Impacts of the Pisaster Ochraceus Collapse on Intertidal Communities an Honors Thesis Submit
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Snps) in the Northeast Pacific Intertidal Gooseneck Barnacle, Pollicipes Polymerus
University of Alberta New insights about barnacle reproduction: Spermcast mating, aerial copulation and population genetic consequences by Marjan Barazandeh A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Systematics and Evolution Department of Biological Sciences ©Marjan Barazandeh Spring 2014 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Abstract Barnacles are mostly hermaphroditic and they are believed to mate via copulation or, in a few species, by self-fertilization. However, isolated individuals of two species that are thought not to self-fertilize, Pollicipes polymerus and Balanus glandula, nonetheless carried fertilized embryo-masses. These observations raise the possibility that individuals may have been fertilized by waterborne sperm, a possibility that has never been seriously considered in barnacles. Using molecular tools (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms; SNP), I examined spermcast mating in P. polymerus and B. glandula as well as Chthamalus dalli (which is reported to self-fertilize) in Barkley Sound, British Columbia, Canada. -
Supplementary Materials for Tsunami-Driven Megarafting
Supplementary Materials for Commented [ams1]: Please use SM template provided Tsunami-Driven Megarafting: Transoceanic Species Dispersal and Implications for Marine Biogeography James T. Carlton, John W. Chapman, Jonathan A. Geller, Jessica A. Miller, Deborah A. Carlton, Megan I. McCuller, Nancy C. Treneman, Brian Steves, Gregory M. Ruiz correspondence to: [email protected] This file includes: Materials and Methods Figs. S1 to S8 Tables S1 to S6 1 Material and Methods Sample Acquisition and Processing Following the arrival in June 2012 of a large fishing dock from Misawa and of several Japanese vessels and buoys along the Oregon and Washington coasts (table S1), we established an extensive contact network of local, state, provincial, and federal officials, private citizens, and Commented [ams2]: Can you provide more details, i.e. in what formal sense was this a ‘network’ with nodes and links, rather than a list of contacts? environmental (particularly "coastal cleanup") groups, in Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, and Hawaii. Between 2012 and 2017 this network grew to hundreds of individuals, many with scientific if not specifically biological training. We advised our contacts that we were interested in acquiring samples of organisms (alive or dead) attached to suspected Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris (JTMD), or to obtain the objects themselves (numerous samples and some objects were received that were North American in origin, or that we interpreted as likely discards from ships-at-sea). We provided detailed directions to searchers and collectors relative to Commented [ams3]: Did you deploy a standard form/protocol for your contacts to use? Can it be included in the SM if so? sample photography, collection, labeling, preservation, and shipping, including real-time communication while investigators were on site. -
The Role of Avian Predators in an Oregon Rocky Intertidal Community
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Christopher Marsh for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology presented on May 24, 1983 Title: The Role of Avian Predators in an Oregon Rocky Intertidal Community Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy Dr. Bruce-Nenge Birds affected the community structure of an Oregon rocky shore by preying upon mussels (Mytilus spp.) and limpets (Collisella spp.).The impact of such predation is potentially great, as mussels are the competitively dominant mid-intertidal space-occupiers, and limpets are important herbivores in this community. Prey selection by birds reflects differences in bill morphology and foraging tactics. For example, Surfbird (Aphriza virgata) uses its stout bill to tug upright, firmly attached prey (e.g. mussels and gooseneck barnacles [Pollicipes polymerus]) from the substrate. The Black Turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala), with its chisel-shaped bill, uses a hammering tactic to eat firmly attached prey that are 1) compressed in shape and can be dislodged, or 2) have protective shells that can be broken by a turnstone bill. In addition, the Black Turnstone employs a push behavior to feed in clumps of algae containing mobile arthropods. Bird exclusion cages tested the effects of bird predation on 1) rates of mussel recolonization in patches (50 x 50 cm clearings), and 2) densities of small-sized limpets (< 10 mm in length) on upper intertidal mudstone benches. Four of six exclusion experiments showed that birds had a significant effect on mussel recruitment. These experiments suggested that the impact of avian predators had a significant effect on mussel densities when 1) the substrate was relatively smooth,2) other mortality agents were insignificant, and 3) mussels were of intermediate size (11-30 mm long). -
The Keystone Species Concept: a Critical Appraisal H
opinion and perspectives ISSN 1948‐6596 perspective The keystone species concept: a critical appraisal H. Eden W. Cottee‐Jones* and Robert J. Whittaker† Conservation Biogeography and Macroecology Programme, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK *henry.cottee‐[email protected]; http://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/graduate/research/ecottee‐jones.html †[email protected] Abstract. The keystone concept has been widely applied in the ecological literature since the idea was introduced in 1969. While it has been useful in framing biodiversity research and garnering support in conservation policy circles, the terminology surrounding the concept has been expanded to the extent that there is considerable confusion over what exactly a keystone species is. Several authors have ar‐ gued that the term is too broadly applied, while others have pointed out the technical and theoretical limitations of the concept. Here, we chart the history of the keystone concept’s evolution and summa‐ rise the plethora of different terms and definitions currently in use. In reviewing these terms, we also analyse the value of the keystone concept and highlight some promising areas of recent work. Keywords. community composition, ecosystem engineer, definitions, dominant species, keystone con‐ cept, keystone species Introduction: the origins of the concept cies” (p. 93). Paine’s field experiments have be‐ The keystone concept has its roots in food‐web come a classic ecological case study, with his dia‐ ecology, and was coined by Paine (1969). In his grams reproduced in many standard ecology texts, experimental manipulation of rocky shoreline his 1966 paper cited 2,509 times, and his note communities on the Pacific coast in Washington, coining the term ‘keystone species’ 465 times (ISI th Paine found that the removal of the carnivorous Web of Knowledge 13 September 2012). -
Effects of Ocean Acidification on Growth Rate, Calcified Tissue, and Behavior of the Juvenile Ochre Sea Star, Pisaster Ochraceus
Effects of ocean acidification on growth rate, calcified tissue, and behavior of the juvenile ochre sea star, Pisaster ochraceus. by Melissa Linn Britsch A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Biology (Honors Scholar) Presented April 26, 2017 Commencement June 2017 ii AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Melissa Linn Britsch for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Biology presented on April 26, 2017. Title: Effects of ocean acidification on growth rate, calcified tissue, and behavior of the juvenile ochre sea star, Pisaster ochraceus. Abstract approved:_____________________________________________________ Bruce Menge Anthropogenically-induced increases in the acidity of the ocean have the potential to seriously harm marine calcifying organisms by decreasing the availability of carbonate 2− (CO3 ) used to make shells. I tested the effects of lowered pH on juvenile Pisaster ochraceus, an intertidal sea star and keystone predator in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Populations of P. ochraceus were greatly reduced by outbreaks of sea star wasting disease, which has the potential to alter community structure and lower biodiversity in the intertidal region. However, large numbers of juvenile P. ochraceus have recruited to the rocky intertidal and their ability to persist will be important for the recovery of P. ochraceus populations. To test the effects of pH, I studied the growth rate, calcification, righting time, and movement and prey-sensing ability in the PISCO laboratory mesocosm at Hatfield Marine Science Center. The results of the experiments showed non-significant trends towards a negative effect of pH on growth rate and righting time. -
The Diet and Predator-Prey Relationships of the Sea Star Pycnopodia Helianthoides (Brandt) from a Central California Kelp Forest
THE DIET AND PREDATOR-PREY RELATIONSHIPS OF THE SEA STAR PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES (BRANDT) FROM A CENTRAL CALIFORNIA KELP FOREST A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Moss Landing Marine Laboratories San Jose State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Timothy John Herrlinger December 1983 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments iv Abstract vi List of Tables viii List of Figures ix INTRODUCTION 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS Site Description 4 Diet 5 Prey Densities and Defensive Responses 8 Prey-Size Selection 9 Prey Handling Times 9 Prey Adhesion 9 Tethering of Calliostoma ligatum 10 Microhabitat Distribution of Prey 12 OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS Diet 14 Prey Densities 16 Prey Defensive Responses 17 Prey-Size Selection 18 Prey Handling Times 18 Prey Adhesion 19 Tethering of Calliostoma ligatum 19 Microhabitat Distribution of Prey 20 DISCUSSION Diet 21 Prey Densities 24 Prey Defensive Responses 25 Prey-Size Selection 27 Prey Handling Times 27 Prey Adhesion 28 Tethering of Calliostoma ligatum and Prey Refugia 29 Microhabitat Distribution of Prey 32 Chemoreception vs. a Chemotactile Response 36 Foraging Strategy 38 LITERATURE CITED 41 TABLES 48 FIGURES 56 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My span at Moss Landing Marine Laboratories has been a wonderful experience. So many people have contributed in one way or another to the outcome. My diving buddies perse- vered through a lot and I cherish our camaraderie: Todd Anderson, Joel Thompson, Allan Fukuyama, Val Breda, John Heine, Mike Denega, Bruce Welden, Becky Herrlinger, Al Solonsky, Ellen Faurot, Gilbert Van Dykhuizen, Ralph Larson, Guy Hoelzer, Mickey Singer, and Jerry Kashiwada. Kevin Lohman and Richard Reaves spent many hours repairing com puter programs for me. -
Kelp Forest Monitoring Handbook — Volume 1: Sampling Protocol
KELP FOREST MONITORING HANDBOOK VOLUME 1: SAMPLING PROTOCOL CHANNEL ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK KELP FOREST MONITORING HANDBOOK VOLUME 1: SAMPLING PROTOCOL Channel Islands National Park Gary E. Davis David J. Kushner Jennifer M. Mondragon Jeff E. Mondragon Derek Lerma Daniel V. Richards National Park Service Channel Islands National Park 1901 Spinnaker Drive Ventura, California 93001 November 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................1 MONITORING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ......................................................... Species Selection ...........................................................................................2 Site Selection .................................................................................................3 Sampling Technique Selection .......................................................................3 SAMPLING METHOD PROTOCOL......................................................................... General Information .......................................................................................8 1 m Quadrats ..................................................................................................9 5 m Quadrats ..................................................................................................11 Band Transects ...............................................................................................13 Random Point Contacts ..................................................................................15 -
Distribution and Biological Characteristics of European Green Crab, Carcinus Maenas, in British Columbia, 2006 - 2013
Distribution and Biological Characteristics of European Green Crab, Carcinus maenas, in British Columbia, 2006 - 2013 G.E. Gillespie, T.C. Norgard, E.D. Anderson, D.R. Haggarty, and A.C. Phillips Fisheries and Oceans Canada Science Branch, Pacific Region Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Road Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6N7 2015 Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3120 Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Technical reports contain scientific and technical information that contributes to existing knowledge but which is not normally appropriate for primary literature. Technical reports are directed primarily toward a worldwide audience and have an international distribution. No restriction is placed on subject matter and the series reflects the broad interests and policies of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, namely, fisheries and aquatic sciences. Technical reports may be cited as full publications. The correct citation appears above the abstract of each report. Each report is abstracted in the data base Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. Technical reports are produced regionally but are numbered nationally. Requests for individual reports will be filled by the issuing establishment listed on the front cover and title page. Numbers 1-456 in this series were issued as Technical Reports of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Numbers 457-714 were issued as Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service, Research and Development Directorate Technical Reports. Numbers 715-924 were issued as Department of Fisheries and Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service Technical Reports. The current series name was changed with report number 925. Rapport technique canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques Les rapports techniques contiennent des renseignements scientifiques et techniques qui constituent une contribution aux connaissances actuelles, mais qui ne sont pas normalement appropriés pour la publication dans un journal scientifique. -
Growing Goosenecks: a Study on the Growth and Bioenergetics
GROWING GOOSENECKS: A STUDY ON THE GROWTH AND BIOENERGETICS OF POLLIPICES POLYMERUS IN AQUACULTURE by ALEXA ROMERSA A THESIS Presented to the Department of Biology and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science September 2018 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Alexa Romersa Title: Growing Goosenecks: A study on the growth and bioenergetics of Pollicipes polymerus in aquaculture This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in the Department of Biology by: Alan Shanks Chairperson Richard Emlet Member Aaron Galloway Member and Janet Woodruff-Borden Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2018 ii © 2018 Alexa Romersa This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (United States) License. iii THESIS ABSTRACT Alexa Romersa Master of Science Department of Biology September 2018 Title: Growing Goosenecks: A study on the growth and bioenergetics of Pollicipes polymerus in aquaculture Gooseneck Barnacles are a delicacy in Spain and Portugal and a species harvested for subsistence or commercial fishing across their global range. They are ubiquitous on the Oregon coastline and grow in dense aggregation in the intertidal zone. Reproductive biology of the species makes them particularly susceptible to overfishing, and in the interest of sustainability, aquaculture was explored as one option to supply a commercial product without impacting local ecological communities. A novel aquaculture system was developed and tested that caters to the unique feeding behavior of Pollicipes polymerus. -
Biodiversity of Barnacles on Long Island on the North and South Shores of Long Island from Public Location Are Factors That Affect the Specie That Lives in That Area
Abstract Methods Barnacles have a vast number of species and exist in The collection of barnacles occurred in various places abundance in marine environments, and water depth and Biodiversity of Barnacles on Long Island on the North and South shores of Long Island from public location are factors that affect the specie that lives in that area. Authors: Paige Bzdyk, Frederick Nocella, Sophia Sherman areas such as docks, bulkheads, and man made jetties using By sequencing the DNA using the barcoding guidelines, the Teacher: Ms. Claire Birone a clam knife. Five barnacles were collected from each objective of the project was to determine the variation of Babylon Junior-Senior High School collection site. barnacle species in the different bodies of water on the North The barnacle DNA was processed by using standard DNA and South shores of Long Island. The most important materials extraction techniques and equipment given to use by the needed were DNA reagents and the samples of barnacles from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. DNA subway was used to the Long Island Sound and the Great South Bay. The trim the DNA sequences, and it was compared to genbank to significant methods and materials include PCR and DNA identify sequences and known species. Phylogenetic trees reagents. Our results concluded that our hypothesis was were created using DNA subway to compare the barnacle incorrect as there was not a difference in species of the samples samples that were collected. collected as the organisms were all identified as Semibalanus Results balanoides through DNA Subway. The results from sequencing the DNA of the barnacles from the North and South shores showed that the species, Introduction Semibalanus balanoides, is the same on both shores. -
Intertidal Zonation Does Species Diversity Decrease with Tidal Height?
Intertidal Zonation Does Species Diversity Decrease with Tidal Height? Biology 4741574 Summer 2004 Student Report by Wendy Cecil, Kate Olsen, Susan Shrimpton, Laura Wimpee Jonathan ~eischner, Matthew Osborne-Koch, Sylvia Yamada and Alicia Helms, Instructors - Perhaps no other community has captured the attention of field ecologists like the rocky intertidal zone. This fascinating transition zone between land and sea allows ecologists to study patterns of species distributions, abundance and diversity. The most striking observation one makes when visiting a rocky seashore is that organisms are distributed in horizontal bands. From the low to the high tide mark one can readily identifl zones dominated by the brown kelp Laminara, pink encrusting coralline algae, dark blue mussel beds, white barnacles, littorine snails, and finally black lichens (Figure 1). Linoflna/Pelvetia/Chrhamalusbelt Figure 1. Typical Pattern of intertidal zonation of organisms. Intertidal zonation, just like altitudinal and latitudinal zonation, is a reflection of organisms' responses to physical gradients and biological interactions (Merriam 1894, Whitta.ker 1975). Intertidal zonation is unique in that the physical gradients are very steep (e.g. a 12 ft. tidal range versus hundreds of miles in latitudinal zonation). Organisms living in the low tidal zone spend over 80% of their time in the benign and constant marine environment, while the reverse is true for organisms living in the high zone (Figure 2). At Mean Sea Level organisms spend equal amounts of time being immersed in seawater and exposed to air. Since intertidal organisms (with some exception such as mites and insects) originated in the sea, species diversity decreases up the shore. -
PISCO 'Mobile' Inverts 2017
PISCO ‘Mobile’ Inverts 2017 Lonhart/SIMoN MBNMS NOAA Patiria miniata (formerly Asterina miniata) Bat star, very abundant at many sites, highly variable in color and pattern. Typically has 5 rays, but can be found with more or less. Lonhart/SIMoN MBNMS NOAA Patiria miniata Bat star (formerly Asterina miniata) Lonhart/SIMoN MBNMS NOAA Juvenile Dermasterias imbricata Leather star Very smooth, five rays, mottled aboral surface Adult Dermasterias imbricata Leather star Very smooth, five rays, mottled aboral surface ©Lonhart Henricia spp. Blood stars Long, tapered rays, orange or red, patterned aboral surface looks like a series of overlapping ringlets. Usually 5 rays. Lonhart/SIMoN MBNMS NOAA Henricia spp. Blood star Long, tapered rays, orange or red, patterned aboral surface similar to ringlets. Usually 5 rays. (H. sanguinolenta?) Lonhart/SIMoN MBNMS NOAA Henricia spp. Blood star Long, tapered rays, orange or red, patterned aboral surface similar to ringlets. Usually 5 rays. Lonhart/SIMoN MBNMS NOAA Orthasterias koehleri Northern rainbow star Mottled red, orange and yellow, large, long thick rays Lonhart/SIMoN MBNMS NOAA Mediaster aequalis Orange star with five rays, large marginal plates, very flattened. Confused with Patiria miniata. Mediaster aequalis Orange star with five rays, large marginal plates, very flattened. Can be mistaken for Patiria miniata Pisaster brevispinus Short-spined star Large, pale pink in color, often on sand, thick rays Lonhart/SIMoN MBNMS NOAA Pisaster giganteus Giant-spined star Spines circled with blue ring, thick