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WORKING TOGETHER TO CONSERVE WETLANDS WETLANDS OF UTTARAKHAND A Documentation This report is a collaborative effort of – WWF-India Uttarakhand Forest Department Mr. Pushpinder Singh Jamwal Mr. D.V.S. Khati, IFS Mr. Prashant Tariyal Dr. Jatinder Kaur Consultant Ms. Yamini Panchaksharam Mr. Emmanuel Theophilus Dr. Harish Kumar Mr. Pankaj Chandan IGCMC team (GIS) Dr. G. Areendran Mr. Krishna Raj Citation: Wetlands of Uttarakhand (2012), Report jointly published by the Uttarakhand Forest Department and WWF India Edited by: Dr. Nima Manjrekar and Ragini Letitia Singh Designed by: Ragini Letitia Singh © Uttarakhand Forest Department and WWF-India, 2012 Front Cover Photo: Gugui-Kanasar © Emmanuel Theophilus WETLANDS OF UTTARAKHAND A Documentation CONTENTS PREFACE 6 FOREWORD 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 11 CHAPTER 2: WETLAND SITES ABOVE 18 2,500M ASL CHAPTER 3: WETLAND SITES BELOW 2,500M ASL 71 CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY & ANALYSIS 137 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION 168 GLOSSARY 170 REFERENCES 171 ANNEXURES 173 Wetlands of Uttarakhand 5 PREFACE Wetlands of Uttarakhand presents the results of a rapid survey and assessment of 116 wetlands in Uttarakhand within an altitude range of 300m to over 5,000m above sea level (m asl). The report provides the following information regarding wetlands – geographical location, area covered, altitude, site description, fl oral and faunal diversity, land tenure, ecosystem services, land use and threats. The district-wise distribution of wetlands has been depicted through a series of maps. Further, a total of 42 wetlands have been prioritised for conservation on the basis of a set of parameters. This report can aid the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India; the Uttarakhand Forest Department and other associated government departments and agencies in setting goals and designing initiatives aimed at the conservation of wetlands in Uttarakhand. Ruinsara Tal with the magnifi cent Himalayan peak called Bandar Pooch in the far distance © AISHWARYA MAHESHWARI © AISHWARYA Wetlands of Uttarakhand 6 FOREWORD Wetlands of Uttarakhand 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to convey our sincere gratitude to several organisations and individuals for supporting this project. Without them, this report could not have been completed. The project was funded by the Uttarakhand Forest Department and we would like to express our profound respect, gratitude and thanks to Dr. R.B.S. Rawat IFS, Principal Chief Conservator of Forests Uttarakhand Forest Department; Dr. S.K. Chandola IFS, Former Chief Wildlife Warden and Mr. S.S. Sharma IFS, Chief Wildlife Warden. We thank Mr. D.V.S. Khati IFS, Chief Conservator of Forests, Garhwal, the nodal offi cer for providing the opportunity to work on the wetland project, as well as, for timely help and support given to our team to conduct the survey in Uttarakhand. Offi cials of the Forest Department: Our heartfelt thanks and appreciation to the following staff members: Dehradun District: Dr. Dheeraj Pandey IFS, Divisional Forest Offi cer, Chakrata division; Mr. Ram Singh Mehta, Ranger and Mr. Lal, Ranger, River range for providing assistance during our fi eld visit. We are also grateful to Mr. Arvind Tripathi (Assistant Engineer), Jal Vidut Nigam (Rishikesh) for the discussion on conservation of wetlands. Nainital District: Mr. Kapil Joshi IFS, Conservator, South Kumaon Circle, Nainital and Mr. Biju Lal IFS, Divisional Forest Offi cer, Nainital for their support and relevant information during the wetland inventory. Haridwar District: Late Mr. Gopal Singh Rana IFS, Divisional Forest Offi cer, Haridwar; Mr. Yashpal Singh, Ranger, Chidiyapur; Mr. Maan Singh, Ranger, Laksar; and Mr. Santosh Singh Negi, Deputy Ranger. From the Jhilmil Jheel conservation reserve, we thank Mr. Gopal Singh Negi, Forester; Mr. Ram Tej Tiwari, Forest Guard; and Mr. Dhuman Ali, Watcher, for providing detailed information on different wetlands and for arranging transportation during our fi eld visit. Udham Singh Nagar: Mr. Bal Kishan Pandey, Ranger; Mr. Kailash Chandra Gunwant, Forester; and Mr. Manohar Singh Phartiyal, Forest Guard from the Sharda range; and Mr. Mahesh Singh Adhikari, for their support in the procurement of secondary data. Pauri: Mr. M.B. Singh, Divisional Forest Offi cer, Pauri; Mr. Narendra Singh, Divisional Forest Offi cer, Lansdowne; and Mr. Vijay Rawat, Ranger, Paithani for providing us a complete set of secondary data. Almora: Mr. Rahul IFS, Divisional Forest Offi cer, Almora; Mr. Kher Singh Parihar, Mr. Pankaj Sharma and Mr. Kaushal Singh Hatwal, Forest Guard, Almora. Champawat: Mr. S.P. Singh, Divisional Forest Offi cer, Champawat; Mr. Bhupender Singh Mehra, Ranger, Boom range; and Mr. Girsh Chand Gutalia, Forester, Boom range for their kind support. Bageshwar: Mr. R.C. Sharma, Divisional Forest Offi cer, Bageshwar; Mr. Ram Singh Bisht, Ranger, Bageshwar; and Mr. Kailash Chand, Forest Guard, Gwaldham. Uttarkashi: Mr. I.P. Singh, Divisional Forest Offi cer, Uttarkashi Forest Division. Rudraprayag: Mr. A.K. Gupta, Divisional Forest Offi cer, Rudraprayag Forest Division for his support during the fi eld visit. Corbett Tiger Reserve: Mr. R.K. Mishra IFS, Director, Corbett Tiger Reserve, Ramnagar and Mr. C.K. Kavidayal, Deputy Director, Corbett Tiger Reserve, Ramnagar. Wetlands of Uttarakhand 8 Rajaji National Park: Mr. S.S. Rasaily IFS, Former Director, Rajaji National Park, Dehradun. Thanks are also due to Mr. Manohar Maher, who was present on every fi eld foray with us, and assisted in logistics, as well as, data collection, and our local route-guides Mr. Surendar Singh from Lewari, Mr. Tikam Singh from Osla, and Mr. Sadan from Nepal, who helped us carry our often staggering loads on extended trips, fi nd interesting routes to less-known lakes, and over high passes and often precipitous terrain. Mr. Zanskar T. Singh conducted a close scan of GoogleEarth images for the high nival areas, and unearthed and listed unheard-of and unmapped glacial and proglacial lakes. He was also a member of the survey team for the highest lakes visited, and his energy in ‘unearthing’ unmapped lakes deserves special mention. Thanks are also due to Dr. G.S. Rawat of Wildlife Institute of India (WII), and to Mr. Manoj Chandran IFS (Deputy Conservator of Forests, Pithoragarh Forest Division), for their help and guidance in the classifi cation system used to categorise the kinds of landscapes and vegetation-types in which most of the wetlands of Uttarakhand are to be found. We thank Dr. V.B. Mathur, Dean, WII, Dehradun for providing us Biogeographic classifi cation maps for the study. We are grateful to the team at the Indira Gandhi Conservation Monitoring Centre (IGCMC) at WWF-India for the wetland maps created by them for the study. We particularly thank Dr. G. Areendran, Director, IGCMC and Mr. Krishna Raj, Senior Programme Coordinator, IGCMC for their support, suggestions and patience when the maps were edited several times. A special note of thanks to Dr. Brij Gopal for his key suggestions in the preparation of the zone of infl uence maps of selected wetlands. We thank Dr. K.D. Kandpal and all the staff members of WWF Kaladhungi offi ce for their help and guidance during the wetland survey in Terai. Our heartfelt thanks to Mr. B.C. Choudhury, Scientist-G and Head, Endangered Species Management, WII; Dr. Dhananjai Mohan, Scientist-F, WII, and Mr. Manoj Chandran for peer reviewing the document and providing their valuable suggestions. We also thank Mr. B.C. Choudhury for providing key inputs during the inception workshop of this study; and Dr. B.S. Adhikari, Scientist-D, WII and Khimanand Balodi (post-graduate student at Doon University) for reviewing the fl ora-related information in this report. Last but not the least, we would like to gratefully acknowledge the keen interest, encouragement and active support of Ms. Archana Chatterjee, Mr. Kiran Rajashekariah and Ms. Priya Tripathi of the Regional Programme for Himalayan High Altitude Wetlands Conservation, WWF-India, support staff at the WWF-Uttarakhand offi ce, and fi nally Dr. Sejal Worah, Programme Director and Mr. Ravi Singh, SG & CEO of WWF- India for their persistent and unstinting support to this effort. Wetlands of Uttarakhand 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The National Wetlands Conservation Programme of India has been supporting wetlands conservation all over India since 1987. Under the programme, 115 wetland sites have been identifi ed for conservation and management. Further, under the Ramsar Convention 26 wetlands from India have been included in the list of Wetlands of International Importance. Wetlands located in the State of Uttarakhand are yet to be included in this list. A rapid assessment of wetlands in Uttarakhand was conducted in order to gather baseline data on their status. During the study period, a total of 116 wetlands were covered within an altitude range of 300m to over 5,000m asl. The district-wise distribution of wetlands has been depicted in a series of maps. The report provides the following information regarding wetlands – Geographical location, area covered, altitude, site description, fl oral and faunal diversity, land tenure, ecosystem services, wetland use (direct and indirect), threats and the zone of infl uence (in case of a few wetlands). Concerted steps related to wetland conservation need to be undertaken following this extensive survey of wetlands. In this regard, a total of 42 wetlands have been prioritised for conservation on the basis of set parameters. The sites referred to are as follows: Wetlands above 2,500m asl - Bara-Dhara Sem, Basuki Tal, Bharadhsar, Devtal, Dodital, Kana Tal, Kanasar, Kedar Tal, Khera Tal (West), Kush Kalyan Kund, Maldaru Tal, Manera Tal, Miali Tal, Nandi Kund, Parvati Kund, Rwesara Tal (Runisara), Satopanth Tal, Thamri Tal and Vasundhara Tal. Wetlands below 2,500m asl - Tehri Dam, Nanak Sagar, Tumaria, Bagul Dam, Bour Dam, Dhora Dam, Haripura Dam, Sharda Barrage, Jhilmil Jheel, Asan Barrage, Virbhadra Barrage, Dakpathar, Banbasa Barrage, Tadag Tal, Nainital, Bhim Tal, Naukuchia Tal, Sat Tal, Kosi Barrage, Khurpatal, Asan near Kunja Village, Garud Tal and Shymla Tal.
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  • Introduction

    Introduction

    Chapter 1 Introduction Our Planet Earth is unique among other planets of the solar system in the presence of water that has made it possible for the life – in its millions of forms - to exist on it. And the water occurs in great abundance – an estimated 1386 million km3 of which 96.54% resides in the oceans and another about one per cent is also saline (Shiklomanov 1993, Shiklomanov and Rodda 2003; see also Trenberth et al. 2007). Out of the remaining 2.5% that is fresh water, about 69% is frozen in glaciers, polar ice caps, snow and permafrost areas, and 30% is locked in deep aquifers. Lakes account for a total of 91,000 km3 of water but most of it resides in just a few large lakes. Marshes and wetlands hold about 11,500 km3 of water and the rivers have only a little more than 2000 km3. However, of greatest significance is the fact that water moves continually around, through and above the Earth and as it cycles through ocean, atmosphere, land and biota, continually changes its form between all physical states – liquid (water), gas (water vapour), and solid (snow and ice). It is noteworthy that the hydrological cycle and its importance were described in detail several thousand years ago in Rigveda, Puranas, Mahabharat and other Indian scriptures (see Jain et al. 2007). Estimates of global water budget of the hydrological cycle shows that annually about 45,000 km3 of water is transported from the oceans to land through the atmosphere (by evaporation from oceans and precipitation over land) and then returned back to the oceans as it flows mostly over the land surface in the rivers.