15 mgl-1 to 27 mgl-1 in Naini lake. BOD in Naini lake whereas Zn exhibited Values of Chloride were found higher in positive correlation with BOD and negative winter season and lower in pre-monsoon in all with DO. Details of the correlation of water bodies except in Naini lake where it different metals with different showed opposite pattern. Higher values in physicochemical parameters are presented in winters may be due to low temperature of Table 5. Correlation among heavy metal is water. Naini lake also showed opposite presented in Table 6. behavior of the chloride correlation with other parameters as compared with other water From the above study it is concluded that bodies. This may again be concluded due to rapid industrialization and urban development the ecology of the lake having close water results in deterioration of water quality over circuit and different water strata. Average the years. Kumaon Rivers are found more concentration of chloride was found from 8.8 polluted compared to the other river systems mgl-1 to 20 mgl-1 in a study by Semwal and because of industrial density and discharge of

Deterioration of Water Quality of Some Eco-efficient Himalayan Rivers in India 37 Volume II Number 2 2011 [29 - 49] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Kansal, et al.

untreated sewage. After Kumaon rivers, sewage in these rivers along with reduced stretch of river Ganga passing through water flow over the year. Haridwar and stretch of river Bhagirathi passing through Utttarkashi were observed to Acknowledgement: be polluted. Cu had maximum concentration Uttarakhand Environment Protection and again in Kumaon rivers. It was found that Pollution Control Board Dehradun is highly values of Pb, Cu and Fe are more than the acknowledge for according permission of standard limits. However Zn had lower values PhD (part time)n to corresponding author as a than the standard limits. It is concluded that result, this manuscript can come into Kumaon rivers were most polluted due to the existence. heavy load of industrial effluent and untreated

Table:-1 Sampling Locations and site characteristics Sampli Location Altitud Geographical Main source of Water ng e (mt) Position Pollution Point River Ganga System G-1 River Bhagirati 3048 30° 59' 0" N Origin of river Bhagirati, Gangotri 78° 56' 0" E Clean water.

G-2 River Alaknanda B/c 1358 30.33°N Sewage and Muck of H.E. Nandpryag 79.33°E projects from Chamoli G-3 River Mandakani 1358 30.33°N Sewage and Muck of H.E. B/c Nanpryag 79.33°E projects from Nand Pryag G-4 River Alaknanda A/c 914 30.33°N Sewage Nandpryag 79.33°E G-5 River Alaknanda B/c 1450 30°15'41"N Sewage from Karanpryag Karanpryag 79°13'10"E G-6 River Pinder B/c 1450 30°15'41"N Sewage from Karanpryag Karanpryag 79°13'10"E G-7 River Alaknanda A/c 1450 30°15'41"N Sewage Karanpryag 79°13'10"E G-8 River Bhagirathi 1165 30°43'40"N Sewage and Muck of H.E. Utterkashi Down 78°26'8"E projects from Utterkashi stream Town G-9 River Alaknanda 895 30°19'11"N Sewage Muck of H.E. Rudrapryag U/s 78°59'57"E projects

G-10 River Alaknanda 895 30°19'11"N Sewage Muck of H.E. Rudrapryag D/s 78°59'57"E projects

G-11 River Alaknanda B/c 472 30°9'2"N Sewage Muck of H.E. Deopryag 78°35'45"E projects

G-12 River Bhagirati B/c 472 30°9'2"N Sewage Muck of H.E. Deopryag 78°35'45"E projects

G-13 River Ganga A/c 472 30°9'2"N Sewage Muck of H.E. Deopryag 78°35'45"E projects G-14 River Ganga 532 30°6'27"N Sewage and some Industrial

Deterioration of Water Quality of Some Eco-efficient Himalayan Rivers in India 38 Volume II Number 2 2011 [29 - 49] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Kansal, et al.

Rishikesh 78°16'49"E Sources up Stream G-15 River Ganga 250 29°56'26"N Sewage and Industrial Haridwar 78°8'42"E Sources Down Stream River Yamuna System Y-1 River Yamuna 3293 31°1′0.12″N Origin of river Yamuna Yamunotri 78°27′0″E

Y-2 River Yamuna 490 30°30'15"N Sewage Muck of H.E. Dakpathar Up stream 77°47'41"E projects

Y-3 River Yamuna Vikas 430 30°28'12"N Sewage Nagar Down Stream 77°46'28"E Y-4 River Tons Down 399 30°20'8"N Sewage, Dairy etc. Stream Dehradun 77°57'25"E Y-5 River Tons before 427 30°27'22"N Sewage, industrial confluence in river 77°44'11"E Yamuna Rivers of Kumaon Region K-1 River Gola (U/S 423 29° 12' 42" N, Sewage Haldwani) 79° 31' 8" E K-2 River Gola (D/S 423 29.08°N Industrial Sources, Sewage Haldwani 79.52°E -Lalkua) K-3 River Kosi (U/S 1020 29°13′N Industrial Ram Nagar) 78°57′E K-4 River Kosi (at the 260 29°13′N Industrial point entering in 78°57′E U.P.) K-5 River Kailash (U/S 1550 28°55'42"N Sewage Sitarganj) 79°42'10"E K-6 River Kailash (D/S 1550 28°55'42"N Industrial Sitarganj) 79°42'10"E K-7 River Dhela 500 29°13'13"N Industrial (Kashipur) 78°58'17"E

K-8 River Bhela 500 29°13'13"N Industrial (Kashipur) 78°58'17"E

L-1 Naini Lake (Malli 1938 29°23'9"N Sewage Tal) 79°30'50"E

L-2 Naini Lake (Talli 1938 29°23'9"N Sewage Tal) 79°30'50"E

Deterioration of Water Quality of Some Eco-efficient Himalayan Rivers in India 39 Volume II Number 2 2011 [29 - 49] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Kansal, et al.

Table-: 2- Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Different Heavy Metals in Different Water Bodies of Uttarakhand River Ganga System Sampling Pb (mg/l) Cu (mg/l) Fe (mg/l) Zn (mg/l) Point Jan, 2010 Apr, 2010 Jan, 2010 Apr, 2010 Jan, 2010 Apr, 2010 Jan, 2010 Apr, 2010 G-1 ND ND ND ND 0.14 0.2 ND ND G-2 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.64 0.16 0.24 ND 0.07 G-3 0.11 0.19 0.27 0.42 0.14 0.26 ND 0.06 G-4 ND 0.08 0.21 0.33 0.16 0.21 ND 0.08 G-5 ND 0.12 0.27 0.74 0.12 0.17 ND 0.02 G-6 ND 0.06 0.33 0.48 0.19 0.21 ND 0.02 G-7 ND 0.04 0.36 0.45 0.17 0.16 ND 0.03 G-8 0.48 0.96 1.88 2.95 0.44 0.41 0.26 0.22 G-9 0.12 0.34 0.88 1.54 0.28 0.32 ND 0.04 G-10 0.18 0.24 0.62 0.84 0.32 0.29 0.05 0.09 G-11 0.22 0.33 0.92 1.54 0.28 0.23 0.03 0.02 G-12 0.14 0.16 0.47 1.08 0.29 0.33 0.02 0.06 G-13 0.28 0.36 0.48 0.93 0.32 0.38 0.03 0.05 G-14 0.34 0.68 1.26 1.36 0.33 0.34 0.28 0.32 G-15 0.66 0.98 1.55 1.59 0.36 0.38 0.3 0.34 Mean + SD 0.15 + 0.18 0.32 + 0.31 0.64 + 0.53 0.99 + 0.72 0.28 + 0.09 0.28 + 0.08 0.06 + 0.11 0.09 + 0.11 River Yamuna System Y-1 ND ND ND ND 0.11 0.09 ND ND Y-2 0.09 0.11 0.8 0.92 0.18 0.17 ND 0.08 Y-3 0.26 0.51 0.91 1.22 0.23 0.25 0.08 0.14 Y-4 ND 0.22 0.24 0.61 0.15 0.21 ND 0.06 Y-5 ND ND ND 0.21 0.11 0.15 ND ND Mean + SD 0.07 + 0.11 0.17 + 0.22 0.32 + 0.43 0.59 + 0.49 0.16 + 0.05 0.17 + 0.06 0.02 + 0.03 0.06 + 0.06 Rivers of Kumaon Region K-1 2.6 3.2 5.4 6.6 1.13 0.98 0.06 0.09 K-2 2.8 3.8 5.3 6.1 1.22 1.25 0.08 0.11 K-3 3.54 6.1 5.8 6.9 1.24 1.46 0.06 0.12 K-4 3.78 5.9 5.2 7.3 1.17 1.42 0.03 0.08 K-5 ND ND 0.22 2.3 0.55 0.57 ND 0.04 K-6 ND ND 0.16 2.2 0.42 0.49 ND 0.06 K-7 4.63 5.4 4.97 5.32 0.95 0.86 0.09 0.14 K-8 4.55 6.4 5.33 5.89 0.84 0.88 0.08 0.13 Mean + SD 2.70 + 1.8 3.85 + 2.62 4.1 + 2.39 5.33 + 1.99 0.94 + 0.31 0.99 + 0.36 0.05 + 0.03 0.10 + 0.04 Naini Lake L-1 0.28 0.26 0.14 0.22 0.68 0.73 0.03 0.06 L-2 0.21 0.24 0.18 0.21 0.79 0.72 0.02 0.03 Mean + SD 0.25 + 0.05 0.25 + 0.01 0.16 + 0.03 0.22 + 0.00 0.74 + 0.08 0.73 + 0.01 0.03 + 0.01 0.05 + 0.02

Deterioration of Water Quality of Some Eco-efficient Himalayan Rivers in India 40 Volume II Number 2 2011 [29 - 49] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Kansal, et al.

Table:3 - Mean Standard Deviation and Range of concentration of different physicochemical pollutants in different water bodies in Uttarakhand

Ganga River System Yamuna River System Kumaon Rivers Naini Lake Seaso N = 30 N = 10 N = 16 N = 4 n Parameter Mean SD Range Mean SD Range Mean SD Range Mean SD Range

PO4 W 107.66 191.81 ND- 64.53 82.75 ND- 56.51 49.44 ND – 90.89 3.16 88.65- µg/l 732.39 381.92 646.71 162.8 P 143.74 232.62 124.66 151.61 207.05 251.01 172.63 13.96 Temp W 17.47 3.00 13.00– 17.40 4.04 13.00– 20.75 2.25 18.00- 20.5 0.71 20.00- 0 C P 19.33 2.94 24.00 18.60 4.83 23.00 24.13 0.99 25.00 22.0 0.00 22.00 DO W 7.43 2.11 4.20 – 6.68 2.04 3.70- 4.65 3.38 ND- 6.10 2.97 4.00- mg/l 10.20 8.90 9.60 8.60 P 6.94 1.80 7.15 1.54 1.49 2.02 7.00 2.26 pH W 8.05 0.33 7.40 – 8.09 0.23 7.80- 7.57 0.66 6.50- 7.50 0.14 7.40- P 8.15 0.29 8.90 7.90 0.12 8.30 7.00 0.38 9.10 8.15 0.07 8.20 BOD W 6.59 4.44 2.10 – 7.00 3.60 3.70- 42.69 47.24 4.80- 4.00 4.15 3.86- mg/l 15.60 15.90 140.00 4.80 P 8.22 3.94 8.62 5.38 69.00 35.92 0.28 0.92 TH W 185.87 42.38 122.0- 176.0 33.73 136.0- 218.75 116.56 88.00- 274.00 28.29 254.0- mg/l P 201.33 45.99 290.0 187.6 33.12 224.0 228.74 107.93 398.00 341.00 72.12 392.0 TA W 97.00 20.04 54.00- 110.8 21.38 82.00- 182.75 96.45 74.00- 189.00 57.98 146.0- mg/l 144.00 148.00 336.00 242.0 P 102.13 18.72 125.20 36.04 191.50 88.84 194.00 67.88 TDS W 169.87 68.95 120.0- 155.40 35.93 112.00- 577.25 556.78 122.00- 383.50 12.02 359.0* mg/l P 268.27 115.76 548.0 197.4 35.62 238.00 710.50 603.19 1224.0 388.00 41.01 417.0 TSS W 118.13 121.93 24.00- 79.80 104.23 26.00- 343.00 523.58 48.0- 317.50 3.54 315.0- mg/l 534.00 298.00 1612.0 390.0 P 153.20 137.01 98.80 121.11 464.00 690.45 385.00 7.08 Cl W 11.93 4.85 ND- 10.80 0.91 ND – 7.13 9.48 ND- 17.00 2.86 15.00- mg/l 21.00 19.00 27.0 19.00 P 10.53 3.64 6.80 6.53 7.13 9.19 18.50 0.71 EC W 221.73 72.20 122.0- 210.0 54.63 150.00- 401.00 373.5 96.00- 500.00 0.00 500.0- 454.00 316.00 1254.0 580.0 P 264.93 85.41 243.63 66.19 509.63 441.50 565.00 21.21 Na W 11.15 2.55 6.24- 8.69 3.83 1.85- 10.53 6.69 3.60- 3.25 0.07 3.10- mg/l 15.89 12.32 24.80 3.30 P 11.99 2.47 8.65 4.00 10.68 6.53 3.18 0.11 K W 54.64 35.28 13.22- 41.21 23.56 12.80- 22.24 7.57 14.24- 11.10 0.99 10.37- mg/l 152.54 82.57 35.40 12.58 P 60.96 40.77 42.12 23.32 22.44 7.75 11.48 1.56

PO4 = phosphate, DO = dissolved oxygen, BOD = biological oxygen demand,

TA = total alkalinity, TDS = total dissolved solids, TSS = total suspended solids,

Cl = chlorides, EC = electrical conductivity, Na = sodium, K = potassium,

W = winter season, P = pre monsoon

Deterioration of Water Quality of Some Eco-efficient Himalayan Rivers in India 41 Volume II Number 2 2011 [29 - 49] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Kansal, et al.

Table:4- Correlation of Different Physico-chemical parameters with each other in Different Water Bodies of Uttarakhand River Ganga System DO pH BOD TH TA TDS TSS Cl EC Na K

PO4 -0.38 0.15 0.40 0.34 0.48 0.85 0.69 0.39 0.73 0.50 0.91 DO -0.41 -0.82 -0.63 -0.45 -0.42 -0.57 -0.53 -0.69 -0.64 -0.38 pH 0.35 0.09 0.43 0.30 0.36 0.43 0.38 0.38 0.25 BOD 0.59 0.64 0.50 0.78 0.32 0.73 0.55 0.30 TH 0.31 0.40 0.44 0.37 0.63 0.49 0.37 TA 0.45 0.73 0.58 0.71 0.62 0.44 TDS 0.71 0.26 0.75 0.46 0.79 TSS 0.32 0.84 0.62 0.64 Cl 0.53 0.67 0.51 EC 0.76 0.69 Na 0.60 River Yamuna System

PO4 -0.43 -0.05 0.49 0.54 0.29 0.60 0.89 0.58 0.64 0.56 0.90 DO 0.00 -0.41 -0.13 -0.21 -0.08 -0.50 -0.10 -0.25 -0.04 -0.31 pH 0.22 0.61 0.42 0.31 0.26 0.58 0.45 0.48 0.32 BOD 0.70 0.82 0.70 0.55 0.48 0.79 0.67 0.54 TH 0.84 0.91 0.69 0.74 0.95 0.79 0.71 TA 0.82 0.43 0.48 0.87 0.58 0.38 TDS 0.63 0.51 0.94 0.71 0.65 TSS 0.69 0.74 0.54 0.90 Cl 0.71 0.82 0.83 EC 0.79 0.76 Na 0.79 Kumaon Rivers

PO4 -0.46 -0.25 0.43 0.66 0.70 0.66 0.85 0.22 0.64 0.11 0.68 DO 0.25 -0.83 -0.72 -0.71 -0.60 -0.54 -0.45 -0.52 -0.34 -0.64 pH -0.27 -0.01 -0.09 -0.03 -0.13 0.40 -0.11 0.37 0.03 BOD 0.69 0.72 0.54 0.61 0.24 0.46 0.12 0.65 TH 0.97 0.80 0.86 0.64 0.66 0.49 0.96 TA 0.87 0.92 0.50 0.78 0.36 0.96 TDS 0.81 0.54 0.95 0.43 0.84 TSS 0.27 0.75 0.12 0.84 Cl 0.35 0.96 0.65 EC 0.26 0.74 Na 0.51 Naini Lake

PO4 0.36 0.98 -0.02 0.52 0.21 0.25 0.99 0.38 0.98 -0.64 0.36 DO 0.45 -0.75 -0.48 0.96 0.37 0.33 -0.69 0.41 -0.91 0.94 pH -0.01 0.50 0.27 0.15 0.98 0.24 0.96 -0.67 0.39 BOD 0.84 -0.90 -0.80 0.04 0.52 -0.15 0.74 -0.90 TH -0.67 -0.53 0.56 0.69 0.40 -0.60 0.66 TA 0.55 0.17 -0.70 0.29 -0.88 0.98 TDS 0.18 0.08 0.40 -0.60 0.66 TSS 0.38 0.98 -0.60 0.31 Cl 0.37 0.34 -0.54 EC -0.70 0.45 Na -0.95

Deterioration of Water Quality of Some Eco-efficient Himalayan Rivers in India 42 Volume II Number 2 2011 [29 - 49] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Kansal, et al.

Table: 5- Correlation of Different Physico-chemical parameters with Heavy Metals in Different Water Bodies of Uttarakhand River Ganga System

DO pH BOD TH TA TDS TSS Cl EC Na K PO4 Pb -0.29 0.17 0.30 0.57 0.27 0.75 0.51 0.23 0.57 0.49 0.73 0.66 Cu -0.35 0.28 0.43 0.39 0.57 0.74 0.79 0.35 0.77 0.72 0.79 0.75 Fe -0.50 0.20 0.57 0.58 0.51 0.65 0.79 0.32 0.70 0.66 0.74 0.65 Zn -0.19 0.20 0.14 0.46 0.31 0.68 0.52 0.31 0.53 0.40 0.85 0.74 River Yamuna System Pb 0.27 0.25 -0.16 0.43 0.26 0.47 0.02 0.20 0.35 0.31 0.15 0.09 Cu 0.40 0.09 -0.26 0.21 -0.01 0.30 -0.05 0.22 0.20 0.38 0.24 0.16 Fe 0.20 0.31 0.01 0.51 0.34 0.54 0.20 0.47 0.51 0.55 0.42 0.30 Zn 0.26 0.20 -0.18 0.36 0.17 0.48 -0.02 0.03 0.30 0.27 0.14 0.10 Kumaon Rivers Pb -0.21 -0.13 0.16 0.41 0.44 0.48 0.54 0.24 0.44 0.33 0.41 0.48 Cu -0.19 -0.12 0.07 0.21 0.22 0.36 0.21 0.36 0.35 0.51 0.25 0.19 Fe 0.17 0.12 -0.30 -0.10 -014 0.03 -0.13 0.28 -0.02 0.49 -0.09 -0.13 Zn -0.52 -0.11 0.45 0.56 0.56 0.66 0.60 0.49 0.59 0.49 0.59 0.64 Naini Lake Pb 0.92 0.33 -0.52 -0.40 0.84 0.01 0.17 -0.84 0.18 -0.70 0.75 0.17 Cu -0.04 0.26 0.20 0.63 -0.16 -0.32 0.86 0.93 0.86 0.01 0.03 0.87 Fe -0.74 -0.32 0.18 0.13 -0.58 0.35 -0.17 0.77 -0.09 0.48 -0.47 -0.15 Zn 0.79 0.94 0.89 -0.11 0.73 0.70 0.76 0.51 0.87 0.83 0.84 0.80

Deterioration of Water Quality of Some Eco-efficient Himalayan Rivers in India 43 Volume II Number 2 2011 [29 - 49] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Kansal, et al.

Table-6: Correlation of Different Heavy Metals with each other in Different Water Bodies of Uttarakhand

River Ganga System Cu Fe Zn Pb 0.75 0.64 0.74 Cu 0.79 0.70 Fe 0.72 River Yamuna System Pb 0.84 0.89 0.93 Cu 0.91 0.85 Fe 0.82 Kumaon Rivers Pb 0.86 0.72 0.80 Cu 0.87 0.75 Fe 0.49 Naini Lake Pb -0.32 -0.93 0.48 Cu 0.34 0.56 Fe -0.25

Deterioration of Water Quality of Some Eco-efficient Himalayan Rivers in India 44 Volume II Number 2 2011 [29 - 49] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Kansal, et al.

Concentration of Phosphate in different water bodies

800.00

700.00

600.00

500.00

PO4 micro g/l Jan-10 400.00 PO4 micro g/l Apr-10

conc in microgm/l 300.00

200.00

100.00

0.00

2 3 5 6 8 9 2 3 5 1 4 1 3 4 6 7 ------11 1 1 14 1 ------G-1 G G G-4 G G G-7 G G Y Y-2 Y-3 Y Y-5 K K-2 K K K-5 K K K-8 L1 L2 G-10 G- G- G- G- G- sampling location

Concentration of DO and BOD in different water bodies of Uttarakhand

160.00

140.00 120.00

100.00 DO mg/l Apr-10 DO mg/l Jan-10 80.00 BOD mg/l Apr-10 BOD mg/l Jan-10 60.00 Concentration ofDO in mg/l ofDO Concentration in mg/l of BOD Conentration 40.00

20.00

0.00 3 9 0 4 1 5 5 6 1 2 13 -4 L L G-1 G-2 G- G-4 G-5 G-6 G-7 G-8 G- Y- Y-2 Y-3 Y-4 Y- K-1 K-2 K-3 K K- K- K-7 K-8 G-1 G-11G-12G- G-1 G-15 Sampling Locations

Deterioration of Water Quality of Some Eco-efficient Himalayan Rivers in India 45 Volume II Number 2 2011 [29 - 49] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Kansal, et al.

Fig-4 concentration of TDS TSS and EC in different water bodies of Uttarakhand

2000.00

1800.00

1600.00 m

1400.00

TDS mg/l Jan-10 1200.00 TDS mg/l Apr-10 TSS mg/l Jan-10 1000.00 TSS mg/l Apr-10 EC Jan-10 800.00 EC Apr-10

600.00 TDS, TSS inmg/l and ECin micromho/c 400.00

200.00

0.00

-2 -9 2 2 1 G-1 G G-3 G-4 G-5 G-6 G-7 G-8 G -1 Y-1 Y- Y-3 Y-4 Y-5 K-1 K-2 K-3 K-4 K-5 K-6 K-7 K-8 L L2 G-10 G-11 G G-13 G-14 G-15 sampling locations Ri G Ri Y KRi NiiLk

Fig-5 Concentration of Alkalinity and Hardness in different water bodies of Uttarakhand

450.00

400.00

350.00

300.00

TH mg/l Jan-10 250.00 TH mg/l Apr-10 TA mg/l Jan-10 200.00 TA mg/l Apr-10 values in mg/l in values

150.00

100.00

50.00

0.00

4 5 9 2 3 2 3 -6 11 1 1 - 1 -2 -3 6 -7 -8 G-1 G-2 G-3 G- G- G G-7 G-8 G- - Y-1 Y- Y Y-4 Y-5 K- K K K-4 K-5 K- K K L1 L2 G-10 G G- G- G-14 G-15 sampling locations Ri G Ri Y KRi NiiLk

Deterioration of Water Quality of Some Eco-efficient Himalayan Rivers in India 46 Volume II Number 2 2011 [29 - 49] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Kansal, et al.

Fig-6 Concentration of CL, Na and K in different Water Bodies of Uttarakhand

160.00

150.00

140.00

130.00

120.00

110.00

100.00 Cl mg/l Jan-10

90.00 Cl mg/l Apr-10 Na mg/l Jan-10 80.00 Na mg/l Apr-10 70.00 K mg/l Jan-10 values in mg/l in values 60.00 K mg/l Apr-10

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00

4 9 1 1 5 1 2 10 1 15 - -4 -5 G-1 G-2 G-3 G- G-5 G-6 G-7 G-8 G- Y Y-2 Y-3 Y-4 Y- K-1 K-2 K-3 K K K-6 K-7 K-8 L L G- G- G-12 G-13 G-14 G- sampling locations

Ri G Ri Y KRi NiiLk

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Deterioration of Water Quality of Some Eco-efficient Himalayan Rivers in India 49 VolumeInternational II Number Journal 2 2011 for [23-28] Environmen tal Rehabilitation and Conservation Volume[ISSN 0975 II No. - 6272] 2 2011 [50 - 57] Krishan, et [ISSN al. 0975 - 6272]

Seasonal variation in bee forage of Apis cerana bees in urban area of Nagpur due to the varied plant diversity

S. D. Godghate, K.J. Cherian and M. Bhowal

Received: May 12, 2011 ⏐ Accepted: August 16, 2011 ⏐ Online: December 27, 2011

Abstract Analysis of pollen contents of honey samples economic plants, avenue plant, and wasteland provides reliable information regarding floral plants as a food source and it was found that resources and the preference of bees among the bees find the richer biodiversity and much the diverse assemblages of plants species in wider range of flower in the urban areas that the region. The knowledge of the pollen flora they visit. of an area is a basic tool for the development Introduction of apiculture. For the present investigation, an apiary of Apis cerana indica colony was setup Honey bees are the true bio indicators of the in the garden of Hislop College, Nagpur. nature. The bees and flower are classical Honey samples and pollen loads were example of mutualism and co-evolution and collected during the period Jan 2010 – Dec play an important role in pollination in which 2010. For defining the seasonal variation in process they not only enhance agricultural bee forage components of the vegetation of production but also play an important role to Nagpur, pollen analysis was done. Total of maintain the ecosystem, biodiversity and twenty nine pollen types were identified as conservation, Deodikar and Suryanarayana, bee forage utilized by the bees. It was also 1977. The bees are entirely dependent on observed that bees not only forage on the floral resources like nectar and pollen for their garden plants but use the crop plants, socio- development Crane, 1990.The adequate availability of pollen and nectar components Keywords: Biodiversity ⏐ Bee forage ⏐ Apis has directly helped for the development of cerana indica ⏐ Nagpur ⏐ colony, for successful beekeeping. The For correspondence: beekeepers must have reliable information on the availability and abundance of pollen and Department of Botany, Hislop College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India nectar yielding plants during different seasons Email: [email protected], of the year including their location. Rao, 1998 Some flowers are nectar yielder and some are pollen yielder and some produce both nectar

Seasonal variation in bee forage of Apis cerana bees in urban area of Nagpur due to the varied plant diversity 50 Volume II Number 2 2011 [50 - 57] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Godghate, et al.

and pollen. Thus it is essential to identifying pollen analysis. Pollen load were also such plants which provide nectar and pollen, collected from worker bees directly by because all flowers do not produce nectar & trapping few workers at the time of entry into pollen (Phadke, 2005). Evaluation of plants the apiary along with the pollens. for their utility as sources of bee forage Melittopalynological analysis: -10 gm of provides the information needed to asses the extracted honey Capped or Uncapped was potential for beekeeping in a area Mosses et dissolved in 25 ml distilled water and al. 1987, Ramanujam, 1991. Thus centrifuged. The recovered sediment was Melittopalynology as branch of palynology treated with 5 ml of Glacial Acetic Acid and studies pollen and spores in honey help to the mixture was subjected to Acetolysis provide the information needed for bee Erdtman, (1960).Three Pollen slides were management and beekeeping development prepared from each sample. The recovered and help to maintain the ecosystem. It seems pollen types were identified with the help of to play a crucial socioeconomic role for rural reference slides prepared from the local flora people ensuring for them an important and relevant literature. All the pollen types melliferous potentials. Numbers of were identified to generic and specific levels. investigation have been related in pollen A few types which could not be identified analysis of honey from India are Sen & even to family level were normally placed Banerjee 1956, Suryanarayana 1966, under the category, “Unknown”. A thorough Seethalakshmi 1980, Jhansi et al. 1994, survey and study of pollen from vegetation Agashe & Rangaswamy 1997, Bhusari 2005, helped to complete identification the pollens Bhargava 2009, Vishwakarma & Ghatak observed from the honey samples. The 2009, Attri 2010, Tiwari 2010, frequency classes and frequencies of the Balsubramanyam 2011, Cherian et al. 2011. pollen types of each sample were determined

in accordance with Louveaux, et al, (1978). MATERIAL AND METHODS Pollen spectra of the honey samples were For the present study full grown strong constructed based on the Frequencies of the Apiary of Apis cerana indica was setup in the pollen types. Discrete pollen loads were Garden of Hislop College civil lines, Nagpur. observed neatly stacked one above the other Even though Nagpur is a city, it has very in the pollen storing chamber of the combs. A good vegetation with a large water tank and total 26 pollen load were directly taken out several small water bodies and good with fine needle and forceps from pollen vegetation in and around the city. 11 honey storing chambers, during the month of samples were collected with the help of February to December 2010 on basis of their centrifugal Extractor .And at the same time, color. Each pollen load was dispersed in 5 ml the stored pollen load was also collected with of glacial acetic acid. After centrifuging the the help of forceps according to their color for acid was decanted and the sediment was

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subjected to Acetolysis technique of Erdtman, coinizoides L., ,Gaillardia sp.), (1960). One slide was prepared for each Amaranthaceae (Alternanthera sessilis L.), pollen load, the pollen loads were designated Combretaceae (Terminalia sp., Quisqualis as unifloral (exclusively with pollen grains of indica L.), Myrtaceae (Syzigium cumini L. one taxa, and multifloral or mixed (with Skeels., Psidium guajava L.),Liliaceae ( pollen grains of two or more than two taxa), Allium cepa L.), Fabaceae ( Pongamia Mithilesh Sharma, (1970). pinnata Pierre.) Portalaceae ( Portulaca oleraceae L.), Balsaminaceae (Impatiens balsamina L.),Bombacaceae (Bombex ceiba RESULTS & DISCUSSION L.), Lamiaceae (Hyptis suaveolens L.), Pollen analysis of honey & Pollen load:- Mimosaceae (Albizia lebbeck L.), and minor A total of 29 plant species belong to 18 pollen were Ammi majus L. and Parthenium families have been identified as bee forage hysterophorous L. ,of family Apiaceae and (Table-I, Table-II & Table-III) for Apis Asteraceae. cerana. Out of 11 honey samples six, sample From the analysis of 26 pollen load from a found to be unifloral, having a predominant single apiary in the different months showed pollen types belonging to family Meliaceae that out of 26 pollen load 25 pollen loads (Azadiracta indica A.Juss.), Caesalpiniaceae were found to be unifloral and 1 pollen load (Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.), Tamarindus was multifloral. The analysis of pollen load indica L.), Asteraceae (Chrysanthemum sp.) showed that the taxa Brassica campestris L., and remaining five samples found to be Chrysanthemum sp., Bombex ceiba L., multifloral consisting of two or more pollen Prosophis julifera (Sw)DC., Delonix regia types, forming the secondary pollen types (Bojer ex Hook.), Caesalpinia sp., consisting of the member of Brassicaceae Tamarindus indica L., Feronia elephantum (Brassica campestris L.), Anacardiaceae L., Psidium guajava L., Alternanthera (Mangifera indica L.), Asteraceae sessilis L., Parthenium hysterophorous L., (Chrysanthemum sp., Ageratum conyzoides Poaceae, represent the major pollen sources L.), Amaranthaceae (Alternanthera sessilis and Ageratum coinizoides L., Psidium L.), Meliaceae (Azadiracta indica A.Juss..), guajava L., Ammi majus L., Celosia sp., Myrtaceae (Syzigium cumini L. Skeels., Albizia lebbeck L, are the secondary major Psidium guajava L.), Caesalpinaceae important pollen sources. A detailed account (Caesalpinia sp., Tamarindus indica L.), of number of pollen loads collected from each Rutaceae (Feronia elephantum L.), combs and their analysis of pollen contents Balsaminaceae (Impatiens balsamina L.), given in (Table-II). Lamiaceae (Hyptis suaveolens L..), From (Table-I & II) it is seen that the Mimosaceae (Albizia lebbeck L.),Lythraceae predominant pollen types more than 45 % in (Lagerstromia indica L.) and other important honey was represented by Azadiracta indica minor pollen were Asteraceae (Ageratum

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A. Juss., Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.), sp., Melia Azadiracta A.Juss., and Poaceae Tamarindus indica L., Chrysanthemum sp. It only found in the pollen loads that means bees was observed that most of the genera are preferred these plants only for pollen grains. represented in both the honey sample as well Some flowers are nectar yielder and some are as in pollen load, while the divergence is that pollen yielder and some produce both nectar some pollen grain of genera Mangifera and pollen. Thus it is essential to identifying indica L, Quisqualis indica L., Terminalia such plants which provide nectar and pollen, sp., Pongamia pinnata pierre., Lagerstromia because all flowers do not produce nectar or indica L., Azadiracta indica A.Juss., pollen. Phadke, 2005. So the present Portulaca oleraceae L.are found only in investigation is concentrated on identification honey sample and not found in pollen load of these bee forage plants, their flowering that means this plants offers only nectar to the period and foraging preference in this area. bees, so bees only forage on these genera only (Table-III). for nectar source and pollen grain of Celosia

Table-I Pollen analysis of honey sample

Seasonal variation in bee forage of Apis cerana bees in urban area of Nagpur due to the varied plant diversity 53 Volume II Number 2 2011 [50 - 57] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Godghate, et al.

Table-II colour and Botanical source of pollen load of Apis cerana indica

Seasonal variation in bee forage of Apis cerana bees in urban area of Nagpur due to the varied plant diversity 54 Volume II Number 2 2011 [50 - 57] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Godghate, et al.

M=Multifloral, U= Unifloral, N=Nectar, P=Pollen, 1=Major source, 2=Medium source, 3=minor source. Table-III Identified Bee Forage of Nagpur

Seasonal variation in bee forage of Apis cerana bees in urban area of Nagpur due to the varied plant diversity 55 Volume II Number 2 2011 [50 - 57] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Godghate, et al.

CONCLUSION analysis of Apis Honey, Karnataka, It is an established fact that there is more India. Apiacta 44; 14-19. diversity of flowers in cities, since the Balsubramanyam. M. V. (2011): Quantitative gardens, parks; road sides’ plantation, chemical variations in repining of wastelands etc were planted with different honey of Indigeous hive bee Apis species. The introduced & original species cerana indica .Int. journal of Applied were maintained basically for beatification of Biology and Pharmaceutical the city by Government agencies. It was also Technology Vol.2.Issue 3; 391-397. observed that bees not only forage on the Crane. E. From Honey. (1990): A garden plants but use the crop plants, comphressive survey,Heineman, socioeconomic plants, avenue plant, and London; P 175-190. wasteland plants as a food source and it was found that the bees find the richer biodiversity Cherian. K.J., M. Bhowal & Godghate S.D. and much wider range of flower in the urban (2011): Pollen and Physicochemical areas for their well maintained and low analysis of honey produced by Apis polluted cities can very well promote the cerana indica of Nagpur, beekeeping due to its richer biodiversity in Maharashtra. Journal of bee forage that they visit. Environmental Research and Development Bhopal (India), Vol.5 REFERENCE No.3 Jan-Mar. Agashe S. and Rangaswamy B.E. (1997) Deodikar G.B. & Suryanarayana M.C. (1977): Melittopalynological studies of honey Pollination in services of increasing samples from Bangardka Dakshin farm production in India. In Nair Kannada District, Karnataka, India P.K.K eds., national Botanical Garden Bee J. 59(1); 8-11. Lucknow, India.Advances in pollen- Attri (2010): Melittopalynological spore Research 2.60-82. investigations on Apis cerana autumn Erdtman. G. (1960): The Acetolysis methods honey collection from Chamba of Melissopalynology Bee world 59: district, Himachal Pradesh 139-157. International Journal of Science and Nature Vol.1 (1); 67-72. (2010). Jhansi.P, Kalpana T.P. and Ramanujam C.J.K (1994): Pollen analysis of some Apis Bhusari N.V., Mate D.M and Makde K.H. cerana Fabr honeys from Andra (2005): Pollen of Apis honey from Pradesh, India Apidologie 25; 289-296 Maharashtra Grana. 44; 216-224. Louveaux. J. Maurizio. A. & Vorwohl. G. Bhargava. H.R, Jyothi.J.V.A, Bhushnam.M (1978): Methods of and Surendra.N.S. (2009): Pollen

Seasonal variation in bee forage of Apis cerana bees in urban area of Nagpur due to the varied plant diversity 56 Volume II Number 2 2011 [50 - 57] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Godghate, et al.

Melissopalynology. Bee world. 59; Suryanarayana M.C. (1966): Studies on the 157. flora of Coorg with emphasis on bee Mosses T.S., Singh, Joshi, Madhukanta.A., forage plants, 1. Ecological and Suryanarayana M.C. (1987): Botanical features India Bee J.28; 59- Evaluation of sources of pollen to 75. honey bees at vijayarai (Andhra Sharma. M. (1970): An analysis of pollen Pradesh), Proc.5th All India load of honey bees from Kangra. India Symp.Palynol. October 7-9, Dept.Bot. J. palynology. (India) 6:104-110. Inst.Sci. Nagpur. India. 65-71. Seethalakshmi T.S., (1980): Phadke R.P. (2005): A manual on Melittopalynological Investigations on management of Indian hive bee some Indian honeys. Proc. 2nd Conf. colonies 333, shukrawar peth, Pune, Apic. Trop. Climates, New Delhi, India. PP. 74. India pp. 609-620. Ramanujam. C. G. K and Khatija. F. (1991): Tiwari P., Tiwari J.K. and Ballabha R. Melittopalynology of the agricultural (2010): Studies on sources of Bee tracts in Guntur District Andra forage for rock bee forage for rock Pradesh. J. Indian Inst. Sci. 71; 25-34. Bee (Apis dorsata F.) from Garhwal Himalaya, India: A melissopalyno- Rao. S. R. K. (1998): Bee flora of Chintapailli logical Approach. Nature and Science Andhra Pradesh Indian Bee Journal 8(6); 5-15. 60(3), 162-164. Vishwakarma. R. and Ghatak. S. S. (2009): Sen. J and Banerjee. D. (1956): Pollen Bee forage plants in Nadia district of analysis of Indian honey Bee World. west Bengal.Bee World. Issue 3; 27- 37; 52-54. 33.

Seasonal variation in bee forage of Apis cerana bees in urban area of Nagpur due to the varied plant diversity 57 VolumeInternational II Number Journal 2 2011 for [23-28] Environmen tal Rehabilitation and Conservation Volume[ISSN 0975 II No. - 6272] 2 2011 [58 - 63] Krishan, et [ISSN al. 0975 - 6272]

Organic Farming a necessity for Sustenance of Soil algal Flora for Agricultural Fields

Bhowal, M1., Cherian, K. J1., Vishwakarma, S1. and Matta, Gagan 2

Received: July 02, 2011 ⏐ Accepted: September 28, 2011 ⏐ Online: December 27, 2011

Algae and Cyanobacterias which are then Abstract mass cultured in Soil-Water Medium for The soil is a living system and the living agricultural use. Objective of this work was to components are, the soil organisms. Algae, study the indigenous algal flora of the photosynthetic micro flora which as a Agricultural Fields which had been group independently synthesizes Carbon and potentially affected by extensive use of fix Nitrogen in the soil, adds organic matter to chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. soil when they die. Its hygroscopic nature The Blue Green Algae have been found increases water retention capacity of the soil, exceptionally difficult to obtain in Pure while photosynthesizing it liberates large Culture largely due to their characteristic quantity of oxygen in improving soil aeration. mucilaginous sheaths which harbor Most of soil algae act as cementing agent in contaminating bacteria. A variety of binding soil and reduce soil erosion. The approaches has been tried for producing presence of diverse algal species in cultures, but in all instances it involved trial agricultural soil indicates a healthy soil. and error techniques, very dependent upon the Algalisation technology for fields was chance removal of microbial contaminants. developed in India, Japan and China. The All estimation of the population of individual technology starts with isolation of strains of algal genera was performed by phycological Keywords: Algalisation ⏐ Indigenous ⏐ Isolation culture methods. The existence of algal flora ⏐ Phycological ⏐ Pure culture ⏐ Soil Algae of the soil fields of Nagpur District seems For correspondence: fairly established; some of the algal genuses 1 Department of Botany, Hislop College, Nagpur, India 2 are Gleotheca, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Department of Zool. & Environmental Science, Gurukula, Kangri University, Haridwar, India Chlamydomonas, Chlorococum, Email: [email protected]

Organic Farming a necessity for Sustenance of Soil algal Flora for Agricultural Fields 58 Volume II Number 2 2011 [58 - 63] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Bhowal, et al.

Scenedesmus, Ulothrix, Closterium, causes the ecological and biochemical Cosmarium, Fragillaria, Synedra, imbalance in soil. As a consequence, to Achnanthes, Cymbella, Protococus. Our overcome these dual problems, the concepts of bio-fertilizers are recently being gaining present day knowledge of algae for momentum and are successfully practiced. maintaining the richness of soil is of great Photosynthesis is one of the basic importance in colonizing bare soil, or soil biochemical processes of photosynthetic devoid of organic matter. Soil algae affect us microorganisms which convert solar energy in numerous ways and only after collecting into chemical energy. Man has used this information on this diversity and their in- natural process of harvesting the sun in the development of algal cultivation. depth study, we will be able to construct a full

panorama. MATERIALS & METHODS INTRODUCTION Collection of Soil Samples Soil algae can perform important services for Soil was collected aseptically in sterile screw agro-ecosystems and functions as a caped bottles from earth’s surface to 17 cms bioindicators for soil. The chosen agro- deep in a block randomly, from the Soya bean ecosystem was an intensively cultivated & Cotton fields of Nagpur (Maharashtra).

Soya bean & Cotton fields of Nagpur (Maharashtra). All species identified & Analysis of Soil cultured were from samples collected twice in The soil samples were analyzed with respect Summer & Winter (2010). The nature of the to their EC (Electrical Conductivity), pH algal flora in different locations is the result range following the outline. Available of a complex influence of the local type of Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Organic Carbon %, & vegetation, soil properties and climate macronutrients were determined by methods conditions. It also depends on the input of air given in Table No.1. borne algal spores. Fertilizers are the basic &

inevitable requirement of increased demand Primary isolation of Algal Cultures: of nutrients of the high yielding varieties of the fertilizers; nitrogen being an essential Two methods were followed for preparation element deserves the vital position. of algal cultures. All procedure was done Physiologically it plays the key role & has under aseptic conditions been considered as a yield limiting factor. 1) 5 gram of soil from each sample was However increased cost of the fertilizers is transferred in 250ml Erlenmeyer Flasks becoming an economic constraint for the with Chu10 & Beneck’s media poured farmer of the developing countries. Moreover, separately & kept for growth, in culture the continuous use of chemical fertilizers room at 20±2ºC under continuous light

Organic Farming a necessity for Sustenance of Soil algal Flora for Agricultural Fields 59 Volume II Number 2 2011 [58 - 63] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Bhowal, et al.

intensity of 4000 lux, for one month. subsequently in triplicates & incubated for 20 (Picture No. 1) days to get uniform growth of the alga. After getting mixed cultures of algae in the liquid media, the test tubes containing cultures were stirred, each for 10 minutes, in Vortex Cyclomixer to get uniform inoculums for further sub culturing, the algal strains were washed with distilled water and streaked plate

Picture No. 1. Primary isolation of Algal Cultures in solid media Chu10/ Beneck’s (Picture No. 3). The plates were incubated for growth for one week & few cells were picked by needle

2) The second method was the moist plate and then transferred to the fresh media to get method in which, 5 grams of soil sample Unialgal culture. was placed in petridishes and distilled water was added for moisture retention. Then the sterilized filter papers (Whatmann no.7) moistened with either Chu10 or Beneck’s media were placed on the soil sample, kept in petridishes. Those petridishes were incubated for growth, in culture room, 20±2ºC under Picture No. 3. Streaking of Algal Inoculum continuous light intensity of 4000 lux, for RESULT one month.(Picture No. 2) Algal growth appeared after two weeks from

incubation, then soil algal taxa were isolated & identified. On the level of biomass of algae cultured, Chu10 media was more productive than that found in Beneck’s. The existence of the diverse algal flora from the soil of crop fields seems fairly well established. Some of the species isolated are enumerated in Table

Picture No. 2. Isolation of Algae by Moist Plate No.2. Method Discussion: Sub Culturing of Algal Cultures: According to the physicochemical analysis of From the above cultures few cells were drawn soil (Table No. 1), the investigated soil into pipette, washed twice with sterilized samples showed clay & silt soil with alkaline distilled water & transferred into test tubes pH & medium EC, with optimum amount of containing either Chu10 or Beneck’s media macro nutrients. Research with soil algae

Organic Farming a necessity for Sustenance of Soil algal Flora for Agricultural Fields 60 Volume II Number 2 2011 [58 - 63] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Bhowal, et al.

leads to a greater awareness of their community. Moreover managing the importance in soil, it might be anticipated that rhizosphere by applying microorganisms or manipulation of populations in agricultural combinations of various microorganisms with systems of tropical region will become more multiple purposes to improve crop production widespread with consideration of the potential could provide plants with chemicals [12]. benefits of soil algae made by Scientists. Manipulation of soil microflora may lead to Rhizosphere micro organisms whether control soil borne diseases and weeds, as well indigenous or artificially introduced can have as growth promotion of crop plants by soil positive, negative or no effect on plant growth microorganisms. or can interact with other members of the soil

Table No.1: Analysis of different Soil Components of Soil Samples collected from fields

CONCLUSION The significant contribution of blue-green growing and better nitrogen fixing strains, for algae has been as an alternative source of the development of starter inoculums. Once nitrogen particularly in the development of obtained, starter cultures can be used to low cost indigenous technology for mass inoculate several new cultures, which will be production of Algae. The sustenance of soil a boon for organic farming. algal flora for agricultural fields will thus depend on isolation of regional specific fast

Organic Farming a necessity for Sustenance of Soil algal Flora for Agricultural Fields 61 Volume II Number 2 2011 [58 - 63] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Bhowal, et al.

Table No.2: Algal Species found from Soil Samples collected from fields

Cherian, K. J., Vishwakarma, S., Shahare, P. REFERENCE C., 2011. Effect of algal extract on the Roger, P.A & Kulasooriya, S.A., (1980): Blue germination & seedling growth of green algae and rice. International Rice seeds. Bionano Frontier, Vol (4) Rice Instt. Los Banos, Laguna, pp 126-131. Philippines, pp 112

Organic Farming a necessity for Sustenance of Soil algal Flora for Agricultural Fields 62 Volume II Number 2 2011 [58 - 63] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Bhowal, et al.

Gollerbakh, M. M., and Shtina, E.A. (1969): Prasad, B. N. & Mishra, P. K., (1992): Fresh Soil Algae. Pub. Nuka Leningrad, 228 water algal flora of Andaman & pp Nicobar Islands, Vol. II. Bishen Singh, Black, C. A. (1992): Methods of soil analysis Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, Part-1 American Society of pp284. Agronomy, USA. Bolton, H. Jr., Fredrickson, J. K., & L. F. Jugersen, M.F. and Davey, C. B. (1968): Elliot (1993): Microbial Ecology of Nitrogen fixating blue algae in acid the rhizosphere. pp 27-63, Blaine forest and nursery soils. Can. J. Metting Jr. (ed), Soil microbial Microbioll. 14:1179 ecology. Applications in agricultural Desikachary, T.V. (1959): Cyanophyta ICAR and environment. monograph on Algae. New Delhi pp Paulitz, T. C. and Linder man, R. G. (1991): 686. Mycorrhizal interaction with soil Randhwa, M. S., (1959): Zygnemataceae organisms. Pages 77-129 in D. K. ICAR, New Delhi pp478 Arora, Rai, B., Mukherji, K. G., and G.R. Knudsen (ed), Hand book of Smith, G.M. (1982): The Fresh Algae of applied mycology. Volume 1: Soil & United States, McGraw Hill Book Plants, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York. Company Inc, New York, Toronto London pp719 Scrath, M. N., and Weinhold, A. R. (1986): Root Colonizing bacteria & Plant Prescott, G W (1961): Algae on the Western Health. Hort. Science 21:1295-1298. Great Lakes Area Wm C Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Lowa. pp: 977.

Organic Farming a necessity for Sustenance of Soil algal Flora for Agricultural Fields 63 VolumeInternational II Number Journal 2 2011 for [23-28] Environmen tal Rehabilitation and Conservation Volume[ISSN 0975 II No. - 6272] 2 2011 [64 - 69] Krishan, et [ISSN al. 0975 - 6272]

Influence of early and late mounting on economic parameters in

autumn rearing of PM × CSR2 larvae of silkworm, bombyx mori l.

Shamin Ahmed Bandey and Amardev Singh

Received: September 08, 2011 ⏐ Accepted: November 30, 2011 ⏐ Online: December 27, 2011

Abstract Introduction Effect of early and late mounting larvae on Mounting operation is one of the times bound some economic traits such as single cocoon and labour intensive activities in silkworm weight, single shell weight, shell %, rearing. After feeding on mulberry leaves for several days, silkworms of the 5th instar stop cocooning %, defective and good cocoon % feeding and begin to spin cocoon. To spin of multi × bi silkworm hybrid (PM × CSR2) cocoons, mature silkworms need mountages is presented in this paper. All the parameters (cocoon frames) as supports. The process of studied under this experiment showed better moving mature larva onto the cocoons frame performance in control batches when the is called mounting. Mounting process in silkworms were mounted on recommended silkworm rearing is the most labour intensive day of mounting i.e, 7th day after maturation. operation to be simplified. Mounting should not be delayed when larvae mature as it results in loss of silk besides production of poor quality cocoons. The rearing of silkworm in the state of J & K is a supporting Keywords: Silkworm ⏐ mounting ⏐ early occupation for small and marginal mounting ⏐ late mounting ⏐ sericulturists to earn livelihood unlike in

tropical areas this enterprise is practiced as major activity by the rural masses. The

sericulturists in the state generally do not have For correspondence: their own mulberry garden, but are dependent Department of Zoology. Govt.Degree College, Poonch on wild trees growing on road sides, forests, Email: [email protected] etc. Quite often they are forced to abandon

Early and late mounting on economic parameters in autumn rearing of PM × CSR2 larvae of silkworm, bombyx mori l. 64 Volume II Number 2 2011 [64 - 69] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Bandey and Singh

their rearing even on penultimate day due of treatment including control were maintained. seriposition due to non-availability of leaf. Each replication comprised of 250 larvae. Although availability of quality mulberry leaf This experiment was conducted in autumn commensurate with the quantum of seed season and the data pertaining to some distributed among silkworm rearers is of important cocoons parameters were collected paramount importance yet the rearers and presented on average performance in the generally over look this fact and rear more Figures (1-3). worms and are ultimately encountered with undesirable situations like shortage of leaf, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION rearing space, mountage, labour etc. Keeping In time mounting of matured larvae have a in view, an attempt was made to ascertain the vital influence on the quality of cocoons. The Influence of early and late mounting on farmers are often losing their crops owing to economic parameters in autumn rearing of poor knowledge about the actual time for PM × CSR2 larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori mounting the matured larvae. It is clear from L. mean performance of the experiment data that MATERIALS AND METHODS early mounting and late mounting have The experiment was carried out at negative influence on the economic character Department of Sericulture, Govt. Degree as compared to the actual mounting of College, Poonch (J&K). A popular multi × bi matured larvae. The important economic hybrid (PM × CSR2) reared as per the method parameters such as cocoon weight, shell advocated by. Under favourable condition this weight, shell %, cocooning %, defective and hybrid completes its larval period in seven good cocoon % were studied under this days and starts to spin cocoons. The duration experiment are depicted in Fig (1-3) and th of 7 days in 5 age was taken as bench mark discussed below. (Control).Larvae mounted on 6th day (24h

before recommended time of 7 days) formed SINGLE COCOON WEIGHT treatment first (T1). Similarly, larvae mounted on 7th day (20 h after maturation Cocoon weight is one of the important traits recommended time for 7 days) formed for the rearers point of view because the treatment two (T2). Mounting of worms cocoons are sold by the weight only. The data before recommended day i.e., 7th day was relevant to this parameter showed that lowest considered as early mounting whereas, cocoon weight was recorded in early T1 and mounting after recommended 7th day was late mounted larvae T2 (1.53 & 1.59g), but considered as late mounting. In both the highest single cocoon weight was noticed th treatments, larvae were handpicked and kept when worms were mounted on 7 day i.e., separately in plastic collapsible mountages for control T3 (1.62g). The single cocoon weight spinning. Total four replications in each is directly correlated to feed quantum ingested during 5th instar. (1) reported that larvae

Early and late mounting on economic parameters in autumn rearing of PM × CSR2 larvae of silkworm, bombyx mori l. 65 Volume II Numb er 2 2011 [64 - 69] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Bandey and Singh

mounted after taking 18 feeds (5th day) spun (85.77%) (Fig-2). Calvez, B. (1981) stated lighter cocoons. Worker reported that single that the obligatory period of feeding is the cocoon weight is directly correlated to feed first 4 days in silkworm B.mori L. He also quantum ingested during 5th instar. The reported that when larvae were starved after at present investigation also confirmed with this least a 5 day feeding period, all moulted into statement as the highest cocoon weight was pupae. The results of the present finding also found in control when the worms were showed that, when the worms are mounted at mounted at the actual time of mounting. different hours after 6th day in 5th instar th SINGLE SHELL WEIGHT (before 24 h maturation and on 7 day & 20 h after maturation) these formed cocoons. Some The data with regard to single shell weight scientist suggested that mounting of silkworm depicted that highest value was recorded in larvae at proper time gives good control T3 (0.294 g) followed by late results, however the silkworm mounted on 4th day of mounted larvae T2 (0.284g) and early 5th instar for seriposition also spin cocoons. mounted larvae T1 (0.274g). Koul reported that during last 2 instars 2-3% of food DEFECTIVE AND GOOD COCOON % consumed is converted into cocoon shell The lowest defective cocoon percentage was weight. Single shell weight was also affected found in control T3 (5.75%) followed by late by the quantum of mulberry leaved fed up to mounted larvae T3 (14.13%) and early the end of 5th instar or up to full maturation of mounted larvae T1 (12.58) (Fig-3). The data the silkworms. The present study also pertaining to good cocoon percentage supports the observations made earlier. depicted that highest value was recorded in

COCOONING % control T1 (93.38%) followed by early Highest cocooning was recorded in control T3 mounted larvae T1 (87.10%) and late (93.03%0 followed by early mounted larvae mounting larvae T2 (85.08%) (Fig-3). T1 (86.89) and late mounted larvae T3

Early and late mounting on economic parameters in autumn rearing of PM × CSR2 larvae of silkworm, bombyx mori l. 66 Volume II Numb er 2 2011 [64 - 69] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Bandey and Singh

Fig 1. Early mounted larvae Fig 2. Late mounted larvae

18.11 Shell % 17.80 17.94

0.294 Shell weight (g) 0.284 0.274

1.62 Cocoon weight (g) 1.59 1.53

T3 ‐Control‐7 day ( matured larvae average of 4 replications) T2‐7 day & 20 h after maturation ( 4 replications average) T1‐ 6 day or 24 h before maturation (4 replication average)

Fig 1:-Effect of early and late mounting larvae on cocoon weight, shell weight and shell %.

T3 ‐Control‐7 day ( matured larvae 93.03 average of 4 replications)

T2‐7 day & 20 h after maturation ( 4 85.77 replications average)

T1‐ 6 day or 24 h before maturation (4 86.89 replications average)

80 85 90 95

T1‐ 6 day or 24 h before maturation (4 replications average) T2‐7 day & 20 h after maturation ( 4 replications average) T3 ‐Control‐7 day ( matured larvae average of 4 replicationss)

Fig 2:-Effect of early and late mounting larvae on cocooning %.

Early and late mounting on economic parameters in autumn rearing of PM × CSR2 larvae of silkworm, bombyx mori l. 67 Volume II Numb er 2 2011 [64 - 69] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Bandey and Singh

T3 ‐Control‐7 day ( matured larvae 93.38 average of 4 replications) 5.75

T2‐7 day & 20 h after maturation ( 4 85.08 replications average) 14.13

T1‐ 6 day or 24 h before maturation 87.1 (4 replications average) 12.58

2.9 22.9 42.9 62.9 82.9

Good cocoon % Defective cocoon %

Fig 3:- Effect of early and late mounting larvae on defective and good cocoon %.

hormone. J.Insect Physiol., 27(4):

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 233-239. The authors express their sincere gratitude to Chandrakanth, K. S., G.K.Shrinivasa Babu, the Deputy Director, State Sericulture S.B.Dandin, V.B.Mathur and T.S. Development Department, Poonch (J & K) for supplying of Dfls for this experiment. Mahadevmurthy, 2004. Development REFERENCES of improved mountages.Indian Silk, Bora, B., Mahadevmurthy, T.S., Shivakumar, (43): 7-11. G.R. and Magdum, S. B. 1994. Effect Hague Rufaie, S.Z., Singh, T.P., Raja, T.A., of feed quantum during 5th instar of Ganie, N.A., Malik, G.N. and Afifa silkworms, Bombyx mori L., on Kamili, S. 2009. Impact of mounting economic parameters. Uttar Pardesh larvae of different maturations on J. Zool., 14(2):17-124. economic characters of silkworm Calvez, B. 1981. Progress of development (Bombyx mori L.) Green farming. An programme during the last larval instar International Journal of Agriculture, of Bombyx mori l. relationship with Horticulture and Allied Science, food intake ecdysteriods and juvenile 2(11); 797-800.

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Ito, T. 1967. Nutritional requirement of its effect on cocoon quality. Indian J. silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Seric., 39 (1): 72-73. Proc.Jap.Acad., 43:47-67. Rajan, R.K. and Himantharaj, M.T. 2005. Koul, A. 1989. Relationship among leaf Silkworm Rearing Technology, consumption, body weight and silk published by Central Silk Board, production in Bombyx mori L. Bangalore. Agric.Sci Digest., 9(4): 208-210. Singh, G.B. and Kamble, C.K.1994. Effect of Koul, A., Ram, K. and Singh Darshan 1998. mounting on different days. Annual Impact of starvation shock on worm Report, C.S.R. & T.I., Mysore. p.95. and cocoon character in silkworm Sudo, M. and Okajima, S.Y.T. 1981. The (Bombyx mori L.) J. Seri., 6 (1&2): relation between the leaf quality at 41-44. different leaf order on silkworm Krishnaswamy, S. 1978. New technology of growth on cocoon quality. J.Seric. Sci. silkworm rearing. Bull. No.2. Central Jpn., 50:306-310. Sericultural Research and Training Sumioka, H., Kuroda, S. and Yoshitaka, N. institute, Mysore, India, p.1-24. 1982. Relationship among food Naito, W., Kurashima, H. and Kanematatsu, ingestion, food digestion and body A. 1987. Studies on the production weight gain in the silkworm larvae, method of the silkworm cocoon for Bombyx mori L. under the restricted new use (1) effect of supplied leaf on feeding by index. J. Seric. Sci. Jpn., the size of the cocoon filament. 51:51-56. Research. Bull. Aichi-Ken., 19:336- Takano and Arai, N. 1978. Studies on food 340. value on the basis of feeding and Rajan, R.K., Kuribayashi, S., Meenal, R., cocoon productivity in the silkworm Singh, G.B. and Himantharaj, M.T. Bombyx mori l.1: The amount of food 2000. Study on the use of saw dust to intake and productivity. J.Seric. accelerate mounting of silkworm and Science of Japan., 47(2):183-189.

Early and late mounting on economic parameters in autumn rearing of PM × CSR2 larvae of silkworm, bombyx mori l. 69 VolumeInternational II Number Journal 2 2011 for [23-28] Environmen tal Rehabilitation and Conservation Volume[ISSN 0975 II No. - 6272] 2 2011 [70 - 78] Krishan, et [ISSN al. 0975 - 6272]

Pollution, a threat to conservation of Biodiversity in Fresh water body

of Chulband River, Gondia Dist., Maharashtra

Cherian, K.J. and Shahare, P.C.

Received: May 07, 2011 ⏐ Accepted: September 30, 2011 ⏐ Online: December 27, 2011

Abstract

Algae are frequently found in polluted water to Cyanophyceae, 3 to Chlorophyceae and 6 as well as unpolluted water bodies. Every alga to Bacillariophyceae were observed. The requires a specific condition for its luxuriant growth of these forms and the pollutants growth and multiplication. The presence of present prevent the presence of other algae as some alga influence the growth of other well as other zooplanktons and fishes organisms, both plants and animals. Generally INTRODUCTION algae are used to determine the quality of Water is the most abundant and most useful water by assessing the degree of pollution or constituent in the world. The fresh water as an indicator of water pollution. Algal constitutes rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and samples and water samples were collected reservoirs. These water resources are being from six different locations along the polluted day by day, due to increased human Chulband River in Gondia district. During the population, industrialization uses of fertilizers summer season of 2010-2011. The percentage in agriculture and other man made activity. of various constituents, colour, odour and Biological assessment is a useful alternative turbidity makes the water non-palatable. The for assessing the ecological quality of aquatic grazing animals too do not prefers this water water bodies since biological communities even though the temperature is quite high. In integrate the environmental effects of water all 18 forms of algae out of which 9 belongs chemistry, in addition to the physical and Keywords: Cyanophyceae ⏐ Chlorophyceae ⏐ geomorphologic characteristics of Rivers and Bacillariophyceae Chulband River ⏐ ⏐ lake.Thus Algal community encountered in the water body reflects the average ecological For correspondence: condition and therefore they may be used as

Department of Botany, Hislop College, Nagpur, Maharashtra indicator of water quality. The growth and Email: [email protected] abundance of each every algal form in a fresh

Pollution, a threat to conservation of Biodiversity in Fresh water body of Chulband River, Gondia Dist., Maharashtra 70 Volume II Number 2 2011 [70 - 78] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Cherian and Shahare

water body is influenced by several When the biomass of algae becomes too high environmental factors of which the chemical or certain species become abundant, the water constituents of water body is of prime quality may be negatively impacted. The importance. The physic - chemical charac- decreased water transparency and teristic of water plays an important role in consumption of oxygen in bottom waters after algal biodiversity and it determines the algal settling are two principal consequences of bloom of any specific species. The study of algal over productivity. Decreased water soil algae in Gondia district were studied by transparency may affect growth and survival different workers by soil cultures, of vascular aquatic plants and cause changes Cyanophyceae were dominating in crops in fish populations. Most of the water bodies fields. in India need to be treated before using it in Phytoplankton communities respond quickly domestic applications by various ions, salts, to anthropogenic inputs of nutrients and toxic etc. so if we were using such type of water as substances making them good indicators of potable water then it leads to various water changes in environmental water quality. “borne diseases”. Analysis is necessary for Algae are frequently found in polluted and monitoring the effectiveness of the treatment unpolluted water and due to this behavior they processes for human consumption, aquatic are generally considered useful to determine life and for other subsequent uses. The the quality of water. These are very suitable presence of Nostoc commune in water body organisms for the determination of the impact affect the germination of various seeds and of toxic substances on the aquatic spores. Its growth hormone give a promoting environment because any effect on the lower effect in the germination as well as the level of the food chain will also have seedling growth in rice. The presence of consequence on the higher level. Algae are different types of plants influence positively used for assessing the degree of pollution or or negatively the growth of micro-organisms as indicator of water pollution of different in their vicinity. Rhizosphere of crops plant water bodies. Phytoplankton constitutes the content more species than the non-rhizosphere vary basis of nutrient cycle of an aquatic in the same depth of soil. ecosystem. They play a crucial role in Study area: Gondia (Lat. 21° 28' N & Lon. maintaining proper equilibrium between 80° 29' E) district is situated in the western biotic and abiotic components of an aquatic part of Maharashtra state. The district covers ecosystem. The algae are purifiers of an area of 4843.12 sq.km of which 2644.70 environment on one hand and polluting sq.km fall under forest area. The source organisms on the other hand. The streams of the Chulband River originate from phytoplankton diversity with the seasonal the Salegaon Dalli near Dodake-Jambhali and fluctuation indicates the diversity of Palasgaon hill complex. The Chulband flows ecological niches. southwards with a subparallel valley to that of the Wainganga to its east and joins it at the

Pollution, a threat to conservation of Biodiversity in Fresh water body of Chulband River, Gondia Dist., Maharashtra 71 Volume II Number 2 2011 [70 - 78] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Cherian and Shahare

southern limits of the district near the village 250 ml BOD bottles during morning Soni. The river has an overall length of 114 hours. km. of which major part falls within the Water analysis district. The river is crossed by the Great The physical analysis like Colour, Eastern Highway near Sawangi over a bridge Temperature, pH and Turbidity was and by the Gondia-Nagbhir railway near anayalized by using Methodology for Gond Umri. water analysis by (IAAB). Collection of algae from sampling site

MATERIALS AND METHODS Frequent visits to fields during summer season helped me to get Study Sites maximum algal collections. These In all six sites were selected along the fresh collections were made with the length of the river falling in the help of scalpel, forceps and sieves and districts for the present study. The were collected in glass bottles. These sites were 1.Jambhali 2.Murpar were brought to the laboratory and 3.Bothali 4.Sadak Arjuni- I 5.Sadak identified and developed live cultures Arjuni- II 6.Saundad. The Site 1 is from it. located in the forest area while Sites 2 to 5 are located in the village Algal cultures 1. Culture vessels Conical flasks, flat populated area. The Site 6 is located in bottles, petridishes were used in the crop field area. All the sites in the cultures. These glasswares were well village area are polluted with organic washed first with vim powder, then wastes and wastes from Brick twice with tap water. These were then industries. The sites 4 & 5 are also rinsed with concentrated sulphuric exposed to pollution from Skin acid and finally washed with distilled processing units which collect the skin water, 3 to 4 times. Then the flasks from various slaughter houses in and around the districts. and bottles were closed with plugs of non-absorbant cotton, whereas the petridishes were closed with its pair Collection of water samples Water samples for physico-chemical petridishes.

analysis of water were collected from 2. Culture Media Two types of cultures, all the six different selected sites of liquid and moist, were prepared for Chulband River in Gondia district studying the collected algae. The from April to June in summer season bottles and conical flasks were used of 2010-2011. Water samples were for the liquid cultures whereas collected in 1 liter plastic bottles and petridishes were used for the moist cultures.

Pollution, a threat to conservation of Biodiversity in Fresh water body of Chulband River, Gondia Dist., Maharashtra 72 Volume II Number 2 2011 [70 - 78] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Cherian and Shahare

The culturing vessels with culture Later on, the petridishes were moistened with media were sterilized in an autoclave sterilized distilled water at intervals to prevent at 2 lbs pressure for 20 minutes prior drying of the cultures. to inoculation. All the cultures were placed near open The composition of De’s (1939) modified windows facing north where cultures could Beneck’s medium is as follows : get only diffused light. From dense growing

KNO3 - 0.2 gm cultures subcultures were made for the convenience. Mgso4 7H2O - 0.2 gm Unialgal culture: - In making sub cultures, a K2HPO4 - 0.2 gm few cells were drawn into a fine sterilized CaCl2 2H2O - 0.1 gm pipette and transferred to 1.5 per cent De's FeC13 (1%) - 2 drops modified Beneck's medium with agar in EDTA - Traces petridishes and test tubes. 1.5 per cent agar Distilled water - 1000 ml medium was prepared by mixing 15 gm of Stock solutions of different chemicals were agar in one liter of De's modified Benecks prepared in distilled water. Ferric chloride medium. This solution was poured into petri- solution was freshly prepared whenever dishes and test tubes aseptically after required. The pH of the culture media was autoclaving. adjusted prior to autoclaving. After two weeks, individual algal units Sterilized bottles and flasks were then filled were picked up and transferred to fresh agar with convenient amount of the medium and plates. After 3-4 transfers on agar plates were again sterilized in an autoclave at 15 lbs groups of particular algae were transferred to pressure for 20 minutes. After the bottles had Allen & Arnon's liquid medium for cooled down, approximately 5 ml of the water maintenance. samples were introduced into separate bottles or flasks with the help of sterile pipettes in The result of identification of algae collected aseptic conditions. Sterilized culture solution were given in Table-I. In all 18 forms were was added to the cultures at suitable intervals found growing abundantly of which, 9 to make up the loss of the culture solution belongs to Cyanophyta, 6 belongs to partly lost due to evaporation. Chlorophyta and 3 belongs to Bacillariophyta. Moist cultures were prepared in petridishes There can be more forms but must be in very which were sterilized in the same way as in small quantity. Their retardation of growth the case of bottles. Convenient amount of may be influenced by the physico-chemical collected water sample depending on the size condition of water and the dominant algal of the petridishes were spread evenly in each forms. The Cyanophyta includes Microcystis petridish and moistened with culture medium protocystis Crow., Chroococcus micrococcus. in the beginning to promote the algal growth. (Kutz.) Rabenh., Oscillatoria curviceps. Ag.

Pollution, a threat to conservation of Biodiversity in Fresh water body of Chulband River, Gondia Dist., Maharashtra 73 Volume II Number 2 2011 [70 - 78] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Cherian and Shahare

ex Gomont., Phormidium foveolarum. Nostoc and Anabaena anomala. The (Mont.) Gomont., Lyngbya aerugineo- Bacillariophycean members are Fragillria coerulea. (Kutz.) Gomont., Schizothrix tenuis. and Navicula. The Bothali region showed 8 Woronich., Nostoc commune. Vaucher. ex algal forms of which 4 belongs to Born. et. Flah., Anabaena anomala Fritsch., Cyanophyta, 3 belongs to Chlorophyta and Anabaena laxa. (Rabehn.). The Navicula represent the lone member of chlorophycean forms are Chlaorococcum Bacillariophyta. humicola (Naegeli) Rabnehhorst, Ulothrix The site 4 and 5 i.e. Sadak Arjuni I and II has variabilis (Kuetzing) Kuetzing, Spirogyra maximum and dangerous source of pollution biformis Jao, Closterium acerosum (Schrank) as sewage wastes, waste from bricks Ehrenberg, Euastrum dubium Nageli and industries, crematorium and skin processing Cosmarium granatum Brebisson. The units reaches the Chulband river. Both sites Bacillariophycean forms were Fragillaria are represented by 5 forms of algae each and brevistriata f. elongata Venk, Synedra affinis 4 out of 5 forms are common. The common Kg and Navicula clavata Greg. forms include Microcystis, Anabaena laxa, 3 Cyanophycean, 3 Chlorophycean and 2 Euastrum and Synedra. Oscillatoria was Bacillariophycean members were observed present in site-4 while Lyngbya was observed from Jambhali (site-I). It is comparatively less in site-5. polluted. The water do not have any bad Site-6 Saundad has the maximum types of odour and its turbidity was also lower than algal forms i.e. 13 out of which 6 belongs to others sites. The wild as well as grazing Cyanophyta, 4 belongs Chlorophyta and 3 animals consume this water, which is evident belongs to Bacillariophyta. The from the foot prints around the banks of water Cyanophycean members are Chroococcus, body. The Cyanophycean members observed Phormidium, Lyngbya, Nostoc, Anabaena were Phormidium, Schizothrix and Nostoc. laxa, Anabaena anomala. The Chlorophycean The Chlorophycean members were members are Chlorococcum, Spirogyra, Chlorococcum, Ulothrix and Spirogyra. The Euastrum and Cosmarium. The bacillariophycean members are Fragillaria Bacillariophycean members are Fragillaria, and Navicula. Synedra and Navicula. The Murpar (site-2) and Bothali (site-3) are The physical analysis of all the 6 sites of identical in pollution sources. Murpar showed Chulband River is given in the Table-II. The the presence of 10 algal form out of which 5 maximum temperature i.e. 34oC was observed belongs to Chlorophyceae, 3 belongs to in site 2, 3, 4 and 5. The temperature was Cyanophyceae and 2 belongs to slightly low in site 1 and site 6. It may be due Bacillariophyceae. The Chlorophycean to the tall tress at the banks of river. The members are Chlorococcum, Ulothrix, highest pH was observed in site 5 followed by Spirogyra, Closterium and Cosmarium. The site 4. The pH ranged from 6.8 to 8.6. The Cyanophycean members are Chroococcus,

Pollution, a threat to conservation of Biodiversity in Fresh water body of Chulband River, Gondia Dist., Maharashtra 74 Volume II Number 2 2011 [70 - 78] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Cherian and Shahare

taste and odour was proportional to the bluish. The turbidity was also high in site – 4 amount of pollutants. Pungent odour was and site – 5. Only negligible turbidity was present in site 4 and 5. It may be due to the observed in site-1 and the water is also washing of processed animal skin in these palatable. The turbidity ranged from areas. The growth of algae and amount of negligible to 305. The highest turbidity makes pollution creates the colour of the water body. the water like a syrup solution. The colour ranged from light green to dark

Algal Taxa Site-1 Site-2 Site-3 Site-4 Site-5 Site-6 Cyanophyceae 1. Microcystis protocystis. Crow - - - p p - 2. Chroococcus macrococcus. (Kutz.) - P P - - P Rabenh. 3. Oscillatoria curviceps. Ag.ex - - P P - - Gomont. 4. Phormidium foveolarum.(Mont.) P - P - - P Gomont. 5. Lyngbya aerugineo-coerulea (Kutz.) - - - - P P Gomont. 6. Schizothrix tenuis. Woronich. P - - - - - 7. Nostoc commune. Vaucher ex. Born. P P - - - P et.Flah. 8. Anabaena laxa. (Rabehn.) - - - p P P 9. Anabaena anomala. Fritsch. - P P - - P Chlorophyceae 1. Chlorococcum humicolo. (Naegeli.) P P P - - P Rabnehhorst. 2. Ulothrix variabilis. (Kuetz.) Kuetzing P P - - - - 3. Spirogyra biformis. Jao P P - - - P 4. Closterium acerosum. (Schrank) - P P - - - Ehrenberg. 5. Euastrum dubium. Nageli. - - - p p P 6. Cosmarium granatum. Brebisson. - p P - - P Bacillariophyceae 1. Fragillaria brevistriata f. elongata P p - - - P Venk. 2. Synedra affinis. Kg. - - - p p P 3. Navicula clavata. Greg. P p P P Total 8 10 8 5 5 13

Table 1- Showing the presence of Algal Forms

Pollution, a threat to conservation of Biodiversity in Fresh water body of Chulband River, Gondia Dist., Maharashtra 75 Volume II Number 2 2011 [70 - 78] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Cherian and Shahare

Parameters Site-1 Site-2 Site-3 Site-4 Site-5 Site-6 Temperature 29-32 32-34 33-34 32-34 32-34 30-31 pH 6.8 7.4 8.3 8.5 8.6 7.6 Taste Agreeable Disagreeable Disagreeable Disagreeable Disagreeable Disagreeable Odour Nil Present Present Pungent Pungent Present Present Present Colour Light Greenish Greenish Dark bluish Dark bluish Greenish Greenish Turbidity Negligible 139.33 204 282 305 210

Table 2- Result of water analysis

Pollutant sources of Chulband River of Gondia Dist., from different sites

Pollution, a threat to conservation of Biodiversity in Fresh water body of Chulband River, Gondia Dist., Maharashtra 76 Volume II Number 2 2011 [70 - 78] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Cherian and Shahare

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

1. Microcystis protocystis Crow. 10. Chlorococcum humicolo (Naegeli) 2. Chroococcus micrococcus. (Kutz.) Rabnehhorst. Rabenh. 11. Ulothrix variabilis (Kuetzing) Kuetzing. 3. Oscillatoria curviceps. Ag. ex Gomont. 12. Spirogyra biformis Jao. 4. Phormidium foveolarum. (Mont.) 13. Closterium acerosum. (Schrank) Gomont. Ehrenberg. 5. Lyngbya aerugineo-coerulea. (Kutz.) 14. Euastrum dubium. Nageli. Gomont. 15. Cosmarium granatum Brebisson. 6. Schizothrix tenuis. Woronich. 16. Fragillaria brevistriata f. elongata. Venk. 7. Nostoc commune. Vaucher. ex Born. et. 17. Synedra affinis. Kg. Flah. 18. Navicula clavata Greg 8. Anabaena anomala Fritsch. 9. Anabaena laxa. (Rabehn.)

CONCLUSION The polluting activity by human population in the name in Government record. The river has changed the Chulband river in to a once upon a time was the main source of Chulband nala. The only thing left is a change drinking water the people residing in Gondia

Pollution, a threat to conservation of Biodiversity in Fresh water body of Chulband River, Gondia Dist., Maharashtra 77 Volume II Number 2 2011 [70 - 78] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Cherian and Shahare

district. The depth of the river has decreased Joubert, G (1980). A bioassay application for day by day due to dumping of non degradable quantitative toxicity management waste in the river. In near future it will using the green algae, Selenastrum become drainage line during the rainy season. Capricornutum. Water Res. 14: 1759- The pollution effected in the growth of some 1763. unwanted algal forms like Microcystis Trivedy, R K (1986). Role of algae in the protocystis, Oscillatoria curviceps, Anabaena biomonitoring of water pollution. laxa, Euastrum dubium, Synedra affinis etc. Asian Environ. 8 (3): 31-42. In fact the growth of these organisms has Dwivedi, B K; Pandey, G C (2002).Physico- wiped out the biodiversity in Chulband River. chemical factors and algal diversity of The few left behind fishes also gets killed by two ponds (Girija Kund Maqubara the algal forms due its toxic effects during Pond), Faizabad, India poll.Res.21 (3): their disintegration. 361-369. Cherian, K.J., Vishwakarma S and Shahare REFERENCES P.C. (2010). Effect of Algal Extract on Stevenson, R J; Y (1999). Assessing the germination of seedling growth of environmental conditations in Rivers Rice seeds. Bionano Frontier, and streams using diatoms. In: Vol.4.(1) jan-june2011. Stoermer, E F; Smol, J P (eds.) The Cherian K.J. (2010). Rhizosphere algae of diatoms. Applications for the Vidharbha region of Maharashtra. environmental and earth sciences. Essence,Vol.1. No.1 (59-65) Cambridge University Press, Indian Association of Aquatic Biologists Cambridge. pp 11-40. (IAAB), Methodology for Water Bhatt, L R; Lecoul, P; Lekhal, H D; Jha, P K Analysis. (1999). Physico-chemical characteristic and phytoplanktons for Taudha lake, Kathmandu. Poll.Res.18 (4): 353-358. Saha, S B; Bhattacharya, S B; Choudhary, (2000) A Diversity of phytoplankton of sewage pollution brakish water tidal ecosystems. Environ.Biol. 21 (1): 9- 14. Cherian K.J and Matta G(2010), Soil above at the different depth of crop field of Nagpur Dist., Essence, Vol.1 No.1,2010(81-87).

Pollution, a threat to conservation of Biodiversity in Fresh water body of Chulband River, Gondia Dist., Maharashtra 78 VolumeInternational II Number Journal 2 2011 for [23-28] Environmen tal Rehabilitation and Conservation Volume[ISSN 0975 II No. - 6272] 2 2011 [79 - 84] Krishan, et [ISSN al. 0975 - 6272]

Evaluating economic sustainability of ponds (talab) of Dhar Town (M.P.)

Preeti Chaudhary

Received: September 20, 2011 ⏐ Accepted: November 13, 2011 ⏐ Online: December 27, 2011

Introduction Abstract

The significance of ponds as water resources is Water is going to become the most natural being appreciated now as never before increasing resources in the 21st Century. In India population in town centers has put more stress on water management .This has necessitated proper relatively moderate average rainfall, water has management of the ponds economically for better still become a critical issue. Most city water quality .Dhar town was famous for saddhe authorities cannot provide the required barah talab of different sizes spread within its minimum water supply to its citizens. Even in municipal corporation boundary , but now a day’s many of them destroyed by colonizers and those areas which have high rainfall also construct colonies . Most of the ponds utilize for facing water scarcity in non rainy season. bathing, washing, irrigation, pisciculture etc.The Water is considered as the source, where life ponds also have a great ecological importance in began thousands of species of flora and fauna environment from climate control to biodiversity. found in these water bodies. Water bodies For the preparation of present paper six ponds of Dhar town studied for firstly aimed quality of have served both the causes of the water for people, secondly it deals with the issue conservation of natures as well as human of sustainable management of such ponds. The development. This paper focusing on a present study considers only use values, such as specific aspect of water resources – economic bathing, washing, and immersion of idols and sustainability of water bodies with special cultivation of Fishes. reference to six ponds of Dhar town. Keywords: Pisciculture ⏐ Sustainable One of the main Functions of ponds is that management they serve as receptors for rain water

harvesting and maintaining local ground For correspondence: water levels. The Inter relationship of a pond Department of Zoology, Govt. P.G. College, Dhar (M.P.)

with environment, economy and society is presented in Table-1.

Evaluating economic sustainability of ponds (talab) of Dhar town (M.P.) 79 Volume II Number 2 2011 [79 - 84] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Preeti Chaudhary

Table-1: Role of Ponds in Town

Environmental Activities Description Components

Water Resource Bathing A large number of people from lower economic background use them for bathing.

Washing Washing of clothes, utensils and other domestic requirements

Rainwater Harvesting Acts as rainwater storage.

Environment Climate control Ponds affect local micro-climate, making it cooler and soothing

Open space Ponds provide an open space providing room for air movement. Space for recreational use.

Trees Generally the pond banks have tree plantations, preserving urban nature

Aquatic Ecology Ponds support many aquatic and other species, a receptacle of biodiversity in town

Economy Fish cultivation Source for local employment and good protein

Social Community gathering People spend time sitting around these ponds. Many ponds have seats around them and are an important place for local community gathering.

Clubs Because of open space, there often exist many clubs by the pond side. These clubs also manage the ponds.

STUDY AREA 6. Brumha Kundi Pond Dhar district is located in the western region of the Madhya Pradesh at latitude between METHADOLOGY 0 0 22 1’ 14 and 23 9 ‘ 49 ” N and the Historically Dhar town was famous for Saade 0 0 meridians 44 28’ 27” and 75 42’ 43’E. For Barah Taalab (Twelve and half ponds). this present study total No. of Six ponds of Maximum population of this town depends on the town are selected and studied. These six pond water for many water related activities- ponds are as under:- like bathing, washing, drinking etc. 1. Natnagra Pond Collection of samples done before 8 a.m. and 2. Devisaga Pond examined by standard methods of APHA 3. Sitapot Pond (1998). The Temperature, Turbidity, pH, and D.O. were determined in the field. The 4. Munj Saga pond collected samples brought to laboratory and 5. Jetpura pond analyzed within 24 hours except BOD which

Evaluating economic sustainability of ponds (talab) of Dhar town (M.P.) 80 Volume II Number 2 2011 [79 - 84] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Preeti Chaudhary

requires a period of five days in cubation at quality of physical and chemical parameters 20 0 temp. serves as a good index in providing a No. of people using ponds for their daily complete and reliable picture of the activities. Hence its economic study becomes conditions of ponds water (Zuber, 2007). The a necessity, then ponds are to be going on results are depicted in Table-2. sustainability development. Generally the The Colour and Turbidity of the ponds water survey data shows that lower income group is comparatively higher due to silt load and peoples are more dependent on pond water. idol immersion. All the ponds are being used for bathing but ph regulates most of the biological processes Some ponds are for washing. Bathing and and biochemical reactions. In present study it washing activities are considered as primary was ranged from 7.8 to 9.4. Above 8.5. pH health care activities. After these activities water will affect the mucous membrane or the next major activity is the pisciculture . water supply system for aquatic life. As a pisciculture is related with local Quantitative analytical results of TDS, employment generation. Some ponds are Alkalinity and Total Hardness show higher utilized for immersion of idols and other concentration. All ponds show slightly worship waste materials near the temple Alkaline character due to continuous sewage region of the ponds. disposal and improper decomposition of The ponds surrounding also make significant organic waste. In Brumhakundi and Jetpura contribution to the social cultural and ponds these parameters found higher than ecological environment. The survey found other ponds. High value of Hardness during that all the ponds have some trees around summer can be attributed to decrease in water them. Nearly half of the ponds have adjacent volume and increase in rate of evaporation of temples. Some of the ponds have decent water (Hujare, 2008). sitting facilities around them. Chloride considered as one of the basic Maximum surveyed ponds are owned by parameters of classifying pollution by sewage Municipal Council of Dhar town. One of the into different categories. Chloride content of ponds is under the security of fishery pond water was under the desirable limit. department. Some ponds have leased by Flouride level was also in desirable condition. fishermen for fishing. In the present study Nitrate shows a level, which is much below the drinking water limits (45 mg/l) but higher for biological growth. The Sulphate value in the present RESULT & DISCUSSION. study can be considered high because of Increase in anthropogenic modeling as a bathing and cloths washing activities (Jain, consequence of disregard to the socio- 1996). Phosphate value was higher in the economic cultural values of water. There is increase in quality deterioration of water. The

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present study. It accelerates growth of algae and vegetations.

Table 2 The value of Flouride, Nitrate, Phosphate and temperatures facilitating the decomposition Sulphate are under the desirable limit for and oxidation of organic matter (Abdo, 2002). irrigation and aqua culture. D.O. is rising during winter and in summer it VALUATION OF WATER BODIES became decreases due to higher rate of Unfortunately value of services provide by decomposition of organic matter and limited these ponds often gets unnoticed. A pond like flow of water in low oxygen holding many environmental assets can be used for environment due to high temperature (Rani, consumption purpose as well as an input for 2004). some productive activities. Therefore it is BOD increase on temperature rising. This necessary to form an estimate of the economic may be attributed to the photosynthetic value of a pond. activity and abundance of phyto planton For the present study only useful values of during hot period (Abdo. 2004). ponds have been considered like fish COD is the amount of oxygen required to cultivation, bathing, washing, immersion of oxidize the biodegradable organics as well as idols, recreation uses etc. Fish production of the non bio degradable organics both. COD the ponds estimated by the fishery department increase in summer season. It is mainly and fishermen. Bathing, washing and cleaning attributed to the increase in the air and water activities purposes are estimated by proposed water supply cost. Pond committees can

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charge a fee for immersion of idols and other Srungavarapukota village area in worship waste materials. The committee can Andhra Pradesh. Nature Environment also charge for washing and bathing activities and Pollution Technology, 3(3)303- like professional swimming pools. In this way 306 the pond committees can be economically Chattopadhyay, Kunal and Krishna strong.If the values are ecological and Mazumdar (2002) “Economics of economically improved the valuation will be Environmental Degradation-East much more. Kolkata Wetlands”, in Kunal CONCLUSION Chattopadhyay and Krishna It may be concludes from the above analysis Mazumdar (eds), Kolkata—the city of that Wetlands, Dept. of Fisheries, Government of West Bengal. Pp174 i) Utilization of pond users come from the poor section of the society Hujare, M.S. 2008. Seasnal variation of physic chemical parameters in the ii) Govt. Officials have a moral perennial tank of talsande, responsibility to ensure that the ponds Maharashtra. Ecotoxical. Environ. are to be properly managed and not to Monit. 18(3): 233-242. be degrade. Jain, S.M., Meenakshi Sarma and Thakur iii) Sustainability from the viewpoint of Ramesh (1996). Seasonal variation in human use and that from the viewpoint of physic-chemical parameters of Halali pisciculture may have some mutual in resevior of Vidisha district, Indiaan compatibility and therefore requires an Ecobil. 8(3): 181-188 integrated approach. Mathur P., S. Agrawal and M. Nag 2007.

Assesment of physio-Chamical REFERENCES Characteristics and Suggested Abdo, M.H. 2002 Environmental studies on Restoration Measures for Pushkar Rosetta branch and some chemical lake, Ajmer Rajsthan (India). applications at the area exten from El- Proceeding of Taal: Work lake Kanater El-Khyria to Kafr-El-Zyat conference 1518-1529 City.Ph.D. Thesis, fac. Of Sci., Ain Munasinghe, M. (1993) Environmental Shams univ., Cairo, Egypt. Economics and Sustainable Apha. 1992 Standard methods for Development’ World Bank examination of water and waste water. Environment Paper Number 3, World th 18 Edition, Washington D.C. Bank, Washington, D.C. Beebi, S.K., A. S. Dadhich, and P. Pearce, D.W. and R.K. Turner (1990) Arunkranti. 2004. Monitoring the Economic of Natural resources and status of water resources of

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Environment, Harvester Wheatsheaf, New York. Rani, R. B.k. Gupta, and K.B.L. Shrivastava. 2004. Studies on water quality assessment in Satna city (M.P.) Seasonal parametic variations. Nat. Environ. & Poll. Tech., 3(4): 563-565. Ray mohit and Mazumdar Siddhhartha (2005), Evaluating economic sustainability of urban and peri –urban water bodies of Kokata ponds, Biodiversity and quality of life, 135- 146. Zuber, S.M., 2007. Ecology and Economic valuation of Lake Mansar, jammu. Thesis submitted with Department of Zoology, university of Jammu, Jammu.

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Antibacterial activity of plant extracts of Cyperus rotundus and Vetiveria

zizanoides on the air borne micro-organisms of some houses in Nagpur City

Balpande, Shubhangini M. and Cherian K.J.

Received: July 21, 2011 ⏐ Accepted: October 28, 2011 ⏐ Online: December 27, 2011

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Microorganisms are the primary sources of Air, contains significant number of indoor air contamination. Microbial microorganisms acting as a medium for their monitoring of such environment is important transmission or dispersal. Microorganisms for the health of people. In this study are abundant in the earth’s atmosphere as presence of various kinds of microorganisms particles. They include bacteria, fungi and in kitchen of two different zones of Nagpur algal cell. The composition and city were studied. For the present study air concentration of these particles are generally samples were collected by personal sampler related to man’s activities. Microorganisms with the help of air motor for 30 minutes are the primary sources of indoor air from two sites of Nagpur city. Bacteria were contamination. The indoor air environment isolated on LB media. Antibacterial activity can potentially place peoples at greater risk was screened by disc diffusion method of than the outside environment, because Aq. Methanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus enclosed spaces can confine aerosols and and Vetiveria zizanoides. The result showed allow than to build up to infectious levels. that the extract of Root of Vetiveria Bioaerosols are airborne particles that are zizanoides, and Inflorescence, Leaf and living (Bacteria, viruses and Fungi) or Stem of Cyperus rotundus shows more originate from living organisms, which are activity than others. ranging in size from 1.0 to 5.0 µm generally remain in the air, whereas larger particles Keywords: Airborne bacteria ⏐ Indoor air ⏐ Air are deposited on surfaces. Homes are an sampler ⏐ Antibacterial activity ⏐ hygenic condition important indoor environment for spread of airborne pathogens to the people, where they

spend most of the time. For the further study

For correspondence: air samples were collected from the different

zones of Nagpur city, particularly kitchens Department of Botany, Hislop College, Nagpur, Maharashtra of homes. In the domestic environment, the Email: [email protected] kitchen is particularly important in

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spreading infectious diseases. Bacterial load leaves are linear, dark green and grooved on of hand towels, steel sinks, chopping board the upper surface. Inflorescences are small and working surfaces were implicated to be with 2-4 bracts, consting of tiny flowers the frequent sites. Raw material is probably with a red –brown husk. The nut is three – the main source of contamination in the angled, oblong, ovate, yellow in colour and kitchen, the area surrounding the kitchen black when ripe. could also act as sources of free living Vetiveria zizanoides L. (Family Poaceae) populations of bacteria. Food residues also known as Khus, is densely tufted together with the moisture offer a favorable perennial grass with rootstock branching and environment for bacterial and fungal growth. spongy aromatic roots. The leaves are basal These studies have revealed that domestic and cauline with relatively stiff, linear, kitchen sites have been found repeatedly acute, elongate blades, 30—90 cm long and contaminated with a variety of bacterial 4-10 mm wide erect rigid, firm, spongy contaminants. Wet areas including sponges, usually glabrous, more or less hairy, dishcloths and sink drains continually splitting along midrib apically and revolute, appear to act as reservoir that harbours and rough margins with spines. The panicles is encourages growth of potential pathogens. oblong, loose, irregular type of compound There were two objectives of this study i.e. inflorescence, 15-30 cm long and comprise a) It was to evaluate, with respect to numerous racemose, spike-like branches and microbial status of air & b) to find the usually purple with the rachis or stem antibacterial effects of plants extracts on disarticulating at base of sessile spikelet. particular bacteria which were commonly The spikeletes are dorsally compressed and observed from the kitchens. For the present paired, one being sessile and perfect, the study of antibacterial activity, following other pedicellate and staminate or neuter. plants were selected i.e. Cyperus rotundus The pales or caryopsis usually not seen. The and Vetiveria zizanoides against some pedicellate spikeletes are slightly smaller bacteria which were collected from the than the sessile spikelet. different homes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cyperus rotundus L. (Family Cyperaceae) Collection of plant materials: - The fresh also known as purple nut sedge or nut grass plant of Cyperus rotundus and Vetiveria or Nagarmotha is common perennial weed zizanoides was collected in the month of with slender scaly creeping rhizomes, July 2010 from nearby Nagpur and bulbous at the base and arising singly from Bhandara District of Maharashtra, India the tubers which are about 1-3 cm long. The respectively. tubers are externally blackish in colour and Processing of Plant material The leaf, stem reddish white inside with characteristic root, Rhizome & inflorescence of odour. The stems grow 25 cm tall and the

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C.rotundus and the root, leaf and 24 hrs and then isolates were maintained on inflorescence of V.zizanoides was cleaned Nutrient agar slants as a pure culture. The and shade dried over a period of two weeks. bacteria were identified by using laboratory The dried samples were milled into fine methods which include gram staining and powder with the help of mixer and blender biochemical tests. Antibacterial activity was and sieved .Finally the powders were kept studied on LB agar media. separately in air tight container until the ANTI-BACTERIAL ASSAY analysis. The anti-bacterial activity of plant extracts Preparation of Extracts The dried coarse of both plants were studied by agar disc power (20gm) was extracted in soxhlet diffusion method. Inoculums were prepared apparatus in 200ml aqueous methanol (4:1) by inoculating loopful culture of both type for 24 hrs. After extracts were filtered and of bacteria into 10 ml nutrient broth and concentrated using evaporator and freeze incubating overnight at 37°C for 24 hrs. The dried to powdered form. The dried extracts sterilized autoclaved LB Agar medium was weighed and kept in labeled sterile bottles. inoculated with the inoculums of Bacillus The extracts were suspended in Aq.methanol spp. and Staphylococcus spp. (10µl/10ml) and used for screening the antibacterial and mixture was transferred to sterile activity. petriplates (10ml/petriplates) and allowed to Sample collection Samples of atmospheric solidify. Sterile disc of 5mm in diameter air for bacteriological determinations were (made from whatmann filter paper collected from different homes of Nagpur previously sterilized in UV light) dipped in city. Air samples were collected by self specified concentration of all parts of designed air sampler, which consist of a extracts (100mg/ml) and standard conical flask, rubber cork with inlet and antibacterial agent, Streptomycin was used outlet glass tube and air motor. 20 ml as positive control were placed on surface of Autoclaved distill water is used as a agar plates . The disc dipped in Aq.methanol collection medium in a conical flask. Used was used as negative control. The plates separate flask set for each sample. The were allowed to diffuse at room temperature samplers operate by drawing air through an for 2 hrs.and then plates were incubated at inlet tube. Air motor was made on for 5 37º for 24 hrs. and observed for antibacterial minute before taking each sample. 2ml of activity. The diameter of zone of inhibition the liquid sample were inoculated on the were measured in mm and compared with Nutrient agar media for Bacterial growth in that of standared. The Experiments were triplicate. After inoculation colonies of repeated three times and the mean values of bacteria are allowed to grow on Nutrient zone of inhibition were tabulated. agar culture media at 37°C temperature over

Antibacterial activity of plant extracts of Cyperus rotundus and Vetiveria zizanoides on the air borne micro-organisms 87 Volume II Number 2 2011 [85 - 90] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] Balpande and Cherian

Determination of MIC and Bactericidal determined by spreading o.1 ml of the Activity appropriately diluted broth culture of the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) MIC tubes, on nutrient agar plates. The was determined by the tube dilution method petriplates were incubated at 37ºC for 18-24 using nutrient broth. The dilution was taken hrs. The lowest concentration of extract that as 10 to 100 mg/ml.The bactericidal activity inhibited visible growth on agar called as of the minimum inhibitory amounts was MIC. leaf extract showed 13 mm inhibition zone RESULT AND DISCUSSION while that of inflorescence showed the The results of antibacterial activity of highest inhibitory effect is 15 mm on aqueous Methanolic extracts of C.rotundus Bacillus spp. Its effect on Staphylococcus and V.zizanoides were given in table 1.The spp. is slightly less i.e. 8.0 mm and 10.0mm extracts of different parts of the plants inhibition .The trend on the antibacterial shows different potential in antibacterial property by the extracts is same in both the activities. In case of C.rotundus the extracts bacterial spp. but the intensity varies on the of aerial parts showed more antibacterial type of bacteria comparison with positive activity than its underground parts. It’s just control. The result indicates that the active opposite in V.zizanoides. principle of the extract which have the In C.rotundus the extracts of rhizome do not antibiotic property is synthesized in the have any antibacterial activity on the active live cells or the meristematic cells selected Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus which are in more quantity in the young spp.Its root extract showed very negligible leaves and the inflorescence .This active inhibitory zone i.e. 02.0 mm while its stem principle either gets disintegrated or looses extracts showed considerable antibacterial its antibacterial capability as the cells activity i.e. 10 mm inhibition on Bacillus became older. spp. and 8 mm on Staphylococcus spp. The Sr.no. Name of Plant Name of Plant Part Zone of Inhibition (mm) of Zone of Inhibition (mm) of Bacillus spp. Staphylococcus spp. Rhizome -- -- Root 02.0 02.0 1. C.rotundus Stem 10.0 08.0 Leaf 13.0 08.0 Inflorescence 15.0 10.0 2. V.zizanoides Root 10.0 07.0 Leaf 03.0 04.0 Inflorescence NA NA 3. Positive Control Streptomycin 30.0 25.0 4. Negative Control Aq.methanol NA NA (NA) = No activity.

Table:-1: Antibacterial activity of Aq.Methanolic extracts of all parts of C.rotundus and V.zizanoides

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In V. zizanoides the extracts of roots showed also reiterates the importance of fumigation maximum antibacterial activity i.e. 10 mm on techniques for various disease practiced by Bacillus spp. and 7 mm on Staphylococcus our ancestors. spp. Its leaf extract showed very less REFERENCES:- inhibition zone i.e. 3 mm on Bacillus spp. and Lacey, J.(1981): The aerobilogy of conidial 4 mm on Staphylococcus spp. Its fungi. In biology of conidial fungi cote inflorescence extract do not showed any and Kendrick (eds)Academic Press, antibacterial activity at all. This result New York.pp578). indicates that the active principle must have Jaffal A. A., I.M. Banat, A. A. EI Mogheth, been synthesized in the leaf and gets H. Nsanze, A. Benar and A.S.Ameen, transferred to the roots along with the food. It (1997): Residential indoor airborne higher molecular weight must have speed up microbial populations in the United its transportation to roots while some amount Arab may have retained in the leaf due to emirates.Environ,Intern,23(4):529- horizontal posture of leaf. Both plants showed 533). less than 50% inhibition effect than the positive control. The extract may contain Mohr, A. J. Fate and transport of micro- several types of substances which could organisms in air, chaper 74. In Manual nd dissolve in methanol. Some of it may nullify of Environmental microbiology, 2 the antibacterial activity of the principle ed.Hurt CJ. Crawford RL, Knudsen G. compound. The positive control has the McInerney M, Stetzenbach LD, Streptomycin in pure form. Minimum eds.(ASM press Washington DC) inhibitory concentration (MIC) was observed 2002: 827-38. in dilution 70 to 100 mg/ml. Bryan, F.L. 1988, Risks of practices, procedures and processes that lead to outbreaks of foodborne diseases; J.of CONCLUSION food protection, 57; 663-73.6.Finch The aqueous Methanolic extracts of rhizome JE, Prince J, Hawksworth M. 1978.;A of C.rotundus and inflorescence of V. bacteriological survey of the domestic zizanoides. do not have any antibacterial environments.J. of Applied property. The maximum antibiotic property Bacteriology. 45: 357-64. were shown by the extracts of inflorescence in Borneff J, Hassinger R, Wittig J, Edenharder C. rotundus and roots of V.zizanoides .The R. 1988;The distribution of fumigation of kitchens and rooms of houses microorganisms in household kitchens with inflorescence of C. rotundus or roots of I. Problems, experiments, results. V.zizanoides helps to reduce the population of Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg Bacillus spp. Staphylococcus spp. in the air to 186: 1-29. give a healthy environment. The present study

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Josephson KL, Rubino JR, 1997; Pepper IL. pathogens in a domestic setting. Int. J. Characterization and quantification of Environ. Health. Res. 10: 257-61. bacterial pathogens and indicator Beumer RR, Te Giffel MC, SpoorenbergE, organisms in household kitchens with RomboutsFM.,1996;Listeria species in and without the use of a disinfectant domestic environments. Epid and cleaner. J. of Applied Microbiology. Infection.117: 437-42 83: 737-50. Pal Dilipkumar, Dutta Santanu And Sarkar Ikawa JY, Rossen JS. 1999 ;Reducing Abhijit ,2009 ;Evaluation of CNS bacteria in household sponges. J. activities of ethanol extract of roots Environ. Health. 62: 18-22. and rhizome of Cyperus rotundus in Kusumaningrumet.al,2002;Kusumaningrum Mice;Acta poloniae Pharmaceutica HD, van Putten MM, Rombouts FM, Drug Research , 66,(5),535-541. Beumer RR; Effects of antibacterial Chukwama Ekeanyarwu Raphael & dishwashing liquid on foodborne et.al.;2010;The Phytochemical pathogens and competitive composition and biochemical effects microorganisms in kitchen sponges. J. of Nigerian Tigernut (Cyperus of Food Protection. 65: 61-5. esculentus L.) tuber, Pakisthan Ozlem ERDOGRUL, Feryal ERBILIR; journal of Nutrition, 9(7), 709-715,. Microorganisms in the kitchen Lawal Oladipupo A, Oyedeji, 2009; Chemical sponges ;Internet Journal of food composition of the essential oils of safety ; V6;17-22. Cyperus rotundus (L) from South Josephson et al.1997; Pepper IL. Africa; Molecules, 14, 2909-2917 Characterization and quantification of Nima Zeid Abdul Majid and et.al, 2008; bacterial pathogens and indicator Extraction, identification and organisms in household kitchens with antibacterial activity of Cyperus oil and without the use of a disinfectant from Iraqi C.rotundus, Eng and cleaner. J. of Applied Microbiology. Technology, 26(10). 83: 737-50. Enriquez CE, Enriquez-Gordillo R, Kennedy DI, Gerba CP. 1997;Bacteriological survey of used cellulose sponges and cotton dishcloths from domestic kitchens.Dairy Food & Environ Sanitation 17: 2-24 Hilton and Austin 2000; Hilton AC, Austin E. 2000; The kitchen dishcloth as a source and vehicle for foodborne

Antibacterial activity of plant extracts of Cyperus rotundus and Vetiveria zizanoides on the air borne micro-organisms 90 VolumeInternational I Number Journal 2 2010 for[88 Environmental- 93] Rehabilitation and Conservation Volume[ISSN 0975 II No. - 6272] 2 2011 [91 - 106] Bahuguna [ISSN 0975et al. - 6272]

Deleterious effects of uv-b radiation on certain physiological, biological aspects and counteracted by plant growth regulators in wheat crop

Panwar, S. K. and Dhingra, G. K.

Received: April 11, 2011  Accepted: August 23 , 2011 Online: November 30, 2011

Abstract

The aim of study was to evaluate the Triticum aestivum and observed enhancement appropriate concentrations of plant growth in the chlorophyll at the germinating seedling hormones from various concentrations over the stage in the laboratory and field study till to UV-B damage on Triticum aestivum in case of maturity of crop. chlorophyll isolation. Seeds of Triticum Key words: Triticum aestivum | Plant growth aestivum was grown in laboratory for the seed regulators | IAA Kn | Chlorophyll a | germination and seedling growth and then Chlorophyll b | Protochlorophyll | UV-B sown in field plots (A, B, C, D) with radiation appropriate concentrations of plant hormones for the isolation of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll- Introduction b,protochlorophyll. Plot-A of rice crop was The decrease in stratospheric ozone has treated as control and neither sprayed with prompted renewed efforts in assessing the growth hormones nor exposed to UVB potential damage to plant and animal life due radiation. Pot-B was treated with UV-B to enhanced levels of solar Ultraviolet-B (UV- radiation (3-hrs. daily) only. Plot-C was B, 280-320 nm) radiation (Caldwell, 1971, -7 sprayed with IAA concentration of (10 M), 1998; Madronich et al., 1998). The effect of plot-D was sprayed with Kn concentration of UV-B enhancements on plants includes -5 (10 M), along with UV-B radiation in reduction in yield and quality, alteration in Triticum aestivum. IAA was found most species competition, decrease in -7 -5 effective in (10 M), Kn in (10 M) sin crop of photosynthetic activity, susceptibility to

For Correspondence: disease, and change in plant structure and pigmentation (Tevini and Teramura, 1989; 1 Applied Sciences Deptt. G.R.I.M.T. Raduar, Haryana 2 Department of Botany Govt. P.G. College, Uttarkashi, Bornman 1989; Teramura and Sullivan, 1991). Uttarakhand Some species show sensitivity to present levels

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of UV-B radiation while others are apparently site was located at Purikhet campus of the unaffected by rather massive UV college near river Bhagirathi. Four plots

enhancements (Becwar et al., 1982). This issue measuring 1 x 1 in each were fenced by barbed is complicated further by reports of equally wire to avoid any biotic interference. Certified large response differences among cultivars of seeds of cereals crop Oryza sativa were a species. About two-thirds of some 300 procured from extension branch of Indian species and cultivars tested appear to be Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. susceptible to damage from increased UV-B General Experimental Design: - During radiation. Crops such as soybean, winter laboratory studies following sets were taken wheat, cotton and corn are susceptible to into consideration: damage from increased UV-B radiation. All effects of elevated UV-B on plants should be Control: Seeds were soaked for 24-hr. in considered in the context of other factors such distilled water and placed on moistened filter as water stress, increased atmospheric CO2, paper in Peridishes. tropospheric air pollution, and temperature. UV-B: UV-B radiation was supplied for 3-hr The effects of UV-B on plants have been daily by sunlamps (300 W), filtered with studied mostly under growth chamber, quartz interference filters (320 run, ORIEL, greenhouse while a few experiments USA). conducted under field conditions (Krupa, Growth Regulators: Test solutions of IAA 1989). There are also few studies that have and Kn were prepared in three concentrations examined the joint effects of UV-B and other viz. 10-7, 10-6, 10-5 M (Molarity). Seeds of stress factors of plant response. The effect of Triticum aestivum were soaked for 24-hr in UV-B on plant growth and productivity varies different concentrations of sd k growth seasonally and is affected by microclimate and regulators. Soaked seeds were placed in paired soil fertility. For instance, soybeans are less Petridishes lined with moistened filter paper. susceptible to UV-B radiation under water One set of Petridish containing soaked seeds stress or mineral deficiency, but sensitivity was allowed to grow without any UV-B increases under low levels of visible radiation exposure. (Teramura, 1983). Continued studies over many growing seasons are crucial in any UV- Growth Regulators + UV-B: In second set- B impact assessment of agricultural one from each concentration of different productivity. growth regulators was treated with UV-B radiation, for 3-hr daily. Materials and Methods During field study, both the crops were grown The present study was undertaken at the field in field and the plot was divided by black of R.C. U. Government Post-Graduate. paper. sheets into four blocks. Each field block College, Uttarkashi during. The proper study was given treatment as:

Counteractive impacts of plant growth regulators over uv-b radiation damage 92 Volume II Number 2 2011 [91 - 106] ISSN: 0975 - 6272

1. Plot A was taken as control. No 3. Plot C was sprayed with IAA (10-.6 M treatment was given to the crop of this concentration) daily alongwith 3-hr

plot. supplemental UV-B radiation using the same source. 2. Plot B was irradiated with 3-hr daily UV-B radiation (24.23 Jm211) by 4. Plot D was sprayed with Kn (10-6 M Sunlamps (300 W) filtered with quartz concentration) daily alongwith 3-hr interference filters (320 tim, ORIEL, supplemental UV-13 radiation. USA).

General experimental design may be summarized as: Treatments Concentration UV-B IAA Kn UV-B+IAA UV-B+Kn (3-hr) 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-7 10-6 10-5 Control Control

Treatment of plots in field conditions: laid after full germination of both the crops (Kumar, 1981; Dhasmana, 1984; Ambrish,

1992; Dhingra, 1999; Neeta Bhatt, 2002).

Chlorophylls:

CONTROL UV – B Fresh leaves (500 mg) were homogenised with A B 80% acetone, centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 UV‐ B+IAA UV‐ B +Kn minutes. Filtrate was taken out and final (3‐hr daily) +IAA (3‐hr daily) volume was made 100 ml, using 80% acetone. 10‐6 M Optical density was read at different C D wavelengths viz. 626, 645, 663 mm with the The field for cultivation was prepared before help of Systronics Digital Spectrophotometer. sowing of seeds as proposed by Dhasmana The Chlorophyll COl1tefltS were estimated by (1984). Pre-soaked seeds of the crops were the formula given by Koski and Smith (1948) sown in the experimental plots. The general which are expressed below: experimental plan for different treatments was Chl a, mg/l = 12.67 A 663 - 2.65 A 645-0.29 626 Chl b, mg/l = 23.60 A 645 - 4.23 A 663-0.33 626 Protochl, mg/l = 29.60 A 626 - 3.39 A 663-6.75 645

Anthocyanins method of Mancinelli et al. (1975). 500 mg, fresh weight of seedlings was grinded in Anthocyanins during germination of seeds or methanolic HCl (80 ml methanol, 20 ml water, seedlings were extracted by using the modified

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1 ml HCI). Homogenised tissue was preserved at 4°C, one ml Of protein solution transferred into glass stoppered bottle using and one ml of Tris-HC1 was incubated at 40°C

appropriate amount of methanolic HCl, stored for 1 hr. One ml of TCA was added to the them overnight in refrigerator. It was above and kept in freezer for 3-hr. After that, centrifuged at 4000 rpm and collected in the whole solution was centrifuged to get clear conical flask. Final volume was made 25 ml supernatant. In supernatant solution, 1 ml of with methanolic FTC. Absorbance was taken 1.5 N NaOH was added in a separate at 530 nm and 660 nm, with the help of volumetric flask and final volume was made to Systronics - Digital UV-spectrophotometer. 10 ml with distilled water. Calculation was determined by using the One ml aliquot of the above solution was formulae given by Mancinelli et al. (1975). mixed with 5-ml. alkaline copper tartrate As = at 530 — 1/3 A at 660 solutions and then incubated for 10 minutes at 40° C and then 1 ml. of Folinphenol reagent Where As = Anthocynins was added. After 30 minuted, the absorbance A = Absorbance of the solution was read at 600 rim. A Enzymes: calibration curve was also prepared following above method and utilizing standard amino 1. Protease: acids. The released amino acids were measured Extraction through comparisons of assayed and standard curves. Ptotease enzyme was extracted in laboratory conditions from germinating seeds of different Peroxidase treatments of both the crops. One gram of The extraction of crude enzyme was carried germinated seeds were homogenised in chilled out as followed for protease activity Tris-HCI bufferntrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 (Sadasivam and Manickam, 1996). minutes and then supernatant was used as enzyme source. The volume of supernatant Assay was made 25 ml by adding Tris-HCI buffer. One ml aliquot of enzyme extract prepared All the operations were carried out at 4 to 5°C earlier and preserved at 4°A was mixed with 7 (Sadasivam and Manickam, 1996). ml distilled water, 2 ml benzidine solution, 2 Assay ml of 6% H202. The optical density of the solution was measured after 1 minute by Protease activity in extracted material was spectrophotometer using quartz cuvettes at 610 measured by modified method of Green and nrn. The activity measured was expressed in A Neurath (1954). One ml of extracted material O.D. (difference) (Mahely and Chance, 1967). in TrisHC1 buffer, extracted earlier and

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Result

Treatments Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Protochlorophyll a/b ratio A 0.33±0.03 0.32±0.03 0.34±0.04 1.03 B 0.24±0.02 0.26±0.03 0.32±0.04 0.92 C 0.29±0.02 0.30±0.03 0.31±0.04 0.96 D 0.27±0.03 0.23±0.04 0.30±0.02 1.17

Table 1: Chlorophyll content at seedling stage after 7 days of germination as affected by UV-B radiation (3-hr daily) individually and combination of IAA and Kn in Triticum aestivum crop Treatment Chlorophyll 15 30 45 60 75 90 Chlorophyll a 0.34±0.02 0.46±0.02 0.57±0.02 0.57±0.02 0.96±0.02 1.04±0.04 A Chlorophyll b 0.38±0.04 0.52±0.03 0.62±0.02 0.71±0.07 0.87±0.04 0.96±0.03 Protochlorophyll 0.39±0.02 0.55±0.02 0.67±0.02 0.67±0.07 0.82±0.04 0.83±0.04 a/b ratio 0.87 0.83 0.85 1.11 1.17 1.25 Chlorophyll a 0.26±0.04 0.37±0.04 0.48±0.04 0.67±0.03 0.84±0.03 0.98±0.06 B Chlorophyll b 0.23±0.02 0.43±0.03 0.54±0.04 0.69±0.04 0.76±0.02 0.89±0.05 Protochlorophyll 0.38±0.02 0.47±0.04 0.59±0.07 0.62±0.04 0.74±0.02 0.79±0.06 a/b ratio 1.13 0.86 0.85 1.08 1.13 1.24 Chlorophyll a 0.33±0.02 0.42±0.11 0.52±0.06 0.72±0.02 0.90±0.03 1.02±0.03 C Chlorophyll b 0.45±0.04 0.48±0.05 0.60±0.05 0.68±0.06 0.85±0.07 0.96±0.11 Protochlorophyll 0.46±0.02 0.57±0.06 0.65±0.03 0.60±0.09 0.79±0.05 0.83±0.09 a/b ratio 0.73 0.87 0.86 1.05 1.13 1.22 Chlorophyll a 0.38±0.02 0.43±0.03 0.53±0.04 0.75±0.04 0.86±0.05 1.00±0.07 D Chlorophyll b 0.26±0.03 0.50±0.04 0.60±0.04 0.72±0.09 0.83±0.04 0.93±0.07 Protochlorophyll 0.36±0.04 0.57±0.02 0.66±0.04 0.72±0.04 0.79±0.03 0.82±0.006 a/b ratio 1.46 0.75 0.88 1.04 1.03 1.07 Table 2: Chlorophyll contents as affected by UV-Bradiation (5- daily) individually and combition of IAA and Kn in field grown Triticum aestivum.

Treatments Triticum aestivum A 0.25±0.09 B 0.56±0.07 C 0.46±0.09 D 0.50±0.05 Table 3: Anthocynin as affected by UV-B radiation(3-hr daily) indiidually and in combination of IAA and Kn in field grown Triticum aestivum

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Fig.1.1 : Chlorophyll a (mg/g) of Triticum aestium as affected by different treatments 1.2

1 15 0.8 30 45 (mg/g)

0.6 a

60

Chl 0.4 75 90 0.2 105 120 0 ABCD Treatments

Fig 1.1(a) : Chlorophyll b (mg/g) of Triticum aestium as affected by different treatments 15 1.2 30 1 45

0.8 60 mg/g 0.6 75 b

Chl 0.4 90

105 0.2 120 0 A B C D Treatments

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Fig 1.1(b): Protochlorophyll (mg/g) of Triticm aestivum as affected by different treatments 6

5 120 4 105

mg/gS 90 3 75 60 Protochl 2 45 1 30 15 0 ABCD Treatments

Stage A B C D Dry 3.450±0.004 - - - 6-hr 6.780±0.040 9.060 ±0.07 10.68±0.70 8.070±0.70 12-hr 9.650±0.06 13.62±0.80 15.670±0.130 10.470±0.45 24-hr 11.780±0.07 14.770±0.89 18.655 ±0.65 13.430±0.83 Table 4 : Protease activity as affected by UV-B radition (3-hr daily) individually and in combination of IAA and Kn during seed imbibition in Triticum aestivum Stage A B C D Dry 0.302±0.03 - - - 6-hr 0.290±0.03 0.325±0.02 0.281±0.059 0.294±0.02 12-hr 0.327±0.05 0.547±0.051 0.776±0.069 0.626±0.02 24-hr 0.346±0.07 0.64±0.040 0.817±0.062 0.517±0.07 Table 5 : Peroxidase activity as affected by UV-B radition (3-hr daily) individually and in combination of IAA and Kn during seed imbibition in Triticum aestivum

Counteracting effects of most of these experiments. These effects are directly or parameters by different plant growth regulators indirectly related to the physiological were also observed during various processes of plants. It can be said that these

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morphological changes caused by UV-B are pigments. Data recorded as Ca. 21%, 15%, the result of physiological distortion. So, in the 19%, & 4% increase over the UV-13 alone

present study, it is desired to investigate Some treatment (set B) in chlorophyll a, proto physiological parameters in relation to chlorophyll & a/b ratio respectively. individual UV-B exposure and in combination Chlorophyll development during crop with certain plant growth regulators. growth Chlorophyll pigment during seedling Effects of UV-B radiation alone and in growth combination with plant growth regulators on Surface sterilized seeds of Wheat was imbibed chlorophyll development were also carried out in water for 6-hr Distilled water washed seeds in the same two cereals, which were grown were transferred to 9 cm petridish (9 diameter earlier for growth pattern studies. Plants for cm) for germination and seedling growth chlorophyll estimation were sampled regularly studies and treated with UV-B radiation (3-hr at 15 days interval from seedling emergence up daily) alone and alongwith different to maturity. concentration of plant growth regulators. Table 1.2. & Fig. 1.1, showed that in plot A Chlorophyll a, b and Protochiorophyll were (control), values of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll measured after 7 days of growth in both the b, protochlorophyll and chlorophyll a/b ratio, crops as described in material & methods. The observed at 15 days stage of crop growth were results are presented in table 1.1 for Triticum amounted 0.34±0.02, 0.38±0.04, 0.39±0.02 aestivum . mg/pl. and 0.87 mg/pl and recorded a A perusal of result in table 1.1 shows that consistent increase up to 105 days stage and chlorophyll a (mglpl), chlorophyll b (mg/pl) amounted 1.06±0.04, 0.92+0.033, 92 protochiorophyll (mg/pl) and ratio of a/b in 0.90±0.02 mg/pl and 1.15 for chlorophyll a, control set were valued as 0.33±0.03, chlorophyll b, protochlorophyll and 0.32±0.03, 0.34±0.04 and 1.03 respectively. chlorophyll a/b ratio respectively. When the seedlings were studied with UV-B A decline in all the chlorophyll pigments was radiation alone, it showed a marked decline in observed at maturity. Plants of plots B were contents of different chlorophyll pigments. experienced marked reduction in chlorophyll The inhibition was recorded as Ca. 27%, 19%, pigment as compared to control. Maximum 6% & 11% respectively as compared to inhibition of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, control. When sets C & D were observed protochlorophyll and ratio of a/b were noted at (PGRs + UV-B), a general promotion of these 30-day stage and 120-day stage and reduced by pigments was observed as compared to set B Ca. 17%, 22%, 15% and 18% respectively as (UV-B only). IAA was found to be the most compared to control (Plot A). When the plot C effective to counteract the UV-B induced and D were studied, the promotion of content inhibition for all the studied chlorophyll of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b,

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protochlorophyll and ratio a/b were noted. Plot anthocyanin accumulation induced by UV-B C was shown the maximum value of content of treatment. A perusal of data given in table (1.3)

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and shows that anthocyanin accumulation is protochlorophyll at 15 days of growth and ratio directly related to UV-B irradiation. A 3-hr a/b at maturity and noted as Ca. 27% 95%, daily UV-B exposure in wheat caused by a 21% and 20% as compared to UV-B treatments marked accumulation of anthocyanin (ca. alone (Plot B). The plot D was shown the 124%) as compared to control. IAA and Kn maximum value of contents of chlorophyll a, given alongwith UV-B irradiation were chlorophyll b, protochlorophyll and ratio a/b at inhibitory to anthocyanin pigment 15 days old, 30 days and 120 day stage of accumulation as compared to UV-B individual growth and promoted by ca. 96%, ca. 21% & exposure. IAA was found to be effective to Ca. 22% as compared to UV-B treatment alone inhibit anthocyanin accumulation and this was (Plot B). inhibited by Ca. 18% as compared to UV-B exposed alone. In case of Kn it was reduced by Anthocyanins ca. 11% as compared to UV-B treatment The effect of UV-B radiation individually and individually. in combination of IAA and Kn on anthocyanin Enzymes development was studied in both wheat and rice. Seeds of both the crops were presoaked in Protease distilled water in dark for 24 hours and Effect of UV-B irradiation alone and in transferred in different petridish for combination of plant growth regulators on the germination and further growth. One petridish protease activity was studied in the seeds of carrying seeds of each crop was exposed to Wheat. Uniformly selected seeds were soaked ordinary white light and treated as control. One in distilled water for 6 hrs, 12 hrs & 24 brs petridish of each crop was exposedto daily 3- respectively. Now these presoaked seeds were hr UV-B only. Three petridishes of both the spread in different petridishes (A, B, C, D). crops were exposed to UV-B alongwith One petridish was kept as control (Neither UV- different plant growth regulators and were B nor PGRs), another was exposed to only 3- carried out in growth chamber. Three days old hr daily UV-B radiation and two petridishes seedlings were taken for extraction of the were added with IAA & Kn respectively and anthocyanin as described in material and exposed to 3- hrs daily UV-B radiation. After method. providing different treatments, development of Ultraviolet—B radiation has positive effect on protease activity was measured as described in the accumulation of anthocyanin in Triticum materials & method. aestivum seedling. Plant growth regulators viz. Table 1.4 showed the effect of UV-B radiation IAA (10 -6M) and Kn (10 -6M) were observed alone & in combination of PGRs on protease counteracting and lowered down the activity in wheat seeds. After imbibition in

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water, there was a considerable rise in activity radiation. In this crop, chlorophyll a and of protease. Data obtained form petridish B chlorophyll b were found almost equally

(UV-B exposed) showed a marked promotion, reduced due to 3-hr daily treatment of UV-B. and showed Ca. 34%, 41% & 25% increase at When the crops were supplemented with PGRs 6 hrs, 12 hrs & 24 hrs respectively as compared in addition to the UV-13 radiation, a to control. Protease analysis of seeds of promotory effect was noted in the present petridish C showed slight inhibition of study. Kn (10-7M) was found most promising protease activity as compared to UV-B growth regulator when compared with IAA. exposed alone. Maximum inhibition was Significant reductions in different chlorophyll recorded in seeds soaked in Kn and a reduction pigment by UV-B exposure were also of Ca. 11%, 23%, 8% was reported at 6, 12 & investigated by Jain and Goyal (1990), Duysen 24 hrs respectively as compared to UV-B alone et al. (1985), Sharma et al. (1988), Goyal et al. treatment. (1991), Ambrish (1992) and Dhingra (1999).

Peroxidase The chlorophyll content were also analysed in the field grown crops under the influence of In order to test the effect of UV-B irradiation various treatments. In general, it was observed individually and in combination of IAA & Kn that UV-B inhibits the chlorophyll on peroxides activity, investigations were development throughout the crop age. made on Triticum aestivum during the course However, more reduction was recorded in of seed imbibition. early stages of growth and at maturity. Kn, Table 1.5 showed that there was a considerable when applied with UV-B radiation, was found rise in peroxidase activity in control and to enhance the different chlorophyll pigments reported as 7.7±0.06, 8.73±0.07, 10.28±0.37 at level in the crops, however, the other PGRs 6 hrs, 12 hrs, 24 brs respectively. Pestridish B also mitigate the adverse effects of UV-B, showed a notable rise in peroxidase activity marginally. and was recorded ca. 118.2%, 125%, 163% at These findings showed the lethal effects of 6hrs, 12 hrs, 24 hrs respectively as compared UV-B towards chlorophyll development and to control. Petridish C & D showed a rise of ca. repaired by Kn 10-6M. This effect was found 3%, 96% and 96%; 92, 97% and 93% at 6 hrs, variable with the crop skecies. Vu et al. (1981, 12 hrs, 24 hrs respectively as compared to UV- 1983) reported that chlorophyll a/b ratio B treatment. decreased due to UV-B radiation in soybean Discussion but increased in pea. Tevini et al. (1981) concluded that UV-B In The present study, carried out in the radiation inhibited the biosynthesis of laboratory, destruction of chlorophyll, a, b, chlorophyll b than chlorophyll a. Jain and protochlorophyll and chi a/b ratio was noticed Goyal (1990), while working with lentil crop when the crops were treated with UV-B under field conditions, reported the similar

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results. They also emphasized that UV-B (312 nm) with white light in apple fruits. interconversion of protochiorophyll to Yatsuhashi and Hashimoto (1985) found multi

chlorophyll was retarded. As Kn was found to facet action of UV-B photoreepto and improve the synthesis of chlorophyll even phytochrome in the synthesis of anthocyanin under increased radiation energy (Purohit, using 290 nm (UV-B radiation). 1988), an improvement in different Similar to anthocyanin, flavonoid chlorophyll contents was reported in the concentration was also increased, in UV-B present study under similar conditions. One of treated seedlings after four days of treatment. the measures, which plants develop for the In contrast, high UV-B fluence increased the defence towards higher UV-B radiation, is the flavonoid accumulation (Prem Kumar et al., development of anthocyanin. Present study 2001). According to (Tevini et al., 1990) showed that the crops Triticum aestivum flavonoid accumulation is regarded as adevelop over 124 % anthocyanin production protective mechanism in higher plants to as compared to control when treated with 3-hr provide against UV-B radiation. daily UV-B radiation. A slight decrease in Hence, it is concluded that the UV-B treated anthocyanin content was noted when the crops seedlings may activate a defense mechanism were exposed to combined effects of UV-B against UV-B damage by increasing flavonoid. and different growth regulators. This shows Pal et al, (1999) concluded that flavonoid that growth regulators caused insignificant concentration can reduce the UV-B penetration change in the anthocyanin accumulation in and protect the photosynthetic apparatus upto plants towards UV-B radiation. Ambler et al. some extent, but it depends upon threshold (1975) and Bennett (1981) found the level which may vary in different species. accumulation of anthocyanin as a defence of However, there is also evidence that flavonoids cotton plants against enhanced UV-B may function in plants to screen harmful radiation. Hashimoto et al. (1991) also radiation, bind phytotoxins and help to regulate reported the similar observation, while the stress response by controlling auxin working with chlorophyll due to enhanced transport (Shirley, 2002). UV-B radiation can be correlated with each This study showed considerable rise in other. Enhancement of anthocyanin synthesis protease and peroxidase activities in the can be explained as chloroplast may provide a germinating seeds as compared with the pre- large reserve pool for the biosynthesis of existing enzymes in the seeds. Experimental anthocyanin (Mancinelli et al., 1975). UV-B data showed enhancement of protease activity induced anthocyanins production has also been up to Ca. 8% in UV-B exposed germinating reported in mustard hypocotyles, corn, wheat seeds as compared to control. When the crop and rye coleoptiles (Wellmann, 1982). was subjected to combine treatment of PGRs Arakawa et al. (1985) found synergistic with UV-B, Kn (10-6M )was found most increase in anthocyanin production caused by mitigatory which lowered the activity of

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peroxidase up to 125% while protease activity were treated with UV-B, a marked was lowered slightly when compared to UV-B promotion of Ca. 124% of anthocynin

individual treatment. No significant effects pigment was recorded due to UV-B were observed in peroxidase activity with IAA. treatment in Triticum aestivum . IAA was Conclusion found to mitigate the effect of UV-B 1. Experimental studies showed pronounced radiation and consequently lowers down effect of UV-B exposure and PGRs the accumulation of pigment as compared individually and in, combination on to UV-B treatment in Triticum aestivum. chlorophyll development, of seedlings of 2. The protease activity was also enhanced in the crops. Results of the present study germinating seeds of the crops due to UV- show decrease of Ca. 27%, 19%, 6% of B radiation. A rise of Ca. 34%, 41% and chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and 25%, was recorded after 6 hr; 12 hr. 24 hr protochlorophyll respectively in case of of soaking in Triticum aestivum in treated Triticum aestivum after 15 days of seeds as compared to control. seedling growth. When the seedlings were 3. 17. A marked increase in peroxidase was treated with UV-B alongwith IAA it noted in inhibited seeds of both the crops showed as 15%, 19%, 4% for chlorophyll due to UV-B radiation. An increase of Ca. a, chlorophyll b and protochiorophyll in 118%, 125%, 163% was recorded in case of Triticum aestivum, when individual Triticiim aestivum after 6 hr, 12 hr and 24 treatment of UV-B was given to field hr of imbibition respectively due to UV-B grown crops a decline of 22%, 17% and (3-hr daily) radiation as compared to 15% in case of Triticum aestivum. When control. When the seeds were supplied with these crops were suppleniented with PGRs alongwith the above treatment, this combination of UV-B and PGRs, an effect was altered significantly and a increase in different chlorophyll contents decrease of Ca. 11%, 23% and 8% at 6 hr, was recorded. Out of the two PGRs, was 12 hr and 24 hr respectively was reported found to an improved the chlorophyll in Triticurn aestivum. contents by 27%, 95% and 21% for All the parameters considered during the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and present study such as Photosynthetic pigments protochiorophyll respectively for (IAA + viz, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and UV-B), 96%, 22% and 21% of chlorophyll protochiorophyll and enzymes Protase as well a, chlorophyll b and protochiorophyll (Kn as Proxidase were also reduced when subjected + UV-B) in case of Triticum aestivum. to UV-B radiation. Effect of UV-B on Wheat, Plants develop anthocynin as a protection as far as anthocyanin is concerned was pigment against UV-B radiation as reported an enhancement. It can be assumed evidenced by present as well as other after overall studies that accumulation of experimental studies. When the seedlings anthocyanin because of UV-B could act as a

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screen by absorbing UV-B radiation and in seedlings of cucumber. Physiol Fl. 83 turn protect the chioroplast from UV-B 652-658. induced damage. Bomman, J. F. (1989): Target site of UVB When these most important cereals viz. Wheat radiation in photosynthesis of higher was treated with UV-B alongwith PGRs (IAA plants. J. photo chem. Photo boil, B. & Kn), a counteracting effect was reported in Bio. 4: 145-158. all the parameters studied. So, it has been Becwar, M. R. et al. (1982): Effects of concluded in our study that these plant growth depletion and enhancement of UV-B regulators (IAA & Kn) can mitigate the (280-315 nm) radiation on plants hazardous or deleterious effects caused by UV- grown at 3000 in elevation. J. Amer. B in this cereal crops significantly. Soc. Sc!. 107: 771-779. References Bennett, J. H. (1981) : Photosynthesis and gas Ambler, J. E., D. T. Krizek and P. Seminik diffusion in leaves of selected crop (1975): Influence of UV—B radiation plants exposed to ultraviolet—B on early seedling growth and radiation. I Environ. Qual. 10 : 271- translocation of 65Zn from 275. cotyledons in cotton. Physiol. P1. 34: Caldwell, M. M. (1971): Solar UV irradiation 177 - 181. and growth and development of Ambrish , K. (1992) : Effect of Supplemental height plant p. 131-177. In A.C. Giese Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Growth (ed) photo physiology. Vol-4. and Composition of Certain Legume Dhasmana, R. (1984): Effects of Growth Crops. D. Phil thesis, H. N. B. Regulators on Productivity, Energy Garhwal University, Srinagar Budget and Mineral Cycling of (Garhwal). Medicago sativa Linn. D. Phil thesis. Arakawa, O., Y. Hori and R. Ogata (1985): Garhwal University, Srinagar Relative effectiveness and interaction (Garhwal). of ultraviolet-B, red and blue light in Dhingra, G. K. and V. K. Jain (1999) : Effect anthocyanin synthesis of apple fruit. of UV—B radiation on seedling Physiol. P1. 64 : 323-327 growth and chlorophyll content of Ballare, (L., P. W. Barnes and R. E. Kendrick Vigna species; Adv. in. Pl. Sci (1991) : Photomorphogenic effects of Dhingra, G: K. and V. K. Jain; S. Kaushik and UV-13 radiation on hypocotyl R.K. Gupta (2003) : Effect of UV-B elongation in wild type and stable— irradiance on seed germination and phytochrome - deficient mutant

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seedling growth in Vigna spp. Eco Koski, V. M. and J. H. C. Smith (1948) : The print. Vol. 1: 25-30. isolation and spectral observation properties of protochiorophyll from Duysen, M., K. Eskins and L. Dybas (1985): etiolated barley seedlings. J. Amer. Blue and-white light effects on Chem. Soc. 70: 35-58. chloroplast development in a soybean mutant. Photochem. Photobiol. 41: Krup, et al. (1989) : The green house effect 667 — 672. impacts of UV-B radiation, CO2 and 03 on vegetation, Environment Goyal, A. K., and V. K. Jam (1990): UV Pollution. 61: 263-393. induced inhibition in growth and productivity of Linseed crop. Kumar, A.(1981): Effect of Growth Symposium on Photophysiology and Regulators on Growth Pattern, Photomedicine, New Delhi. Productivity, Mineral Cycling and Energy Budget of Groundnut Goyal, A. K., V. K. Jain and K. Ambrish (Arachis hypogaea L.). D. Phil Thesis (1991): Effect of supplementary submitted to Meerut University, ultraviolet—B radiation on the Meerut. growth, productivity and chlorophyll of field grown Linseed crop. Indian J. Madronich, S. RI., Mekenize ho Bjorn and P1. Physiol. 34(4):374-377. M.M. CoIdwell (1998) : Change in biogs cally active UV radiation Green and Neurath (1954) :The Proteins. reaching the Earth's surface. J. Neurath H. and K. Bailey K (ed.) 2B Photochem. Photo Biol. B: Biol. 46: Academic Press, New York. (1-3) : 5-19. Hashimoto, T., C. Shichijo and H. Yatsuhasbi Mahely and Chance (1967): The assay of (1991) : Ultraviolet action spectra for catalases and peroxidase. 357-423. In the induction and inhibition of : Methods of Biochemical Analysis. anthocyanin synthesis in Broom Ed. Glick Inter Science Publication Sorghum seedlings. Photochem. Inc., New York. Photobiol. 11 (3.) 353-364. Mancinelli, A. L., C—PH. Yang, P. Lidquist, Jain, V. K. and A. K. Goyal (1990): 0. R. Anderson and I. Rabino (1975): Chlorophyll development response to Photocontrol of anthocyanin supplemented UV—B in Lentil crop synthesis III. The action of under field conditions. Symposium streptomycin on the synthesis of on Photophysiology and chlorophyll and anthocyanin. P1. Photomedicine, New Delhi. Physiol. 55: 251-257.

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Counteractive impacts of plant growth regulators over uv-b radiation damage 106