MAG a Z I N E 0 F F 0 0 D, FAR M, and RES 0 U R Eel S SUE S Sotheysay What Agricultural and Resource Economists Are Finding About Food, Farm, and Resource Issues

THE MAG A Z I N E 0 F F 0 0 D, FAR M, AND RES 0 U R eEl S SUE S SoTheySay What agricultural and resource economists are finding about food, farm, and resource issues

• STAFFORD has been studying "Hazardous Waste Management Susan and Christine N. Heggem. "Evaluating Telemedicine Tech Firms." She says that if a state spends a huge amount on environ nologies in Rural Settings," Montana State University, Department mental programs, waste management firms may not locate there. She of Agricultural Economics and Economics, Technical Research Cen also says that states with stringent environmental regulations attract ter, Policy Issue Paper 10, April 1999.) hazardous waste management firms. (Stafford, Sarah, "The Impact of Environmental Regulations on the Location of Firms in the Haz • RUNGE AND SENAUER say "To meet the demands posed by ardous Waste Management Industry," Forthcoming, Land Eco population and income growth [between 1995 and 2020], the world nomics, 76(November, 2000)). must produce 40 percent more grain by 2020. Only about one fifth of this increase is li kely to come from expanding the amount • In a recent book, VICTOR DAVIS HANSON says, "The cor ofland in production. Yet yield increases are slowing from the heady porization of food is simple and operates on a single truth: there is days of the Green Revo lution in the 1970s. " (Runge, C. Ford and no money in growing harvests, but a great deal in packaging them, Benjamin Senuaer. "Trade Insecurity and Food Security: After Seat shipping them, and selling them. Invulnerable is the conglomer cle. " University of Minnesota, Center for International Food and Agri ate that can do all three, which can lose money from growing food cultural Policy, Wotking Paper WPOO-1, Februaty, 2000.) and profit enormously on getting it to you. Irs upper- and mid level employees, with health benefits, retirement plans, and usu • RUTTAN recalls that at a seminar held a short time after his join ally clean and comfortable workplaces, ;u-e polite, kind, and relaxed ing clle IRRI staffin India in 1963, the Director, Robert Chandler, fo lk more to America's tastes than farmers, who have no money or used a Saturday morning staff seminar to define for the scientists time for such things. [The farmers] have been busy, we must remem and their assistants exactly what IRRI was all about. Ruttan remem ber, going broke growing only food. " (Hanson, Victor Davis. The bers it this way, "Robert Chandler responded to a question about Land was Everything: Letters From an American Farmer, New York: research priorities by pounding on the table and announcing, 'The The Free Press, 2000, pp. 182-83.) purpose of mis institute is not to do good science! ... The purpose of this institute is to raise rice yields in Asia!' Then after a pause he • PATTERSON AND RICHARDS say that the size of a newspaper adver added: 'And raising rice yields in Asia may require that you do good tisement has a positive impact on the sales of Golden Delicious, science!'" (Ruttan, Vernon. "Imperiali sm and Competition in Granny Smith, Gala, and McIntosh apples. However, they say, the Anthropology, Sociology, Political Science, and Economics: a Pet size of a newspaper advertisement has a negative effect on the sales spective from Development Economics." University Of Minnesota, of Red Delicious apples. (Patterson, Paul M. and Timothy J. Economic Development Center, March, 2000.) Richards. "Newspaper Advertisement Characteristics and Con sumer Preferences for Apples: A MIMIC Model Approach." Agribusi • THE ENVIRONMENTAL WORKING GROUP says, "Less than a mil ness, 16(numbet 2,2000): 159-177.) lion acres of U.S. farmland are being used to grow organic crops t11at consumers can't seem to get enough of, while more man 60 million • SUNDING says that if a market mechanism coupled with the acres are planted with genetically engineered crops mey may not opportunity to trade water is used to reallocate 800,000 acre-feet want to eat at all. " (Environmental Working Group, Washington, annually from growers in California's Central Valley, farm profits will DC. Ava ilab le at

2 CHOICES Second Quarter 2000 Guest Editorial by Luther Tweeten Coexisting )lVith Alternative Agriculture Advocates

acteristics. They are mostly not of farm back The ends AAAs seek using what scien ground. Conspiracy theories bind them I tists consider to be unethical means are together. They largely view corporate Amer sometimes eventually judged to be des ir ica, including the commercial agricultural able and accepted by society. Examples establishment, as the enemy. include Upton Sinclair The Jungle and The income elasticity of alternative agri Rachael Carlson's Silent Spring that aroused culture activity is high, so expect to see more, the nation to address neglected problems. not fewer, AAAs in the future. People drawn AAAs are at their best operating in our to alternative agriculture issues are educated type I and II error zones. Scientists typi and articulate adults savvy at working with cally test hypotheses at the 5 percent level, the media. Many AAA shock troops are sub hence incorrectly reject a true hypothesis urban housewives and student activists who (Type I error), on average, 5 out of 100 have time and other resources to devote to times. Also we sometimes incorrectly fail to such issues. Freed from worrying about reject the null hypothesis when the alter where their next meal is coming from, affiu native hypothesis is correct (Type II error). ent people can direct their attention to food Thus, in their non-scientific advocacy of production processes and food safety. Food laetrile, opposition to genetically modified labeling and certification need to catch up food ingredients, and the like, AAAs are ne might expect public complacency so that people can express their views in the likely to be correct about 5 percent of the O regarding food policy in this age of market with dollars rather than in street time. That's frequent enough odds for sci record consumer affluence, unprecedented demonstrations. entists to be cautious in attacking the posi food quantity and quality, falling global AAAs are deeply committed, sincere peo tions of AAAs. Stated al ternatively, it is numbers oHood insecure people, declining ple who are highly normative in their impossible to prove universals, such as that soil erosion, and a world headed (Q zero approach to perceived problems. Many a particular food containing transgenic population growth before the end of this AAAs are followers of Postmodern Philos ingredients will be safe for all consumers century. However, the proposition from the ophy, which rejects "grand narratives" such for all time. 1960s that "agriculture is too important to as neoclassical economic theory. They reject To paraphrase Edmund Burke, all that be left to agriculturalists" has never been the Enlightenment as embodied in is required for ignorance to triumph is for more promll1ent. Descartes' teaching that rational thought is informed people to remain silent. Contin I have spent many rewarding years work the best way to make decisions and must ued objective research and education on ing, often in disagreement, with alternative be free of emotional encumbrances. Instead, AAA issues are essential. Educational pro agriculture groups. These groups include a key belief of AAAs is embodied in the grams need to be targeted ro the uncom anti-globalists, radical environmentalists, statement from the Organization for Com mitted at the teachable moment. AAAs small farm zealots, organic food advocates, petitive Markets (Newsletter, Lincoln, NE, largely have their minds made up. Their autarkists, neo-Luddites, and animal wel PO. Box 6486, March 2000, p. 1) that misleading and erroneous assertions should farists. Many individuals from these and "Emotion is an absolute necessity for reason." be contested, but education must mainly other protest groups demonstrated against Most Americans label AAAs as left wing, target the uncommitted. trade in Seattle in late 1999 and against eco but they have ultra-conservative dimensions. At egregious COSt to society in misallo nomic development in Washington, DC a As ultra conservatives, they reject new tech cation of resources (e.g. $6 billion on few weeks later. For convenience, I have nology. They want to keep old technology, organic food; far more on lost trade), agri grouped these protesters together and des nature, and ways of life. As liberals, they cultural economists are abdicating food ignated them as "alternative agricultural fear that no one is in charge to ensure that and agricultural policy education to AAAs. advocates" (AAAs). technology and globalization will be shaped We need less talk to each other and more I offer some observations regarding to improve the lot of mankind. The liberal public policy communication with tile gen AAAs, a powerful political force especially dilemma is that the order they would impose eral public. when joined, as they often are, by organ to make a better world requires a big, intru ized labor and farm populists. sive government-an institution they distrust Luthur Tweeten is Anderson Professor ofAgri AAA components are by no means almost as much as they distrust m ultina cultural Marketing, Policy, and Trade ofThe homogenous, but they share several char- tional corporations. Ohio State University.

Second Quarter 2000 CHOICES 3 CHOICES THE MAGAZINE OF F 0 0 D, FAR M, AND RESOURCE Iss U E S

The Downside 8 of Trading Up by Julie A. Caswel4 Jason A. Donovan, and Elisabete Salay

oes trade liberalization lead ro rising standards ("rrad Ding up") for protecting the environmenr, consumer safety, and workers' rights or ro falling standards ("trading On the Cover: down")? Experience in. the Brazilian fishery products indus ood safety policy can rry suggests that srricter food safety-related HACCP Fhave far-reaching effects, requiremenrs in developed counrries have improved pro upstream and downstream. cess ing practices in the exporr secror, but have done litrle

Photo illustration by Brett Stone for Brazil's domestic food supply.

Who Wants to Pay for 12 Everglades Restoration? by J Walter Milon and Alan W Hodges

ublic concern abour rhe deteriorating state of rh e Florida Everglades has led ro feasibi li ty Pstudies of resroraoon opoons, but a special provision of rhe Water Resources Developmenr Act of 1996 precluded the use of benefit-cost analysis in these studies. The lack of infor mation about the benefits of resroration raises imporranr questions.

Wheat Breeder Battles: 17 Hard Red Versus White by Michael Boland, Marc Johnson, and Sara Schumacher

ard red winrer wheat is rhe dominant cereal grain of rhe Great Plains. H Land grant universities have reallocated wheat breeding reso urces from hard red ro hard white winrer wheat. T he result provides valuable insight ro resource allocation and communication among stakeholders.

Can Open Spaces 21 Be Self-Financing? by Noelwah R. Netusil, Erin Boyd, Zaid van Griffen, Michelle LaMerril4 and Elisabeth Rainsberger

any communities are aggressively pursuing plans ro preserve open spaces and are seek M ing creati ve ways ro fund the purchase, developmenr and maintenance of these areas.

4 CHOICES Second Quarter 2000 At the Border: • Publisher 28 Here's the Beef T he American Agricul tural by Gary W Brester and Vincent H. Smith Economics Association 415 S. D uff Ave., Suite C lthough most products imported by the United States must be labeled by coun Ames, IA 50010-6600 A try-of-origin, some agricultural products, including livestock are exempt from this req uirement. Recent concerns about adverse effects of imports on domestic cat • Editor rle prices have stimulated renewed interest in removing livestock fro m the list of Paul W Barkley exempt products. Dept of Agricul tural Economics 211E Hulbert Hall Was hington State University Targeting Resource PO Box 646210 33 Conservation Expenditures Pullman, WA 99164-6210 by JunJie Wu, Richard M. Adams, David Zilberman, • Publishing Services and Bruce Babcock Clear Window Mul tiMedia he United States pays billions of dollars annually to landowners to encourage 930 Kehrs Mill Road, T adoption of conservation practices. There are at least three criteria by which lands #314 at the Barn are selected for such payments, including cost targeting, benefit targeting and bene Ballwin, MO 63011 fit-cost targeting. (636) 527-4001

• Advisory Board Read the Warning: Andrew Barkley Donald McDowell This Product May Contain GMOs Daniel Bernardo Gary Brester 39 David Orden Joyce Cacho by JiLL J McCluskey Gregory Poe Betsy Cody Brian Revell John Davis here has been a strong negative reaction abroad to GM foods. This calls, both domes T tically and abroad, for th e mandatory labeling of GM foods . Because the aware Tanya Roberts George Frisvold ness ofGM products has increased, the market has voluntarily started to offer "GMO Scott Rozelle Bert Greenwalt free" products. What's an appropriate labeling policy? Priscilla Salan t Michael Haines Judith Stall mann Ray Huffaker Dawn Thilmany Cathy Jabara A New Generation of Power Walter Thurman Craig Jagger 43 by Richard A. Levins Cathy Wessells Betsey Kuhn "\V,7hen the economic power of agribusiness is direcrly considered, a great chal Judith Whipple Wi lfrid Legg W lenge for agricultural policy arises: how can we most effectively pursue our long-standing commitment to the independent fam ily farm? CHOICES (ISSN 0886-5558) is published quarterly by the American Agriculrurea! Economics Association for people wbo want to be informed about food , farm, and resource iss ues - and dle policies that affect them. 2 So They Say Vies expressed herein are those of the amhors, and not necceassarily those of CHOICES or irs publisher. Posrage paid ar Ames, lA, and Addirional mailing 3 Guest Editorial offices. All rights reserved. Quotarion with credit is by Luther Tweeten permitted. © 2000 Vol 15 , No.2, American Agricul rural Economic Associarion. Subscriprion rares for 6 Gallery U.S.: individuals - $20.00 per year (four edirions). ..,."o"!!!!!' (Canada, Mexico, Sourh America, Un ited Kingdom ..===--====="1 ------and Europe $30; other $40.) Send subscription cor respondence to HOlCE, AAEA Business Office, 24 Graphically Speaking : 415 South DuffAve., Suite C, Ames, LA , 500 I 0-6600. Research and Extension Expenditures Rising Telephone (515) 233-3234, FAX (5 15) 233-310 I. by Gregory M. Perry Writers' guidelines are available ar our Web sire: www.aaea.org/choicesl. Send four copies of each man uscripr to the editor, Paul W. Barkley, Depr. of Agri 26 Profile : culrural Economics, 211 E Hulbert Hall, Washingron The Legacy of William Jasper Spillman Stare Universiry, PO Bo x 646210, Pullman, WA. by Gerald F Vaughn 99164-6210.

Second Q rter 2000 CHOICES 5 Galler

Caswell Donovan Salay

Boland Johnson Schumacher Netusil

Ra insberger Perry Brester Wu

Adams Zilberman Babcock McCluskey Levins

JULIE CASWELL is a professor in the Department of Before beginning graduate smdies, Jaso n worked with food control evaluation, HACCP costs and imple ResouIce Economics at the University of Massachusetts. the Peace Corps in Uruguay, kindling an interest in mentation, evaluation of consumer organizations, and She has a Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics and Eco agriculture and the challenges facing its development in food safety in the egg chain. The latter project received nomics from the University of Wisconsin (1984), a Latin America. The Downside ofTradillg Up reflects his the award TOP Premio Atualidade Gendric of the MS in Economics from the University of W isconsin interest in in ternational policy, economics, agriculture, state of Sao Paulo in 1999. (1980), and a BS in Public Affairs Management from and Brazil. Currently, Jason is working with small-scale Michigan State University (1976). Her research focuses organic farmers in Nicaragua to increase th eir income J. WALTER M ILON is a professor in the Food and on understanding the operation of domestic and inter and their access to important export markets. Reso urce Economics Department at the University of natio nal food systems, with particular interest in the Florida. His research interes ts include environmental economics of food qua.li ty, especially safety and nutri EUSABETE SALAY graduated with a degree in Food val uation methods and the use of economic analysis in tion, international trade, and food labeling. She is the Engineering from the State University of Campinas natural resource management and policy. A native of recipient of the Outstanding Teachi ng Award for the in Brazil. In J 992, she received her Ph.D. in Socioe South Florida, he has been involved in research proj College of Food & Namral Reso urces at UMass and conomic Development at tlle Ecole des H aures Etudes ects and advisory groups reI ated to Everglades restO ra has taught graduate courses in Poland, Italy, Brazil , en Sciences Sociales in Paris, France. She has bee n tion for the past 5 years. He directed tlle survey research and Spain. She is currently an elected directO r of the working in the Department of Food Planning and underl ying the article in this issue. Funding for the Executive Board of the American Agriculmral Eco Nutrition at the State University of Campinas sin ce research came from tlle U.S. Department of Agricul no mi cs Association. 1989. For 8 years she has received a producti vity schol ture, Economic Resea rch Service and the U.S. Depart arship award from CNPq (National Board of Tech ment of Fish and W ildli fe Se rvice. JASON DONOVAN holds a degree in environmental eco nological and Scientific Development). She is cur nomics and is a former Resea rch Assistant, Department rently conducting socioeconomic research on the safety ALAN W. HODGES received a Bachel or of Arts degree of Resource Economics, University of Massachusetts. as pects of foods. Her recent projects include public fro m the University of C hicago in 1982, and MS and

6 CHOICES Second Quarter 2000 Ph. D. in Agricultural and Biological Engineering from of foreign direct in ves tment. She received a BA in J UNJIE Wu is ass istant professo r in the Department of th e Unive rsity of Florida in 1988 and 1995, respec economics from Reed College in 1999 and will atrend Ag ri culture and Reso urce Eco nomics at Oregon State ti vely. H e has bee n employed in the Unive rsity of graduate school in the fa ll of2001. University. His research interestS incl ude environmental Florida's Food & Resource Economics Department as and agri cultural poli cy, and spatial and publi c eco an Economic An alys t since 1985. His professional ZAID VAN GIFFEN recently graduated fro m Reed Col no mi cs. His recent research has focused on the opti work focuses on economic survey research, economic lege with a BA in Physics. In addirion to economics mal des ign of conservation programs and the impact impact analysis, busin ess analysis and management in research, Zaid has spent the past twO summers study of agri cultural poli cy o n the interacti on between land the environmental horticultural industty, trends within ing and researching high-energy phys ics at me Stanford use and environmental quali ty. and analysis of influences in bi omass energy systems Linea r Accelerator Center and at the Uni ve rsity of development, solid was te management, cl imatic influ C hicago. H aving grown up in Colombia, Indonesia, and RICHARD ADAMS is Professor of Agri cul ture and ences on agri culture, water and energy conservation, the Netherl ands, she will spend the next yea r visiting Resource Econo mics at O regon State University. His irriga ti on technology adoption, and the fo rest chem old fri ends and relati ves in these locations. Zaid plans research interes ts incl ude reso urce and environmental icals industry. He serves as Technical Ed.i tor of the For graduate studies in foreign service. issues, with specific focus o n the economi cs of envi est Chemicals Review, a bimonthly industry journal for ronmental change. He is a fo rmer editor of the Amer the pine chemicals industry. MICHELE LAMERRILL (not pictured) is a senior biol ican Journal ofAgric ultural Economics and has served on numerous governmental panels and committees ogy major at Reed College. She worked at a non-profir MICHAEL BOLAND is assistant pro fessor of agri cul address in g environmental concerns. watershed council while atrending Reed and recently tural economics at Kansas State Un.iversity with teach returned from four montlls in Costa Ri ca where she ing and research responsibilities in strategy and mar DAVID ZILBERMAN is professor and chair of the studied tropical ecology at the Unive rsity of Costa keting. Mike teaches g raduate and undergraduate Department of Ag ri cultural and Resource Econom Ri ca. She pl ans ,to .purs ue a doctorate in N atural courses in marketi ng and strategy. H e also teaches an ics, and director of the Center of Sustai nabl e Resource Resource Economics. integrated strategy course vi a d is tance learning in the Development at the U ni ve rsity of Cali fo rnia at Berke Masters in Agribusiness graduate degree program which ley. David's recent work focuses on the econo mi cs of ELISABETH RAlNSBERGER is a recent graduate of Reed is taught through the Intern et. Most recently, he is technological change and risk, and enviro nmental and resea rch ing the economi cs of ve rtical coordination in College in Portland, Oregon. She is a recipient of a resource problems in agriculture. Zilberman is a mem Fo rd Family Foundation undergraduate scholarship. the G reat Plai ns an d was a member of the Hard W hite ber of the Giannini Foundatio n ~f Agri cultural Eco W heat Committee. During her junior year, Elisabeth researched the topic nomics at UC Berkeley. of the article while taking Professo r Netusil's course on MARc JOHNSON is Dean of the College of Agricul non marker val uati on. During her senior year she wrote BRUCE A. BABCOCK is director of the Center for Agri rure at Kansas State University. As Dean, he has merged a tiles is that investigated the profi tabil ity of a recent cultural and Ru ral Development and a professor of the programming activities of the Kansas Agricultural US Bancorp acquisitio n. C urrently, Elisabeth is in a econo mi cs at Iowa State Unive rsity. D r. Ba bcock Experi ment Station and Kansas Cooperative Exten commercial lending training program at US Bancorp. received his BS and MS degrees from tile Uni ve rsity of sion Service into a single entity called K-State Research Cal ifornia at Davis and his doctorate fro m tile University and Extension, which is the only such unified structure GREGORY M . PERRY is a pro fessor at Oregon State of Cali fo rnia at Berkel ey in 1987. Dr. Ba bcock has in the land grant university sYStem. Prior to becoming Unive rsity. During the 1997-98 academi c year G re conducted extensive resea rch in tile areas of agricul Head of the Departm ent of Agricultural Economics gory participated in the ESCOP /ACOP Leadershi p tural production economics and agricultural and envi and later Dean, Marc was professor of agricul tural eco Development Program. During that year he was asked ro nmental policy. nomics at North Carolina State Uni ve rsity. He grew up to complete a study for the Board on Agri culture of on a fa mily fruit farm in south central Kansas. N ASULGC dealing with the impact of the 1996 JILL J. MCCLUSKEY is Assistant Professor of Ag ri cul Nati onal Synthesis Conference. T he material provided tural Economics at Washington State University. Her SARA SCHUMACHER is a Ph.D. graduate research assis in G raphically Speaking was part of this comprehen resea rch interests incl ude agri cultural marketing, envi tant and instructor at Kansas State Univers ity. She cur sive study fo r NASULGC. tonmental and natural reso urce economics, food safety rently is teaching an undergraduate quantitative meth and quality issues, and appl ied game theory. She teaclles ods course usin g computer modules which she GERALD F. VAUGHN (not pi ctured) is a retired Exten marketi ng, econometrics, and natu ral resou rce eco developed. Prior to beginning graduate school, she was sion Specialist from the University of Delaware. H e is nomics. She has worked as a consul tant on biotech a C. P. A. for 10 yeats, and her most recent employer was a frequent contributor to Choices writing book reviews, nology and market structure iss ues. She received a Caterpillar, Inc. Her research foc uses on production eco historical sketches and pro fil es. H e has contributed a Ph.D. in agri cultural and resource economics fro m the nomics and integrated pest management strategies. profi le of W illiam Jas per Spillman for tllis issue. University of Cali fo rnia at Berkeley in 1998.

NOELWAH NETUSIL is Associate Professor of Economics GARY W. BRESTER is Associate Professor in the RICHARD A. LEVINS is Professor and Extension Agri cultural Economist witll the Uni ve rsity of Minnesota's at Reed Coll ege. Her research interests include the Department of Agricultural Economics and.a Seni or quantification of benefits from open space preserva Department of Applied Economics. Before joining tile Research Fell ow fo r the Trad e Resea rch Center at tion, cost-effecti ve measures for non-point source pol Unive rsity ofMinneso ra in 1988, he served on the fac Montana State Unive rsity. He holds a BS degree in agri lution control, val uing th e impact of the large open-pit ul ty of the Unive rsity of Maryland and the University cultural business and an MS degree in applied eco gold mines in Northern Nevada, and the use of exper of Florida. Levins is a native of Florida. He received his nomics fro m Mo ntana State U ni versity and a Ph.D . imental economics in teaching. Noelwah has an under BA in mathemati cs and his MS in Food and Resource fro m N . Carolina State U niversity. His teaching graduate degree in chemistry and econo mics from Econo mics from the Uni ve rsity of Fl o rida in res ponsibilities include farm ando ranch management, Allegheny College and a Ph .D. in economi cs ftom the Gainesv ille. His doctorate in Agri cul tural Economi cs agribusiness management, and managerial econom Unive rsity ofLlli nois ar Urbana-Champaign. Her inter was ea rned at Miss iss ippi State Un iversity. es t in open space va luation was prompted, in part, by ics. Bres ter's research program centers o n li vestock During his more than twenty yea rs in fa rm man her offi ce view of the Reed ca nyo n - a preserved nat and grain issues, internatio nal trade, and agribusi agement, most of Dr. Levi ns' teachi ng has been ori ural area that attracts a wide va ri ery of wildlife. ness and fa rm management. ented toward practi cing fa rmers and pol icy makers. His current reseacch interests include agricultural pol ERIN BOYD (not pi ctured) is an intern economist VINCENT H. SMITH is Professor of Agri cultural Eco icy, tile environmental aspects of farming, and the ways with the Public Powe r Council in Po rtland, Oregon. nomics at Montana State University. H e received hi s in whi ch the economies of farms and rural communi H er work fo cuses o n the evaluation of Norrhwest Ph.D. from North Carolin a State Unive rsity and his BA ti es are related. He recently completed a one-year study power prices, risk in energy markets and conserva and MA degrees ftom the University of Manchester, al l leave as Seni or Fellow at the Institute for Agricul ture tion acquisition. Research includes an undergraduate in economics . Vince's current research program s focus and Trade Policy. thes is on the impacrs of til e standardiza ti on of inter on agricultural trade and domestic policy iss ues, agri Dr. Levins is author of Willard Cochrfllle and rhe national environmental regulations and a study under cultural science policy, U.S.-Canada agri cultural trade American Family Farm, a recent book on farm poli cy taken through the receipt of a Bernard Golhammer relations, and the prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse and family farming in the twentieth century. Levins' Col labo tati ve Research G rant on the determinants in rural commu_nities . book was reviewed in Choices, First Quarter 2000.

Second Quarter 2000 CHOICES 7