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Investigation of Flood Prone Areas in Oferekpe Ikwo Local Government Area Ebonyi State Using Electrical Resistivity Method

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Investigation of Flood Prone Areas in Oferekpe Ikwo Local Government Area Ebonyi State Using Electrical Resistivity Method International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438 Investigation of Flood Prone Areas in Oferekpe Ikwo Local Government Area Ebonyi State Using Electrical Resistivity Method Agbo G.A1, Aluge, U.D2, Azi A.3, Nnabo .P4 Department of Industrial Physics, Ebonyi State University.Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria Abstract: An electrical resistivity survey method of geophysical investigation was conducted at Oferekpe Ikwo L.G.A of Ebonyi State. The aim of the study was to ascertain the areas prone to flooding by investigating the nature of the subsurface geometry and aquifers. Eight shallow vertical electrical sounding (VES) using the schlumberger configuration were conducted within the area. The VES data presented a sounding curve which inferred that Oferekpe is underlain by clay, mudstone, sandstone and shale. The results showed that the VES consist mainly of three main curves; HA, AO, and H curve types. The three layers were delineated generally from the geoelectric sections and the results obtained showed that the subsurface has thickness between 3.0 and 32.0m and resistivities ranging from 1.80Ωm to 5007.1Ωm at different locations. The analysis clearly indicated that the location VES 2 has a higher tendency of flooding. Hence a small rain could cause the area to be filled up within a short time and can eventually cause flooding. Keyword: Flood Prone Areas, Electrical Resistivity, Vertical Electrical Sounding 1. Introduction by appropriate detectors whose output can be displayed and ultimately interpreted. Geophysical investigation is a non-invasive method of looking into the ground to determine the presence and Principally, geophysical investigations are considered to be location of underground features. This technique is also the indirect methods because they substitute direct field works. application of variety of intrusive or non-intrusive Thus, they may significantly save both, necessary finance equipment to explore the subsurface of the earth to expose expenses, in appropriate combination with direct methods as information about the physical properties and natural well as investment of the time necessary for survey of endowment embedded in the earth. In a more restricted observed environment. application to the earth’s subsurface, geophysical investigation can generally be understood as a systematic The application of geophysical investigation in this research collection of geophysical data for spatial and temporal will clarify and uncover problems connected with solution studies. and prediction of phenomena, which indirectly lead to the catastrophic situations resulting from floods in some part of To avoid confusion, the use of physics to study the interior Ikwo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. of the earth from land surface to the inner core is known as solid earth geophysics. This can be subdivided further into The phenomenon of floods is from history a serious problem global or pure geophysics which is the study of the whole or endangering functioning of human society and often also of substantial part of the planet. Applied geophysics on the nature. Flood is a great flowing or overflowing of water onto other hand is concerned with investigation of the earth’s land that is not usually submerged. Flood happens when too crust and near sub-surface to achieve a practical aim, which much rain, brought by storms and strong winds fall and include collecting and interpreting data to extract cannot be absorbed by the soil. Rivers burst their banks and information about the subsurface conditions for practical the water spills onto the land. Strong winds blowing across purposes, including oil and gas exploration, mineral the sea make waves that surge onto the land and flood prospecting, geothermal exploration, groundwater coastal areas. The result of this overflow could endanger the exploration, engineering applications, archaeological life and property of people within the vicinity of occurrence interests, and environmental concerns. of flood. Flood disaster undermines developmental achievements improvising people, states and nations. In the Geophysical investigation has a wide range of application as absence of combined effort to address the root causes, flood it probes the earth’s interior. Geophysical methods respond disasters represent an increasingly serious obstacle to the to physical properties of the subsurface media (rocks, achievement of the Millennium Development Goal. sediments, water and voids) and can be classified as (a) passive methods which are those that detect variations with 2. Aim of Study natural fields associated with the earth such as gravitational and magnetic fields. (b) active methods, such as those used The study was carried out to ascertain the areas prone to in exploration seismology, in which artificially generated flooding in Oferekpe by investigating the nature of the signals are transmitted into the ground which then modifies subsurface geometry and aquifers those signals in ways that are characteristic of the materials through which they travel. The altered signals are measured Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2015 www.ijsr.net Paper ID: 13021501 Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 372 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438 3. Geology of the Study Area The electric field is also representable by the number of lines of force per unit area. A positive charge usually has an Regional Geology imaginary lines of force going radialy outward from it while the negative charge is usually inward. Hence, in the presence Ebonyi state lies mostly in the Ebonyi (Aboine) River Basin of a pair of opposite charges, lines diverge from positive and and the Cross River plains. The area contains two main converge on the negative. From equation 1, the strength of geologic formations from the east to the west and in terms of the field is strong near the source but weakens rapidly with age and sequence of exposure, the formation are the Asu distance. In order to move a charge close to an identical one, River group of the Albian age (lower Cretaceous) made up work is required to accomplish it. The amount of of shales, sandstone and siltstones. The sediments later work/energy needed to move a charge from infinity to any became folded giving rise to two major structural features, point within the area of the electrical field is called the the Abakaliki anticlinorium and the related Afikpo syncline. Electric Potential. If we move a distance dr against the The Ezeaku shales formation of the Turonian age contains du shales, siltstone, sandstone and limestone. Ebonyi state is an field E, the potential changes by an amount equal to the area of moderate relief (between 125 and 245m above sea work done against E given by –E dr (work = force x level). The highest parts of the state are around Afikpo with distance). elevation of about 170m above sea level. Drainage is du = -E dr (2) controlled by the Cross River plain and its tributaries, du especially the Ebonyi drainage system. Areas of moderate E = (3) relief are often characterized by an intermediate condition of dr erosion between the extremes in areas with high relief on The electric field is equal to the negative of the potential one hand where the underlying shales are easily eroded gradient. From equation 2 Local Geology rrQdr U du Edr. 2 (4) 4 r This type of geologic formation of Ebonyi State is o characterized by the Albian Asu River group of the Q Abakaliki Anticlinorium’s. Ikwo Local Government Area (5) falls within this category. The oldest sediment in the area is 4 or the lower Cretaceous Asu group. The Asu River shale’s is researched to have been deposited in the Albian times and The energy required to move a unit charge from one point to it’s the dominant member of the group.This geological another within the electric field of Q is the Potential group is characterized by clay, mudstone and shale. The difference between the two points. survey area has an altitude of roughly 110m along the internal line of survey. Current Flow and Resistivity Ohm’s law established that 4. Theory Of Electrical Resistivity Method V IR (6) Electrical Methods 휌 = resistivity of the material in Ohm-m. From equation 6 Electrical methods involve the use of electric current V dV (natural or artificial, direct or alternating) introduced on the R and for small changes of R we have dR surface or into the ground to investigate the variations of the I dI electrical property of the subsurface materials (rocks). The RdA dV dA expected variations result in the build-up of varying ∴ . (7) potentials distributed according to the presence or absence of dI dI dI conducting materials in the earth. The potential distribution But so generated can then be measured from the ground surface dV dI (8) and these will provide information on the form and electrical dI dA properties of such subsurface inhomogeneities. Equation 8 can be rewritten as EJ (9) Theoretical Background J = current density. The electric field of a charge Q is a force exerted on another Using equation 8, the cross sectional area for an infinite half- unit charge. Using Coulomb’s law the force is given by: space is - 2 2 at a distance r from source. Qq F = (1) dV I 2 (10) 4 o r 2 dr2 r where q is a unit charge r is a distance between Q and q V dV dr r 2r 2 o is the electric permittivity of the medium between Q and q. Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2015 www.ijsr.net Paper ID: 13021501 Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 373 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438 I equation is the basic equation for calculating the apparent Vr (11) resistivity for any electrode configuration.
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