DOCSLIB.ORG

Sedimentological Characteristics and Depositional Environments of the Upper Cretaceous Shendi Formation, Umm Ali Area, Northern Sudan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sedimentological Characteristics and Depositional Environments of the Upper Cretaceous Shendi Formation, Umm Ali Area, Northern Sudan Sedimentological Characteristics and Depositional Environments of the Upper Cretaceous Shendi Formation, Umm Ali Area, Northern Sudan By Elbashir Oshi Mohamed Ahmed University of Khartoum (٢٠٠٠) M.Sc. qualifying A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the Requirements of Master Degree of Science in Geology Geology Department Faculty of Science University of Khartoum ٢٠٠٤ April Abstract This study investigates the paleodepostional environment, facies types, architectures and paleogeograhy of the Upper Cretaceous sediments of Shendi Formation in northern central Sudan. The methodology included surface and subsurface lithofacies analysis, petrography, grain size, heavy minerals, clay minerals and geochemical analyses. The depositional environment of Shendi Formation is subdivided into lower lacustrine and upper fluvial members.These members are composed of three lithofacies associations, deep lacustrine lithofacies association C, fluvio-lacustrine association B and fluvial lithofacies association A. The deep lacustrine lithfacies association C is characterized by massive mudstone facies (Fm). The transitional lithofacies association B is dominated by fine laminated sandstone, siltstone and mudstone facies (Fl) and laminated sandstone, siltstone and mudstone facies (Fsm). Such lake environment dominated the subsurface area comprising almost the facies types with part of minor fluvial sediments recorded from the basin prephery boreholes. Moreover, the lakes were moderately large, broad and shallow are characterized by alkaline and slightly saline chemical nature near shore.This water type is subsequently become fresh water during hydrologically open lake that was controlled by fluvial input. The upper fluvial member is characterized by erosional channel surface and trough cross-bedded sandstone facies (St), planar cross- bedded sandstone facies (Sp), horizontally –bedded sandstone facies (Sh), ripple cross-bedded sandstone facies (Sr) and massive sandstone facies (Sm) with some overband and floodplain sediments. This fluvial member may represent different channel types such as low sinuosity braided channel at Bagrawyia with some difference in details to meandering around Umm Ali village. Northerly it is almost braided of platte type. Five architectural elements were identified within the Formation.These are sand channel element (CHs) and sandy bedform (SB) characterizing Fadnyia and Bagrawyia areas respectively. Lateral accretion element (LA), crevasse channel element (CR) and fine deposit element (FF) occur partially at Bagrawyia and concentrate around Umm Ali area. The facies depositional model of Shendi Formation represents coarsening and thickening-upward cycles and zonal distribution of depositional systems representing allocyclic and autocyclic control on sedimentation. Base level change is controlled by gradual decrease of tectonic activity leading eventually to the dominance of an open or external drainage system during sedimentation of upper member. The iron sediments are strongly leached within intensive warm humid climate from the source areas, transported and deposited within oxic and shallow environments such as overbank, floodplain and lake shore. These environments provided suitable physico-chemical conditions for the precipitation. The iron sedimentation is controlled by alloucyclic and autocyclic processes. The centripetal paleocurrent direction indicates that a circular high lands were surrounding the area. This leads to suggest that Butana, Sabaloka and Bayuda desert are source areas for Shendi Formation. Such source areas were dominated by medium to high-grade metamorphic rocks with contribution from older sedimentary and igneous rocks. The heavy minerals and petrography reflects the mineralogical maturation of the upper member sediments and indicates long transporting distance, reworking processes and intensive weathering under warm humid climate, peneplanation and tectonic stability. The clay mineralogy and geochemistry reveals the overall in- consistency and the variation in accordance to the depositional systems. However, the smectite might probably formed authogenically within alkaline and confined lake environment during the sedimentation of the lower member whereas the kaolinite and illite might represent detrital supplies with fluvial input. ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼــــﺔ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺴﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ، ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺸﻨﺩﻱ (ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺎﺸﻴﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻱ) ﺒﺸﻤﺎل ﺃﻭﺍﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ. ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟـﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ، ﺘﺤﻠﻴـل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ، ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ، ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻟﻠـﺼﺨﻭﺭ ، ﺘﺤﻠﻴـل ﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎﺀ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻥ. ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺴﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺸﻨﺩﻱ ﻗﺴﻤﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻀﻭ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺒﺤﻴﺭﻱ ﻭﻋﻀﻭ ﺃﻋﻠـﻰ ﻨﻬـﺭﻱ (B) ، ﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ - ﺒﺤﻴﺭﻴﺔ (C)ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺴﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺴﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ . (A)ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺴﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺠـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﻤﺘﺔ . (C)ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤ ﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺎﻷﺤﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ، ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﻗﻘﺔ . (B)ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﺠﻠﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻭﺍﻤﺵ ﺍﻟ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ. ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻨ ـ ﺴ ﺒ ﻴ ﺎﹰ ﻋﺭﻴﻀﺔ ﻭﻀﺤﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻠﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺘﺤﻜﻤﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻻﺤﻘﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺒـﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ. ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺴﻁﺢ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻗﻨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻠـﻲ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒـﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻌﺭ ، ﺴﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ، ﺴﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻠـﻲ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ، ﺴﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻭﺝ ﻭﺴﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﻤﺕ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ﻭﺴﻬﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ . ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴـﺏ ﺭﺒﻤـﺎ ﺘﺭﺴـﺒﺕ ﺒﺄﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻨﻬﺭﻱ ﻤﺘﻘﺴ ﻡ ﻭﻗﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺝ ﺒﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺠﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻨﻬـﺭﻱ Platteﻤﺘﻌﺭﺝ ﺤﻭل ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺘﻤﺜﻠﺕ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻨﻬﺭﻱ ﻤﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﻀﺤل ﺃﻭ type . ﺘﻡ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻭﻋﻨـﺼﺭ ﺭﺴﻭﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﻐﻠﺏ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎ ﺩﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺠﺭﺍﻭﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴـﺏ . ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ، ﺸﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺘﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺠﺯﺌﻴـﺎ ﺒﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺠﺭﺍﻭﻴـﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﺤﻭل ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ. ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﻨﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺸﻨﺩﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺘﺭﺴﻴﺒﺔ ﺨﺸﻨﺔ ﻭﺴﻤﻴﻜﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴـﻊ ﺤﻠﻘﻲ ﻟﻸﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺴﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻅﻬﺭﺍ ﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺩ ﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ. ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻭﻨﻲ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻴﻭﻉ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ. ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺘﻡ ﻏﺴﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺨﻼل ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﻓﺌﺔ ﻭﺭﻁﺒﺔ ﺜﻡ ﻨﻘﻠﺕ ﻭﺘﺭﺴﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻀﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﻤﺅﻜﺴﺩﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ، ﺴﻬﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﻴـﻀﺎﻥ ﻭﻫـﻭﺍﻤﺵ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ. ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻭﻓﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﻭﻜﻴﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ . ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ ﻤﺤﻜﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ. ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺽ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜل ﺘﺤـﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤ ﻘ ﺘ ﺭ ﺤ ﺎﹰ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﺴﻭﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻨﺔ ، ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻠﻭﻜﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻀـﺔ . ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺼـﺨﻭﺭ ﻨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺴﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ. ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺄﻨﻬـﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﺎﻀﺠﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻓ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ، ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﻓﺌﺔ ﻭﺭﻁﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﻜﺘﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ. ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻥ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺨـﺘﻼﻑ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﻓـﻕ ﻤـﻊ ﺃﻨﻅﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﻜﺘﺎﻴﺕ ﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻭﻴـﺔ ﻭﻤﻐﻠﻘـﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ ﺍﻟ ﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﻴﺕ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﺘﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻨﻘﻠﺕ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬـﺭﻱ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ. Acknowledgements I wish to express my gratitude and sincere appreciation to my supervisor Dr. Omar EL Badri Ali for his supervision, aid, guidance and encouragement with acumen and keen scientific in sight. The research is financed by the International University of Africa, which is greatly acknowledged. Thanks are also due to Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) and Wadies and Groundwater Coorporation for providing part of the data. Special gratitude and thanks to Prof. Farouk Ahmed the previous Head of the Geology Department (I.U. of A) who suggested the topic, guiding and encouraging. All thanks are due to Head of the Geology Department (Mr. Nur Alla) and my colleagues. Great thanks also to Prof. Ali Ahmed the Dean Faculty of Science (I.U. of A). Thanks to Dr. Dawoud the Head of Department, Dr. A. Sadig, Dr. O. Abdullatif for his reading the manuscript. Thanks are to Dr. Fathi El Bireir, Dr. Salah, Dr. Yasin and Dr. Ali for their help and kind support. Great thanks due to O. Mahjoub and Dr. Hassan the clinical assistant and all the Umm Ali village people due to their hospitality and cooperation during the field work. Thanks also extended to Mr. Ayad, Elgaili, Nur Eldeen, Ali Issawi, Abdelaziz, Zahir, Ibrahim, Salah, Ahmed Kamil, Hamadabi, Mogheera, Saba, Hana, (CPL geologists), Mutasim, Muhanad, Ali, and Hadbaa due to their help and encouragement. Last but not least, thanks are due to my family, whom has made much of this possible and whom have always supporting and helping. List of Contents Page Abstract ……………………………………………………. I Arabic Abstract ……………………………………………. IV Acknowledgments ………………………………………… VI List of Contents …………………………………………… VII List of Figures ……………………………………………... XI List of Tables ……………………………………………… XIII List of Plates ……………………………………………….. XIV Chapter One ١ ………………………………………………… Introduction ١ .……………………………………………… Location ١٫٢ ١ …………………… Physiography and drainage pattern ١٫٣ ٣ ………………………………………………… Climate ١٫٤ ٣ ………………………………………… Previous work ١٫٥ ٦ …………………………………Objective of the study ١٫٦ ٦ ……………………………… Methods of investigation ١٫٧ ٦ ……………………………………… Field methods ١٫٧٫١ ٦ ………………………………… Subsurface data ١٫٧٫٢ ٧ ………………………………… Laboratory methods ١٫٧٫٣ Chapter Two Regional geology and Tectonic setting ٢٫١ ٩ ………………………………………… Introduction ٢٫١٫١ ٩
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Latest Early-Early Middle Eocene Deposits of Algeria
    MONOGRAPH Latest Early-early Middle Eocene deposits of Algeria (Glib Zegdou, HGL50), yield the richest and most diverse fauna of amphibians and squamate reptiles from the Palaeogene of Africa JEAN-CLAUDE RAGEa †, MOHAMMED ADACIb, MUSTAPHA BENSALAHb, MAHAMMED MAHBOUBIc, LAURENT MARIVAUXd, FATEH MEBROUKc,e & RODOLPHE TABUCEd* aCR2P, Sorbonne Universités, UMR 7207, CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Université Paris 6, CP 38, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France bLaboratoire de Recherche n°25, Université de Tlemcen, BP. 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria cLaboratoire de Paléontologie, Stratigraphie et Paléoenvironnement, Université d’Oran 2, BP. 1524, El M’naouer, Oran 31000, Algeria dInstitut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISE-M), UMR 5554 CNRS/UM/ IRD/EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France eDépartement des Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Mohamed Seddik Ben Yahia - Jijel, BP. 98 Cité Ouled Aïssa, 18000 Jijel, Algeria * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: HGL50 is a latest Early-early Middle Eocene vertebrate-bearing locality located in Western Algeria. It has produced the richest and most diverse fauna of amphibians and squamate reptiles reported from the Palaeogene of Africa. Moreover, it is one of the rare faunas including amphibians and squamates known from the period of isolation of Africa. The assemblage comprises 17 to 20 taxa (one gymnophionan, one probable caudate, three to six anurans, seven ‘lizards’, and five snakes). Two new taxa were recovered: the anuran Rocekophryne ornata gen. et sp. nov. and the snake Afrotortrix draaensis gen.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Lapparentophis from the Mid-Cretaceous Kem Kem Beds, Morocco, with Remarks on the Distribution of Lapparentophiid Snakes Romain Vullo
    A new species of Lapparentophis from the mid-Cretaceous Kem Kem beds, Morocco, with remarks on the distribution of lapparentophiid snakes Romain Vullo To cite this version: Romain Vullo. A new species of Lapparentophis from the mid-Cretaceous Kem Kem beds, Morocco, with remarks on the distribution of lapparentophiid snakes. Comptes Rendus Palevol, Elsevier Masson, 2019, 18 (7), pp.765-770. 10.1016/j.crpv.2019.08.004. insu-02317387 HAL Id: insu-02317387 https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-02317387 Submitted on 19 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License C. R. Palevol 18 (2019) 765–770 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Comptes Rendus Palevol www.sci encedirect.com General Palaeontology, Systematics, and Evolution (Vertebrate Palaeontology) A new species of Lapparentophis from the mid-Cretaceous Kem Kem beds, Morocco, with remarks on the distribution of lapparentophiid snakes Une nouvelle espèce de Lapparentophis du Crétacé moyen des Kem Kem, Maroc, et remarques sur la distribution des serpents lapparentophiidés Romain Vullo Université de Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, 35000 Rennes, France a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Two isolated trunk vertebrae from the ?uppermost Albian–lower Cenomanian Kem Kem Received 27 February 2019 beds of Morocco are described and assigned to Lapparentophis, an early snake genus known Accepted after revision 29 August 2019 from coeval deposits in Algeria.
    [Show full text]
  • Detailed Conference Program
    “Sedimentology to face societal challenges on risk, resources and record of the past” Detailed Conference Program ISBN 978-88-944576-6-7 2 7-9 7-9 9 6-9 7-9 7-9 September Sept Sept Sept Sept Sept Sept Short Course Icebreaker Monday 2 A1 A2 A4 A5 A6 A8 10 Opening Plenary Registration Oral Lunch Oral Oral Poster September Ceremony lecture Coffee Coffee 8.30 - 9.00 11.30-12.30 12.30-13.30 13.30-15.00 15.30-17.00 17.00-19.00 Tuesday 9.00 - 10.00 10.00-11.00 11 Plenary Lunch Oral Oral Oral Oral Poster September Coffee lecture 12.30-13.30 Coffee 8.30-10.00 10.30-11-30 13.30-15.00 15.30-17.00 17.00-19.00 Wednesday 11.30-12.30 12 September IM1 IM2 IM3 IM4 IM6 IW1 IW1 IW1 Social Dinner Thursday 13 Plenary General Oral Oral Lunch Oral Poster September Coffee lecture Coffee Assembly 8.30-10.00 11.30-13.00 13.00 - 14.00 14.00-15.30 16.00-18.00 Friday 10.30 - 11.30 18.00-19.00 September B1 B2 B5 B7 Saturday 14-15 14-18 14-18 14-15 Sept Sept Sept Sept 13.10 Group photo in front of Earth Science Department Pre-meeting fi eld trip Intra-meeting fi eld trip Post-meeting fi eld trip Short course Half-a-da intra-meeting workshop Patronage of Patronage Index Meeting Activities Abstracts Plenary Lectures Speakers Plenary Lectures Session description,convener(s)andSKThours (oral,sessionkeynotetalks,poster) Guidelines forpresentation Timetable How toreach Accommodation Venue scientists(ECS) Activities forearlycareer La SapienzaMainCampusMap General andpracticalinformation andScientificCommittees Organizing Welcome GeoSed President’s Welcome Chair’s Congress Welcome I.A.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuesday 18Th December
    Tuesday 18th December Field Trip: A Mississippian basin margin on the North Dublin Coast (Leader: Prof. John Graham, Trinity College Dublin) 8.30 Participants will meet in the City Centre, adjacent to Trinity College Dublin. Lunch will be provided. The field excursion is expected to finish at 16.00 Core Workshop: Behind-Outcrop Cores from the Ross Formation, western Ireland 9.30 The workshop takes place in the School of Geological Sciences. Tea/coffee and lunch will be provided during the day. The workshop will finish at 16.00 Registration desk opens in the concourse area, Health Sciences Building 16.00 - onwards Posters can be affixed and talks uploaded during this time Joint BSRG - PalAss Guest lecture: "Systems Paleobiology: Physiology as the link between biological and environmental history” 18.15 Prof. Andy Knoll (Fisher Professor of Natural History, Harvard University) Supported by the UCD Earth Institute, the Geological Survey of Ireland and the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland. Room B004 in the Health Sciences Building. Icebreaker reception 19.15 - 22.00 Students Union Concourse Wednesday 19th December AM Registration desk open from 8.00, Concourse Area, Health Sciences Building Room B004; Health Sciences Building 08:50-09:00 Welcome address 09:00-09:15 KEYNOTE: Extreme sedimentology: Emplacement of the Stac Fada impact ejecta deposit in the Mesoproterozoic of NW Scotland (Simms) 09:15-09:30 09:30-09:45 Global distribution of modern sedimentary basins (Nyberg et al.) Plenary 09:45-10:00 Avalanche! The sedimentology of snow
    [Show full text]
  • Remote Sensing and Investigation for Geological Mapping of The
    Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Petroleum Engineering and Technology Petroleum Exploration Department Remote sensing and geophysical investigation for geological mapping of the sabaloka inlier, Nile State, Sudan Prepared by: Abdelelah Hashim Alzubair Alkhatim Abazar Mansor Ibrahim Faroug Mohamed Abdelrahman Magzoub Supervisor: D. Abdelhakam Altayeb October 2018 اﻻستهﻻل قال تعالى : )وقل ربي زدني علما ( صدق هللا العظيم I DEDICATION It is our genuine gratefulness and warmest regard that we dedicate this work to our mothers for their kindness and devotion through days and nights. To our fathers for their sacrifices and encouragement over a number of years for us fulfill what we have achieved. To our brothers, sisters and families for they created the most hopeful environment to us. To our university mates for the marvelous and joyful time that we spent with you. To our dear friends who were always supportive and have a tangible influence on our lives. To everyone who contributed positively in our lives even with a smile. II Acknowledgments All Praises be to ALLAH S.W.T the Almighty, for giving us the blessing, the strength, the chance and endurance to complete this work. We would like to express our very great appreciation to our magnificent supervisor Dr. Abdel-hakam for his valuable and constructive suggestions during the planning and development of this research work. His willingness to give his time so generously has been very much appreciated. for his guidance and support throughout the entire period of this project. We would like to extend our thanks to our PhDs and lecturers for their patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement and useful critiques along the university's terms.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dinosaur Fauna from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Northern Sudan
    Palaeont. afr., 35, 61-84 (1999) A DINOSAUR FAUNA FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS (CENOMANIAN) OF NORTHERN SUDAN by Oliver W. M. Rauhut University of Bristol, Department of Geology, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, England, UK ABSTRACT A dinosaur fauna from the Cenomanian of northern Sudan (Wadi Milk Formation) is described. It comprises at least nine, probably ten to eleven taxa: a dicraeosaurid, a titanosaurid and another undetermined sauropod (possibly a titanosaurid), two charcharodontosaurids, a dromaeosaurid, a probable hypsilophodontid and two iguanodontian ornithopods. It is one of the most diverse dinosaur faunas known from the Cretaceous of Africa. The environment was probably a semiarid savanna with some rivers, lined by dense vegetation, with abundant sauropods, less abundant theropods and rare ornithopods. Gigantic carcharodontosaurids were at the top of the food chain. At the present state of knowledge, the dinosaur fauna from the middle to late Cretaceous of Africa can be characterized by the presence of carcharodontosaurids, spinosaurids, titanosaurids, diplodocoids, and possibly iguanodontian ornithopods. KEYWORDS: Africa, Cretaceous, Dinosauria, Palaeoecology, Palaeobiogeography INTRODUCTION Cretaceous dinosaur faunas from Africa have recently gained more attention (Jacobs et al. 1990, 1993, 1996; Sereno et al. 1994,1996; Forster et al. 1995; Rauhut & Werner 1995), but they are still very poorly known (Russell 1995). Articulated dinosaur remains have so far been found only in the ?Barremian and Aptian of Niger (Taquet 1976; Sereno etal. 1994), and the Cenomanian of Egypt (Stromer 1915, 1931, 1932, 1934, 1936) and Morocco (Lavocat 1954; Sereno etal. 1996). Therefore, isolated skeletal elements of dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Africa can add important information for a more complete picture of African faunas.
    [Show full text]
  • Mesozoic Detrital Zircon Provenance of Central Africa: Implications for Jurassic-Cretaceous Tectonics, Paleogeography and Landscape Evolution
    ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following work: Owusu Agyemang, Prince C. (2018) Mesozoic detrital zircon provenance of Central Africa: implications for Jurassic-Cretaceous tectonics, paleogeography and landscape evolution. PhD Thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: https://doi.org/10.25903/5eb1ed92284d2 Copyright © 2018 Prince C. Owusu Agyemang. The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owners of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please email [email protected] Mesozoic Detrital Zircon Provenance of Central Africa: Implications for Jurassic-Cretaceous Tectonics, Paleogeography and Landscape Evolution. Thesis Submitted by Prince C. Owusu Agyemang (BSc, MSc, BGeoHons) December 2018 For the degree of: Doctorate of Philosophy In the: Department of Geosciences College of Science and Engineering Statement of Access I, the undersigned author of this thesis, understand that James Cook University will make this thesis available for use within the university library and allow access in other approved libraries after its submission. All users consulting this thesis will have to sign the following statement: In consulting this thesis I agree not to copy or closely paraphrase it in whole or in part without the written consent of the author; and to make proper public written acknowledgement for any assistance which I have obtained from it. Beyond this, I do not wish to place any restriction on access to this thesis. Prince C. Owusu Agyemang December 2018. ii Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any university or other institution or tertiary education.
    [Show full text]
  • بسم هللا الرحمن اﻟرﺣﯾم Qualitatitive and Quantitative Assessment Of
    بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Qualitatitive and Quantitative Assessment of Groundwater Resources and Numerical Simulation in Shendi Sedimentary Subbasin River Nile state - Sudan By Elamin Dafaalla Suliman A thesis Submitted to the Graduate College in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master Degree of Science in Hydrogeology Supervisor Professor Adel Balla Magboul July 2017 بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم i اﻻستـــهﻻل قال تعالي: }وأنزلنا من السماء ماء مباركا{ ii DEDICATION TO MY FAMILY Specially for my MOTHER & MY F R I E N D S iii Acknowledgement الشككككككككككعكككك ر الككككعككككالككككمكككك ككككن اوﻻ الككككفق و ككككجككككنككككل كككك ا ككككفا الككككعككككمكككك المتواضع I would like to express all my thanks, And gratitude to Al Neelain University for fund and support. I would like to express deep gratitude and appreciation to Prof. Adil Balla Dean of faculty of petroleum and Minerals. for his close supervision and guidance throughout this work. Also I would like to thanks to Dr. ali Eisawi, Special thanks to the staff of faculty of Petrolum and Minerals. I wish here to thank Mr. ahmaed abd alroof, and I would like to thanks any one help me . iv Abstract The study area is located in Shendi basin , between latitudes 16˚30.618′ &17˚ 17′ 244″ N and longitudes 33˚ 25.200′.. & 34˚02.92′ E, The purpose of the study is to assess and evaluate the groundwater resources, both quantitatively and qualitatively in the Shendi basin. it’s about 172 Km from khartoum and cover an area of approximately 11100 Km2. The geological units in the study area composed of Superfecial deposits, Hudi chert, Shendi formation, Cretaceous Sedimentary sequences and basement complex in descending chronological order.
    [Show full text]
  • Geoberlin 2015 4—7 October 2015 | Annual Meeting of DGGV · DMG DYNAMIC EARTH · from Alfred Wegener to Today and Beyond
    GeoBerlin 2015 4—7 October 2015 | Annual Meeting of DGGV · DMG DYNAMIC EARTH · from Alfred Wegener to today and beyond Abstracts Recommended Citation Wagner, J.; Elger, K. [Eds.] (2015) GeoBerlin2015 - Dynamic Earth from Alfred Wegener to today and beyond - Abstracts. Annual Meeting of DGGV and DMG, 4-7 October 2015, Berlin: GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. DOI: http://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.LIS.2015.003 Disclaimer and Copyright Each author is responsible for the content of his or her abstract and has the copyright for his or her figures. Imprint Publisher Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Telegrafenberg 14473 Potsdam Published in Potsdam, Germany Editors Johannes Wagner Kirsten Elger DOI: http://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.LIS.2015.003 Contents Welcome 1 Scientific Committee . 3 Plenary Lectures4 Dan McKenzie . The Lithospheric Structure of Pangea and Central Asia: The rules of craton assembly . 4 Maureen Raymo . Sea Level During Past Warm Periods - Rethinking the Bathtub Model 4 Barbara Romanowicz . Global mantle imaging in the age of high speed wavefield computations 5 Trond H. Torsvik . Paleomagnetism and Plate Tectonics . 5 Faszination Alfred Wegener: Leben, Aktivitäten und wissenschaftliche Leistungen7 A. M. Celâl Şengör . Das Weltbild der Geowissenschaften – von Alfred Wegener bis heute . 7 Kurt Stuewe . The Wegener Memorial Expedition to the Greenland Caledonides . 8 Wolfgang Jacoby . Wie dachte Alfred Wegener über die Ursachen der Kontinentalver- schiebung? . 8 Günther Schönharting . Die Wahrnehmung der Ideen von Alfred Wegener und Wladimir Köppen in der Öffentlichkeit – ein Stück Wissenschaftsgeschichte . 9 I Jörn Thiede . Waldimir Köppen, Alfred Wegener and Milutin Milankovitch, Early Pioneers and Partners in Paleoclimate Researchs .
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Osman Mahmoud Abdullatif Assistant Professor, Department Of
    CV Dr. Osman Mahmoud Abdullatif Assistant Professor, Department of Earth Sciences King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia Summary of Major Achievements I am an assistant professor in the Earth Sciences Department, KFUPM. Before joining KFUPM in 2001, I was a associate Prof. of Geology at the Geology Department, University of Khartoum, Sudan. I earned a Ph.D. degree in Geology with specialization in sedimentology from the University of Khartoum, Sudan, 1993, a master Degree from University of London, 1982, post graduate diploma in exploration Geology from University of Alberta, Canada and in Mineral Exploration from the ITC, Delft, The Netherlands. My teaching and research areas of interests include Geology, sedimentology, Stratigraphy basin analysis, clastic depositional system, petroleum geology and Paleozoic and Mesozoic sandstone reservoirs. Supervised several Summer Field Geology trips and mapping projects for over 25 undergraduate geology students. Graduate courses covered advanced Sedimentology, advanced stratigraphy, independent Studies and Geology Seminar. I supervised over 50 M.S and PhD theses at U of K in Sudan and KFUPM and have many publications in journals and conferences. I conducted several internally and externally sponsored projects from KFUPM, SABIC, KACST and KAP and NSTIP research projects. Contract research was work done for Greater Nile Petroleum, Talisman energy, Ministry of Energy and Mining Sudan, RI-Saudi Aramco, Luksar and Sinogas. Recently my research deals with sedimentology and petroleum geology aspects and utilization of digital outcrop reservoir analog models for the purpose understanding and prediction of subsurface aquifers and hydrocarbon reservoirs in Saudi Arabia. Carried out more than 50 geological field trip related to teaching, graduate student research and sponsored research projects at different parts in Saudi Arabia.
    [Show full text]
  • 4.3.2.2 Apparent Resistivity Maps of the Study Area
    Geological and structural investigation based on regional gravity and vertical electrical sounding data of the East Nile Rift Basin – Sudan Item Type Theses and Dissertations Authors OSMAN ADAM ALI, ABDU ELAZEEM Download date 10/10/2021 09:15:17 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/5080 Geological and structural investigation based on regional gravity and vertical electrical sounding data of the East Nile Rift Basin – Sudan By ABDU ELAZEEM OSMAN ADAM ALI B.Sc.(Hons.) Geophysics Red Sea University Thesis submitted to the Graduate College (U. of K.) in fulfillment of the requirements of the M.Sc. degree in Geology (Geophysics) Supervised by Dr. ABDALLA GUMAA FARWA Department of Geology - University of Khartoum Khartoum - October 2011 Chapter One Introduction Chapter Two Regional Geology and Tectonic Setting Chapter Three Gravity method Chapter Four Resistivity Method Chapter Five Results and Discussion Appendices Dedication To my parents, brothers and sisters. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank everyone who helped and contributed to me to fulfill the requiements of this thesis to this form. In particular, I would like to thank Dr. Abdalla Gumaa Farwa for his contribution with data and for his fruitful and accurate supervision during the whole stages of the study. I would like to thank Dr. Ahmed Suleiman Dawoud, Dr. Abdalla El Hag Ibrahim, Dr. Ibrahim Abdo, Mr. Abboud Suleiman Ahmed and Mr. Mohammed El Amin Abd El Hameed for their scientific and academic contributions. Also, I would like to thank Mr. Migdad El Kheir and Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dyrosaurid from the Paleocene of Senegal Jérémy Martin, Raphaël Sarr, Lionel Hautier
    A dyrosaurid from the Paleocene of Senegal Jérémy Martin, Raphaël Sarr, Lionel Hautier To cite this version: Jérémy Martin, Raphaël Sarr, Lionel Hautier. A dyrosaurid from the Paleocene of Senegal. Journal of Paleontology, Paleontological Society, 2019, 93 (2), pp.343-358. 10.1017/jpa.2018.77. hal-02142639 HAL Id: hal-02142639 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02142639 Submitted on 28 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 A dyrosaurid from the Paleocene of Senegal 2 3 Jeremy E. Martin1, Raphaël Sarr2, Lionel Hautier3 4 5 1Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5276 6 Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement, F-69342 46 Allée d’Italie, 7 Lyon, France. 8 2Laboratoire de Sédimentologie et Biostratigraphie, Département de Géologie, Université 9 Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal 10 3Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, UMR5554, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de 11 Montpellier, Montpellier, France. 12 13 Running Header: Paleocene dyrosaurid from Senegal 14 15 Abstract.—We describe a partial dyrosaurid skeleton recently prepared out of a limestone 16 block discovered in the 1930s from Danian strata along the Atlantic coast of Senegal.
    [Show full text]