A Concise History of the United States of America Susan-Mary Grant Index More Information

Home , Civil Rights Act of 1875

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84825-1 - A Concise History of the United States of America Susan-Mary Grant Index More information

Index

Abenaki raids, 89–90 in United States generally, 5 Abolition movement voting rights in Mississippi, 347 American Colonization Society, 164 women, denial of right to vote to, formation of, 161–162 272 Free Soil Party, 164, 167f Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), 304 Northern perspective on, 162–164 Alabama, 174–176, 217, 349 post-Civil War, 192–194 Albany Plan of Union, post-Revolutionary War, 131 Albright, Madeleine, 2 Republicans, 164 Alexander VI, 12–13 Southern reaction to, 162, 163f Algonquians Abortion rights, 372f, 371–372, 373 adoption of English settlers by, 60 Abrams vs. United States, 422 relationship with Jamestown settlers, Act Concerning Religion (Toleration Act) 29–32, 45, 63–65 of 1649, 48–49 relationship with New England settlers, Act of Supremacy (1534), 14 52, 57–58, 89 Adams, John Quincy, 153 Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, 129, Adams, Samuel, 139, 409–410 153–154 Addams, Jane, 262, 410–411 Al Qaeda, 376–377 Afghanistan War, 377 Altgeld, John P., 246f African-Americans. See also Slavery America First Committee, 310 Civil War exodus, 183–184 American Birth Control League (ABCL), Civil War motivations, 195 293–294 Federal Writers Project, 306 American Century incarceration of, 375–376 Luce on, 326–327 military service, WWI, 256–257, overview, 7–8 272–273 universal democratization in, 327 Moynihan Report, 371 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), perception of as degenerate, 273 294–295 police brutality towards in Mississippi, American colonies. See also United States; 348 speciﬁc colonies Reconstruction, voting right removal, attitudes towards government in, 96 209f, 213–214, 216, 219f attitudes towards non-whites in, resettlement back to Africa, 164, 424 109–111

433

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84825-1 - A Concise History of the United States of America Susan-Mary Grant Index More information

434 Index

American colonies (cont.) Apollo-Soyuz Project, 367 change in church membership policies, Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the 85 World (Walker), 162 economic impact of conﬂict in, 97–98, Arapaho Nation, 190 131–132 Arizona, Miranda vs., 352–353 gender inequalities in, 88 Arkansas, 144, 174–176 imposition of slave tax by, 108 Armed Forces indirect democracy in, 134 desegration of, 336, 337f individual rights concepts in, 106 draft, 279, 310 inequalities in, 88 expansion, maintenance of, 324 initial colonial management debate in, Japanese American service in, 319–320 93–104 relationship of people with, 314 Jamestown. (See Virginia (Jamestown)) segregation, WWII, 313–314, 318, 323 oaths of allegiance in, 128 Armstrong, Neil, 364 opposition to British rule in, 119–120 Arnold, Benedict, 167f original thirteen colonies, 74t, 92f Arsenal of Democracy, 314–316 “Parson’s Cause” case, 98 Art Deco building, 282f penalties for disloyalty in, 127f, 128 Articles of Confederation, 130–131 population trends in Astaire, Fred, 331f property ownership concepts in, 107 Atomic technology, 328, 331f realities of life in, 83–84, 87–88 Attlee, Clement, 328–329 settlement expansion in, 91–93, 99f Attucks, Crispus, 102f, 117 state vs. individual authority debate in, Automobiles 106–109 boom, 1920’s, 283, 287, 297 taxation without representation in, 101 pollution and, 342 trade regulation in, 81 Aztecs, 14–15 Virginia. (See Virginia) women’s roles in, 87 Babbit (Lewis), 287 American Colonization Society, 164 Bacon, Nathaniel, 64–65 American Enlightenment, 95 Bacon’s Rebellion, 61, 64–65 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 236 Baldwin, James, 336 American gangster fantasy, 286 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 185 American Party (Know-Nothings), Barbarism threat, 211, 220f, 217–221, 222 197–198, 223 Barlowe, Arthur, 20–22 American Progress (Gast), 187 Battle of Camden, 122, 126 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Battle of Iwo Jima, 311f, 322f, 321–322, 373 323 An American Dilemma: The Negro Battle of Saratoga, 124–125 Problem and Modern Democracy Battle of the Severn, 49 (Myrdal), 334–335, 336–337 Battle of Trenton, 122–123 Andros, Edmund, 78, 79–80 The Beatles, 357–358 Anghiera, Peter Martyr, 18–19 Beecher Stowe, Harriet, 169 Anglo-Dutch war (1664), 73 Bell, Buck vs., 293 Anna Karenina, 296–297 Bellamy, Edward, 228–229 Anti-communism. See Cold War Berkeley, George, 187 Anti-Federalist papers, 386n Berkeley, William, 63, 64, 73 Anti-Imperialist League, 253–255 Bicentennial celebrations Antinomian crisis, 56, 72 conservative counterculture, 369–370 Antitrust legislation, 233–234, 235 Freedom Train, 368–369 Apollo 8, 364 Reagan on government, 369 Apollo 12, 367 The Big Money (Dos Passos), 279–280

Index 435

Bill of Rights, 142–143f, 203 Capone, Al “Scarface,” 286 Birth control, 293–294, 430–431 Carmichael, Stokely, 349, 351 Black Power movement, 349.SeealsoCivil Carnegie, Andrew, 233–234 rights movement Carteret, George, 73 Black scare, 333–334 Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Bochart de Champigny, Jean, 71–72 Spirits (Mather), 85 Booth, John Wilkes, 194 Cato’s Letters (Trenchard/Gordon), 107 Boston labor strike, 280–281 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Boston Massacre (1770), 100, 102f 332–333, 354 Boston Tea Party, 101–103 A Century of Dishonor (Jackson), 239 Bow, Clara, 296 Charles I (King of England), 44, 48, 95–96 Bradford, William, 57 Charles II (King of England), 72, 73 Brattle Street Church, 85 Charlestown Library Society, 148 Brave New World (Huxley), 299–300 Chesapeake, Ohio and Southwestern A Briefe and True Report of the New Railroad, 205–206 Found Land of Virginia (Hariot), 26f, Cheyenne Nation, 190 24–26, 27, 28f, 35f, 36f, 45 Chicago, 224, 262 British Guiana, 248 Chinese Brittingham, Norman, 313–314 California, immigrant naturalization in, Brown, John, 169, 191, 265–266 196, 198 Brown, William Wells, 156 lynchings, 217 Brown vs. Board of Education, 336–337 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 198, Bry, Theodor de, 16–18 229–230 Bryan, William Jennings Churchill, Winston, 328–329 campaign strategy, 247 Churchyard, Thomas, 19–20 presidential campaign, 242–243, 244f, Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 304 245–247 Civil Rights Act of 1875, 219f as radical, 245, 246f Civil Rights Act of 1964, 346–347 Scopes Trial, 294–295 Civil Rights Cases of 1883, 219f Buck vs. Bell, 293 Civil rights movement Bunker Hill, battle of, 122 activist murders, 344–345, 347–348 Burgoyne, John, 124–125 beginnings of, 273–274, 337–338 Bush, George W., 3–4, 376–377 Black Power movement, 349 Bushnell, Horace, 211 citizenship rights, 352–353 Butler Act challenge, 294–295 Civil War Centennial, 343–345 Commission on Civil Rights, 335–336 Caboto, Giovanni (John Cabot), 14–15 Freedom Rides, 343 Calhoun, John C., 159–160, 162, 167f, immigration rights, 373–375.(See also 411–412 Immigrants) California inequality before the law, 352–353 admission to Union, 144 LGBT rights, 373, 374f Chinese immigrant naturalization in, Little Rock school desegregation, 196, 198 338–339 Mexican naturalization in, 196–197 March on Washington, 344f, 344–345 Calley, William, 365–366 Meredith March, 351–352 Calvert, Cecil, 48–49 Montgomery Bus Boycott, 338 Calvert, George, 48 motivations, impetus for, 352 Calvin, John, 50 Pink, Lavendar, Black scares, 333–334 Cambodia invasion, 365 race riots, 274, 353, 361f, 360–361, 362 Cambridge Agreement of 1629, 77 Selma to Montgomery March, 351, 352 Capital punishment, 279–280 voting rights, 347, 351–352

436 Index

Civil rights movement (cont.) Suez Crisis, 339 Watts riots, 353 Truman Doctrine, 329 women in. (See Women) Colfax Massacre, 214–216 Woolworth lunch counter protest, 343 Collier, John, 307–308 Civil War Columbian exchange, 12–13 African American exodus, 183–184 Columbus, Christopher, 12–13 African American motivations, 195 Commission on Civil Rights, 335–336 arming of slaves during, 182 Committee on Public Information (CPI), Border States, 183 275 disease effects on, 13–14 Committee to Defend America by Aiding First Bull Run/Manassas, 177, 179 the Allies, 310 focusing of American identity by, Common Sense (Paine), 71, 97, 103–104, 180–182 106–107 Gettysburg, 266 Communism, 203–204.SeealsoCold War legacy, 194–195, 199, 207, 255–256 Confederate States of America map of, 181f arming of slaves by, 182 morale issues in, 179–180 army, challenges to, 179 Native American motivations, 195–196 artistic portrayal of by Northern patriotic propaganda, 330 interests, 175f, 178f preservation of union basis, 176–177 citizenship definitions in, 173 public opinion on, 177–179 Constitutional basis of, 172–173 Sanitary Fairs, 330 Constitution on slavery, 173–174 slavery as principle in, 106, 169–171, defeat, artistic portrayals of, 193f 173–174, 183.(See also Slavery) formation of, 172, 178f sustaining military support during, 180 slavery as cornerstone of, 173–174, Thirteenth Amendment, 192–194 175f, 178f Civil War Centennial, 343–345 succession of states from Union, Class war, 279–281 174–176 Clay, Henry, 157–158, 412–414, 424 Confessions of a Nazi Spy, 309 Clean Air Act, 364–365 Conflict as unifying force, 266–267.See Cleveland, Grover, 230, 231f also Identity (American) formation Clinton, William J., 374–375 Connecticut Cobb, Howell, 182 establishment of, 72 Coercive (Intolerable) Acts of 1774, 100, Fundamental Orders (1639), 77 101–103, 109 legislative structure in, 77 COINTELPRO, 348 overview, 74t Cold War penalty for going native in, 60 beginning of, 328–329 retention of local control in, 80 economic strategy, 329 Constitution Eisenhower Doctrine, 339 in American identity formation, 136 ending of, 364 Bill of Rights, 142–143f, 203 fear as basis of, 354–355 centralized power debate generally, hiatus in, 336 138–139 Hungary anti-Communist uprising, citizenship definitions in, 173 339 Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist perspectives kitchen debate, Nixon/Krushchev, 342 on, 139–141 Korean War, 336, 337f fugitive slave clause, 135 Middle East, 339 origins of, 134 military-industrial complex ratification of, 137–138, 142f development, 353–355 separation of powers in, 134–135 patriotic propaganda, 329–330, 331f slavery issue in, 135, 139, 170 Red Scare (McCarthyism), 330–334 state vs. federal rights in, 172–173

Index 437

Continental Army overview, 74t black regiment formation, 116 retention of local control in, 80 conditions in, 123 settlement of, 75 militias in, 122 Demerara Rebellion, 154 refusal of blacks by, 116 Democratic convention 1964, 349 Coolidge, Calvin, 281, 291 Democratic Party, racist views of, 206, Cooper, Anthony Ashley (Earl of 209f, 219f Shaftsbury), 73, 77–78 Democratic-Republicans, 150–151 Cooper, Mary, 87–88 De Orbe Novo (On the New World) Cornwallis, Charles, 126 (Anghiera), 18–19 Cortes,´ Hernan,´ 14–15 Department of Defense, 354 Cowboys, 232–233 Department of Homeland Security, 377 The Crack of Doom (Cromie), 331f Department of Labor, 261–262 Crane, Stephen, 225 Dickinson, John, 97 Crazy Horse, 203 Dimmick, Kimball H., 197 Creationism vs. evolution debate, 294–295 A Discourse Concerning Unlimited Credit cards, 342 Submission (Mayhew), 95–96 Crevecoeur,` John Hector St. John de, Disraeli, Benjamin, 280 81–82 Doddridge, Joseph, 121 Cromie, Robert, 331f Dominion of New England Cruikshank, United States vs., 216 creation of, 78 Cuba, 252f, 251–252, 254–255f, 256–257 purpose of, 79f, 78–79, 80 Cummings, E. E., 287 rights of colonial assembly limitation by, Currency Act of 1764, 100 80 Currency debate, 243 Dos Passos, John, 276, 279–280, 287 Curtin, Jeremiah, 10–11 Douglas, Stephen A., 169, 415–416 Custer, George Armstrong, 203 Douglass, Frederick, 195, 221, 273, Czolgosz, Leon, 242 416–417 Dr. Strangelove, 331f Daisy commercial censorship, 350–351 Draft (Armed Services), 279, 310.Seealso Dakota War (Great Sioux Uprising), 191 Armed Forces Davis, Bette, 296–297 Dred Scott v. Sandford, 168, 174, 175f, Davis, James J., 291 240f Davis, Jefferson, 246f Du Bois, W.E.B., 219f, 273–274, 417–418 Dawes (General Allotment) Act of 1887, Dudley, Joseph, 89–90 239, 307–308 Dyer, Mary, 58, 75 Debs, Eugene V., 246f, 272, 279 Dylan, Bob, 357–358 The Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India (Eden), 18–19 Easter Rebellion, 154 Declaration of Independence E.C. Knight Co., United States vs., Lincoln on, 170 233–234 preamble, 7 Economic Cooperation Act of 1948, 329 on slavery, 108–109, 170–171 Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, text, origins of, 95 358–359 as vision statement, 105–106 Eden, Richard, 18–19 Declaration of Sentiments, 268 Edison, Thomas, 297 Declaration of the Causes and Necessities Eight Decades (Anghiera), 18–19 of Taking up Arms, 118–119, Eighteenth Amendment, 285f, 284–285, 124–125 286 Declaratory Act of 1766, 101 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 323, 334, 339, Delaware 340, 354 as Border State, 183 Eisenhower Doctrine, 339

438 Index

Electricity, 283, 304 depiction of indigenous peoples by, Elizabeth I, 19 16–18, 24–27 Elliot, John, 57 exploitation, conversion of indigenous Elliot, T. S., 287 peoples by, 15, 29, 37, 46–47, 148 Ellsberg, Daniel, 366 going native by, 60, 71–72 “Emancipation” (Nast), 193f printing, map-making effects on, 15–16, Emancipation Proclamation, 182–183, 17f, 77–78 193f Evers, Medgar, 344–345 Emergency Quota Act of 1921, 292 Evolution vs. creationism debate, 294–295 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 148–149, Exeter Compact of 1639, 77 156–157, 169–170, 186 Expansion: Under New World-Conditions Empire State Building, 282f (Strong), 258 Endangered Species Act, 364–365 Exploitation, conversion of indigenous Enforcement Acts, 210, 215f peoples England. See also specific colonies Maryland, 60 assertions of control over Colonies by, Massachusetts, 60, 62–63 98 in New England, 60, 62–63 attitude towards colonies, 73, 78, 85–86, overview, 15, 29, 37, 46–47, 148 109 as slavery, 15 expansionist views generally, 18–19 Virginia (Jamestown), 37, 44, 60, 63–65 Ireland, conquest of, 19–20 motivations for colonization, 21–23, Family Assistance Plan, 365 24–27, 32, 73–75, 80 A Farewell to Arms (Hemingway), 287 perceptions of land use in, 32–33 Fascism, fears of, 306–307 perceptions of other cultures by, 19–20 Fast Food Nation (Schlosser), 263 rationalization of colonization by, Faubus, Orval Eugene, 338–339 32–33, 37 Federal Children’s Bureau, 261–262 Restoration colony establishment by, 73 Federalist Papers, 139–140 rights of colonial assembly limitation by, The Federal Pillars, 142f 80 Federal Writers Project, 306 Spanish competition, conflict with, The Feminine Mystique (Friedan), 370–371 14–15, 89 Ferguson, Niall, 2 tobacco revenues in, 44 Ferguson, Plessy vs., 216–217, 336–337 trade protection enactment by, 73, 78, Fields, Barbara Jeanne, 5 81 Film, movie industry Utopian ideal, 32 detective, crime stories, 308–309 English Bill of Rights, 143 Hays Code, 296 The Enormous Room (Cummings), 287 history of generally, 248 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Jazz Age, 295–296 364–365 McKinley at Home, 247–248 Equal Employment Opportunity The Monroe Doctrine, 248–249 Commission, 346–347 portrayals of America by, 296, 308 Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 371 Spanish-American war, 253, 254–255f Escobedo vs. Illinois, 352–353 women, portrayal of, 296–297, Espionage Act of 1917, 272 298–299f, 308 Eugenics, 292, 293–294 First Bull Run/Manassas, 177, 179 European settlers. See also specific First Continental Congress of 1774, 100 countries, colonies First Great Age of Discovery, 14 American origins myth, 11–12 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 285–286, 287 Columbian exchange, 12–13 Florida, 144, 174–176 competition, conflict among, 14–15 Fonda, Jane, 362–363

Index 439

Forbes, John Murray, 182–183, 206 Gaylord, Augustus, 195–196 Ford, Henry, 283–284, 286, 297 Gay rights, 373, 374f Fordism, 297 General Allotment (Dawes) Act of 1887, Foreign policy. See also Imperialism 239, 307–308 Panama/Colombia conﬂict, 260 Generall Historie of Virginia, Spanish-American war, 252f, 251–252, New-England, and the Summer Isles 254–255f, 256–257 (Smith), 30–31 Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 209f Georgia Four Freedoms lynchings in, 217 Rockwell, 317f, 316–317, 318 overview, 74t Roosevelt on, 314–316 settlement of, 77 Fourteenth Amendment, 194 slave, immigrant population increase in, France 93 as American ally in Revolutionary War, slavery in generally, 114 124–125 succession of, 174–176 conversion of indigenous peoples by, Germany 71–72 Blitzkrieg, 310 settlement of New World by, 46–47 U-boat campaign, WWI, 269–271 Seven Years’ War (the French and Indian in WWII. (See World War II) War), 83 Gettysburg, battle of, 266 Franklin, Benjamin G.I. Bill of Rights, 341 on aid to poor, 94–95 Gideon vs. Wainwright, 352–353 Albany Plan of Union Gilbert, Humphrey, 18–20 biography of, 418–419 The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (Twain), on colonial union, 93–94 198–199 as Federalist, 139 Ginsberg, Allen, 341–342 founding of libraries by, 146–148 Globalization, 379–380 on lawyers, 96 Goldwater, Barry, 349–350, 350f Poor Richard’s Almanacks, 94–95 Gone With the Wind, 308 Freedmen’s Bureau, 209–210 Go Tell it on the Mountain (Baldwin), 336 Freedom in development of identity, 6–7 Grant, Madison, 290–291 Freedom Rides, 343 Grant, Ulysses S. “Freedom Road” (Hughes), 320–321 anti-racism policies, 206 Freedom Train, 329–330, 331f, 368–369 on the Colfax Massacre, 214–216 Free Soil Party, 164, 167f performance as president, 207–209 French and Indian War (Seven Years’ Great Awakening, 85 War), 83, 97–98 Great Britain. See England French Huguenots, 20 Great Depression Friedan, Betty, 370–371 Dust Bowl drought, 306 Fuch, Klaus, 333 economic basis of, 300–301 Fuller, Margaret, 267–268, 419–420 equality of expectation basis, 301 Fundamental Constitutions, 77–78 Hoover’s response to, 301 Fundamental Orders (1639), 77 New Deal. (See New Deal) Fussell, Paul, 323 public perception of Hoover’s response, 301–302 Gag Rule, 162, 163f stock market crash, 300 Garbo, Greta, 296–297 triumph over adversity ideas, 308 Gardner, Ava, 331f veterans, attack on, 301–302 Garﬁeld, James A., 242 WWII ending of, 310–311 Garrison, William Lloyd, 162, 167f The Great Gatsby (Fitzgerald), 287 Gast, John, 187 Great Migration (Puritan), 52–53, 54f, 77

440 Index

Great Sioux Uprising (Dakota War), 191 Hoover, Herbert, 297, 301 Great Society program, 358–359 Hoover,J.Edgar,280–281, 332–333, Great White Fleet, 264, 265f 348 Greeley, Horace, 167f Hose, Sam, 219–221 Green Bay Tribes, 195–196 House Committee on Un-American Grenville, Richard, 18–19, 23–24 Activities (HUAC), 203–204 Guam, 252f, 251–252, 254–255f, 256–257 TheHouseofMirth(Wharton), 264–265 Gulf of Tonkin resolution, 356–357 House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 332–333 Haiti, 154 Howard, Oliver Otis, 243 Hakluyt, Richard, 21–23, 33 Howell, William Dean, 225 Hale, Edward Everett, 318–319 How the Other Half Lives: Studies among Hale, John, 85 the Tenements of New York (Riis), Half-Way Covenant, 59, 61 227 Hamer, Fannie Lou, 348 Hughes, Langston, 295, 318, 320–321 Hamilton, Alexander Hull House, 262, 410–411 biography of, 420–421 Hungary anti-Communist uprising, 339 economic policies of, 149–151 Hunt, Thomas, 52 as Federalist, 139 Hurricane Katrina (2005), 378 Federalist Papers, 139–140 Hurston, Zora Neale, 295 Hancock, John, 139 Hussein, Saddam, 377 Harding, Warren Hutchinson, Anne, 56, 72 death of, 281 Huxley, Aldous, 299–300 reform policies, 281 release of Eugene Debs by, 272 Idaho, 190 Unknown Soldier, internment of, Identity (American) formation 276–277, 277f, 287 conﬂict as unifying force, 266–267, Hariot, Thomas, 24–27, 34, 45 277–278, 377–378 Harlem Renaissance, 295 conﬂict in, 71–72, 78–80, 83, 90–91, Harper’s Ferry, 169, 191 118–119 Hartford Convention, 161 Constitution in, 136 Hawaii, 253, 310, 311f Crevecoeur` on, 81–82 Hay, John focusing of by Civil War, 180–182 Haymarket Riot, 222–223, 236 freedom in development of, 6–7 “Headright” system, 35–36, 63–64 gender inequalities in, 88 Hearst, William Randolph, 252f globalization in, 379–380 Heith, John, 220–221f immigration in, 82–83, 231–233, Hemingway, Ernest, 287 236–237 Henderson, J B, 245 incarceration in, 375–376 Henry, Patrick, 98, 139 industrialization in loss of individuality, Henry VIII, 14 287 Higher Education Act of 1965, 358–359 overview, 5 Hippies, 360 patriotism vs. nationalism in, 117–118 Hiroshima, Nagasaki bombings, 328, 331f Reconstruction, 198, 201–204 Hispaniola, 12–13 slavery in development of, 114–116 Hiss, Alger, 333 time span in development of, 82 Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr., 256, 279, 293, “true Americanism” concept, 260–261 421–422 warfare-identity link in generally, 6 Homestead Act of 1862, 190 Illinois, Escobedo vs., 352–353 Homosexuality, fears of, 333–334 Immigrant ghettos, 225, 227 Hooker, Thomas, 72, 77 Immigrants

Index 441

in American identity formation, 82–83, Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, 293 231–233, 236–237 Indian Civilization Act of 1816, 239 assimilation, Americanization of, 291, Indian New Deal, 239–241, 307–308 292 Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934, in civil rights movement, 373–375.(See 307–308 also Civil rights movement) Indian Wars, 238 Cleveland’s defense of, 230 Industrialization in loss of individuality, Coolidge on, 291 287 Davis on, 291 The Inﬂuence of Sea Power upon History early vs. Gilded Age, Bryce on, 224 (Mahan), 249 eugenics in worthiness of, 292.(See also Inherit the Wind, 294 Eugenics) Intolerable (Coercive) Acts of 1774, 100, exploitation of immigrant labor, 101–103, 109 235–236 Involuntary sterilization laws, 293–294 federal immigration restriction laws, Iowa, 144 229–230, 290–292 Iraq War, 377 Haymarket Riot, 222–223, 236 Ireland, 19–20 as immoral and corrupt, 225–227, It Can’t Happen Here (Lewis), 306–307 228–229, 290–292 Iwo Jima, Battle of, 311f, 322f, 321–322, Lincoln on, 223 323 literacy tests for, 230 Old World soul of, 229 Jackson, Andrew as perceived cause of moral decay, 222, biography of, 422–423 237, 250 on challenges to federal authority, reality of life for, 225, 226–227f, 159–160 235–236, 263 policy impacts generally, 161 as reminders of the past, 230, 231f Jackson, Helen Hunt, 239 settlement houses for, 262 James I (King of England), 44 statistics, 223t, 223–224 James II (King of England), 73, 78 in urbanization, 224 Jamestown colony. See Virginia as victims in class war, 279–280 (Jamestown) Immigration Act of 1924, 292 Japan, 310 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, Japanese American internment, 203, 305f, 373 320f, 319–320, 418 Immigration Restriction League, 230, 272 Jay, John, 139–140 Imperialism. See also Foreign policy Jazz Age fear of disease motivation, 259f, music, 295–296 259–260 portrayals of, 295 immigrant impact motivations, 249–250 TheJazzSinger,296 inculcation of foreigners into J.E.B. Stuart Memorial Window, 232 Anglo-Saxon ethos, 259f, 259–260 Jefferson, Thomas nationalism motivations, 251, 258 on Hamilton’s economic policies, naval power in, 249–250 149–151 overview, 249 on the Missouri Compromise, 158 Panama Canal, 260 as President, 153 Panama/Colombia conﬂict, 260 on slavery, 107–109, 157 “soldier’s faith” in, 256, 266–267 Jeremiads, 60 Spanish-American war, 252f, 251–252, Jezebel, 296–297 254–255f, 256–257 Jim Crow laws, 203, 216–217 “true Americanism” concept, 260–261 Johnson, Lyndon B., 340, 346–347, 352, Incas, 14–15 356–357, 362

442 Index

Johnson, Maggie, 225 expansion of women’s opportunities in, Johnson, Robert, 29–30, 34–35 324–325 Johnson, Samuel, 109 Ford’s actions against, 283–284 Johnston, Joseph E., 179 formation of, 280–281 Joliet, Louis, 47 La Fayette, Marie Joseph Paul (Marquis Jolson, Al, 296 de), 124f Jones, Eva, 183–184 Land Ordinance of 1785, 131 Joseph, William, 79–80 Lane, Ralph, 23–24 The Jungle (Sinclair), 263 Las Casas, Bartolomede,´ 16–18 Laughlin, Harry H., 292 Kansas, 190, 265–266 Lavendar scares, 333–334 Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, 168, 169 Lawes Divine, Morall and Martiall, 31 Kant, Immanuel, 7 Leach, John A., 285f Kennedy, John F., 340–341, 342–343, 345, League of Nations, 274–275 355–356, 357, 423–424 Lee, Richard Henry, 139 Kennedy, Robert, 357 Lenni Lenape (Delaware), 89 Kent State killings, 365 Lery,´ Jean de, 16–18 Kentucky, 183 “Let America Be America Again” Kerner Commission (National Advisory (Hughes), 318 Commission on Civil Disorders), 361f Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Kerner Report, 360–362 (Dickinson), 97 Kerouac, Jack, 340–341 Letters from an American Farmer Khrushchev, Nikita, 339, 342 (Crevecoeur),` 81–82 King, Martin Luther, 338, 344–345, 348, Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer (Otis), 351 101 King George’s War (War of the Austrian Leutze, Emanuel, 187 Succession), 83 Le Voyage au Brezil´ de Jean de Lery´ King Philip’s War (Metacom’s Rebellion), (Lery),´ 16–18 61–62, 72 Lewis, Sinclair, 287, 306–307 King William’s War (War of the League of LGBT rights, 373, 374f Augsburg), 83 Liberia, 164 Kipling, Rudyard, 260 Liberty Bonds, 271f Kitt, Eartha, 363f, 362–363 Library Company of Philadelphia, Knights of Labor, 235–236 146–148 Know-Nothings (American Party), Light bulb invention, 297 197–198, 223 Lincoln, Abraham Korean War, 336, 337f on America as hope, 177 Korean War Memorial, 337f artistic portrayals of, 246f Kubrick, Stanley, 331f biography of, 424–425 Ku Klux Klan on blame for Civil War, 169 exploitation of tensions by, 290 Civil War political strategy, 183 formation of, 206, 209f death of, 194 Goldwater support by, 349–350, 350f on Declaration of Independence, 170 rise of, post-1920, 289f, 288–289, 290 on freedom, 137, 192–194 symbolism of, 289f on immigrants, 223 tactics, 206–207, 215f on justice, 192 targeting of by government agencies, on liberty, 7 348 Lincoln-Douglas debates, 415–416 on meanings of liberty, 106 Labor unions Lindburgh, Charles, 283 equal pay issues, 324–325 Little, Frank, 272

Index 443

Little Big Horn, 203, 238 as Border State, 183 Little Steel formula, 324–325 conflicts with indigenous peoples in, 49 Locke, John, 32–33, 77–78, 95 crown control of, 80 Look Homeward, Angel (Wolfe), 287 exploitation, conversion of indigenous Looking Backward (Bellamy), 228–229 peoples, 60 Lord Dunmore’s Ethiopian Regiment, 116 founding of, 48 Lost Generation writers, 287 ousting of Dominion government in, Louisiana, 174–176, 217 79–80 Louisiana Purchase, 143–144 overview, 74t Love, 296–297 penalty for going native in, 60 Loyalists, 126–128 reality of life in, 47 Luce, Henry, 326–327 religious conflicts in, 48–49 Luther, Martin, 14 retention of local control in, 80 Lynching, 209f, 220f, 217–221, 222, slavery in generally, 66–67 337–338 Mason, John, 57 Lynch Law in Georgia (Wells), 219–221 Massachusetts Abenaki raids, 89–90 MacArthur, Douglas, 301–302 Antinomian crisis, 56, 72 Madison, James, 139–140 Bacon’s Rebellion, 61, 64–65 The Mad Whirl, 296 as Biblical Commonwealth, 53 Magellan, Ferdinand, 12–13 Cambridge Agreement (1629), 77 Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (Crane), 225 change in church membership policies, Mahan, Alfred T., 249–250, 258 85 Mailer, Norman, 360 Charter revocation, 78 Maine, 157–158 conflict in, 72 Maine, USS, 252–253 crown control of, 80 Main Street (Lewis), 287 exploitation, conversion of indigenous Malcolm X, 349 peoples, 60, 62–63 Manhatten Project, 328 founding of, 49–50 Manifest Destiny concept, 164, 165, 187, legislative structure, 50–51, 55, 72, 77 241 Mayflower Compact, 51f, 50–51 Mann, Michael, 2 ousting of Dominion government in, Manteo, 24 79–80 The Man Without a Country (Hale), overview, 74t 318–319 Puritanism, 50 Map-making, 15–16, 17f, 77–78 religious freedom in, 55–56, 75 Mapp vs. Ohio, 352–353 Salem witchcraft trials, 84–85, 86f March on Washington, 344f, 344–345 separatist motivations of, 50, 57–58 Market revolution slavery in, 111 newspaper, commercial journal social, economic structure, 53–55, 59 representation of, 184–185 subjugation, conversion of indigenous overview, 184 peoples, 56–57 railways. (See Railways) Massachusetts Bay Company, 77 steamboats in, 185 Massachusetts Mechanic Association, 147f Marquette, Jacques, 47 Mather, Cotton, 85, 87–88 Marshall, George C., 321 Mather, Increase, 85 Marshall Plan, 329 Mayflower Compact, 50–51, 51f Maryland Mayhew, John, 95–96 Act Concerning Religion (Toleration McCarthy, Joseph R., 332–333 Act) of 1649, 48–49 McCarthyism (Red Scare), 330–334 Battle of the Severn (1655), 49 McCormack, Ellen, 372f

444 Index

McKinley, William Montgomery Bus Boycott, 338 assassination of, 242 Moon landings, 364, 367 currency debate, 243 Moraley, William, 94–95 McKinley at Home, 247–248 More, Thomas, 32 media deployment by, 247 Morgan, J.P., 233–235 moral stability debate, 243–245 Morrison, Toni, 5 presidential campaign, 242–243, 244f Morse, Samuel F.B., 176–177 McKinley at Home, 247–248 Mott, Lucretia, 268 McNamara, Robert, 356f Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 371 Meat Inspection Act of 1906, 263 Murray, John (Earl of Dunmore), 116 Medical Division, Freedmen’s Bureau, 210 My Lai massacre, 365–366 Medicare, Medicaid, 358–359 Myrdal, Gunnar, 334–335 Mellon, Andrew W., 233–234 Menominee Nation, 195–196 Nagasaki, Hiroshima bombings, 328, 331f Meredith, James, 343, 351–352 Nast, Thomas, 193f, 209f, 213f, 240f Meredith March, 351–352 National Advisory Commission on Civil Metacom’s Rebellion (King Philip’s War), Disorders (Kerner Commission), 361f 61–62, 72 National Aeronautics and Space Mexican-Americans Administration (NASA), 340 incarceration of, 375–376 National Association for the Advancement lynchings, 217 of Colored People (NAACP), naturalization of in California, 196–197 268–269, 347 Michigan, 144 National Committee to Stop ERA, 371 Middle East, 339 National Defense Research Committee, Military-industrial complex development, 310 353–355 National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, Minnesota 304 admission to Union, 144 National Organization for Women Great Sioux Uprising (Dakota War), 191 (NOW), 370–371 settlement of, 190 National park establishment, 427 Miranda vs. Arizona, 352–353 National Park Service (NPS), 3–4 Mississippi National Prohibition Act (Volstead Act), activist murders, 344–345, 347–348 284–286 African-American voting rights, 347 National Recovery Administration (NRA), lynchings in, 217 304 Medgar Evers murder, 344–345 National Security Council (NSC), 354 police brutality towards Native Americans. See also speciﬁc tribes African-Americans in, 348 Civil War motivations, 195–196 succession of, 174–176 Columbian exchange, 12–13 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party competition, conﬂict effects on, 14–15 (MFDP), 348 depiction of by European settlers, 16–18, Mississippi Summer Project (Freedom 24–27 Summer), 347 disease effects on, 13–14 Missouri enforced assimilation of, 240f, 238–240, admission to Union, 144, 157–158 241 as Border State, 183 European perceptions of, 12–13, 19–20 Missouri Compromise, 157–158 exploitation, conversion of. (See A Modest Enquiry into the Nature of Exploitation, conversion of indigenous Witchcraft (Hale), 85, 86f peoples) Monroe, James, 248–249 Indian New Deal, 239–241, 307–308 The Monroe Doctrine, 248–249 perceptions of Western settlers, 190–191

Index 445

population decline, 88–89 separatist motivations of, 50, 57–58 pre-European culture of, 10–11 slavery in generally, 66–67 Reconstruction, relations with, 203, 217 social, economic structure, 53–55, 59, tribal legal status (citizenship, national 87 existence), 191–192 subjugation, conversion of indigenous voting rights for, 293 peoples, 56–57 Naturalization Act of 1798, 153–154 women’s roles in, 87 Navigation Act of 1651, 73, 78 New England Confederation, 72 Nebraska, 190 New Federalism, 364–365 Negro Act of 1740, 114 New Freedom concept, 264 The Negro Family: The Case for National New Hampshire Action (Moynihan), 371 establishment of, 72 New Deal Exeter Compact (1639), 77 criticism of, 304–307 overview, 74t economic program, 304 New Jersey farm, employment policies, 304, 305f establishment of, 73 Indian, 239–241, 307–308 Native American population decline in, overview, 302, 303–304, 307, 428–429 88–89 Second, 305f, 306 overview, 74t segregation in, 308 religious revival in, 85 New England. See also specific colonies New Nationalism, 264, 265–266 Abenaki raids, 89–90 Newport, Christopher, 29–32 Antinomian crisis, 56, 72 Newspapers Bacon’s Rebellion, 61, 64–65 market revolution representation, as Biblical Commonwealth, 53 184–185 challenges in, 51–52, 58–59 printing effects on European settlers, conflict in, 72, 89 15–16, 17f, 77–78 exploitation, conversion of indigenous New York peoples, 60, 62–63 ousting of Dominion government in, founding of, 49–50 79–80 going native in, 60, 90–91 overview, 74t Great Migration (Puritan), 52–53, 54f, religious revival in, 85 77 settlement of, 73 Half-Way Covenant, 59, 61 New York City hereditary aristocracy rule in, 77–78 Empire State Building, 282f identity evolution in, 78–80 establishment of, 73 indigenous population in, 51–52 financial corruption post-Civil War, jeremiads in, 60 211–212, 213f King Philip’s War (Metacom’s Harlem Renaissance, 295 Rebellion), 61–62, 72 immigrant population in, 224 land ownership in, 59 Jazz Age portrayals in, 295 legislative structure, 50–51, 55, 72, 77 portrayal of as futuristic metropolis, 299 Mayflower Compact, 50–51, 51f Nicholson, Francis, 79–80 moral decline in, 60 Nineteenth Amendment, 272 Pequot tribe massacre, 56–57 Nixon, Richard M. See also Vietnam War perceptions of conflict in, 90–91 abuse of power by, 366–367 Puritanism, 50 kitchen debate, Nixon/Krushchev, 342 reality of life in, 56, 87–88 New Federalism philosophy, 364 relations with indigenous population in, Pentagon Papers, 366 52, 90–91 resignation of, 366–367 religious freedom in, 55–56, 75 Watergate scandal, 366–367

446 Index

North America Palmer, A. Mitchell, 280–281 Barlowe report on, 20–22 Palmer, Fanny, 187, 188f depictions of generally, 33–35 Panama Canal, 260 English colonies. (See American colonies) Panama/Colombia conflict, 260 Roanoke Island settlement, 20–22, Parks, Rosa, 337–338 23–24 “Parson’s Cause” case, 98 Spanish decline of influence in, 47 A Particular Discourse Concerning North Atlantic Treaty Organization Western Discoveries (Hakluyt), 22 (NATO), 330 The Passing of the Great Race: The Racial North Carolina Basis of European History (Grant), establishment of, 73 290–291 Fundamental Constitutions, 77–78 Patriot Act, 377 overview, 74t Patten, Simon Nelson, 236–237 slave, immigrant population increase in, Patton, George, 323–324 93 Pearl Harbor, 310, 311f succession of, 174–176 Penn, William, 75, 76f North Dakota, 190 Pennsylvania Northwest Ordinance of 1787, 131, immigrant population increase in, 91–93 144–146 Native American population decline in, Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 88–89 108 overview, 74t Nova Britannia: Offering most excellent retention of local control in, 80 fruites by Planting in Virginia settlement of, 75 (Johnson), 29–30, 34–35 Pentagon Papers, 366 Nullification Crisis, 159–160 Pequot tribe massacre, 56–57 Pershing, John J., 257, 273 Obama, Barack, 378–379 Phelps, Austin, 251 Oberholtzer, Madge, 288–290 Philadelphia, 224 Occupational Safety and Health Philippines, 252f, 251–252, 254–255f, Administration (OSHA), 364–365 256–257 Office of War Mobilization, 324 Photography Project, 305f Oglethorpe, James, 114 Pike, James Shepherd, 210–211 Ohio, Mapp vs., 352–353 Pinckney, Eliza Lucas, 113 Okinawa, 321–322 Pink, Lavendar, Black scares, 333–334 Olympia, USS, 276–277 Pizzaro, Francisco, 14–15 Oneida Nation, 195–196 Plantation Duties Act of 1673, 78 On the Beach (Shute), 331f The Plastic Age, 296 On the Road (Kerouac), 340–341 Plessy vs. Ferguson, 216–217, 336–337 Opechancanough, 68f, 67–68, 69f, Pocahontas, 30–31 70 The Pocket Book of America, 318–319, Operation Enduring Freedom, 377 330 Operation Iraqi Freedom, 377 Poor Richard’s Almanacks, 94–95 Oregon, 144, 190 Popular sovereignty, 168, 169 Oregon Trail, 190 Populist party, 243–245 O’Sullivan, John, 165 Portugal, 12–13 Otis, James, 101 Post Office, 132–134 Outcault, Richard, 252f Post Office Act of 1792, 132–133 Ovando, Nicolas´ de, 12–13 Potsdam conference, 328–329 Poverty Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, 189 fears of, 87–88 Paine, Thomas, 7, 71, 103–104, 106–107, war on, 358–359, 371 165, 177 Powhatan Confederacy, 29–32

Index 447

Presidential campaign 1964 urbanization vs. agrarianism in, 299 Daisy commercial censorship, 350–351 wealth distribution in, 297 Democratic convention, 349 Progressive Party, 265–266 Goldwater, Barry, 350f, 349–350 Prohibition, 285f, 284–285, 286 overview, 348 Project Mercury, 340 Presidential election 1896. See also Bryan, Protestant Reformation (1517), 14 William Jennings; McKinley, William Public Works Administration (PWA), Chicago platform, 245 304 currency debate, 243 Puerto Rico, 252f, 251–252, 254–255f, media deployment in, 247 256–257 moral stability debate, 243–245 Pulitzer, Joseph, 252f overview, 242–243, 244f Pullman strike of 1894, 236 Presley, Elvis, 342 Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, 263 Printing, map-making, 15–16, 17f, 77–78 Puritanism Progressive era. See also Coolidge, Calvin; described, 50 Harding, Warren; Roosevelt, Great Migration, 52–53, 54f, 77 Theodore; Wilson, Woodrow; World Purnell, Fred S., 291–292 War I accommodation vs. dispossession Quakers, 58, 75, 111 conﬂicts, 238–241 Quartering Act of 1765, 100, 121 antitrust legislation, 233–234, 235 Queen Anne’s War (War of the Spanish automobile boom, 1920’s, 283, 287, 297 Succession), 83, 89 centralized regulation in, 263 construction boom, 1920’s, 282f, Racism. See also Segregation 281–282, 283 barbarism threat, 211, 220f, 217–221, consumption lifestyle, 283, 299–300 222 displays of naval power, 264, 265f Enforcement Acts, 1870s, 210 exploitation of immigrant labor, eugenics. (See Eugenics) 235–236 eugenics as basis, 292 fear of evil mindset in, 262 Freedmen’s Bureau, 209–210 food legislation in, 263 Grant, anti-racism policies, 206 gospel of wealth, 234–235 KKK. (See Ku Klux Klan) imperialism. (See Imperialism) lynching, 209f, 220f, 217–221, 222, improvement initiatives in, 264 337–338 Indian Wars, 238 Myrdal report, 334–335 industrial, living conditions in, 263 personal experiences of, 205–206 labor disputes, 236 post-1920, 288, 289f, 290–291 loss of individuality in, 287, 299–300 post-emancipation politics, 209–211, New Nationalism concept, 264, 222 265–266, 290–291 race riots, 325 organized crime in, 286 religion interactions, 336 overview, 278 sharecropping, 207–209 Prohibition, 285f, 284–285, 286 Radio, 297 reality of worker’s lives in, 283–284 Railroad Strike of 1877, 236 settlement houses, 262 Railways social vs. conservative philosophies, construction of, 189 261–262, 266 development, 185, 234–235 “soldier’s faith” in, 256, 266–267 Emerson on, 186 spiritual bankruptcy of upper classes in, legislation, 189 264–265 political, practical issues, 189 Standard Oil Company/Trust, 234 public perceptions of, 186 United States Steel, 234–235 symbolism of, 185, 202f

448 Index

Ralegh, Walter, 18–19, 20–22, 23–24.See Republicans, 164 also Virginia (Jamestown) Resettlement Administration, 305f Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail Revere, Paul, 102f, 118f, 117–118 (Roosevelt), 257 Revolutionary War Ravage, Marcus Eli, 229, 231f basis of, 100, 106, 118–119 Reagan, Ronald, 369, 425–427 Battle of Camden, 122, 126 The Reason Why the Colored American Is Battle of Saratoga, 124–125 Not in the World’s Columbian Battle of Trenton, 122–123 Exposition (Wells), 221 Bunker Hill, 122 Reconstruction challenges following, 127f, 129–130, African American naturalization, 194 133f African American voting right removal, civilian service in, 121 209f, 213–214, 216, 219f colonial perspectives on, 119–120 barbarism threat, 211, 220f, 217–221, first year defeats of, 122 222 France as American ally in, 124–125 centennial celebrations, 201 freedom as inducement for slaves, 116 Colfax Massacre, 214–216 ideals, conflicts generally, 6–7, 117–118, crime, corruption issues, 209–210, 120 211–213, 227–228 lack of colonial union in, 122, 125, Fourteenth Amendment, 194 127f as Gilded Age, 198–199 Loyalists in, 126–128 Jim Crow laws, 216–217 Minuteman ideal, 121f, 120–121 lynchings, 209f, 220f, 217–221, 222 myths of, 117 national identity formation, 198, patriotism, rewards for, 128–129 201–204 practical considerations, 119, 123 Native American relations, 203, 217 progress of, 1778-1780, 126 overview, 194 Valley Forge, PA, 124f, 123–124 racial retrenchment, 213–214, 215f, Yorktown, 126 216, 219f, 222 Rhode Island racism. (See Racism) establishment of, 72 reality of life for African Americans. (See legislative structure in, 77 Racism) overview, 74t restrictions on Southern states, 199 religious freedom in, 55 slavery’s redefinition under, 199–201 retention of local control in, 80 United States vs. Cruikshank, 216 Ribault, Jean, 20 Reconstruction Finance Corporation Riis, Jacob, 226–227f (RFC), 301–302 The Rise of Silas Lapham (Howell), 225 The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion Roanoke Island settlement, 20–22, 23–24 (Williams), 90 Rockefeller, John D., 233–234, 235 Red Scare (McCarthyism), 330–334 Rockwell, Norman, 317f, 316–317, 318 Red Scare (socialism) Roe vs. Wade, 372f, 371–372, 373 labor strikes in, 280–281 Rolfe, John, 30–31 legislation against generally, 279 Rollling Stones, 357–358 Palmer raids, 280–281 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Sacco and Vanzetti case, 279–280 biography of, 428–429 Schenck vs. United States, 279, 422 death of, 327–328 United States vs. The Spirit of ’76, 279 first principles reassertion, 303 Religious conversion of indigenous Four Freedoms, Arsenal of Democracy peoples. See Exploitation, conversion ideas, 314–316 of indigenous peoples New Deal. (See New Deal) Remington, Frederic, 257 presidential campaign, 302–303

Index 449

on racial discrimination, 314, 315f lynchings, 209f, 220f, 217–221, 222 in WWII. (See World War II) in New Deal, 308 Roosevelt, Theodore support for, 1964, 349 biography of, 427–428 Selective Service and Training Act, 310 Great White Fleet, 264, 265f Selma to Montgomery March, 351, 352 military service, 256–257 Seneca Falls Convention, 267–268 nationalism philosophy, 258 Separate but equal doctrine, 216–217, New Nationalism concept, 264, 335–337 265–266 September 11, 2001 attacks, 376f, presidential election 1896, 242–243 376–378 presidential election 1912, 265–266 Settlement houses, 262 as rancher, 257 Seven Years’ War (French and Indian “soldier’s faith” philosophy, 256, War), 83, 97–98 266–267 Seward, William, 176, 180 strenuous life doctrine, 257–258 The Shame of the Cities (Steffens), “true Americanism” concept, 260–261 227–228, 263 Rosenberg, Julius/Ethel, 333 Sharecropping, 207–209 Rowlandson, Mary, 62 Shay’s Rebellion, 131–132 Rush, Benjamin, 130, 132–134, 429–430 Sherman Antitrust Act, 233–234, 235 Ryan, Abram Joseph, 200–201f Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (Las Casas), 16–18, 18f Sacco, Nicola, 279–280 Shute, Nevil, 331f Saint-Domingue uprising, 154 Sickles, Dan, 243 Salem witchcraft trials, 84–85, 86f Sioux Nation, 190, 191, 203 Sand Creek Massacre, 238 Sitting Bull, 203 Sandford, Dred Scott v., 168, 174, 175f, Skyscrapers, 282f, 281–282, 283 240f Slavery Sanger, Margaret, 293–294, 430–431 abolition movement. (See Abolition Sassamon, John, 61 movement) Schenck, Charles, 279 abolition of post-Civil War, 192–194 Schenck vs. United States, 279, 422 abolition of post-Revolutionary War, Schlaﬂy, Phyllis, 371 131 Schlosser, Eric, 263 African, origins of, 16–18, 66, 83 Scopes Trial, 294–295 American perspectives on, 169–170 Scott, Dred, 168, 174, 175f, 240f artistic portrayals of, 193f Seattle labor strike, 280–281 as balance of power issue, 165–166 Second Charter of Virginia, 45 Constitution on, 135, 139, 170 Second Party System, 161, 164 Demerara Rebellion, 154 The Second Treatise of Civil Government development of, 66, 81 (Locke), 32–33, 95, 97 Douglass on, 416–417 Sedition Act of 1918, 272 Easter Rebellion, 154 Segregation. See also Racism economic impacts of, 154–157 African American voting right removal, exploitation, conversion of indigenous 213–214, 216, 219f peoples. (See Exploitation, conversion Armed Forces, WWII, 313–314, 318, of indigenous peoples) 323 as issue, 135, 139, 154–159 Armed Forces desegration, 336, 337f Jefferson on, 107–109, 157 as comprising national creed, 314, 315f northern vs. southern program for, consequences of challenges to, 217 144–146 Jim Crow laws, 216–217 percentage of population trends, 94 Kerner Report, 360–362 Portugal in, 12

450 Index

Slavery (cont.) Sputnik, 340 reality of slave’s lives, 110f, 109–110, Squanto (Tisquantum), 52 111, 155f, 156 Stalin, Joseph, 328–329, 336 resettlement back to Africa, 164, 424 Stamp Act Congress of 1765, 100–101 rights of slaves, 168 Stamp Act of 1765, 100, 101 Saint-Domingue uprising, 154 Standard Oil Company/Trust, 234 taxation of, 108 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 268 tobacco in development of, 68f, 67–68, Starr, Ellen Gates, 262 69f, 70 State vs. federal rights as way of life in America, 106, 111–112 Chicago platform, 245 Smallpox, 13–14, 87–88, 113 debate over, 152, 153–154, 172–173 Smith, John, 30–31, 152 sovereignty interpretations, 216 Socialist Party, 279 United States vs. Cruikshank, 216 Social Security Act of 1935, 306 Statue of Liberty, 222 “Soldier’s faith” philosophy, 256, 266–267 Steamboats, 185 The Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois), 219f, Steffens, Lincoln, 227–228, 263 417–418 Stephens, Alexander, 172, 173–174 South Carolina Stephenson, David C., 288–290 establishment of, 73 Stockbridge-Munsee Nation, 195–196 Fundamental Constitutions, 77–78 Stoddard, Solomon, 89–90 Negro Act of 1740, 114 Stokes vs. State, 294 overview, 74t Stone, William, 48 post-emancipation politics, 210–211 Stono Rebelliion, 113 slave, immigrant population increase in, Story, Joseph, 132–133 93 Strenuous life doctrine, 257–258 slave control laws in, 113–114 Strong, George Templeton, 180–182 slavery in generally, 112–113, 115f Strong, Josiah, 225–227, 237, 250, 258 Stono Rebelliion, 113 Student Nonviolent Coordinating succession of, 174–176 Committee (SNCC), 347, 348 tariff issue in, 159–160 Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), Southern Horrors (Wells), 221–222 359–360 Southern Ideas of Liberty, 163f Suez Crisis, 339 Southwest Ordinance of 1790, 144–146 Suffrage. See also Voting rights Soviet Union, 328–329, 339.SeealsoCold citizenship argument, 269 War Civil Rights movement relationship to, Space race, 340, 364, 367 268–269 Spain Declaration of Sentiments, 268 brutality, depictions of, 16–18, 19–20 Nineteenth Amendment, 272 decline of inﬂuence in North America, overview, 267 47 Seneca Falls Convention, 267–268 English competition, conﬂict with, Sugar Act of 1764, 100 14–15, 89 Sugar Trust Case, 233–234, 235 Spanish-American war, 252f, 251–252, A Summary View of the Rights of British 254–255f, 256–257 America (Jefferson), 107–108 Treaty of Tordesillas, 12–13 Summer of Love, Summer of Discontent, Spanish-American war, 252f, 251–252, 360, 361f 254–255f, 256–257 Swing, Raymond Gram, 306–307 Speakeasies, 284–286 Sybil, or the Two Nations (Disraeli), 280 Spectral evidence, 85 The Spirit of ’76, United States vs., 279 Taliban, 377 The Spirit of St. Louis, 283 Taney, Roger B., 168, 240f

Index 451

Taxation No Tyranny: An Answer to the Turner, Nat, 162 Resolutions and Address of the Twain, Mark (Samuel Clemmons), American Congress (Johnson), 109 198–199 Tea Act of 1773, 100, 101–103 Tweed, William M., 211–212, 213f Telegraph, 176–177, 187 Tweed Ring, 211–212, 213f Television, 342 Twenty-first Amendment, 285f Tennessee Two nations concept, 280–281 Butler Act challenge, 294–295 Two Penny Act, 98 legalization of slavery in, 144–146 succession of, 174–176 U-boat campaign, 269–271 Tennessee, USS, 311f Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Beecher Stowe), 169, Terrell, Mary Church, 268–269 412–414 Terrorism, 376–378 United Mine Workers strike of 1943, Tet Offensive, 362 324–325 Texas United States. See also American colonies admission to Union, 144 African Americans in generally, 5.(See lynchings in, 217 also African-Americans) succession of, 174–176 antebellum period generally, 160–161, “The Conquered Banner,” 200–201f 164, 166–168 Thirteenth Amendment, 192–194 anti-Catholic sentiment in, 197–198 This Side of Paradise (Fitzgerald), 287 attempts at preservation of, 153–160 Thomas, Gabriel, 89, 96 census 1790 population statistics, 143, Thompson, Hugh, 365–366 144, 145f Three Soldiers (Dos Passos), 287 challenges to federal authority in, Till, Emmett, 337–338 159–160 Tillman, Ben, 246f as civic nation, 3 Tobacco colonial competitiveness in, 152 cultivation effects, 43–44f development of education in, 148–149 cultivation Virginia in generally, 38, 42 disintegration of, 1860, 152 in development of slavery, 68f, 67–68, ethnic designations in, 4–5 69f, 70 exploitation, conversion of indigenous England, revenues in, 44 peoples in (See Exploitation, as monopoly, 44 conversion of indigenous peoples) Tocqueville, Alexis de, 146, 152, 160, 414 exploitation of, 3–4 Toleration Act (Act Concerning Religion) Great Seal of, 132, 133f of 1649, 48–49 growth, post-1790 census, 143–144 Tombstone, AZ, 220–221f Hamilton’s economic policies, 149–151 Toussaint L’Ouverture, François identity in (See Identity (American) Dominique, 154 formation) Townshend Duties of 1767, 100, 101 lack of unity in, 137, 146, 151 Transcontinental Railroad, 189 Missouri Compromise, 157–158 Treaty of Paris, 83 newspaper dissemination in, 132–134 Treaty of Tordesillas, 12–13 Northwest Ordinance (1787), 144–146 Treaty of Versailles, 274–275 Nullification Crisis, 159–160 “True Americanism” concept, 260–261 overview, 3 A True History of the Captivity and as personification of democracy, 309 Restoration of Mrs. Mary political gaming in, 153–154, 166–168 Rowlandson (Rowlandson), 62 post office expansion in, 132–134 Truman, Harry, 328–329, 332, 336 principle of association, 147f, 146–147, Truman Doctrine, 329 148, 149 Tupinamba,´ 16 scholarly perceptions of, 2, 276

452 Index

United States (cont.) succession of, 174–176 Second Party System, 161, 164 Two Penny Act, 98 Shay’s Rebellion, 131–132 white American identity emergence in, slavery issue in (See Slavery) 65 Southwest Ordinance of 1790, 144–146 Virginia (Jamestown) statehood grants in, 131 Bacon’s Rebellion, 61, 63, 64–65 state vs. federal power in (See State vs. enslavement of indigenous peoples, 65 federal rights) establishment of, 29–32 symbolism in formation of, 132, 133f exploitation, conversion of indigenous tariff issue in, 159–160 peoples, 37, 44, 60, 63–65 upper class attitude towards citizens in, feminization of, 33 153 financing, 27–29 urbanization, post-1790 census, 144 “headright” system, 35–36, 63–64 Washington on unity of government in, land expansion in, 35–36, 64–65 151–152 massacre March 1622, 44 United States, Schenck vs., 279, 422 motivations for colonization of, 24–27, United States Steel, 234–235 29 United States vs. Cruikshank, 216 penalty for going native in, 60 United States vs. E.C. Knight Co., presentation of to prospective settlers, 233–234 33–35, 39–40 United States vs. The Spirit of ’76, 279 rationalizations, 32–33 Unknown Soldier, 276–277, 277f, 287 reality of life in, 41f, 40–41, 42, 47, Utopia (More), 32 48 Utopian ideal, 32 Second Charter of Virginia, 45 slavery in generally, 38, 39, 66–67.(See Valley Forge, PA, 124f, 123–124 also Slavery) Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 233–234 subjugation of indigenous peoples, Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 279–280 37–38, 45–46 Venezuela, 248 tobacco (See Tobacco) Vespucci, Amerigo, 12–13 women, commoditization of, 42–43, 43f, Veterans, 6. See also specific wars 66 Vietnam syndrome, 353 Virginia Company Vietnam War bankruptcy of, 44 Cambodia invasion, 365 financing of colonization by, 27–29 fall of Saigon, 367–368 indoctrination of natives policy, 45–46 Gulf of Tonkin resolution, 356–357 presentation of Jamestown life by, My Lai massacre, 365–366 39–40 overview, 356f, 355–356, 357 on price of women, 42–43 protests, 363f, 362–363, 365 reality of life in Jamestown, 40–42 public perceptions of generally, 358 Vitascope Company, 248 statistics on, 360, 363 Volstead Act (National Prohibition Act), support for, 360, 363 284–286 Tet Offensive, 362 Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), Vietnamization program, 365 358–359 Virginia Voting rights freedom as inducement for slaves in, African-Americans during 116 Reconstruction, 209f, 213–214, 216, number of Presidents from, 153 219f overview, 74t civil rights movement, 347, 351–352 plantation lifestyle in, 112–113 for Native Americans, 293 slavery in generally, 112–113, 115f women (See Suffrage)

Index 453

Wade, Roe vs., 372f, 371–372, 373 West Virginia, 183 Wainwright, Gideon vs., 352–353 West Virginia, USS, 311f Walker, David, 162 Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Wallace, George, 349 Way (Palmer), 187, 188f Wallace, Henry A., 327 Wharton, Edith, 264–265 Wanchese, 24 Wheatley, Phillis, 110f, 109–110, 111 Ward, Samuel, 119–120 Wheelwright, John, 72 War Industries Board, 304 Whigs, 161, 164 War Manpower Commission, 324 Whipple, Henry Benjamin, 191–192, 239 Warner, Charles Dudley, 198–199 White, John, 23–24, 45 War of 1812, 160–161 White supremacy, 203, 215f, 337–338.See War of the Austrian Succession (King also Civil rights movement; Ku Klux George’s War), 83 Klan; Racism War of the League of Augsburg (King Whitley, Hiram C., 206–207, 212–213 William’s War), 83 Whittier, John Greenleaf, 222 War of the Spanish Succession (Queen The Whole and True Discovereye of Terra Anne’s War), 83, 89 Florida (Ribault), 20 War on poverty, 358–359, 371 William III (King of England), 78 War Production Board, 324 Williams, Eunice, 90–91 War Relocation Authority (WRA), 305f Williams, Roger, 55, 72 Warren, Earl, 336–337 Wilmot Proviso, 167f Washington, George Wilson, James, 141 background, choice of as general, Wilson, Woodrow 122 arbitration role, WWI, 269 on condition of Continental Army, New Freedom concept, 264 123–124, 125 Nobel Peace Prize award for, 274–275 Farewell Address of 1792, 151–152 vision of America’s future, 266, 274 on foundations of war, 105, 129 Winthrop, John, 39, 52, 53, 57, 72 on France as ally, 124–125 Wisconsin, 144 on militia, 122–123 Wister, Owen, 232–233 political policies, 151 Wolfe, Thomas, 287 on unity of government, 151–152 Woman in the Nineteenth Century (Fuller), The Waste Land (Elliot), 287 267–268 Watergate scandal, 366–367 Women Waterhouse, Edward, 45–46, 57, 64 abortion rights, 372f, 371–372, 373 Watts riots, 353 commoditization of in Jamestown, 43f, Wells, Ida B., 205–206, 217, 219–222, 42–43, 66 273 equal pay for, 370–371 Western expansion Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 371 artistic portrayals of, 187, 188f, 193f movement, 20th century, 370 deterioration of relations, 191 Moynihan Report, 371 Emerson on, 186 portrayal of in ﬁlm, movie industry, indigenous populations in, 189–191 296–297, 298–299f, 308 land treaties in, 191 rights, fears of, 333–334 Manifest Destiny, 164, 165, 187, 241 roles in American colonies, 87 myth of, 186–187 voting rights (See Suffrage) Oregon Trail, 190 Woodstock, 364–365 pioneer spirit concept, 187 Woolman, John, 111 railways in (See Railways) Woolworth lunch counter protest, 343 tribal legal status (citizenship, national Works Progress Administration (WPA), existence), 191–192 306

454 Index

World War I nationalism, identity in, 325–326 African-American military service in, Okinawa, 321–322 256–257, 272–273 as opportunity for civil rights change, America as arbiter in, 269 318 America’s entrance into, 269–271, 271f opposition to, 323 anti-German legislation, 271–272 Paciﬁc Theatre generally, 323 ending of, 274–275 patriotic propaganda, 318–319, 321 enforcement of conformity, 272, 275 Pearl Harbor, 310, 311f Espionage Act of 1917, 272 service of marginalized populations in legacy, 275, 277–278 Armed Forces, 320–321 outbreak of, 266–267 as transitive force, 323–324 Sedition Act of 1918, 272 Wounded Knee, 238 U-boat campaign, 269–271 Wyatt, Francis, 40–42 Unknown Soldier, 276–277, 277f, 287 Wyoming, 190 veterans, attack on, 301–302 World War II Yalta conference, 328–329 basis of, 310 Yeardley, George, 40–42 Battle of Iwo Jima, 311f, 322f, 321–322, Yellow fever, 205 323 Yellow kid cartoon, 252f beginning of, 309 Yellowstone National Park, 427 Blitzkrieg, 310 Yorktown, 126 expansion of women’s opportunities in, Yosemite National Park, 427 324–325 Youth culture, 1960’s fascism, domestic vs. international, challenges to, Kennedy on, 342–343 325–326 consumer spending, 342 Hiroshima, Nagasaki bombings, 328, counterculture movement, 359–360 331f hippies, 360 idealistic, practical motivations for, 321 ideals of, 357 Japanese American internment, 203, inﬂuences on, 341–342, 357–358 305f, 320f, 319–320, 418 kitchen debate, Nixon/Krushchev, 342 Japanese American service in Armed overview, 364 Forces, 319–320 rise of, 341