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Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Treatment Guidelines [Downloaded free from http://www.annalsofian.org on Monday, February 06, 2012, IP: 115.113.56.227] || Click here to download free Android application for this journal S60 Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: Treatment guidelines Alexander M., J. M. K. Murthy1 Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 1The Institute of Neurological Sciences, CARE Hospital, Hyderabad, India For correspondence: Dr. Alexander Mathew, Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 2011;14:60-4 Introduction of intracranial space occupying lesion, with tumefactive demyelinating lesions.[ 13-17] Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a monophasic, postinfectious or postvaccineal acute infl ammatory Certain clinical presentations may be specifi c with certain demyelinating disorder of central nervous system (CNS).[1,2] The infections: cerebellar ataxia for varicella infection, myelitis pathophysiology involves transient autoimmune response for mumps, myeloradiculopathy for Semple antirabies vaccination, and explosive onset with seizures and mild directed at myelin or other self-antigens, possibly by molecular [18,19] mimicry or by nonspecifi c activation of autoreactive T-cell pyramidal dysfunction for rubella. Acute hemorrhagic clones.[3] Histologically, ADEM is characterized by perivenous leukoencephalitis and acute necrotizing hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis of Weston Hurst represent the hyperacute, demyelination and infi ltration of vessel wall and perivascular [20] spaces by lymphocytes, plasma cells, and monocytes.[4] fulminant form of postinfectious demyelination. Diagnosis The annual incidence of ADEM is reported to be 0.4–0.8 per 100,000 and the disease more commonly affects children Cerebrospinal fl uid (CSF) is abnormal in about two-thirds and young adults, probably related to the high frequency of of patients and shows a moderate pleocytosis with raised exanthematous and other infections and vaccination in this age proteins. [21] Oligoclonal band in CSF is usually absent in ADEM group.[5-9] There seems to be no gender predominance.[10] Clinical Features Box 1: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: Clinical syndromes In ADEM, neurologic defi cits develop 3–6 weeks following Most common—polysymptomatic presentation an antecedent event. The onset can be abrupt or may Site restricted syndromes evolve over a period of several days. Prodromal illness Acute cerebellar ataxia may precede the neurologic symptoms.[10] ADEM can aff ect Transverse myelitis any part of the neuraxis and thus the clinical presentation Brainstem syndromes is variable and usually polysymptomatic [Box 1]: altered Optic neuritis (bilateral) mental status, pyramidal dysfunction, cerebellar ataxia, Myeloradiculitis brainstem syndromes, optic neuritis, myelitis, and rarely myeloradiculopathy and extrapyramidal syndromes.[11,12] Seizures are not uncommon, can be focal or generalized. Box 2: Common clinical and laboratory features of Encephalitic illness is more common in children younger than ADEM 3 years. [Box 2][12] Rarely ADEM may present with features Clinical Mostly monophasic Access this article online Antecedent infection/vaccination Quick Response Code: Abrupt onset with prodromal symptoms Website: More common in children and no gender preference www.annalsofi an.org Polysymptomatic Encephalopathy features are more common Laboratory DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.83095 Mild to moderate lymphocytic pleocytosis Oligoclonal band usually uncommon or transient Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, July 2011, Vol 14, Supplement 1 [Downloaded free from http://www.annalsofian.org on Monday, February 06, 2012, IP: 115.113.56.227] || Click here to download free Android application for this journal Alexander and Murthy: Management updates S61 whereas it is a common fi nding in the CSF in patients with Table 1].[15,16] In addition, MRI features may be diagnostic of multiple sclerosis (MS).[22] MS or ADEM. Diff erentiating ADEM from the fi rst att ack of MS is of therapeutic importance as early institution of disease Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality modifying drugs will modify the course of MS. of choice to demonstrate white matt er lesion in ADEM and MS. A recent study in children suggested the presence of any Site restricted syndromes of ADEM may have to be diff erentiated 2 of the MRI features: (1) absence of bilateral diff use patt ern; from Clinical Isolated Syndrome (CIS) [Table 2]. CIS is (2) presence of black holes; and (3) presence of 2 or more characterized by the occurrence of a single, clinical (monofocal periventricular lesions help to diff erentiate MS from ADEM. presentation), demyelinating event with no clinical evidence of The sensitivity and specifi city of these criteria was 81% and MS lesion in space and time. The most common presentation 95%. respectively. In this study the total number of lesions includes optic neuritis, partial myelitis, brainstem syndromes, did not differentiate ADEM from MS but periventricular or multifocal abnormalities.[29] lesions were more frequent in MS.[23] A study done to compare the MRI patt ern of lesions, which could help to diff erentiate The patient with a CIS would have sustained a fi rst ever clinical ADEM from MS found the following characteristics: solitary demyelinating event, and has 2 clinically silent lesions on T2- lesion, unilateral large lesion, cortical lesions, and subcortical weighted brain MRI, with a size of at least 3 mm, at least one [24] grey matter (basal ganglia and thalamus) involvement. of which is ovoid or periventricular or infratentorial in the fi rst Other studies suggested that bilateral thalamic lesion may be imaging. The revised MS diagnostic criteria are of great value diagnostic of ADEM.[15,16,25-28] as it enables one to make an earlier diagnosis of MS, based on the development of new lesions on MRI brain, despite the Differential Diagnosis absence of a new clinical event. The MRI brain can predict the conversion to clinical defi nite MS (CDMS) one cohort study had Monophasic ADEM has to be diff erentiated from the fi rst shown that 88% of patients with an abnormal scan experienced attack of MS. In the absence of a biological marker, the a second event, whereas only 19% of patients with a normal distinction between ADEM and MS cannot be made with initial scan converted to MS.[30] Most patients with CIS develop certainty at the time of fi rst presentation.[15] However, certain either CDMS or new brain MRI-confi rmed lesions within a very clinical features are more indicative of ADEM [Box 1 and short period of 18 months, and the presence of gadolinium- enhancing lesions or meeting MS MRI diagnostic criteria [31] Table 1: Differential diagnosis: Acute disseminated further increases this likelihood. The diagnostic criteria of encephalomyelitis vs multiple sclerosis CIS are heavily weighted on imaging features. Features Acute Multiple sclerosis disseminated In the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial, the risk of conversion to encephalomyelitis MS at 10 years is 22% in patients who have a normal imaging of Antecedent events Infections or No recognizable the brain, and 56% in patients with an abnormal brain imaging. vaccination infection or vaccination O’ Riordan et al found that in patients presenting with optic Clinical Meningism, stupor Focal signs neuritis, transverse myelitis, and brain stem syndromes, along characteristics focal signs with an abnormal MRI of brain, had a risk of 83% going on to develop MS at 10 years, while those with a normal brain MR Course Nonprogressive, Relapsing and had only a 11% risk.[32] monophasic Remitting and/or progressive CSF oligoclonal bands (OCBs) in CIS showed a sensitivity MRI features Diffuse, bilateral Periventricular of 91.4% and specifi city of 94.1%.[33] Masjuan et al found symmetrical lesions black holes that 32/33 patients with OCBs went on to develop MS in 6 Prognosis Recovery is rapid Recovery variable years, whereas only 3/19 patients without OCBs went on to and often complete develop MS.[31] Table 2: Site restricted syndromes of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and clinically isolated syndrome Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis Clinically isolated syndrome Postinfectious/vaccineal No antecedent events Polysymptomatic Mostly monosymptomatic Restricted forms can occur Restricted form Bilateral optic nerve involvement Unilateral optic nerve PNS involvement No PNS involvement Long segment of spinal cord involvement Restricted partial cord CSF: lymphocytic pleocytosis with raised Not often Protein Usually monophasic Risk for subsequent MS is high Could have relapse/recurrence (multiphasic ADEM) Risk for MS PNS, Peripheral nervous system; ADEM, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; Bilateral, CSF, Cerebrospinal fl uid. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, July 2011, Vol 14, Supplement 1 [Downloaded free from http://www.annalsofian.org on Monday, February 06, 2012, IP: 115.113.56.227] || Click here to download free Android application for this journal S62 Alexander and Murthy: Management updates Treatment Spontaneous improvement has been documented in patients with ADEM.[34] However, the recovery is incomplete in patients with ADEM not receiving any form of immune modulation treatment. No therapy has been established by controlled trials in ADEM. Use of high-dose steroids, plasma exchange, and intravenous immunoglobulin are based on the analogy of pathogenesis of ADEM with that of MS.[35,36] Treatment of ADEM includes:
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