Saimaa University of Applied Sciences Tourism and Hospitality, Imatra Degree Programme in Tourism and Hospitality Management Bachelor’s Thesis

Alicja Wozniak

Impacts of an Event on a Small Community Case: Jarocin Festival

Thesis 2019 Abstract Alicja Wozniak Impacts of an Event on a Small Community – Case: Jarocin Festival. 32 pages, 2 appendices Saimaa University of Applied Sciences Tourism and Hospitality, Imatra Degree Programme in Tourism and Hospitality Management Thesis 2019 Instructor: Mr. Ilkka Lehtola, Lecturer Saimaa University of Applied Sciences

Event tourism is a growing part of tourism industry. Nowadays many cities use events as the promotional tool. Therefore event impacts the municipality and community. Some of the big events are organized in small towns, where tourism is not well developed. The objective of this study was to find out the impacts of the event to a small community, based on Jarocin Festival. The case study is one of the most popular festivals in Poland, which is organized in a small town called Jarocin.

Data for this study were collected by primary research method, and information found in secondary sources, including: internet, articles and studies. To com- plete the research, a questionnaire was carried out among event organizers, Jarocin municipality and community.

The results of this research show what is the impact of the event on the host community and how Jarocin Festival impacts the town and its residents.

Keywords: Impacts of events, Jarocin Town, Event tourism, Stakeholder.

2 Table of contents

1 Introduction ...... 4 2 Implementation of the research...... 6 2.1 Methods of collecting the data...... 6 2.1.1 Questionnaire structure...... 7 2.1.2 Target group ...... 7 2.2 Implementation of the research ...... 8 3 Jarocin festival and community...... 9 3.1 Festival...... 9 3.1.1 Festival organizers ...... 11 3.2 Community ...... 12 4 Events and tourism ...... 13 4.1 Classification of events...... 13 4.1.1 Festivals...... 14 4.2 Classification of tourism...... 15 4.2.1 Festival tourism...... 15 4.2.2 Event tourism...... 16 5 Stakeholders of the event ...... 16 5.1 Internal and external stakeholders ...... 17 5.2 Primary and secondary stakeholders ...... 17 5.3 Direct and indirect stakeholders ...... 18 6 Impacts of the event on the host community...... 18 6.1 Socio-cultural impacts...... 18 6.2 Economic impacts...... 20 6.2.1 Financial flow...... 21 6.2.2 Impacts on tourism and city promotion ...... 23 6.3 Environmental impacts ...... 24 7 Impacts of Jarocin Festival...... 25 7.1 Socio-cultural impacts ...... 25 7.2 Economic impacts ...... 26 7.3 Environmental impacts ...... 26 8 Impacts of Jarocin Festival on stakeholders ...... 27 8.1 Impacts on public sector...... 27 8.2 Impacts on local tourism industry ...... 28 8.3 Impacts on non-governmental sector ...... 29 9 Conclusions and recommendations...... 30 9.1 Summary of the results...... 30 9.2 Conclusions and recommendations ...... 31 Figures...... 33 References...... 34

Appendices Appendix 1 Questionnaire, original in Polish Appendix 2 Questionnaire, English translation

3 1 Introduction

The main objective of the thesis is to study impacts of the event on community within the last three years. The reason for that is to produce the information which may be useful in developing the event or the area. The case of the re- search is ”Jarocin Festival”. It is a festival, organized in a Polish town called Jarocin, since 1980. The main reason why this topic was chosen is author’s interest in music events, which she visits regularly. The idea was cre- ated after visiting one festival, which is organized in the area which was totally unknown, before the festival started to be organized there. It seemed to be in- teresting that someone started an event in a small town, which no one knows, and it become successful. Then came the main questions: How did it happen? What was done by the town municipalities and event organizers, to rise the popularity and gain more visitors? How does it affect the town and community? After considering all those questions, author decided to find out the impact of the festival on this small community.

To complete the research, three main aims are set. First of them is: To find the event impact on the public sector and government organizations. This part in- cludes general changes in the community and surrounding area based on the point of view of the town’s government, public organizations and event organiz- ers. As well it will describe the influence on the town’s popularity and tourism development. Second aim is: To evaluate economic impacts on tourism and hospitality business. The focus of this point is local tourism industry. For the research is important to find out how the event influences local tourism organi- zations (hotels, restaurants and other private businesses) which may benefit or lose because of the festival. This evaluation may help to develop local busi- nesses and show how to use the event to get more benefits. Third aim is: To find out the event impact to the third sector: non-government organizations and community. This point is going to present the impact on local citizens, as well as find out there are any non-government organizations taking part in the event, and if yes, what is festival’s influence on them.

The study is based on four main questions, which clarify the research goal: First of all - How the event affects the tourism industry in town? The purpose of it is

4 to find out how the event impacts on the community and influences town’s economy. Second question is – What has changed in the area because of the event? It shows how the event affects the area development. Third issue which needs to be asked is - Who benefits from the event and how? So who really gets the profit and who may take profit in the future. Is it profitable for town’s municipalities, festival organizers, local businesses, residents or other organiza- tions? The last question is - What are the pros and cons of the festival. The an- swer may create the information how to develop the event, based on the knowl- edge about its advantages and disadvantages.

To answer the objective, aims and research questions, author used primary and secondary data sources. Primary data were collected by qualitative research method. The information was gathered by making a questionnaire, which was sent to the recipients via e-mail, as well as some of the responses were col- lected personally. The study area is Jarocin town. The target group consists of the local government institutions, festival organizers, and local private busi- nesses. The sample size consists of 6 respondents. The sampling method used for conducting the research is non-probability sampling, as the respondents were selected purposefully by the researcher. The time frame of the study in- cludes last three festivals, years 2016 to 2018. Secondary data were collected with use of earlier researches about Jarocin Festival.

This paper is structured in the following way. After the introduction, in the sec- ond chapter, author explains how the research was implemented. The third chapter describes Jarocin festival and town community. Next chapter introduces general tourism and events’ classifications. The fifth chapter includes descrip- tion of event stakeholders. Another chapter describes different impacts of event on the host community. Then seventh chapter is dedicated to impacts of Jarocin Festival based on the conducted research. Eighth chapter describes impacts of Jarocin festival on stakeholders. Last part includes summary of the study re- sults, conclusions and recommendations.

5 2 Implementation of the research

To find out the impact of Jarocin Festival, and answer main aims and questions presented in the introduction chapter, author conducted a research among the area residents, and parties related to the case event. The study was carried out in February and March 2019, and its time frame included years from 2016 to 2018.

The study was focused on the socio-cultural, economic, environmental, positive and negative impacts, within last three years, on those who are related directly (organizers) and indirectly to the festival (local businesses owners, residents).

Other parts of this chapter are going to describe how research data were col- lected.

2.1 Methods of collecting the data

The study required collecting of primary data. The reason for that is to find new and actual information. Author wanted to produce most useful and true informa- tion through the study, and only collecting the data on her own could provide most reliable results. The method chosen for the research was qualitative. This method was appropriate, as it allowed to find and recognize the impacts, gather new and actual information, look on the case study in depth and collect most important issues. Qualitative research could give a closer look to peoples opin- ions, and analyze the case from individual perspective of every respondent. This method let to create wider information and gather as many results as pos- sible. It was crucial for the study to create meaningful information, show festival impacts from wider perspective, by knowing people’s opinions and experiences about it. To make the qualitative research, author chose to collect the data by a structured questionnaire.(Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2009.)

6 2.1.1 Questionnaire structure

Structured questionnaire was the most convenient method for this research be- cause it allowed to set most important questions, which could give straight an- swer for research objective and aims. Moreover, the amount of data collected was not precisely limited, so it allowed to gather more information. It was made in electronic version as a word document and sent to recipients via e-mail. The respondents could answer the questionnaire whenever they wanted within two weeks. The questionnaire had a form of written interview, and respondents were free to share as much information as they could. Creating it as a word document allowed to give enough space for responses, as the place for giving the answer was not limited. To make the study easier, the language used was Polish, as it is native language of target group and researcher.(Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2009.)

The questionnaire consisted of eight questions, which include one multiple choice question and seven open questions. First question was dedicated to col- lect basic data about the respondent, to know its role in Jarocin Festival or community. Other questions were supposed to find the socio-cultural, environ- mental and economic impacts of the festival, its pros and cons, as well as the profits and losses. In the second question respondents were supposed to con- sider pros and cons of general impact of the festival to the town and residents. Other three questions were about the impacts on: tourism industry, economy, and infrastructure in town. Sixth question considered profit and losses of the town and residents. Last two questions were supposed to find out the economic profit and kind of losses for the company or organization (of the respondent).

2.1.2 Target group

To measure impact of the festival on the area and residents, the specific target group needed to be completed. Author decided to choose parties who are re- lated to the municipality, festival, tourism and hospitality industry. The list of re- spondents included event organizers and local business owners. The event is organized by local public institutions, part of them are related to town’s admini-

7 stration, and to culture services. That causes the municipality institutions and event organizers are the same organizations. The organizers were chosen ac- cording to last festival of 2018, it includes Jarocin regional museum, “Spichlerz Polskiego Rocka”, Jarocin town hall, and Jarocin public library. (Jarocin festiwal n.d). This part of a target group was chosen, as they can provide the informa- tion about economic issues related to the town, local organizations, impacts on inhabitants and their opinions about the event. To measure impacts on resi- dents and local businesses, author chose the companies in the town who offer food and beverage services, and shops. This choice allowed to find impacts on individual parts of community, and economic impacts on town. The limitation only for restaurant services and shops is based on the event classification, as the festival is part of the event tourism. The visitors are coming outside the town and they are tourists, who potentially need to use restaurant services and buy products at local shops. The hospitality services and hotels were supposed to be researched as well, however none of the hotels located in Jarocin was willing to take part in the study. Careful choice of the research group was done by the internet. Firstly researcher was collecting information from festival website, and has chosen event organizers from the last year 2018 (Jarocin festiwal n.d). The local businesses were found by searching for them in the internet, including area Jarocin and located nearby hotels, restaurants, and other services related to hospitality. Author found contact information at the websites of the institu- tions, and contacted them via e-mail. Some of the respondents were found by travelling to Jarocin and were asked personally to fill up the questionnaire.

2.2 Implementation of the research

In the end of February 2019, author finished first part of data collection and re- ceiving questionnaires. After sending 11 questionnaires to all the parties, author received back two answers from two event organizers. First of them gave the feedback through answering the questionnaire. The second one did not fill the questionnaire, however instead of that he has sent the report “Jarocin Festiwal 2017 – badanie publiczno ści / Jarocin Festival 2017 – audience survey” (M ękarski & Firych 2017). It is the research carried out in year 2017 about Jaro-

8 cin Festival, and it is based on the audience survey. As the received answers could not provide reliable research, in the beginning of March 2019 author sent questionnaires again to the same parties as well as to one new. This time au- thor got one feedback. As there was still missing few answers to make research well, author asked trusted person (the author could not do it by itself because she was abroad) to visit the town and collect the questionnaires personally. The person visited some hotels, places offering gastronomy services, and shops near to the town market (where the festival is partly organized), and finally three organizations were willing to fill up the questionnaires. Author finished collecting all research data in the middle on March 2019. Overall, from the study were se- lected 6 responses. Including two event organizers, one café, one restaurant and two grocery shops.

From the received results researcher could find reliable and useful information about the impacts of Jarocin festival to the stakeholders, answer research ob- jective, aims and questions. Six responses provided enough information and facts about types of impacts, and positives / negatives of the festival. However, the results could not give trustful information about hospitality business, as the answers were not confirmed by any of hotels located in Jarocin.

3 Jarocin festival and community

3.1 Jarocin festival

Jarocin Festival was officially founded in 1980 by the “Jarocin Cultural Center”, the newspaper ”Głos Wielkopolski” and the ”Pozna ń Jazz Society”. However, the musical reviews of young bands have been organized in this town since 1970. The event lasts for three days in summer time (June or July), and it con- sists of amateur bands competition and performances of professional musi- cians. During the first festival in 1980 event was called “The First Nationwide Young Music Generation Festival”, and it was organized because of the interest of Polish TV, as Jacek Sylwin and Walter Chełstowski decided to organize a big TV festival. It gathered 2,000 visitors, and there were organized 23 gigs, which included some of the most popular Polish bands for example “Manam”, “Porter

9 band”, and “Kombi”. In the amateur bands’ competition took part 14 bands, and one of them was “D żem” which is nowadays considered a very important band in Polish music industry. Another interesting issue about the event is that the first ever performance had the band “Nocne Szczury” which was per- ceived by the public as the revelation. (Festival w Jarocinie n.d.) The most visi- tors festival had in 1984, in the event participated around 20,000 visitors. (Matykowski and Figisiak 2008.) Within the last festival in 2018, were organized over 50 gigs on four different stages, and festival had more than 7,000 visitors (Konieczna 2018). Festival was organized by Jarocin regional museum and its department “Spichlerz Polskiego Rocka”, Jarocin town hall, and Jarocin public library (Jarocin Festiwal n.d). Within 38 years of its history festival has grown to the range of the most important, popular and influential music festival in Poland, the number of visitors has grown up, and the popularity of the festival as well as the town have increased. Even though there was a break in the organization, as it was stopped in 1994 and reactivated in 2005, it is still very popular. (Matykowski & Figisiak 2008.)

The most important issue related to the Jarocin Festival is freedom. In the 1980’s there was a communism time in Poland and governments were held in an authoritarian manner (Komunizm 2019). The people’s freedom was limited, almost everything was censored. Artists needed to be careful when creating music and writing song lyrics, people had to take care of what they say, how they behave, freedom of speech was very limited (Polska Rzeczpospolita Lu- dowa n.d). However, the Jarocin Festival was one and only event where people could feel free. There were coming people from different subcultures who could manifest their way of being, listen to music they like and have fun. On the event people had more freedom in their look, speech and behavior. It was a time and place where visitors could listen to the music and see performances of bands which were not showed by the media. For artists the festival was a place where they present their music more freely. Even though the lyrics were censored anyway, the musicians knew how to express what they want to be understand- able for festival participants, however the government was not able to decode it. For participants and artists, the festival was considered some kind of rebellion for the state power and regime at that time. The music presented there was in-

10 fluential and meaningful for people. The festival promoted music which was not popular in official media. The unpopular or new music styles (punk, rock, metal), had a chance to develop. Many musicians had the chance to present their mu- sic for wider audience. Some of the bands who took part in the competition in 1980, nowadays are well known, and their music had a huge impact on the mu- sic industry in Poland. The thing which needs to be mentioned is that Jarocin festival united people. Different subcultures were united together and had fun. The local residents were meeting and accepting unusual visitors. Well known musicians shared the stage with young ones. Even though everyone was differ- ent and maybe even strange, people were not divided, they were enjoying the festival together. This is how it looked in the beginning of the festival, and this is how it still looks today. (Matykowski & Figisiak 2008; Onet 2015; Szyndrowski 2017.)

3.1.1 Festival organizers

In previous part were mentioned the organizers of the last festival. This sub- chapter is going to introduce them.

“Muzeum Regionalne w Jarocinie” is a public regional museum in Jarocin town. It was opened in 1960, and it is located in a historic building which was previ- ously a medieval mansion of town owners. The main office of museum is lo- cated in a town hall. (Muzeum Jarocin n.d).

“Spichlerz Polskiego Rocka” is a department of Jarocin regional museum. It was opened in 2014. It is located in a renovated old building of grain ware- house. This place is dedicated to expositions of history of Polish rock music and Jarocin festival. (Muzeum Jarocin n.d).

“Ratusz Jarocin” is Jarocin town hall. There is located an office of Jarocin re- gional museum and town authorities. (Ratusz w Jarocinie n.d).

11 “Biblioteka Publiczna Miasta i Gminy Jarocin” is a Jarocin public library founded in 1945. The library consists of a main department and nine smaller depart- ments, four urban and five rural. (Biblioteka Jarocin n.d.)

3.2 Jarocin community

Town Jarocin is located in the west of Poland, 277 km from capital city Warsaw. The community counts population around 26, 199 people, and the area size is 15,9 km2. (Polska w Liczbach n.d). This small place gained its popularity be- cause of the music events organized there (Szyndrowski 2017). Started from 1970 when there were organized first music festivals “Wielkopolske Rytmy Mło- dych”, which as it was mentioned before, was a base for organizing “The First Nationwide Young Music Generation Festival” in 1980, later called “Jarocin Fes- tival” (Matykowski and Figisiak 2008). Without this event the town would be still unknown, however, nowadays most of the Polish people knows its name.

According to article “Jarocin, Czyli Wyl ęgarnia Legend Polskiego Rocka / Jaro- cin, the Legends of Polish Rock Were Born” by Szyndrowski (2017), the citizens perceived the festival as a celebration of music, and they were expecting it every year. As the range of the festival was growing up and the number of visi- tors from different subcultures was increasing, the residents were learning and their socio-cultural knowledge was developing. Even those people who were arriving at the town were unusual and kind of strange for local society, commu- nity treated them well. Many of them invited festival participants to their homes, hosted them and treated as guests by giving them meals or place to sleep. This behavior had beginning long time ago when the festival started, and it still pre- vails. Nowadays it is a tradition.

12 4 Events and tourism

4.1 Classification of events

According to English Oxford Dictionary the event is: A thing that happens or takes place, especially one of importance. For example: A planned public or social occasion. To make this explanation more clear the event can be de- scribed as something that takes place once during a certain time (for example: once in a lifetime/ year/ month/ week). It includes occurrence, which can be so- cial or public, and is planned before. The event may last for an hour/s, a day or a couple of days, and it might be organized once or regularly. There are many types of events, based on the size or the form of organization. (Getz 2007.)

According to Getz (2007) the size classification consists of four types:

Mega Events – are organized occasionally, have a high tourist demand and high value. The main role of these events is image-making and development of the organizer. They have a global range.

Hallmark Events – are periodic, can be organized once or repeatedly. As well as Mega events have a high tourist demand and high value. The aim of a hall- mark event, is to provide the host a competitive advantage. The host can be a venue, community or destination which has a high importance because of the quality, traditions, attraction or fame.

Regional Events – these events are organized periodically or one time, and are on a medium level of tourists demand. The tourism in this kind of events may be developed, however not always it is profitable and useful for local community.

Local Events – are one time or periodic and characterize with low tourist de- mand and low value. As well as regional events, their tourism potential may grow up, but it is rather not tourism oriented kind of event.

The same author classifies the events depending on their form. The events are divided into seven main groups: cultural celebrations, business and trade, sport competition, political and state, arts and entertainment, educational and scien-

13 tific, and private events. This report is going to focus only on the festivals, which are a part of the first group.

4.1.1 Festivals

In the event classification, festivals are a part of cultural celebrations, as it was mentioned it the previous paragraph. From the tourism point of view, festivals are a part of “Cultural tourism”, which resulted in conducting researches about “Festival tourism”. Basically festivals were not a part of a tourism industry, and their main aim was cultural and social entertainment. However, the researches showed that the festival may have an impact on the area’s tourism industry, its development and building the image. (Getz 2007.)

The festival is organized for the public and it is celebrated by the community as a part of entertainment and social life. The name of the festival needs to include its main theme. Festivals are divided into different types, the most popular ones are: entertainment and art (music festivals / , theatrical productions), parades, food festivals. (Getz 2007.) Table below presents classification of events:

Figure 1 Classification of Events (Getz 2007)

14 4.2 Classification of tourism

In the publication “Understanding Tourism: Basic Glossary” by the World Tour- ism Organization, tourism is defined as a social, cultural and economic phe- nomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/ professional purposes (UN- WTO 2007). This can be understood so that tourism is something that makes people travel from their home area to an other place, because of personal or business reasons. This movement is based on the social, cultural and economic aspects. Nowadays tourism industry is growing fast and there are many differ- ent types of tourism, which depend on the reason and the purpose of a journey. The reasons may be very diversified, starting from the leisure spending of holi- days, entertainment, sightseeing, via job, education, to voluntary work. The main kinds of tourism are for example: cultural tourism, ecotourism, health tour- ism, wellness tourism, business tourism, sport tourism, education tourism. (UNWTO 2017.)

The table below shows the classification of tourism based on the four dimen- sions: nature, culture, education, hobbies.

Figure 2. Classification of Special Interest Tourism Types (Nevin 2017)

15 4.2.1 Festival tourism

Previous paragraph showed classification of tourism in Figure 2. In part “Types Based on Culture” is mentioned “Festival tourist”. Festival tourist is a person who travels to visit and take part in a festival. This is a part of “Festival tourism” which is kind of tourism where tourists are attracted by the festival. Festival tourism is basically a part of “Event tourism” which is limited to festival as an event. (Cudny 2013.)

4.2.2 Event tourism

Events are valuable for tourism industry and development of destinations. It may give a competitive advantage for the place and help in its marketing. These values resulted as the creation of a new section in tourism field called “Event tourism”. This tourism segment has been increasing since late 1980’s and sup- ported the development of profession “Event management”. (Getz 2007.)

The “Event tourism” nowadays is perceived as an integration of planned events, marketing and development. It means that the tourism development of a place is made by organizing events. This field is directed to the special kind of a cus- tomer “Event tourist”. The focus on the consumer needs, demands, reasons to attend the events and travel, are crucial in gaining the visitors, building destina- tion image, and rising the popularity. From the destination point of view, event tourism is a tool for building the image and helping in the development of the area. Events may be used to attract visitors, make positive image of a place and to make marketing. This may result in improvement of the infrastructure and promotion of local potential to invest, live and work, which will bring benefits for the destination economy. (Getz 2007.)

5 Stakeholders of the event

Stakeholder is someone who is involved or interested in project, business or a company, and can have impact on it, or be impacted by it. There are three clas-

16 sifications of stakeholders: internal / external, primary / secondary, direct / indi- rect. In every event are involved different kind of stakeholders, who may affect its success. The main kinds of stakeholders are: manager and team of a project / company, functional management, sponsors, customers. (Bonner n.d; Chen 2018.)

5.1 Internal and external stakeholders

Internal stakeholders are those who are directly related to the project, event or organizer, they come from the inside. Here can be mentioned employees, man- agers, investors and organizers. Event’s internal stakeholders are for example: event organizers, event management, employees hired in event organization (event director, infrastructure manager, backstage manager, stewards) artists, safety and security, medical organizations, sales management, sound and light production. (Bonner n.d; Chen 2018; Chubo 2014; Sustainable Event Alliance n.d.)

External stakeholders are indirectly related to the project, event or organizer, and they come from the outside. They are impacted somehow by the event and actions related to it. This kind of stakeholders include for example: suppliers, public groups, creditors. Event external stakeholders are for example: host community, media, sponsors, participants, regulating authorities, interest groups and associations, volunteers, contractors and suppliers. (Bonner n.d; Chen 2018; Chubo 2014, Sustainable Event Alliance n.d.)

5.2 Primary and secondary stakeholders

Primary stakeholders are those to whom event outcome and success is most important, as they are directly impacted by it. They have prime interest in the event organization and end result. Here are those who organize the event, cre- ate the idea / event plan, and make it work (organizers, event management, team members, project sponsors). (Bonner n.d.)

17 Secondary stakeholders are those who help in realization of the event. They are helpful in fulfilling the project and organization issues like: legislation, admini- stration, financials. (Bonner n.d.)

5.3 Direct and indirect stakeholders

Direct stakeholders are related to the event by everyday activities in planning and organizing (management, employees). Indirect stakeholders are not af- fected by the project or event outcome. (Bonner n.d.)

6 Impacts of event on the host community

The role of the cultural events have developed for many years. Nowadays events are seen as the product which may help in building the image of a host community or venue, and development of local tourism. (Berggren, Karaba ğ & Yavuz 2011.) More and more town municipalities perceive the town as a brand. It means that cities are competing with each other, by creating positive image, trying to get more tourist interest and more visitors. Towns are rising their popu- larity by marketing and promotion. Festivals are commonly used as a promo- tional tool for the town. Higher popularity and tourism demand brings economic benefits for the community. (Chlebowski 2014.) Conclusion is that events have much impact for the town tourism, economy and society. According to Getz (2007), the impacts of the events may be divided into three groups: socio- cultural impacts, economic impacts, environmental impacts.

6.1 Socio-cultural impacts

Socio-cultural impacts are those which are related to the society, culture, and town’s residents.

Firstly, the event brings to the area people from different places and cultures. International events concentrate visitors from all over the world. It is a great oc-

18 casion for local community to learn and experience other cultures, improve for- eign language skills, and learn how to understand and accept people who are from different culture, different race or class. (Zwi ązek Miast Polskich 2015). On the other hand it may provoke problems. Not everyone is willing to accept and respect different cultures or way of behaving. Locals may not be willing to com- municate with foreigners. Moreover, tourists may not respect the culture, man- ners, and residents. Sometimes tourists may cause more problems for local businesses than benefits, by not accepting certain rules or destroying the prop- erty or city. (Chubo 2014.) However, the event is a great occasion to show local culture to others. It can raise popularity of a place and help to gain and increase the interests in local culture and heritage. (Związek Miast Polskich 2015.)

Second impact for the society is entertainment (Cudny & Rouba 2012). Local people can enjoy participating in the event, which brings them fun, and it is a way of spending their free time. However, noise and loud behavior of the par- ticipants (often during the night), disturbs those who are not taking part in the celebration.

According to study “Odziaływanie Festiwali na Polskie Miasta / The impact of Festivals on Polish Cities” (Zwi ązek Miast Polskich 2015), the festivals integrate residents and help to build relation among them. This is because local citizens are very often engaged in creating the idea of the festival, then organizing it, and together participate in the making process. That bonds people by getting to know each other, work together and spend time together. As well it creates local commitments and agreements between investors, companies and institutions.

Another issue is that the festival makes people feel belonging to a certain group. As the event has a certain theme, it integrates the ones who have the same interests. Locals meet people from their own area and from outside, which is building new friendships between people who are similar to each other. They can share and develop their hobbies and passions. This is providing them feeling of belonging to the community. Creating new relations increases the social and communication skills. All these things fulfil the needs of belonging, esteem needs and self-actualization needs. (Zwi ązek Miast Polskich 2015.)

19 The last point which is worth to mention is the influence of the event on resi- dents’ education. Events offer wide range of culture types, and participants have an opportunity to gain new knowledge, which is easier available for them. This makes people know new cultural aspects and gain new interests, which educates them. (Zwi ązek Miast Polskich 2015). Events create the interest of people in tourism and hospitality management, and event management, which encourages them to study those fields. The knowledge and highier education will bring them advantages in future work or business. They will have higher possibility to take part as a worker on the festival or have profits from their local business, which provides them good salary. (Chubo 2014.)

6.2 Economic impacts

Economic impacts are all the issues related to employment, infrastructure, and finances (Chubo 2014).

First important issue which needs to be mentioned is that events create jobs for local people (Chubo 2014). During the festival there are needed companies who organize the event or help in its organizing. Local organizations and investors may take part in the event and benefit from that, by earning money or use event for advertising and marketing. Moreover, residents can be employed to work during the festival. There is always need for security guards, ticket sellers, food and beverage services, someone has to take care of the sound equipment, and many more jobs. This influences local community by giving people the employ- ment, and opportunity to earn. Those who run their own business may profit by having more customers and guests. More people arrive at the town, so there is increasing demand for tourism, hotel and restaurant services, as the visitors may need to spend the night somewhere (when the festival lasts few days, or they cannot come back home the same day), for sure they need to dine, and maybe some of them will need a help of a tourist guide, or use local taxi service. (Zwi ązek Miast Polskich 2015.)

Secondly, events increase the demand for town and infrastructure development. As the tourism demand rises, there is higher need for hospitality and restaurant

20 services. New hotels and restaurants are built, the old ones are renovated. As well there is a need of providing easy access to the town. People coming from the outside have to be able to reach the place. Not everyone can come by his / her own car, so public transport like railway and bus should be accessible. It means development of transport connections to other cities, as well as building new or improving existing railway and bus stations. Also it consists of improve- ment of local transportation, and roads. (Chubo, 2014.) Renovation of a town (its transport, buildings, roads, local heritage and tourist objects) helps to build the positive image of a town, as the marketing is one of the reasons why the events are organized. (Zwi ązek Miast Polskich 2015.)

6.2.1 Financial flow

Impacts on the finances can be divided into two dimensions: incomes and outcomes. Incomes are those finances which the community earns from the event. Outcomes are the money spent by the town to organize and develop the event.

To start with financial benefits, the event increases movement in trade. Local businesses: shops, hotels, restaurants, have much higher profit and number of sales when the festival lasts. Local investors and business owners have noticeably better income. Then they pay taxes, that increases government income as well (Chubo 2014). What about municipality finances, then? As the event is a kind of a promotion for the town, the government saves money which would be spent on the marketing. Moreover, when the city invests money in organization of the festival, it can get back more money than was invested. Sometimes it is a huge profit. (Zwi ązek Miast Polskich 2015.)

On the other hand events demand expenses. Before it generates profit, a lot of different costs need to be taken. Municipality expenses are for example subsidies for the local organizers of the event. The organizers, stakeholders and sponsors have to pay for the organization and preparation. Starting from renting a venue, through workers’ wages and artists’ / performers’ salary, to legal costs, as well as promotion costs. When the entrance is not free of charge,

21 cost for residents who want to take part in the event, is payment for the tickets. (Zwi ązek Miast Polskich 2015.)

The study by a Group PRC and Press service in 2016, shows Polish towns’ expenses for sponsorship. The purpose of presenting this study is to give a short example of the costs for the host municipalities. The research is based on nine Polish music festivals. Figure 3 below represents the results of this study. Left side includes name of the festival, and the right side shows town’s expenses in PLN.

Figure 3. Polish Towns’ Expenses for Sponsorship (Grupa PRC and Press service, 2016)

The study shows that most of municipalities invest in sponsorship huge amount of money, when Warsaw does not pay any money at all. However, this is a capital city, and this paper concentrates on small communities. From the table above, can be mentioned festivals: Jarocin Festival, Przystanek (present name is Poland ), Piknik Country, Kazimiernikejszyn. All of these festivals are organized in the towns the population of wich is lower than 26, 500 people. The lowest population is in the Kazimierz Dolny – 2, 607, as

22 well as the spendings on sponsorship – 8, 000 pln. From those four festivals the highest expenses for the sponsorship has Jarocin Festival – 460, 000pln. As it can be seen, the spendings on sponsorship can be quite high for host municipalities. (CKIT Mragowo, Poland Rock Festival, Jarocin Festiwal, Kazimiernikejszyn, Polska w Liczbach.)

6.2.2 Impacts on tourism and city promotion

In previous paragraphs could been noticed the visible impact of the event to towns’ tourism industry and its promotion. It is because municipalities realized how good promotional tool a festival is for the town. It raises the popularity of place as it advertises and spreads the name ouside. More people hear about the town, which increases their interest in the place. Many events include in their name the name of a town where it takes place. At the same time as the event is promoted, town’s promotion is going respectively. There are examples of places which were unknown, but after festival, they gained popularity, then after the next festivals it started to be popular and recognizable by many people, or the whole country. (Berggren, Karaba ğ & Yavuz 2011; Zwi ązek Miast Polskich 2015.)

Nowadays towns are treated as brands by their governments. They compete with each other to gain more customer attention. Municipalities need to build the positive image of a place to reach more tourists, customers, business partners and residents. (Chlebowski 2014.) Events are helpful in creating the image of a place and raising its popularity. It can help in changing the image of a town. When the place reputation is low, the event may be used to show advantages of a place or to decrease disadvantages. Events are well known as promotion and communication tools for cities, as they help to reach wider audience. They ease interaction with potential visitors and business partners. (Berggren, Karaba ğ & Yavuz 2011.) The festivals brings fame for the place and increase number of tourists, as well as stakeholders. Many places can find sponsors who support the town, and its actions not only for the one specific event. The event can pro- mote the place and make it recognizable, more sponsors want to invest and

23 more tourists want to visit it all over the year. Festivals have a huge range of promotion, and are more profitable for town than for example TV advertisement. For many towns other kind of marketing would not have such a good effect and would be more expensive. The festival can be used to encourage the people to visit the town and show to the wider audience its advantages. It creates the message for customers that this place is worth to visit, and to live in. (Zwi ązek Miast Polskich 2015.)

The growth of town’s popularity causes the development of the tourism industry. The festival attracts tourists, and it can provide significant increase of the profit for tourism and hospitality businesses, during the days it lasts. However, it can ensure the development of tourism industry all over the year. When the town makes its branding well, and promotion is succesful, it increases the interest of customers in other town attractions, which brings more visitors. (Zwi ązek Miast Polskich 2015.) The town creates offers for tourists, then tourism and hospitality services are growing. Existing businesses may develop offered services and brand image, also new companies are created. What makes town’s tourism industry more beneficial for municipality and its residents. (Berggren, Karaba ğ & Yavuz 2011.)

6.3 Environmental impacts

When talking about events, the impact on environment has to be considered. Small events have rather low effect on environment, however, large festivals might have a notable influence. Especially when it is organized in small community or in the area where human affect is low, and environment is very clean. Some big events are organized in small villages, among the nature. Other are held in towns’ parks. This causes degradation of nature. First of all, the participants of the event pollute the place by throwing away garbage (for example: cans, food packages) wherever they want. This is hard to clean up later, and the papers, plastics and cans are left on the ground. Besides it looks ugly which annoys locals and other participants, this kind of garbage is hardly decomposing and are harmful for the earth. Moreover, the garbage is spread

24 around the whole town by the tourists. Another issue is that tourists use their vehicles, which pollutes the environment in the community by producing toxins, which spread to the air. (Chubo 2014.)

7 Impacts of Jarocin Festival

The main objective of the research was to study impacts of the event on comunity withing the last three years. The outcomes from primary research are presented in this chapter. It is going to present socio-cultural, economic, envi- ronmental impacts of Jarocin Festival on the community, as well as its positives and negatives.

7.1 Socio-cultural impacts

First socio-cultural impact on the local community is cultural diversity. On the one hand it is a pro, because residents have an opportunity to meet different people and integrate with different sub-cultures. On the other hand it is a disad- vantage, as it causes conflicts, not every citizen likes those who arrive at the town. Citizens complain about the bad behavior of festival participants. Most of the residents are not pleased with the festival. They do not like its formula, es- pecially that it is organized in the town center. Festival and its participants dis- turb the calmness in citizens’ lives.

The positive impact is the entertainment for local people and possibility to spend their free time and have fun with friends, or meet new ones.

Another advantage is sharing the knowledge about the town, its history, monu- ments and heritage with wider audience. Festival gives the opportunity to let others know about the town. Visitors are involved in activities which helps them to learn about the town. Event organizers encourage people to take part in spe- cial program, where besides the concerts they can sightsee the town and in- crease their knowledge about it. Festival supports local tourism in its socio- cultural aspect. Visitors actively sightsee the town, learn about its heritage and

25 history. Event increases the number of tourists and interest in the town during the festival, the town gets popularity and its heritage can be shared with other communities.

7.2 Economic impacts

Economic impacts on public sector and government organizations can be di- vided into positive and negative. The advantage is saved money for city market- ing and promotion. The town is known in the country and abroad, because of the festival. Town government does not need to spend additional money on branding and promotion, as the festival is doing that by itself. On the other hand festival brings money loss for organizers (which are public organizations), in- vested money does not return, and the festival did not generate profit within last two years. Moreover, none of the big investors is interested in supporting the event.

The positive economic impact on local tourism industry is the increased number of customers, and the demand for accommodation, gastronomy and other ser- vices is very high. Local businesses’ profits grow, because they sell much more during the festival. The negative impact is that the festival does not support lo- cal businesses in any other way. The accommodation (hotels for artists and of- ficial campsite for participants) is organized by external companies, therefore none of the local investors profit from that. Moreover, the number of visitors is higher only during the festival, and it does not impact tourism in any other time of the year.

Festival impacts community in the economic aspect as well. Citizens have an opportunity to make money, those who run their own business (service provid- ers, restaurants, taxi drivers, shops), as well as private individuals. Many resi- dents offer places to sleep in their own houses, or allow the visitors to set a camp / pitch a tent on their private properties, and they charge payment for that.

Positive impact on the town’s infrastructure is a new amphitheater, which was built to organize the festival there.

26 7.3 Environmental impacts

Of the environmental impacts can be mentioned increased traffic, noise and mess. A huge number of visitors has a negative influence on the town area as they behave loudly and spread litter around the town. Loud concerts and people who have fun non-stop for three days impacts negatively local environment and community. When there are many people visiting the town, there are traffic and transportation problems, more garbage and mess around the whole community. A small, quiet and calm place changes into a loud, crowded and littered area. This impacts not only the town center, and places where the concerts are or- ganized, but all the town as the visitors go around, also to private properties.

8 Impacts of Jarocin festival on stakeholders

8.1 Impacts on public sector

Jarocin Festival is a huge event, the biggest one organized in the town. Its eco- nomic advantage includes promotion of the town, the name of which is spread around the country and abroad. The festival gives the town free marketing, therefore municipality may save money which would be spent on town branding and promotion. However, it does not affect economic development during the rest of the year. Economic disadvantage is money to hospitality industry, which is not going to Jarocin municipality. Artists are not accommodated in the hotels in Jarocin town, but in those which offer higher standard and are located 30 kilometers away. Actual profit from the accommodation is not going to the town’s institutions, as the local hotels are not used, official campsite is organ- ized by external companies, and accommodation in private properties is organ- ized illegally, so those who organize them do not pay taxes to the government from their income. Another point is that public organizations (includes event or- ganizers) have not made profit during last two years, what caused them a money loss and need of taking a loan. Event organizer made attempts to find sponsors, however, no one was interested in supporting the event. Therefore organizers and town municipalities need to manage with all the investments and liabilities on their own, which have negative impact on their economy.

27 Jarocin festival does not affect straightly the infrastructure of the area, environ- ment, or the permanent changes in the municipality. The only thing that was made in the town because of the event is the new amphitheater, which probably will not be used for the festival organizing, as organizers plan to organize next festivals in the suburbs. However, it still can be used for other events. During the festival days, the town changes because of the high number of visitors and organization of the festival. There are built stages, and organized campsite for the participants. The main environmental impact on public sector is mess and noise which increases during the festival. A huge number of people litter the environment by leaving the garbage all around the town.

8.2 Impacts on local tourism industry

From the collected results it cannot be said clearly how the event affects tour- ism industry in town. Jarocin is a too small community to have developed that field of industry, however, there are located some hospitality businesses. Or- ganization of the festival does not affect tourism in the town, as the hotel places for incoming artists are booked in the other towns. The official campsite is or- ganized by an external company, therefore none of the local companies do so nor get profit. On the other hand, a big number of visitors during the festival in- creases the demand for hospitality services and many places are fully booked. Those citizens who run their own businesses (service providers, restaurants) have an opportunity to make money profit as they have much more customers. Moreover, event participants are encouraged by the organizers to sightsee the town, its monuments, and interesting places, so visitors become tourists. Festi- val provides the town a huge marketing around the country and abroad. Many people know the place because of the event, unfortunately it does not affect the town besides the festival, and the tourists do not come there in any other time of the year. There comes a conclusion that the event does not impact the devel- opment of tourism industry in town, however once a year for few days, local companies who sell products and services, can profit from highly increased number of customers.

28 8.3 Impacts on non-governmental sector

The non-governmental sector can be divided into non-government organiza- tions and community. The report does not present impact on non-government organizations, as there was not found any non-government organization by the researcher. The organizer admits that the event is not supported by anyone else. Therefore there is no possible impact on non-government organizations.

To start with economic positives, those who have benefits from Jarocin Festival are residents. Local community earns money from making campsites on their own properties or hosting festival visitors at home. Restaurants, bars, cafes, shops, hospitality businesses, and others who offer different services (for example: taxi) have much highier number of customers during the festival. They are full of clients, which brings them higher sales and increases their profit. Another issue is that the organizing of the festival involves many people and provides jobs, which results in earning money by locals who work there.

Socio-cultural impact for the community can be divided into positive and nega- tive effects. As an advantage can be mentioned that during these few days the town becomes alive and local residents may participate in the event, have fun, spend free time by listening to music and see the performances of artists, which normally they would not have occasion to see. Many residents are happy that something is going on in the town. Moreover, they can integrate with visitors and meet different cultures, which increases their socio-cultural knowledge and interpersonal skills. However, locals consider the festival rather negative. Cul- tural difference (festival gathers many different subcultures), and loud and inap- propriate behavior of visitors annoys citizens, who live in a quiet community.

What can be mentioned as environmental impact is increased noise and num- ber of trash in the town, including private properties of Jarocin citizens. Resi- dents do not like such a big number of people walking around the town, disturb- ing them, as the place normally is small and calm. Increased number of people causes transport and communication problems, noise and mess. Stages built near to town center causes that the noise made by concerts and participants is better heard by town residents.

29 9 Conclusions and recommendations

9.1 Summary of the results

This part describes summary of the research results, based on questionnaires.

All of the respondents admitted that the festival brings town higher popularity and promotion around the country. Three out of five respondents considered the festival an advantage (occasion) for entertainment and participating in concerts for local people. Higher number of customers for the sellers and service provid- ers (shops, hotels, restaurants) and better economic profits caused by that, were listed by every respondent. Four answers included negative opinion about the festival from the point of view of the residents. Three respondents consid- ered huge number (thousands) of people coming to the town, the reason for communication and transport problems, crowd, mess and noise in the town. One respondent complained about inappropriate behavior of festival partici- pants. All of the responses included information about profits for local residents by offering accommodation and private campsites on their own properties. Four out of five respondents admitted that the festival positively impacts town’s economy, two answers underlined that it does not impact overall economic de- velopment of the town. As well the festival does not affect tourism industry de- velopment it the town, which was considered by all the respondents. Four of them agree that festival participants sightsee the town and its monuments. One of the respondents agreed that there was one change in the town (new amphi- theater built). The rest said that there were no changes in the infrastructure or they are not sure about it. Those respondents who run their own businesses (gastronomy services, shops) in Jarocin admitted that their sales profit is much higher during the festival and they have a lot of customers. They also did not have losses because of the festival, however, one of them mentioned the case when the weather is bad and there is low attendance at the festival. The one who does not profit from the festival is the organizer, who admitted that during last two years the event brought money loss.

According to study “Jarocin Festiwal 2017 – badanie publiczno ści / Jarocin Fes- tival 2017 – audience survey” (M ękarski & Firych 2017) the festival is not per-

30 ceived well by the local citizens. They complain about the location of the event (stages built in different parts of the town, closer to the center and town market). The festival participants like to sightsee the city and integrate with locals, they are willing to take part in other activities offered in the town, not only the con- certs. From the activities visitors can learn and increase their knowledge about the town, history and music. Around 80% of the respondents admitted that they perceive the festival as a high quality and recognizable brand, which is based on its special and important history. However, some of them think that nowa- days Jarocin Festival does not differ from other music events, because it does not offer anything special. What is mentioned as positive by the respondents is that the town is alive and takes active part in the festival. Another advantage is meeting with other people and integration of different cultures (among festival participants, as well as between visitors and local residents).

9.2 Conclusions and recommendations

Based on the thesis objective, during last three years (2016-2018) there were found certain issues related to impacts of Jarocin festival on the host commu- nity.

First of all, the place of organization of the festival was changed. In 2016 (and before) it was organized in suburbs, in 2017 organizers decided to move it into the town center. This solution has positive economic impact on community. Lo- cal companies who sells products and services have much more customers and sales profit, as more people visit the town. When the festival was organized in the suburbs, event participants were not visiting town so commonly, and local businesses’ profit was not impacted. Another point is that municipality decided to build a new amphitheater, where festival was planned to be organized. How- ever, probably those plans will not be realized, as there are plans to move the festival back to suburbs. From the socio-cultural point of view organization of the festival in town’s center is good for sharing knowledge about the town’s his- tory and heritage with wider audience. More festival tourists visit the town and sightsee it. On the other hand local residents have negative opinions about the

31 festival organization in the town center. The higher number of visitors and stages built in the town’s market square causes traffic problems, noise and mess, which has a negative influence on local community and environment. Considering all the points, organization place is good from economical point of view, so it is recommended not to change it, especially because town municipal- ity invested money to build a new amphitheater in town park. If festival is not organized there, the money will be wasted and investment may be useless.

Secondly, during last two years festival noticed a money loss, the organizer needed to take a loan to cover the liabilities. Even though there were attempts to find a sponsor, no one was interested. Therefore festival is not profitable for the organizers. It is very important to find a sponsor or sponsors, as it might be crucial to get profit in the future.

The last point is that festival does not support overall development of tourism industry in town. However, festival is already known around the country and abroad, there are a lot of participants every year. Town should use that for pro- motion and marketing, which could bring to the area more visitors. Festival can be a good promotional tool, which should be used by the municipality to en- courage people to come to the town all over the year, and show that it is worth a visit not only because of the festival.

32 List of Figures:

Figure 1. Classification of Events (Getz, 2007) p.10

Figure 2. Classification of Special Interest Tourist Types (Nevin 2017) p.22

Figure 3. Polish Town’s Expenses for Sponsorship (GrupaPRC and Press service, 2016) p.14

33 List of References:

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Biblioteka Jarocin. http://bibliotekajarocin.pl/. Accessed on 10th of May 2019.

Bonner, T. n.d. Explaining the Different Types of Stakeholders. Bright Hub Pro- ject Management. https://www.brighthubpm.com/project-planning/93262- stakeholders-in-project-management/. Accessed 2.05.2019.

Chlebowski, B. 2014. Muzyczne Public Relations Jako Efektywne Narz ędzie Promocji Miast w Polsce. Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu. Ray Wilson Management. pp. 85.

Chen, J. 2018. Stakeholder. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stakeholder.asp. Accessed 2.05.2019.

Chubo, N. 2014. The Impacts of Event Tourism on Host Communities Case Northwest Region of Cameroon. Centria University of Applied Sciences. Degree Program in Tourism. Thesis. pp. 8; 38–42.

CKIT Mragowo. http://ckit.mragowo.pl/pl/page/104/piknik-country.html. Accessed on 26th of May 2019.

Cudny, W. 2013. Festival Tourism – The Concept Key Functions and Disfunctions in the Context of Tourism Geography Studies. Uniwersytet Łódzki. Geographical Journal 65 (2013) 2. pp. 107-108.

Cudny, W. & Rouba, R. 2012. Festiwale Muzyczne Jako Element Funkcji Kulturalno-Rozrywkowej Łodzi. Uniwersytet Łódzki Filia w Tomaszowie Mazowieckim.

English Oxford Dictionary. Definition of event in English. Oxforddictionaries.com. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/event. Accessed on 5th January 2019.

34 Festiwal w Jarocinie. Wikipedia.org. https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festiwal_w_Jarocinie#Od_1980_do_1982. Accessed on 10th January 2019.

Getz, D. 2007. Event Tourism: Deffinition, Evolution and Research. Elsevier. pp. 403-405; 412; 419-420.

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Matykowski, R. & Figisiak, E. 2008. Społeczne I Przestrzenne Aspekty Oddzia- ływania Festiwalu Muzyki Rockowej w Jarocinie. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza. Instytut Geografi Społeczno-Ekonomicznej I Gospodarki Przestr- zennej. Pozna ń, Polska. pp. 275-284.

Mękarski, M. & Firych, P. 2017. Raport Jarocin Festiwal 2017 – badanie public- zno ści. Regionalne Obserwatorium Kultury UAM. Pozna ń, Jarocin, Polska.

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37 Appendices: 1 (2)

Appendix 1 Questionnaire original in Polish

Prosz ę wypełni ć ankiet ę. Pytania s ą skierowane do ró żnych instytucji, wi ęc w przypadku nieposiadania przez pa ństwa wiedzy w danym zakresie prosz ę wpisa ć: „ nie dotyczy”. Je śli nie mog ą pa ństwo udzieli ć odpowiedzi na dane pytanie prosz ę napisa ć dlaczego. Np. brak danych / informacje poufne . Miejsce wyznaczone pod pytaniem na odpowied ź nie jest ograniczone, długo ść odpowiedzi zale ży od pa ństwa uznania.

1. Jaka jest pa ństwa rola w Jarocin Rock Festiwal? (Odpowied ź prosz ę zaznaczy ć pogrubion ą czcionk ą lub podkre śli ć) a) Organizator / współorganizator b) Sponsor c) Organizacja non-profit

D) Wła ściciel lokalnej firmy (hotel, restauracja itp.)

2. Jakie działanie ma festiwal na miasto i mieszka ńców? Prosz ę rozpatrzy ć wady i zalety.

3. Jaki jest wpływ festiwalu na turystyk ę miasta? Czy festiwal wpływa na rozwój przemysłu turystycznego w Jarocinie?

4. Jak festiwal wpływa na ekonomi ę miasta? Czy jest pomocny w rozwoju ekonomicznym?

2 (2)

5. Czy festiwal wpłyn ął na infrastruktur ę miasta? Czy były jakie ś zmiany lub ulepszenia? Je śli tak to jakie?

W kolejnych pytaniach prosz ę wzi ąć pod uwag ę tylko ostatnie trzy lata 2016- 2018.

6. Jak miasto i jego mieszka ńcy zyskuj ą lub trac ą przez festiwal?

7. Czy zyski pa ństwa firmy / organizacji wzrosły dzi ęki festiwalowi? Je śli tak to jak bardzo?

8. Czy pa ństwa firma / organizacja miała straty z powodu festiwalu? Je śli tak to jakiego rodzaju?

1 (2)

Appendix 2 Questionnaire English Translation

Please fill in the questionnaire. The questions are directed to different parties. In case you do not have knowledge about the topic, please write “not applicable” . If you cannot answer the question please write why, for example: lack of data, confidential information etc. Space under the question is not limited, length of the answer depends on you.

1. What is your role in Jarocin Festival? (mark the answer with bold or under- line) a) The organizer of the event / co-organizer b) Sponsor c) Non-profit organization d) Local business owner (hotel, restaurant etc.)

2. What is the impact of the festival on the town and its residents? Please consider pros and cons.

3. What is the impact of the festival on tourism industry in town? Does the festival impact Jarocin tourism industry?

4. How does the festival impact town’s economy? Is it helpful in development of economy?

2 (2)

5. Did the festival impact the town’s infrastructure? Were there any changes or developments? If yes, what kind of changes?

Please for the answer in next questions consider last three years 2016 – 2018

6. What are the town’s and its residents’ profits or losses because of the festival?

7. Did your company’s / organization’s profit increase because of the festival? If yes, how much?

8. Did your company / organization have losses because of the festival? If yes, what kind of losses?