COMPUTER Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information.The term computer is derived from the Latin term „computare‟, this means to calculate.Computer can not do anything without a Program.it represents the decimal through a string of binary digits. The Word 'Computer'usually refers to the Center Processor Unit plus Internal memory. Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.The basic components of a modern digital computer are: Input Device,Output Device,Central Processor. A Typical modern computer uses LSI Chips. Charles Babbage is called the "Grand Father" of the computer.The First mechanical computer designed by charles Babbage was called Analytical Engine. It uses read-only memory in the form of punch cards.

Four Functions about computer are: accepts data Input processes data Processing produces output Output stores results Storage Input (Data): Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc. Process: Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of the computer system. Output: Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also called as Result. We can save these results in the storage devices for the future use. Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.[2] Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as “computers.” However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous. What components make a computer? Today's computers are often comprised with some or all of the below components (hardware). As technology advances, older technologies such as the floppy disk drive and Zip drive (both shown below) are no longer required or included with computers. Bay

 Case or Chassis

 Optical drive: Blu-ray, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, or DVD

 CPU (processor)

 Floppy disk drive

 Hard drive

 Keyboard

 Memory (RAM)

 Microphone

 Monitor, LCD, or other display device

 Motherboard

 Mouse

 Printer

 Sound card

 Speakers

 Video card Inside of the computer  What does the inside of a computer look like? Connections A diagram of the back of a personal computer and a brief description of the computer connections can also be found on our connection definition. Peripherals A peripheral is any accessory or add-on that can be attached to your computer, but is not required. For example, a computer printer is a perfect example of a peripheral. See the peripheral definition for a full list of peripherals that can be attached to your computer. Variations of computers When talking about a computer or a "PC" you are usually referring to a traditional computer that you would find in a home or office. However, today the lines of what makes a computer are blurring. Below, are all the different examples of what is considered a computer today.

 Embedded computers - The most commonly found and used computer. An embedded computer is a computer with a specific function found in such things as cars, microwaves, TVs, the VCR, and other home electronics.

LAPTOP

A computer, sometimes called a notebook computer by manufacturers, is a battery- or AC-powered personal computer generally smaller than a briefcase that can easily be transported and conveniently used in temporary spaces such as on airplanes, in libraries, temporary offices, and at meetings. A laptop typically weighs less than 5 pounds and is 3 inches or less in thickness. Among the best-known makers of laptop computers are IBM, Apple, Compaq, Dell, and Toshiba. Laptop computers generally cost more than desktop computers with the same capabilities because they are more difficult to design and manufacture. A laptop can effectively be turned into a with a docking station, a hardware frame that supplies connections for peripheral input/output devices such as a printer or larger monitor. The less capable port replicator allows you to connect a laptop to a number of peripherals through a single plug. usually come with displays that use thin-screen technology. The thin film transistor or active matrix screen is brighter and views better at different angles than the STN or dual-scan screen. Laptops use several different approaches for integrating a mouse into the keyboard, including the touch pad, the trackball, and the pointing stick. A serial port also allows a regular mouse to be attached. The PC Card is insertable hardware for adding a modem or network interface card to a laptop. CD-ROM and digital versatile disc drives may be built-in or attachable.

Laptop computers, also known as notebooks, are portable computers that you can take with you and use in different environments. They include a screen, keyboard, and a trackpad or trackball, which serves as the mouse. Because laptops are meant to be used on the go, they have a battery which allows them to operate without being plugged into a power outlet. Laptops also include a power adapter that allows them to use power from an outlet and recharges the battery. While portable computers used to be significantly slower and less capable than desktop computers, advances in manufacturing technology have enabled laptops to perform nearly as well as their desktop counterparts. In fact, high-end laptops often perform better than low or even mid-range desktop systems. Most laptops also include several I/O ports, such as USB ports, that allow standard keyboards and mice to be used with the laptop.

Modern laptops often include a wireless networking adapter as well, allowing users to access the Internet without requiring any wires. While laptops can be powerful and convenient, the convenience often comes at a price. Most laptops cost several hundred dollars more than a similarly equipped desktop model with a monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Furthermore, working long hours on a laptop with a small screen and keyboard may be more fatiguing than working on a desktop system. Therefore, if portability is not a requirement for your computer, you may find better value in a desktop model.

MOBILE

A mobile phone is a wireless handheld device that allows users to make calls and send text messages, among other features. The earliest batch of mobile phones could only make and receive calls. Today‟s mobile phones, however, are packed with a lot of additional features such as Web browsers, games, cameras, video players and even navigational systems.

A mobile phone may also be known as a cellular phone or simply cellphone. When the first mobile phones were introduced, all they could do was make calls, and they were so bulky it was impossible to carry them in a pocket.

Later on, mobile phones belonging to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network were capable of sending and receiving text messages. As these devices evolved, they became smaller and more and more features were added, such as multimedia messaging service (MMS), which allowed users to send and receive images.

Most of these MMS-capable devices were naturally equipped with cameras, which allowed users to capture photos with the built-in camera, add captions, and send them to friends and relatives who also had MMS- capable phones.

A mobile phone with highly advanced features is called a smartphone, while a regular mobile phone is known as a feature phone.

A mobile phone typically operates on a cellular network, which is composed of cell sites scattered throughout cities, countrysides, and even mountainous regions. If a user happens to be located in an area where there is no signal from any cell site belonging to the cellular network provider he or she is subscribed to, calls will not be able to placed or received in that location. Portable telephone device that does not require the use of landlines. Mobile phones utilize frequencies transmitted by cellular towers to connect the calls between two devices. The first mobile phone operated on an analog service and was developed by Motorola, Inc. Mobile phones have grown to be the most widely used portable device in the world. Mobile phones may also be referred to as wireless or cellular phones.

A mobile phone is a wireless electronic device used for telephone and multimedia communications. The term "mobile phone" does not typically refer to a cordless phone, which is ultimately still connected to a land line. Mobile phones are just another word for cell phones, and they receive their service from cell phone towers. A mobile phone may be used anywhere outdoors or indoors, and does not have a base unit that it must be returned to like a cordless phone.

Mobile phones may be purchased directly from the manufacturers, or they may be purchased as part of a cell phone service contract from a service provider. It is often more expensive to purchase a mobile phone from the manufacturer, because service providers often offer steep discounts when purchasing a phone with a one- or two-year contract. There are different types of mobile phones to suit different needs. A basic mobile phone is simply able to make and receive calls, and send and receive text messages. In addition, it may have other basic features such as games, a calendar, or a camera, among others. A smartphone, on the other hand, is a mobile phone that is capable of accessing and browsing the Internet; it may also include computer programs for word processing or spreadsheets, for example. Smartphones are convenient for those who need to frequently check email or access documents. Most smartphones also feature full-size keyboards, whereas a basic cell phone might feature a condensed keyboard. IPAD

After months of hype and speculation, Apple introduced its latest creation, the iPad, at an event in San Francisco earlier this year. The mobile computing device, which has been described by some as a cross between the iPhone and a MacBook laptop, hit the store shelves and Apple has since sold 1 million of them. But what is it really, and what does it do? Here are 18 things to know about the iPad.

iPad is a line of tablet computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc., which runs Apple's iOS. The first iPad was released on April 3, 2010; the most recent iPad models, the iPad Air and second generation iPad Mini, were revealed on October 22, 2013 and went on sale November 1, 2013, and November 12, 2013, respectively. The user interface is built around the device's multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard. The iPad has built-in Wi-Fi and, on some models, cellular connectivity. As of June, 2014, there have been over 200 million sold since its release in 2010.[5] An iPad can shoot video, take photos, play music, and perform Internet functions such as web-browsing and emailing. Other functions—games, reference, GPS navigation, social networking, etc.—can be enabled by downloading and installing apps. As of October 2013, the has more than 475,000 native apps by Apple and third parties.

There have been five versions of the iPad. The first generation established design precedents, such as the 9.7-inch screen size and button placement, that have persisted through all models. The iPad 2 added a dual core processor and VGA front-facing and 720p rear-facing cameras designed for FaceTime video calling. The third generation added a Retina Display, the new processor with a quad-core graphics processor, a 5- megapixel camera, HD 1080p video recording, voice dictation, and 4G (LTE). The fourth generation added the Apple A6X processor and replaces the 30-pin connector with an all-digital Lightning connector. The iPad Air added the processor, the Apple M7 coprocessor and reduced the form factor for the first time since the iPad 2. iOS 6.0 added to the third and fourth generations and the iPad Mini. There have been two versions of the iPad Mini. The first generation features a reduced screen size of 7.9 inches and features similar internal specifications as the iPad 2 except it uses the Lightning connector. The second generation features the Retina Display, the Apple A7 processor and the Apple M7 motion coprocessor, closely matching the internals specifications of the iPad Air.

In the last quarter of 2013, there were 26 million iPads sold, a new record, compared to 22.9 million in the last quarter of 2012 Apple's first tablet computer was the Newton MessagePad 100,[17][18] introduced in 1993, which led to the creation of the ARM6 processor core with Acorn Computers. Apple also developed a prototype PowerBook Duo- based tablet, the PenLite, but decided not to sell it in order to avoid hurting MessagePad sales.[19] Apple released several more Newton-based PDAs; the final one, the MessagePad 2100, was discontinued in 1998. Apple re-entered the mobile-computing markets in 2007 with the iPhone. Smaller than the iPad, but featuring a camera and mobile phone, it pioneered the multi-touch finger-sensitive touchscreen interface of Apple's iOS mobile operating system. By late 2009, the iPad's release had been rumored for several years. Such speculation mostly talked about "Apple's tablet"; specific names included iTablet and iSlate.[20] The iPad was announced on January 27, 2010, by Jobs at an Apple press conference at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco.[21][22] He later said that Apple had begun developing the iPad before the iPhone,[23][24] but had temporarily shelved the effort upon realizing that its ideas would work just as well in a mobile phone.[25] The iPad's internal codename was K48, which was revealed in the court case surrounding leaking of iPad information before launch.[26] Apple began taking pre-orders for the first-generation iPad from American customers on March 12, 2010.[3] The only major change to the device between its announcement and being available to pre-order was the change of the behavior of the side switch to perform either sound muting or screen rotation locking (user selectable).[27] The Wi-Fi version of the iPad went on sale in the United States on April 3, 2010.[3][28] The Wi-Fi + 3G version was released on April 30.[3][4][4] 3G service in the United States is provided by AT&T and was initially sold with two prepaid contract-free data plan options: one for unlimited data and the other for 250 MB per month at half the price.[29][30] On June 2, 2010, AT&T announced that effective June 7 the unlimited plan would be replaced for new customers with a 2 GB plan at slightly lower cost; existing customers would have the option to keep the unlimited plan.[31] The plans are activated on the iPad itself and can be canceled at any time.[32] The iPad was initially only available online at the as well as the company's retail locations, but has since become available for purchase through retailers including Amazon, Walmart, and network operators. The iPad was launched in countries including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom on May 28.[33][34] Online pre- orders in those countries began on May 10.[4] Apple released the iPad in Hong Kong, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand and Singapore on July 23, 2010.[35][36][37] Israel briefly prohibited importation of the iPad because of concerns that its Wi-Fi might interfere with other devices.[38] On September 17, 2010, the iPad was officially launched in China.[39] 300,000 iPads were sold on their first day of availability.[40] By May 3, 2010, Apple had sold a million iPads,[41] this was in half the time it took Apple to sell the same number of first generation .[42] After passing the one million mark they continued selling rapidly reaching 3 million sales after 80 days.[43] During the October 18, 2010, Financial Conference Call, announced that Apple had sold more iPads than Macs for the fiscal quarter.[44] In total, Apple sold more than 15 million first-generation iPads prior to the launch of the iPad 2.[45] — selling more than all other tablet PCs combined since the iPad's release.[46] and reaching 75% of tablet PC sales at the end of 2010.[47] Jobs unveiled the iPad 2 at a March 2, 2011, press conference.[48][49] About 33% thinner than its predecessor and 15% lighter, the iPad 2 has a better processor, a dual core Apple A5 that Apple says is twice as fast as its predecessor for CPU operations and up to nine times as fast for GPU operations. The iPad 2 includes front and back cameras that support the FaceTime videophone application, as well as a three-axis gyroscope. It retained the original's 10-hour battery life and had a similar pricing scheme.

CAMERA CAMERA stands for Community Cyberinfrastructure for Advanced Microbial Ecology Research and Analysis. The aim of this project is to serve the needs of the microbial ecology research community, and other scientists using metagenomics data, by creating a rich, distinctive data repository and a bioinformatics tools resource that will address many of the unique challenges of metagenomic analysis. The Project was initiated by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, beginning in Jan 2006.

To achieve this aim, CAMERA has developed the cyberinfrastructure necessary to support the data, tools and resources that are needed to enable the scientific community to use the rapidly growing treasure of metagenomic information. The cyberinfrastructure will, of course, continue to be advanced as new software and other technologies become suitable or available. Success in this effort will accelerate our understanding of biology and deliver novel biological solutions to important societal challenges in health care, energy, and the environment. CAMERA provides access to raw environmental sequence data, associated metadata, pre-computed annotation and analyses, and high-performance computational resources. It is based on innovative cyberinfrastructure leveraging emerging concepts in data storage, access, analysis, and synthesis not available in current gene sequence resources. This resource, to the extent that it is available or can be ascertained, includes the metadata associated with collection of the samples: the location, date, and time of collection; the chemical and physical conditions where the sample was taken; and a measure of its living environment, i.e., all the other sequences found in the same sample. As they beomce available, CAMERA will continue to incorporate additional metagenomic and reference microbial complete genome sequences (along with genes and gene families), together with their annotations and associated environmental metadata. In addition, a suite of tools and a computational workflow have been developed to enable scientists to analyze the data in innovative and more comprehensive ways. Additional tools will be added when ascertained to be appropriate and effective for our users.

CAMERA releases new projects and data on a weekly basis to maintain a comprehensive collection of metagenomic and related genomic datasets up to date while, also maintaining local copies of up-to-date relevant, reference sequence datasets such as GenBank and RefSeq. CAMERA collects and links metadata relevant to environmental metagenome datasets with annotation in a semantically-aware environment allowing users to write expressive semantic queries against the database. To meet the research challenges, users are able to query metadata categories such as habitat, sample type, time, location, and other environmental physicochemical parameters.

CAMERA is compliant with the standards promulgated by the Genome Standards Consortium (GSC), and sustains a role within the GCS in extending standards for content and format of the metagenomic data and metadata and its submission to the CAMERA repository. To ensure wide, ready access to data and annotation, CAMERA also provides data submission tools to allow researchers to share and forward data to other metagenomics sites and to other community data archives such as GenBank. It has multiple interfaces for easy submission of large or complex datasets, and supports pre-registration of samples for sequencing. CAMERA integrates tools for sequence quality control, assembly, gene prediction and annotation, clustering, functional and comparative genomics applications, and many other downstream analysis tools. All tools are organized in an extensible workflow system with provenance also being maintained, which allows users to view and download results, browse the specific details on how results are generated, and upload their own workflows. The flexibility of the system enables tool integration from the broader research community and promotes the maintenance of an extensible analysis environment. An important aspect of the workflow environment is the organization of workflows into a systematic network, in which the output for one functional unit can be used as an input for subsequent workflow runs. This allows researchers to build a complete end- to-end analysis stream by choosing different combinations of workflows based on their specific needs for a given analysis.

CAMERA also provides high-performance networking access and grid- based computing, and a large amount of rotating storage to support analyses. The project sustains version updates and software upgrades training sessions, and periodic solicitation of feedback to ensure the infrastructure and services continue to serve the needs of the scientific community. The success of this project will depend heavily on continuous input from the genomics, microbiology, molecular biology, ecology, and related communities about their needs and priorities. We encourage your feedback on the utility of the tools and data sets we make available and how we can improve on them in subsequent releases. The approaches and observations in metagenonmics represents a major scientific revolution, which led a National Academy of Sciences study to call it a new science. For example, marine metagenomics is emerging as a focus for innovation at the interface of marine environmental science and information technology. Similar scientific dynamics arise from soil metagenomics and the study of host-based metagenomics or microbiomes. The pace of development and the power of gene sequencing for biological discovery are increasing rapidly with the application of shotgun sequencing technology to entire microbial communities. Unlike the traditional culture-based sequencing methods, metagenomics arises from a breakthrough sequencing approach to examine the interaction of countless microbial species present at a specific environmental location and offers tremendous potential to understand better the functioning of natural ecosystems. It is enabling scientists to consider each gene in the context of its ecology: the composition of the rest of the community, the environmental conditions in which it is found, and its relationships with other species (and when relevant, with its host) with which it is found at other times and places. Responding the opportunities and challenges of the new science, this resource, when fully annotated, will form a Knowledge Base of federated (microbial ecological) information relating to genomic sequences and their associated metadata to support a fundamental paradigm shift in the way in which the biological and biomedical sciences develop in the 21st century.