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Self-Esteem and Consumption of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Substances in Outsourced Workers*

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Self-Esteem and Consumption of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Substances in Outsourced Workers* Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 2019;27:e3199 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.3401.3199 www.eerp.usp.br/rlae Artigo Original Autoestima e o consumo de álcool, de tabaco e de outras substâncias em trabalhadores terceirizados* 1,2 Nayara Pires Nadaleti Objetivo: avaliar a autoestima, o consumo de álcool, de https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4821-0870 tabaco e de outras substâncias em trabalhadores terceirizados Jefferson Felipe Ribeiro1,3 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2239-144X de uma universidade pública. Método: estudo descritivo- Poliana Martins Ferreira1,3 analítico, transversal, quantitativo, desenvolvido com 316 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9780-8633 trabalhadores terceirizados de um município do Sudeste do Sérgio Valverde Marques dos Santos4,5 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9412-9515 Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um instrumento Fábio de Souza Terra1 de caracterização, da Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg e do https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8322-3039 Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. Para a análise de dados, utilizaram-se a estatística descritiva, o teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson, o teste exato de Fisher, odds ratio e regressão logística. Resultados: a maioria dos trabalhadores possuía autoestima alta e alguns utilizavam álcool, tabaco, maconha e inalantes. Constatou-se associação significativa entre sexo, faixa etária e turno de trabalho * Artigo extraído da dissertação de mestrado “Avaliação da autoestima, do consumo de álcool, de tabaco e de com a autoestima; entre o risco de desenvolver problemas outras substâncias em trabalhadores terceirizados de relacionados ao consumo de álcool com sexo, faixa etária, uma universidade pública”, apresentada à Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Escola de Enfermagem, Alfenas, MG, estado civil, crença religiosa e quantidade de filhos; entre a Brasil. O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível prática de atividade física e o risco de desenvolver problemas Superior (CAPES), Brasil. Código de Financiamento 001. relacionados ao consumo de derivados do tabaco. Conclusão: 1 Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Escola de Enfermagem, Alfenas, MG, Brasil. este estudo contribui para o aumento do conhecimento devido 2 Bolsista da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal ao número reduzido de pesquisas envolvendo esta temática de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brasil. 3 Bolsista do MEC/SESu/PET, Brasil. e para os enfermeiros terem subsídios para atuação junto a 4 Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Centro Colaborador da OPAS/OMS para o esta população, utilizando-se de estratégias para combater os Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa em Enfermagem, Ribeirão fatores desencadeadores de desordens psíquicas. Preto, SP, Brasil. 5 Bolsista da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Brasil. Descritores: Saúde do Trabalhador; Serviços Terceirizados; Autoestima; Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas; Tabagismo; Drogas Ilícitas. Como citar este artigo Nadaleti NP, Ribeiro JF, Ferreira PM, Santos SVM, Terra FS. Self-esteem and consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and other substances in outsourced workers. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2019;27:e3199. [Access ___ __ ____]; Available in: ___________________. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.3401.3199. mês dia ano URL 2 Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 2019;27:e3199. Introdução Frente ao exposto e somado à quantidade reduzida de estudos abordando tal temática relacionada a Nessa era tecnológica, globalizada e individualista, a esse tipo de trabalhador, justifica-se a importância de sociedade tem buscado, cada vez mais, diferentes formas investigar a autoestima de trabalhadores terceirizados de mudanças para se adaptar às novas configurações de e sua relação com o consumo de álcool, de tabaco e de trabalho que são exigidas nos contratos. Desse modo, a outras substâncias. Isso com a finalidade de subsidiar vida saudável e o respeito social têm se tornado fatores informações para a promoção da saúde desses indivíduos complexos e secundários, diante das transformações e, consequentemente, melhorias da qualidade de vida e exigências contemporâneas do mundo do trabalho, no trabalho. dando lugar às terceirizações(1). Infere-se, considerando que o profissional enfermeiro Com relação aos serviços terceirizados, essa prática apresenta competências para atuar com os problemas tornou-se frequente no Brasil e no mundo, empregada que podem acometer os trabalhadores e auxiliar na sua como forma de aumento da produtividade, da qualidade prevenção, que os resultados do estudo poderão propiciar dos serviços e da redução de custos. Essa modalidade a promoção de conhecimentos e auxiliar esse profissional de serviço surgiu frente às necessidades das empresas de saúde a realizar abordagens preventivas, de forma em buscar uma produção eficaz, acelerada e de gastos mais integral e qualificada, na tentativa da redução do reduzidos e é uma tendência tanto no setor público adoecimento dos trabalhadores terceirizados. quanto no privado(2-5). Desse modo, este estudo teve como objetivo No entanto, os trabalhadores terceirizados podem avaliar a autoestima, o consumo de álcool, de tabaco e exercer atividades de baixa qualificação ocupacional e de outras substâncias em trabalhadores terceirizados de pouca valorização, cuja natureza do trabalho é manual, uma universidade pública. braçal e demanda esforço físico. Frente a isso, essa Método modalidade de serviço é vista como precária, podendo gerar consequências para o bem-estar e para a saúde Trata-se de uma investigação descritiva-analítica, desses profissionais, incluindo alterações na autoestima(5). transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvida Nesse contexto, pode-se afirmar que os sentimentos em uma universidade pública de um município do de desvalorização do trabalho, as sobrecargas e as Sudeste do Brasil. pressões, somados às alterações da autoestima, podem A população do estudo foi constituída de todos os levar o trabalhador ao consumo de álcool, de tabaco e trabalhadores terceirizados que prestavam serviço a de outras substâncias, além de agravar doenças pré- essa universidade, o que contabilizou 343 trabalhadores. existentes, como a depressão e o alcoolismo. O uso Essas pessoas atuavam em diferentes áreas e funções de substâncias psicoativas, como bebida alcoólica, como auxiliar administrativo, auxiliar de mecânico, tabaco ou drogas ilícitas, tem sido utilizado como uma auxiliar de serviços gerais, auxiliar de serviços em alternativa rápida e eficaz para reduzir o sofrimento laboratório, auxiliar de serviços de prótese dentária, (6-7) oriundo do trabalho . entre outras. Como existiam diversas funções exercidas Tais substâncias são capazes de gerar maiores por estes trabalhadores e algumas delas com número problemas de saúde ao trabalhador. O álcool pode causar pequeno de pessoas trabalhando, não foi possível diversos malefícios, além de conduzir à dependência, realizar a estratificação da população do estudo segundo provocando alterações nutricionais, cardiovasculares, a variável profissão. Com isso, consideraram-se todos os mentais, hepáticas, entre outras. Já o tabaco está entre trabalhadores enquadrados na categoria de terceirizados. os principais fatores de risco para a ocorrência de diversas Os critérios estabelecidos para a inclusão dos doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT), como as participantes foram: ser de ambos os sexos; possuir doenças circulatórias, as respiratórias e os cânceres(8). idade igual ou superior a 18 anos; ter, no mínimo, três Adicionalmente, o consumo abusivo de drogas acarreta meses de serviço na empresa; não estar em afastamentos variadas consequências negativas à pessoa, as quais variados como licença saúde, maternidade ou férias. podem abranger problemas sociais, físicos e psicológicos Assim, a amostra foi constituída por 316 trabalhadores, para a vida do indivíduo e da sociedade(9). uma vez que 23 não aceitaram participar do estudo, O uso de álcool, de tabaco e de outras substâncias três estavam de licença-saúde e uma encontrava-se em é um problema de saúde pública que acarreta diversas licença-maternidade. consequências para a saúde do sujeito, para o seu A coleta de dados foi realizada entre dezembro de trabalho e para seus relacionamentos interpessoais, 2016 e fevereiro de 2017, no próprio local de trabalho, sem podendo interferir em sua qualidade de vida(8,10). interferir no andamento das atividades do participante. www.eerp.usp.br/rlae Nadaleti NP, Ribeiro JF, Ferreira PM, Santos SVM, Terra FS. 3 Ao ser abordado, era apresentada, ao trabalhador, a com Substâncias Específicas”, que é a soma da pontuação proposta da pesquisa e solicitadas sua colaboração relativa às questões 2 a 7, para cada classe de substância; voluntária e a assinatura do Termo de Consentimento portanto, o escore máximo possível para o tabaco é Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) e, após sua anuência, era- 31. Para todas as outras substâncias, o escore máximo lhe entregue um envelope contendo os instrumentos possível é 39. A interpretação dos escores é referente aos utilizados nesta pesquisa. Esses instrumentos foram riscos de desenvolver os problemas relacionados ao uso preenchidos pelos próprios voluntários, mas, para de substâncias. Para o álcool, zero = sem risco; de um a aqueles que possuíam baixo grau de escolaridade ou dez = risco baixo; de 11 a 26 = risco moderado; 27 ou dificuldade no preenchimento, eles foram aplicados na mais = risco alto. Para as demais substâncias: zero = sem forma de entrevista, sem nenhuma interferência
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