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Research Support and Open Access: Notes from Nigeria

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Research Support and Open Access: Notes from Nigeria View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship Repository Afr. J. Lib. Arch. & Inf. Sc. Vol. 26, No. 1 (April 2016) 17-29 Research Support and Open Access: Notes from Nigeria Noah Oluwafemi Samuel applies to all the academic communities around the Graduate School of Library and Information world, and the performance metrics used in the rating Science, The University of Illinois at Urbana- of institutions are usually around these parameters. Champaign, USA Research, being the bedrock of innovation, is a critical Email: [email protected] area of emphasis for scholars in the university system, and major innovations around the world are Abstract products of research in the academe (Boulton and Lucas, 2008). Several countries are investing This paper examines the research environment significant amount of resources on research, in Nigeria in relation to the developing trends in especially supporting research in the universities with the global research community and specifically diverse grants. The developed countries such as the regarding research funding by government as a United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia viable way of ensuring access to research result. and a number of European countries are investing The paper is devoted to examining the support heavily in research, and they consistently attract available for research and researchers and research students from different parts of the world, exploring the concept of open access to research partly because they make resources available to the articles by scholars in Nigerian institutions. Also, universities in a variety of ways (Ruiz, 2014; Fang, the paper examined the level of mobile device Roy, and Ortiz, 2015). Apart from government and Internet penetration in Nigeria. Using the sources such as the National Science Foundation in conceptual approach, the paper started with a the United States, National Research Council of brief background and proceeded to examine Canada, Research Councils UK, several other non- research support in Nigeria. The remaining governmental organisations are also involved in sections are on the World Wide Web and research funding in these countries. information sharing, Internet access in Nigeria, In Nigerian institutions, however, there is open access scholarly publications, and concern on the type of support structures available suggestions and conclusions, which synthesised for scholars in the country’s universities and research the thoughts in the preceding sections. This paper institutes. Like any other academic settings, academic argued that the current rate of mobile device and publishing is a major consideration in promotion of Internet penetration can only be seen as a benefit lecturers in the tertiary institutions in Nigeria. For if access to scholarly work is freely available to example, in a recent promotion publication by the all. The paper concluded on the need for University of Ibadan, Nigeria’s first university, it was increased funding for research by the Nigerian expressly stated that “a candidate being put up for government as well as both for-profit and not- promotion to the grade of Senior Lecturer and up to for-profit organisations within the country as a the grade of Professor should have a reasonable way to achieving any developmental objectives number of journal articles published outside the set by the government. country” (University of Ibadan, 2014). Another university, a private university, has the same criteria. One of Covenant University’s rules regarding Introduction publication as a determining factor for promotion goes In any academic setting, the primary activities thus: “for promotion to the grade of Professor, not revolve around teaching, research, and service with less than 70% of the articles shall be published in other peripheral functions (O’Banion, 2010). This international journals” (Covenant University, 2010). 18 NOAH OLUWAFEMI SAMUEL Based on these requirements therefore, it is easy to wrote about the collapse of research in Nigerian infer that majority of the scientific outputs from universities, emphasising that there have been Nigeria are published in foreign or international paradigmatic shift leading to teaching rather than journals. research. Mention was made of the comatose nature Publishing in reputable international journals is of research funding within the Nigerian higher a great thing, and it indeed places scholars alongside institutions of learning. According to the author, their colleagues in different parts of the world. research has greatly been disconnected from the However, this also has its own limitations which this Nigerian economy, state, and the community at large. article will consider alongside the merits. The The progress of the nation, according to Odia remaining part of this paper will consider the and Omofonmwan (2013), is a function of the structure and the support available for research in efficiency of research administration in the nation’s Nigeria and on open access to the result of scholarly higher institutions of learning. Also, in their opinion, works. In addition to the efforts of international scientific and technological development requires that organisations such as the World Health Organisation the country has in place a clear cut philosophy of on making access to scholarly publications available national development, especially regarding research. to developing countries, the article will consider what Odia and Omofonmwan (2013) noted a few problems should be done by Nigeria, as a country, to ensure affecting research development in Nigeria, similar that research is well funded and the results of are to what other researchers have considered which made available to enhance policy formulation. The include mentoring, quality funding, functional next section will examine research support in Nigeria leadership capacity of political leaders, competencies as it affects access to research output of scholars. to drive innovative ideas, leaning towards consumption more than creation and a number of Structure and Support Available for others. Despite current statistics showing over 30 research institutes in the country aside the higher Research in Nigeria institutions of learning (Okoruwa, 2013; National The research communities in the tertiary institutions Bureau of Statistics, n.d; Nexus Strategic Partnership serve a purpose: to provide novel results that will Limited, n.d), the low level of research output in help in shaping policy for the wellbeing of the people comparison to other countries with similar attributes (Shuttleworth, 2008). Hence, robust funding is a as shown in Table 1 and Table 2 depicts that the critical requirement for these scholars, especially for country requires tenacious act obviously by the government and other research funders within the research It is evident today that majority of the country in order to scale up its investment in research. support received by scholars in Africa and indeed In Table 1 for example, Nigeria is ranked in Nigeria often come from foreign donors and the eighth position in research expenditure among organisations (Research Professional, n.d). Research the world’s top ten countries by population. Similarly support comes from agencies such as UK in Table 2, among the four Countries named as the Department of International Development, World next emerging economies by O’Neill (2013) which Health Organisation, MacArthur Foundation, United referred to the acronym MINT, Nigeria is also third States Agency for International Development, and in research expediture. a number of other international bodies. Bako (2005) RESEARCH SUPPORT AND OPEN ACCESS IN NIGERIA 19 Table 1: Top 10 Countries by Population Size and their Research Expenditure Expenditures Scientific for Researcher and R and D (full-time technical equivalent per journal Ranking by million people articles (% of GDP Research S/N Country Polulation 2005 - 2014) (2011) 2005 - 2014) Expenditure 1 China 1,393,783,836 1,089 89,894 2.01 2 2 India 1,267,401,849 157 22,481 0.82 6 3 USA 322,583,006 4,019 208,601 2.81 2 4 Indonesia 252,812,245 90 270 0.08 9 5 Brazil 202,033,670 698 13,148 1.15 4 6 Pakistan 185,132,926 167 1,268 0.29 7 7 Nigeria 178,516,904 39 439 0.22 8 8 Bangladesh 158,512,570 N/A 291 N/A N/A 9 Russia 142,467,651 3,073 14,151 1.13 5 10 Japan 126,999,808 5,201 47,106 3.47 1 Table 2: The MINT Countries as Coined by Jim O’Neill in 2013 1 Mexico 123,799,215 383 4,128 0.5 2 2 Indonesia 252,812,245 90 270 0.08 4 3 Nigeria 178,516,904 39 439 0.22 3 4 Turkey 75,837,020 1,169 8,328 0.94 1 Data Source: worldometers.info and wdi.worldbank.org Considering the sharing of research experience its priorities stated on its website as follow: The among researchers in the country and those from mandate of the NRF is to promote and support other countries, Okoruwa (2013) has reported that research through funding, human resource there is slow adoption of research materials and development and the provision of the necessary methods from already developed researches which research facilities in order to facilitate the creation could be a result of restricted access to such of knowledge, innovation and development in all materials. Some of the drawbacks noted by fields of science and technology, including Okoruwa include little value addition to industries indigenous knowledge, and thereby contribute to and relevant fields in Nigeria by the current low level the improvement of the quality of life of all South of research output, inadequate funding, and poor Africans (National Research Foundation, n.d.). collaboration between and within relevant research Additionally, in South Africa, there is another national agencies. Compare to Nigeria regarding support for body called the Medical Research Council with a research, South Africa has national bodies with mandate to promote the improvement of the health research as sole concern.
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