An International Forum for the Expression of Ideas and Opinions

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

An International Forum for the Expression of Ideas and Opinions ISSN 1948-3031 #47 Defense & Nontraditional Cable Systems N o ve 09 mber 20 IN THIS ISSUE: Revisiting Blind Man’s Bluff: Inside Operation Ivy Bells An international forum for the expression of ideas and opinions pertaining to the submarine telecoms industry Welcome to the 47th edition industry that helped transform and SubTel Forum is an imperfect medium, of Submarine Telecoms Forum, our shape the world’s past. and we have surely made our share of Defense & Nontraditional Cable mistakes; but we continue to hope that Systems issue. It seems fitting to me that in this week in the long run we have helped our when we celebrate both the end of the industry in some small way. Though I have a piece of The Wall held in plastic “War to end all Wars” and the felling our faces may change, our goals remain. atop the bookshelf next to my desk. of the Berlin Wall, that we can also Happy Anniversary (whichever one It sits above my terra cotta Jaguar (a celebrate in a much less nobler fashion you choose to celebrate). model), and both remind me daily of the 8th anniversary of SubTel Forum. the benefactor, the co-founder of this rag we fondly called SubTel Forum. I When Ted and I established our also have a small clockwork tin toy little magazine, we did so with two that reminds me of my schoolboy visit key principles from the outset. We to Moscow and Leningrad during the promised then, and annually I reaffirm Brezhnev years – a very different world to you, our readers: from the one today. 1. That we will provide a wide range of ideas and issues; In their simplicity these objects 2. That we will seek to incite, symbolize different ingredients of entertain and provoke in a positive a personal and business life in an manner. 2 #47 Defense & Nontraditional 27 atlantic-cable.com Cable Systems 16 Global Marine Systems N ov 9 22 Nexans em 200 ber 5 OFS 8 RSS 44 STF Cable Map 28 STF Calendar 38 STF Podcast 34 SubOptic 2010 4 WFN Strategies 2 Exordium Wayne Nielsen 23 Left hand? Right hand? Oops… 45 What is the comprehensive Bill Burns nuclear test ban treaty? 5 News Now 29 What Global Recession? SubOptic 48 The Cableships 10 Letters to the Editor 2010 Abstract Submissions Reflect a Positive Industry Colin Anderson 49 Letter to a Friend Jean Devos Revisiting Blind Man’s Bluff: 11 SubOptic Interim Activities Inside Operation Ivy Bells 35 50 Upcoming Conferences Working Group light the way Sherry Sontag to a standardised construction contract Keith Schofield 51 Coda Kevin G. Summers 17 Development of an Autonomous Undersea System for Cable News from NEPTUNE Canada Detection, Tracking and 39 Steve Lentz and Peter Phibbs Inspection Dr. Ted R. Clem, Mr. Hugh Thomson, Mr. Jeffrey Hoel 43 Back Reflection Stewart Ash 3 4 A synopsis of current news items from NewsNow, the weekly news feed available on the Submarine Telecoms Forum website. November 11th, 2009 November 5th, 2009 x Nexans wins a 6 million Euros ice-resistant cable x Khulna to Chennai Selected for Second x Delivery of Presentation on Ocean Observations contract from Sevmash to equip an oil production Bangladesh Cable Route and Response to Cyclone Gonu (Gulf of Oman and platform in the Barents Sea x AAG Goes Live – A New Traffic Route Direct To USA Arabian Sea) October 30th, 2009 November 10th, 2009 x LION Operational in Madagascar x Cuban Government Denies Contact With US Firms About Submarine Cable Development x AccessKenya Group breaks Year End Customer November 4th, 2009 Numbers Target Two Months Early; Customer x Project Kelvin To Go Live In March x NTT Communications Corporation Completes Acquisition of Pacific Crossing Limited acquisition numbers reinforce the enormous November 3rd, 2009 growth potential for high quality data services October 29th, 2009 x SubOptic 2010 – Early Bird Registration has now x TM Joins Global Crossing Partner Program To opened x Submarine Cables Criticized in Rwanda Extend Its Reach In Europe And The Americas x Interoute boosts capacity of the European x $215 Million Central Africa Backbone Program x Globacom Awarded Cote d’Ivoire License internet by 9.5 Terabits Will Bring Low Cost, High Speed Internet to the Region x Hibernia Atlantic Extends Its Global Financial x E-Marine Confirms its Regional Leadership By Network (Gfn) Into Two Equinix Data Centers Securing another Submarine Cable Maintenance October 28th, 2009 November 9th, 2009 Linking the UAE with East Africa x EAC Releases Statement on East African Regional x Deal Signed for Iraq Cable Landing November 2nd, 2009 Fiber Backbone November 6th, 2009 x Pacnet’s EAC Pacific to Further Enhance October 27th, 2009 x AAG Goes Live on 10 November Connectivity between Asia and North America x MTN Nigeria Joins WACS x Gateway Communications Awarded NFP Licence x Unity Trans-Pacific Cable Lands in Japan x SCT launches public consultation for dark fiber in Kenya x Landlocked African Nations Looking to EASSy For auction Connectivity 5 x Columbus III Consortium and Xtera x OMM provide GAS with ROV services for Saipem October 13th, 2009 Communications Sign Contract to Upgrade Baraka project x Internap Adds Hibernia Atlantic To Carrier Transatlantic Submarine Cable Network Using x SubOptic 2010 Abstract Submissions Closed Diversity Model Xtera’s NXT System x Internet Costs Remain High Despite SEACOM x Local Telecommunications Company Receives October 26th, 2009 x GLO Self Care Service Now in Local Languages Authorization To Build The First Fiber Optic Cable x Verizon Moves Toward Single, Higher Capacity, From The Us To Cuba More Intelligent Global Network x Delivery of Presentation on Ocean Observations and Response to Cyclone Gonu (Gulf of Oman and x Rwanda Looking to Partner with SEACOM x SEACOM And Partners Bring Broadband To Arabian Sea) October 12th, 2009 Johannesburg x Interoute expands its presence in Russia in x Main One Lays Fiber on the Shores of Lagos and x TELKOM Will Immediately Build Optical Fibre response to a surge in enterprise demand Accra Backbone in Eastern Territory of Indonesia October 19th, 2009 x FCC Approves Unity Cable License October 23rd, 2009 x Pacnet Lightning Blazes Trail with Fastest Link to x Competition To Improve Broadband Pricing in x Hibernia Atlantic`s CEO Receives a Golden Bridges Asia’s Leading Stock Exchanges Africa? Award for Promoting Partnerships between North America and Ireland x Tanzania Telecommunication Company to Lower October 9th, 2009 Rates Thanks to SEACOM x Regional Communications Infrastructure Project x Botswana Telecommunication Corporation to (Rcip) Malawi October 16th, 2009 Invest US$75 Million in WACS October 22nd, 2009 x Tata Communications extends connectivity into October 8th, 2009 Australia via PPC1 Cable System x Verizon Business Circles Globe With Optical Mesh x Hibernia Atlantic Selects Sunesys To Extend Its Network; Begins Extension to Middle East x MTN Rwanda Set to Connect to TEAMS Global Financial Network (Gfn) Into 1400 Federal In New Jersey x Venezuela-Cuba Submarine Cable to Start Laying x BTC moves to enhance BOTSGATE internet backbone x Pipe International And Tyco Telecommunications October 21st, 2009 October 15th, 2009 Complete Ppc-1 Undersea Cable System x FCC Approves Streamlined Submarine Cable October 7th, 2009 Landing License Applications x Level 3 and Internet2 Deliver Trans-Atlantic and U.S. Network Link to Large Hadron Collider x ASH Cable Undamaged After Tsunami x Pacnet Announces Largest Ever Capacity Upgrade x EASSy is On Track x Rwandatel SA Launches Super Fast Internet October 20th, 2009 October 14th, 2009 Speeds with SEACOM’s Submarine Fibre Optic x Ipc Selects Hibernia Atlantic’s Global Financial Cable Network (Gfn) To Provide Next Generation Data x WFN Strategies to Support First Fiber Optic Cable to Cuba x Bahamas Telecommunications Company Signs Network Solutions Agreement with Haitian Company 6 October 6th, 2009 Networking Services to Public Agencies under September 18th, 2009 x Cables Damaged by Typhoon Marakot Nearly GSA Federal Supply Schedule 70 Contract x Global Crossing Prices Private Offering of $750 Repaired x Ghana Praises Glo-1 Submarine Cable Million of Its 12% Senior Secured Notes Due 2015 x UCU joins SEACOM in October x Altech Profits Surge Thanks to Submarine Cables x Ban Joo & Company Entering Submarine Cable x Millennium Telecom to Launch Undersea Cable September 29th, 2009 Business x $215 Million Central Africa Backbone Program x Lighthouse R & D Enterprises Inc. Is On Schedule x SubTel Forum Names Asia Pacific Sales Rep Will Bring Low Cost, High Speed Internet to the To Have Their Newest Deepwater Seabed September 17th, 2009 Region Observatory Operational In November 2009 x WFN Strategies Announces New Offices in Perth, October 5th, 2009 x FiReGlobal : West Coast Opening Speaker John Australia x SEACOM Broadband Experience exhibition Delaney to Receive $126 Million for New UW x WFN Strategies to Support ARINC with Seafloor Observatory October 2nd, 2009 Telecommunication Services x Pacnet to Boost Cross-Straits Connectivity for the x Main One Cable, on course for June 2010 Launch x PLDT Authority Extended on Asia-America Financial Industry Gateway (AAG) September 16th September 28th, 2009 x TEAMS Fibreoptic Cable Ready for Commercial x ZTT passed UJ authentication firstly in China Service x Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs announces new optical transmission record and breaks 100 Petabit per x Tyco Telecommunications Successfully Completes second kilometer barrier Field Demonstration Of 40 Gigabits Per Second Capabilities On Live Undersea Cable System x WFN Strategies, LLC Receives 2009 Best of Sterling Award x
Recommended publications
  • THE BULLYTIN Official News Letter of Field Marshal Shellhole
    THE BULLYTIN Official News Letter of Field Marshal Shellhole JUNE 2017 Dear Readers, This will be my last “GO” at “the Bullytin” as duty calls elsewhere for now, thank you to those who took the time to read it. To all who provided articles and photographs your contributions were always greatly appreciated. Best wishes to you all Yours Aye – The Editor Moth Johnny Demetroudes. Australia's First National Boer War Memorial in Canberra 1 The 31st May is the anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging that ended the South African War in 1902. In 2017, 115 years from the day peace was concluded, the completed Australian National Boer War Memorial will be dedicated in ANZAC Parade Canberra. – Article supplied by Moth Renaud Booysen – Gorgeous Wrecks Shellhole. http://www.bwm.org.au/site/Boer_War_Day2017.php 2 Somme sketches: British soldier’s beautiful pencil drawings detailing life on the Western Front revealed in stunning artwork - By Rachael Burford For Mailonline Lieutenant Morris Meredith Williams filled 15 sketch books while serving on the Western Front during WW1 He drew at every opportunity and there are some shocking sights, including a body caught in barbed wire His drawings are included in book An Artist's War along with letters Lt Williams sent to his wife Alice Williams Lt Williams served in the 17th Battalion of the Welsh Regiment in France from 1916 until the end of the war A Tommy's drawings showing life on the front line during the First World War are set to be published for the first time.
    [Show full text]
  • Before the FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Washington, D.C
    Before the FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Washington, D.C. In the Matter of EDGE CABLE HOLDINGS USA, LLC, File No. SCL-LIC-2020-____________ AQUA COMMS (AMERICAS) INC., AQUA COMMS (IRELAND) LIMITED, CABLE & WIRELESS AMERICAS SYSTEMS, INC., AND MICROSOFT INFRASTRUCTURE GROUP, LLC, Application for a License to Land and Operate a Private Fiber-Optic Submarine Cable System Connecting the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, to Be Known as THE AMITIÉ CABLE SYSTEM JOINT APPLICATION FOR CABLE LANDING LICENSE— STREAMLINED PROCESSING REQUESTED Pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 34, Executive Order No. 10,530, and 47 C.F.R. § 1.767, Edge Cable Holdings USA, LLC (“Edge USA”), Aqua Comms (Americas) Inc. (“Aqua Comms Americas”), Aqua Comms (Ireland) Limited (“Aqua Comms Ireland,” together with Aqua Comms Americas, “Aqua Comms”), Cable & Wireless Americas Systems, Inc. (“CWAS”), and Microsoft Infrastructure Group, LLC (“Microsoft Infrastructure”) (collectively, the “Applicants”) hereby apply for a license to land and operate within U.S. territory the Amitié system, a private fiber-optic submarine cable network connecting the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. The Applicants and their affiliates will operate the Amitié system on a non-common-carrier basis, either by providing bulk capacity to wholesale and enterprise customers on particularized terms and conditions pursuant to individualized negotiations or by using the Amitié cable system to serve their own internal business connectivity needs. The existence of robust competition on U.S.-U.K., U.S.-France, and (more broadly) U.S.-Western Europe routes obviates any need for common-carrier regulation of the system on public-interest grounds.
    [Show full text]
  • International Spy Museum
    International Spy Museum Searchable Master Script, includes all sections and areas Area Location, ID, Description Labels, captions, and other explanatory text Area 1 – Museum Lobby M1.0.0.0 ΚΑΤΆΣΚΟΠΟΣ SPY SPION SPIJUN İSPİYON SZPIEG SPIA SPION ESPION ESPÍA ШПИОН Language of Espionage, printed on SCHPION MAJASUSI windows around entrance doors P1.1.0.0 Visitor Mission Statement For Your Eyes Only For Your Eyes Only Entry beyond this point is on a need-to-know basis. Who needs to know? All who would understand the world. All who would glimpse the unseen hands that touch our lives. You will learn the secrets of tradecraft – the tools and techniques that influence battles and sway governments. You will uncover extraordinary stories hidden behind the headlines. You will meet men and women living by their wits, lurking in the shadows of world affairs. More important, however, are the people you will not meet. The most successful spies are the unknown spies who remain undetected. Our task is to judge their craft, not their politics – their skill, not their loyalty. Our mission is to understand these daring professionals and their fallen comrades, to recognize their ingenuity and imagination. Our goal is to see past their maze of mirrors and deception to understand their world of intrigue. Intelligence facts written on glass How old is spying? First record of spying: 1800 BC, clay tablet from Hammurabi regarding his spies. panel on left side of lobby First manual on spy tactics written: Over 2,000 years ago, Sun Tzu’s The Art of War. 6 video screens behind glass panel with facts and images.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Watches the Watchmen? the Conflict Between National Security and Freedom of the Press
    WHO WATCHES THE WATCHMEN WATCHES WHO WHO WATCHES THE WATCHMEN WATCHES WHO I see powerful echoes of what I personally experienced as Director of NSA and CIA. I only wish I had access to this fully developed intellectual framework and the courses of action it suggests while still in government. —General Michael V. Hayden (retired) Former Director of the CIA Director of the NSA e problem of secrecy is double edged and places key institutions and values of our democracy into collision. On the one hand, our country operates under a broad consensus that secrecy is antithetical to democratic rule and can encourage a variety of political deformations. But the obvious pitfalls are not the end of the story. A long list of abuses notwithstanding, secrecy, like openness, remains an essential prerequisite of self-governance. Ross’s study is a welcome and timely addition to the small body of literature examining this important subject. —Gabriel Schoenfeld Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute Author of Necessary Secrets: National Security, the Media, and the Rule of Law (W.W. Norton, May 2010). ? ? The topic of unauthorized disclosures continues to receive significant attention at the highest levels of government. In his book, Mr. Ross does an excellent job identifying the categories of harm to the intelligence community associated NI PRESS ROSS GARY with these disclosures. A detailed framework for addressing the issue is also proposed. This book is a must read for those concerned about the implications of unauthorized disclosures to U.S. national security. —William A. Parquette Foreign Denial and Deception Committee National Intelligence Council Gary Ross has pulled together in this splendid book all the raw material needed to spark a fresh discussion between the government and the media on how to function under our unique system of government in this ever-evolving information-rich environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Before the BUREAU of OCEAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT U.S. DEPARTMENT of the INTERIOR Washington, D.C
    Before the BUREAU OF OCEAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Washington, D.C. In the Matter of Information Collection: Prospecting for OMB Control No. 1010-0072 Minerals Other Than Oil, Gas, and Sulphur on the Outer Continental Shelf MMAA104000 and Authorizations of Noncommercial Geological and Geophysical Activities; Proposed Collection for OMB Review; Comment Request COMMENTS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SUBMARINE CABLE ASSOCIATION Kent D. Bressie Danielle J. Piñeres HARRIS, WILTSHIRE & GRANNIS LLP 1919 M Street, N.W., Suite 800 Washington, D.C. 20036-3537 +1 202 730 1337 tel Counsel for the North American Submarine Cable Association 2 March 2015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY To implement the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, comply with the Paperwork Reduction Act, and safeguard U.S. national-security and economic interests, the North American Submarine Cable Association (“NASCA”) urges the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (“BOEM”) to modify its information collection in form BOEM-0134 in order to ensure protection of submarine cables, the critical infrastructure that provides almost all international telecommunications and Internet connectivity for the United States and domestic connectivity for Alaska, Hawaii, and various U.S. territories. BOEM should require applicants for permits or other authorizations for geological and geophysical prospecting or scientific research on the U.S. outer continental shelf (“OCS”) related to minerals other than oil, gas, and sulphur (collectively, “mineral prospecting activities”) to identify submarine cables in the vicinity of planned activities and explain how planned mineral prospecting activities will not “unreasonably interfere with” current and planned submarine cables and will ensure compliance with federal laws regarding damage to submarine cables.
    [Show full text]
  • Protection of Submarine Cables Through Spatial Separation
    DECEMBER 2014 WORKING GROUP 8 SUBMARINE CABLE ROUTING AND LANDING Final Report – Protection of Submarine Cables Through Spatial Separation The Communications Security, Reliability and Interoperability Council IV Working Group 8 Final Report 1: Spatial Separation December 2014 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................ 1 BACKGROUND ON CSRIC IV AND WORKING GROUP 8............................ 14 Objectives and Methods ........................................................................................ 14 Membership .......................................................................................................... 15 BACKGROUND ON SUBMARINE CABLES AND THE FCC’S ROLE IN REGULATING THEM ............................................................................................ 17 Submarine Cables Are Critically Important to U.S. National Security and the U.S. Economy ............................................................................................................... 17 Scope and Elements of Submarine Cables............................................................ 19 Complex Federal Regulation ................................................................................ 21 3.3.1 The FCC Functions as the Primary Regulator of Submarine Cables Landing in the United States ......................................................... 21 3.3.2 Other Federal Regulation ........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ITU-Dstudygroups
    ITU-D Study Groups Study period 2018-2021 Broadband development and connectivity solutions for rural and Question 5/1 Telecommunications/ remote areas ICTs for rural and remote areas Executive summary This annual deliverable reviews major backbone telecommunication Annual deliverable infrastructure installation efforts and approaches to last-mile connectivity, 2019-2020 describes current trends in last-mile connectivity and policy interventions and recommended last-mile technologies for use in rural and remote areas, as well as in small island developing States (SIDS). Discussions and contributions made during a workshop on broadband development in rural areas, held in September 2019, have been included in this document, which concludes with two sets of high-level recommendations for regulators and policy-makers, and for operators to use as guidelines for connecting rural and remote communities. 1 More information on ITU-D study groups: E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +41 22 730 5999 Web: www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/study-groups ITU -D Study Groups Contents Executive summary 1 Introduction 3 Trends in telecommunication/ICT backbone infrastructure 4 Last mile-connectivity 5 Trends in last-mile connectivity 6 Business regulatory models and policies 7 Recommendations and guidelines for regulators and policy-makers 8 Recommendations and guidelines for operators 9 Annex 1: Map of the global submarine cable network 11 Annex 2: Listing of submarine cables (A-Y) 12 2 More information on ITU-D study groups: E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +41 22 730 5999 Web: www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/study-groups ITU -D Study Groups Introduction The telecommunications/ICT sector and technologies have evolved over a long period of time, starting with ancient communication systems such as drum beating and smoke signals to the electric telegraph, the fixed telephone, radio and television, transistors, video telephony and satellite.
    [Show full text]
  • Technology and the Geography of the Foreign Exchange Market
    Working Paper Series Barry Eichengreen Cables, Sharks and Servers: Romain Lafarguette and Arnaud Mehl Technology and the Geography of the Foreign Exchange Market No 1889 / March 2016 Note: This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the European Central Bank (ECB). The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the ECB Abstract We analyze the impact of technology on production and trade in services, focusing on the foreign exchange market. We identify exogenous technological changes by the connection of countries to submarine fiber- optic cables used for electronic trading, but which were not laid for purposes related to the foreign exchange market. We estimate the impact of cable connections on the share of offshore foreign exchange transactions. Cable connections between local markets and matching servers in the major financial centers lower the fixed costs of trading currencies and increase the share of currency trades occurring onshore. At the same time, however, they attenuate the effect of standard spatial frictions such as distance, local market liquidity, and restrictive regulations that otherwise prevent transactions from moving to the major financial centers. Our estimates suggest that the second effect dominates. Technology dampens the impact of spatial frictions by up to 80 percent and increases, in net terms, the share of offshore trading by 21 percentage points. Technology also has economically important implications for the distribution of foreign exchange transactions across financial centers, boosting the share in global turnover of London, the world’s largest trading venue, by as much as one-third.
    [Show full text]
  • INTERNATIONAL BUREAU REPORT 2013 Section 43.82 Circuit Status
    INTERNATIONAL BUREAU REPORT 2013 Section 43.82 Circuit Status Data July 2015 Cathy Hsu Policy Division 2013 Section 43.82 Circuit Status Data This report contains information on U.S. facilities-based international common carriers’ circuits as of December 31, 2013 that was submitted to the Federal Communications Commission (Commission) pursuant to section 43.82 of the Commission’s rules.1 For comparison purposes, this report also includes data from previous reports covering 2010 through 2012.2 Overall, the reported number of activated 64 kilobits per second (Kbps) equivalent circuits grew by 13 percent between 2012 and 2013. At year-end 2013, the reported number of activated 64 Kbps equivalent circuits totaled 43.8 million circuits as compared to 38.6 million circuits at year-end 2012. As explained below, this year’s report will be the last circuit status report issued under section 43.82.3 In 2013, the Commission released a Second Report and Order that significantly streamlined and modernized the Commission’s international circuit reporting requirements.4 Section 43.62, which went into effect on February 11, 2015, replaces section 43.82 circuit status reporting requirements.5 Circuit capacity data filed pursuant to section 43.62 for data as of December 31, 2014 were due by April 30, 2015 and will be the basis of next year’s report.6 1 47 C.F.R. § 43.82 (2014). See Annual International Circuit Status Reports Due on March 31, 2014; Carriers Continue to File Pursuant to Section 43.82, Public Notice, 29 FCC Rcd 1956 (Int’l Bur.
    [Show full text]
  • Nber Working Paper Series Cables, Sharks and Servers
    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES CABLES, SHARKS AND SERVERS: TECHNOLOGY AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET Barry Eichengreen Romain Lafarguette Arnaud Mehl Working Paper 21884 http://www.nber.org/papers/w21884 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 January 2016, Revised April 2021 We are grateful to Mark Aguiar, Pol Antràs, Thorsten Beck, Geert Bekaert, Bruno Biais, Jérôme Busca, Estelle Cantillon, Giancarlo Corsetti, Alexander Duering, Torsten Ehlers, Benoît Geller, Jérôme Héricourt, Jean Imbs, Takatoshi Ito, Amit Khandelwal, Philip Lane, Istvan Mak, Guy- Charles Marhic, Philippe Martin, Martin Uribe, Frank Packer, Hashem Pesaran, Romain Rancière, Andrew Rose, Alan Taylor and Xavier Vives for comments and discussions, as well as to seminar participants at the ECB, Goethe University Frankfurt and USC Dornsife and to participants at the Clausen Center Conference on Global Economic Issues, Berkeley, and to the Cambridge-INET conference on the microstructure of the FX market for comments. We thank Ziqi Li for excellent research assistance. We are also grateful to Denis Pêtre and Philip Wooldridge for providing unpublished Bank for International Settlements data on offshore foreign exchange trading. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the ECB, the Eurosystem, the IMF, or the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2016 by Barry Eichengreen, Romain Lafarguette, and Arnaud Mehl. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source.
    [Show full text]
  • Entities That Filed a Cable Operator And/Or Capacity Holder Report
    2018 Circuit Capacity Data For U.S.-International Submarine Cables Table 1 Section 43.82 Circuit Capacity Filers (2018) – Entities that filed a cable operator and/or capacity holder report. Table 2 Number of Reports Filed By Submarine Cable Operators (2018) Table 3 Submarine Cable Operator Reports (in Gbps) (2018/2020) – Information on available and planned capacity data for each U.S.-international submarine cable on an individual and regional basis. Table 4 Submarine Cable Operator Capacity Trend Data (in Gbps) – Detailed capacity trend data for each U.S.-international submarine cable. Table 5 Submarine Cable Capacity Holder Reports by Region (2018) – Information regarding capacity holder data (i.e., cable capacity leased or owned) on a regional basis. Table 6 Percentage of Total Available Capacity Reported (2018) – Information regarding the capacity reported in the cable operator reports and owned capacity in the capacity holder reports on a regional basis. Attachment A U.S.-International Submarine Cables – Landing Points by Region, Cable, and Foreign Landing Point Attachment B U.S.-International Submarine Cables – Landing Points by Region, Foreign Landing Point, and Cable Attachment C U.S.-International Submarine Cables – Landing Points by Number of Landing Points Per Country and Region and a Frequency Table Summarizing Foreign Landing Points Per Country Source: International Bureau, Federal Communications Commission For definitions of terms and instructions on filing procedures, please refer to the Filing Manual. Table 1 Section 43.82 Circuit Capacity Filers (2018) Submarine Submarine No. Entities Cable Cable Capacity Operator Holder 1 America Europe Connect Licenses Limited 2 American Samoa Hawaii Cable, LLC 3 ANGOLA CABLES 4 Antilles Crossing-St.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluctuations and Lasting Trends of Qos on Intercontinental Links
    Fluctuations and Lasting Trends of QoS on Intercontinental Links Tomasz Bilski Poznan University of Technology, Pl. Sklodowskiej-Curie 5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland [email protected] Abstract. The paper presents an analysis of short- and long-term changes in the QoS of intercontinental connections. First we will show that despite fast and numerous advances in physical layer, link layer, router capacity and new telecommunication cables deployment, QoS measures are hardly progressing in long-term (years) perspective. Transatlantic (North America – Europe) connections will be thoroughly analyzed. Next we will show that due to submarine cable breakages temporary network performance is unpredictable. It may be much poorer than average and sometimes drops below the acceptable level – case study is provided. Even if the links are fully operational, due to the rerouting the QoS may deteriorate in the case of cable fault in another part of the World. The research is based mainly on data taken from IEPM (Internet End-to-end Performance Measurement) database. Keywords: QoS measurement, large scale networks, performance, reliability. 1 Introduction It is well known that the term “quality of service” is used in many meanings ranging from the user’s qualitative perception of the service to a set of quantitative connection parameters (RTT, jitter, throughput, packet loss rate) necessary to achieve particular service quality. In the paper we will mostly use the second meaning of the term. This meaning is consistent with IETF approach presented in RFC 2386 [4]. It is relatively easy to provide high quality of service in short-distance, local connections. Small number of network devices, usually homogenous and managed by single service provider facilitates optimization with such techniques as MPLS, RSVP, header compression, TCP and web acceleration, redundancy and so on.
    [Show full text]