Populærharmonik Og Rytmik Fou 15.2 - 16.1 Anders P

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Populærharmonik Og Rytmik Fou 15.2 - 16.1 Anders P Populærharmonik og Rytmik FoU 15.2 - 16.1 Anders P. Jensen Dette FoU projekt er et tillæg til FoU projektet "Populærmelodik 14.2-15.1". Tillægget har til formål at analysere den harmoniske og melodirytmiske udvikling indenfor populærmusik. Populærmusik her forstået som hitlistemusik. Og nærmere bestemt Billboard Hot 100 lister. Hvorfor ? Som uddannelsesansvarlig for uddannelsen Komposition, finder jeg det relevant at undersøge konkrete elementer i populærmusikken. Ofte når snakken falder på denne type musik, er der et bemærkelsesværdigt fravær at konkret viden herom. Ikke blot hvad der har befundet sig på listerne, men også hvorvidt at sangskrivningen har ændret sig over tid. Derfor bliver det ofte den enkeltes personlige smag og perspektiv, som kommer til at underbygge diverse betragtninger, hvilket selvsagt ikke altid er formålstjenesteligt. I dette projekt har jeg derfor ønsket at gå mere systematisk til værks. Set bort fra egen smag og kunstneriske vurdering og i stedet baseret analyserne på sammentælling af diverse data. Udover analyserne er et antal sange transkriberet, således at disse kan anvendes af studerende i forbindelse med egne kompositionsarbejder. For mit eget vedkommende har dette projekt også været med til at skærpe min viden om populærmusikkens udvikling. Noget som jeg finder nødvendigt i mit arbejde som uddannelsesansvarlig, hvor flere studerende navigerer indenfor et populærmusikalsk udtryk. Hot 100 Er en amerikansk ugebaseret hitliste for sange som publiceres i musikbladet Billboard. Listen startede august 1958. Formålet med listen er at monitorere hvad der er tidens mest populære musik. Derfor har kriterierne for listens sammensætning ændret sig gennem tiden, i takt med at markedet har ændret sig . Eksempelvis har det fysiske singlesalg i en årrække været dalende, og derfor vægtes dette lavere end eks. airplay. Gældene kriterier er følgende (baseret på Nielsen Soundscan): • Airplay (baseret på ca. 1000 US radiostationer) • Online streaming (on-demand sange og musikvideoer i US) • Salg (fysisk og digitalt salg i US) De 100 sange som ligger højest ift. ovenstående kriterier danner ugens liste. Indtil 1998 var det et krav at Hot 100 sange skulle være singleudgivelser, men i takt med bl.a. pladeselskabers radiopromovering af kunstnerne via ikke-udgivede radiosingler, har man ændret politik herfor og i dag er disse radiosingler ligeledes inkluderet i beregningen af airplay. Igen for at kunne give det mest retvisende billede af tidens mest populære musik. For at sikre at listen er tidssvarende fjernes sange som har har ligget mere en 20 uger på listen og som befinder sig under top 50. Kriterierne herfor har ligeledes med tiden ændret sig. På bilag B01 ses en samlet liste fra 1958 - 2014 med samtlige sange der har befundet sig på førstepladsen. Bemærk at gengangere er fjernet. I alt 1047 forskellige sange. Udvalgt liste til analyse Alle sange der har ligget nummer 1 på Hot 100 samles. Antal uger for nummer 1 placering på tværs af år angives (total). Den sang der indenfor et kalenderår har flest antal uger (total) udvælges. Eksempel: I 1992 ligger "I Will Always Love You" 5 uger på førstepladsen. Samme år ligger "End Of The Road" 13 uger på førstepladsen. Men da "I Will Always Love You" året efter har yderligere 9 uger på førstepladsen og dermed har en total på 14 uger, er det denne sang der udvælges fra 1992. Derved sikres at sange der ligger nummer 1 på tværs af kalenderår kan blive valgt. De få steder hvor at sange har ens score har jeg valgt sangen der skal analyseres. Kunstnere der tidligere er blevet udvalgt prioriteres lavest. På bilag B02 ses de 57 udvalgte sange. Gul markering er de udvalgte sange og orange markering er sange med tilsvarende antal uger, der er fravalgt jvf. ovenstående argumentation. Transkriptioner • Samtlige sanges harmonik er transkriberet. Dvs. at akkorder er aflyttet i 3-klangs versioner. Disse er noteret både som trin men også i den specifikke toneart. Ved alternative bastoner eks. "C/e" noteres alene akkorden C. Højere opbygget harmonik er ikke transkriberet, da dette i de fleste tilfælde ville betyde at en given sangs arrangement skal "oversættes" til en samklang, med alle de unøjagtigtheder det vil medføre (eks. gennemgangstoners tilhørsforhold til en given klang). • Farver for tonearter: gul, orange, mint, lilla • Farve for bidominanter: grøn • Dur/mol udveksling skrives med rød tekst • Dim ledeakkorder: blå Følgende antal noteres for hver sang: • Forskellige akkorder der findes i sangen • Akkordskift inklusiv 1. akkord • Formstykker i sangen • Takter • Interne modulationer - dvs. en modulation som er indbygget som en fast bestandel af en given sang. Eks. "Strawberry Fields", The Beatles • Eksterne modulationer - dvs. en modulation hvor at et givent stykke moduleres, eks. sidste omkvæd. • Dur/mol udvekslingsakkorder - antal gange udvekslingsakkorder optræder • Forskellige dur/mol udvekslings akkorder • Forskellige bidominanter Følgende antal takter og procentvise andel noteres for hver sang: • Bidominanter • Ikke-trinbaserede dimakkorder (dominantiske dimakkorder) • Augmenterede akkorder • Akkorder som ikke findes i ovenstående eller nedenstående beskrivelser • I • Im • IIm • IIdim • IIIm • bIII • IV • IVm • V • Vm • VIm • bVI • VIIdim • bVII I de følgende afsnit, belyses sangenes harmonik, grundtoneintervaller samt melodirytmik. Harmonianalyse Antal forskellige akkorder Som det fremgår af bilag H01, er der en tydelig nedadgående tendens ift. antal akkorder. Særligt fra 96 og frem er der sket et drastisk fald. Flest antal forskellige akkorder havde sangen "Alone Again (Naturally)", 1972, med 12 akkorder. Færrest antal forskellige akkorder havde sangen "Low", 2008, med kun 1 akkord. I 70'erne var der gennemsnitlig flest forskellige type akkorder. Antal forskellige akkordskift (1. akkord tælles med). Trods at der på bilag H02 er en nedadgående tendens, så er der dog generelt store udsving over tid. Flest akkordskift findes der i sangen "My Sharona", 1979, med 56 akkordskift, som det til trods kun har 6 forskellige typer akkorder. Færrest akkordskift findes igen i sangen "Low", 2008 som kun indeholder 1 akkord. Integrerede modulationer På bilag H05 ses det at integrerede modulationer over tid forekommer 14 gange og med størst forekomst i 60'erne og 70'erne. Flest modulationer findes der i sangen "Nightfever", 1978 med 3 modulationer. De resterende 13 sange der modulerer, indeholder kun 1 modulation. Eksterne modulationer Som det ses på bilag H06 forekommer eksterne modulationer kun i 7 sange. 1 sang i 50'erne. 1 sang i 60'erne. 2 sange i 70'erne. 3 sange i 90'erne. Der har ikke været moduleret siden 1996. Kun 1 sang modulerer flere gange: "Mack The Knife", 1959, med 5 modulationer. Dur/Mol udveksling På bilag H07 ses det at forekomsten af antal dur/mol udvekslinger er svagt nedadgående og i øvrigt ret svingende. Dog er der fra 2001 kun forekommet udvekslinger i to sange. Flest udvekslinger findes i sangen "Smooth", 1999 med 13 udvekslinger. Antal forskellige dur/mol udvekslingsakkorder På bilag H08 ses en tydelig nedadgående tendes i antallet af forskellige dur/mol udvekslingsakkorder. Flest akkorder var der i sangen "Love Will Keep Us Together", 1975, med 4 forskellige dur/mol udvekslingsakkorder. Generelt anvendtes der flere forskellige udvekslingsakkorder i 70'erne. Fra 2001 og frem har der kun været anvendt udvekslingsakkorder i to sange. Antal forskellige Bidominanter På bilag H09 er der en markant nedadgående tendens i anttalet af forskellige bidominanter. Bidominanter var i 70'erne mest fremtrædende. Fra 96 og frem er der kun to sange med hver 1 bidominant. Flest forskellige bidominanter findes i sangen "You Light Up My Life", 1977 med 4 bidominanter. Takter og Procenter De følgende afsnit beskriver omfanget af takter en given akkord anvendes, samt den procentvise andel ift. en given sangs samlede længde. Bidominanter Bilag H10a og H10b. Antal takter er svagt nedadgående. Siden 1996 har der kun været anvendt bidominanter to gange. Flest takter med bidominanter har sangen "Hey Ya!", 2003, med 16 takter. Procentmæssigt er der en mere markant nedadgående tendens. I 60'erne og 70'erne havde bidominanter en større procentmæssig andel. Igen er det sangen "Hey Ya!", 2003 som har største andel med 36 procent. Ikke-trinBaserede dimakkorder Bilag H11a og H11b. Ikke-trinbaserede dimakkorder er sjældent forekommende. Kun 3 gange optræder dimakkorder. Dvs. 59, 70 og 72. Flest takter findes i 72 med 4 takter og en procentdel på 16 %. Augmenterede akkorder Der findes ingen augmenterede akkorder i de analyserede sange. Akkorder udenfor kategori Bilag H13a og H13b. Dækker akkorder som ikke er trinakkorder, dimakkorder, augmenterede akkorder eller bidominanter. Akkorder uden for kategori forekommer 2 gange. I 1978 med sangen "Nightfever" med akkorden b2 i B stykket og i 95 med sangen "One Sweet Day" med Sm forudholdsakkord til 5/6 i C stykket. Hhv. en 1 takt / 3% og 0,5 takt / 2%. I dur Bilag H14a og H14b. Der er et markant fald i antallet af takter I dur akkorder. Flest takter var i 1979 med sangen "My Sharona", med 21,5 takter. Dog skal det bemærkes at durtertsen ikke er fremtrædende i denne sang da der mest anvendes powerakkorder uden tertser (blues). Største procentvise andel var på 75% i 1996, med sangen "Macarena". I mol Bilag H15a og H15b. Der er en markant stigning i antallet af takter I mol akkorder. Flest takter var i 2000 med sangen "Independent Woman Part 1", med 21 takter. Største procentvise andel var på 100% i 2008, med sangen "Low". II mol Bilag H16a og H16b. Der er et markant fald i antallet af takter II mol akkorder. Flest takter var i 1984 med sangen "Like A Virgin", med 6 takter. Største procentvise andel var på 31% i 1959, med sangen "Mack The Knife". II dim Bilag H17a og H17b. Der er kun 1 forekomst af II dim. I 1999 med sangen "Smooth", med 1 takt. II dim havde en procentvis andel af sangen på 4 %. III mol Bilag H18a og H18b. Forekomsten af III mol er stort set uændret. Kun 8 gange optræder III mol og disse er jævnt fordelt over tid.
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