Stagnation Traps
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Causes and Remedies for Japan's Long-Lasting Recession
ADBI Working Paper Series Causes and Remedies for Japan’s Long-Lasting Recession: Lessons for the People’s Republic of China Naoyuki Yoshino and Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary No. 554 December 2015 Asian Development Bank Institute Naoyuki Yoshino is Dean and CEO of the Asian Development Bank Institute. Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary is Assistant Professor of Economics at Keio University, Tokyo and a research assistant to the Dean of the Asian Development Bank Institute. The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of ADBI, ADB, its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms. Working papers are subject to formal revision and correction before they are finalized and considered published. The Working Paper series is a continuation of the formerly named Discussion Paper series; the numbering of the papers continued without interruption or change. ADBI’s working papers reflect initial ideas on a topic and are posted online for discussion. ADBI encourages readers to post their comments on the main page for each working paper (given in the citation below). Some working papers may develop into other forms of publication. Suggested citation: Yoshino, N., and F. Taghizadeh-Hesary. 2015. Causes and Remedies for Japan’s Long- Lasting Recession: Lessons for the People’s Republic of China. ADBI Working Paper 554. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. -
The US Economy Since the Crisis: Slow Recovery and Secular Stagnation*
The US economy since the crisis: slow recovery and secular stagnation* Robert A. Blecker Professor of Economics, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA Revised, March 2016 Abstract: The US economy has experienced a slowdown in its long-term growth and job creation that predates the Great Recession. The stagnation of output growth stems mainly from the depressing effects of rising inequality on aggregate demand, while both increased inequality and the delinkage of employment from output have their roots in profound structural changes to the US industrial structure and international position. Stagnation tendencies were temporarily offset by debt-financed household spending before the financial crisis, after which households became more financially constrained. Meanwhile, fiscal policy has shifted toward austerity while business investment has failed to keep up with the boom in corporate profits in spite of low interest rates. Slower US growth in turn exacerbates the global slowdown as it implies smaller injections of demand into global export markets. Keywords: US economy, secular stagnation, jobless recovery, financial crisis, Great Recession JEL codes: E20, E32, O51 *An earlier version of this paper was presented at the session on ‘Varieties of Stagnation? Europe, Japan and the US’, Conference on ‘The Spectre of Stagnation? Europe in the World Economy’, FMM/IMK/Hans Böckler Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 23 October 2015. Contact email for author: [email protected]. 1 INTRODUCTION The recovery from the Great Recession of 2008–9 has been the slowest and longest of any cyclical upturn in the US economy since the Great Depression of the 1930s. This slow and prolonged recovery was partly a result of the severity of the financial crisis that provoked the recession and the need to repair balance sheets in its aftermath (Koo 2013) as well as inadequate policy responses that failed to provide sufficient stimulus. -
How Secular Is the Current Economic Stagnation?
How secular is the current economic stagnation? Maria Roubtsova ∗ September 30, 2016 Abstract From the burst of the dotcom bubble in 2000, until the global financial crisis that started in August 2007, the global economy was growing. During that phase, macroe- conomics went through an era of general optimism around the idea of having reached a great moderation, with high steady growth and low stable inflation. Central bankers thought they managed to dampen the economic cycles. This era came to an end fol- lowing the meltdown which started with the global financial crisis of 2007. And as among economic agents, macroeconomists’ general state of mind went from optimism to pessimism. Almost ten years since the beginning of the crisis, growth is not back to its pre-crisis trends. Therefore, macroeconomists are debating the notion of a secular stagnation. Is the economy on a long-term stagnation trend, if so, for what reasons, and how to address this situation? This paper offers a critical review of the debates among macroeconomists around this notion of secular stagnation, a concept which was invented by Alvin Hansen following the global economic crisis of the 1930s, and was brought back into the public debate largely by Lawrence Summers since the end of 2013. This literature review starts with a brief synthesis of the original debate about secular stagnation, launched by Hansen in 1938, and ended in the mid-1950s, since these debates inspired contemporary theorists. The second part highlights the main elements of neoclassical explanations for secular stagnation. The third part focuses on the Minskian idea of the end of a debt super-cycle. -
LPN and RN Survey
Nursing Survey Instructions: The following survey will assist policymakers at the state, federal and local levels assess the adequacy of the current Nursing workforce and project future workforce trends in relation to Virginia's changing population and health needs. It will help us advance the practice of Nursing and to improve the health of all Virginians. By law, information collected as part of this survey is confidential. License numbers and other individually identifying information are removed from Healthcare Workforce Data Center data sets. The Healthcare Workforce Data Center only releases information in the aggregate or to qualified research organizations who meet our strict confidentiality standards. Participation in this survey is voluntary. You may exit the survey at any time by scrolling to the bottom and pushing the "Submit" button or by clicking on the "Finish" button at the bottom of the left sidebar. Note: Clicking "Finish" will finalize your renewal application. The survey questions are designed to allow comparisons across professions, and among state and federal data collection efforts. Some of the questions, particularly the demographic questions, match Federal data collection standards. Education and Background 1) Year of Birth: Dropdown: 2000 to 1920 (reverse order) 2) Sex: Dropdown: Male/Female Please select the items that best describe your race/ethnicity. Please answer both question 3a about Hispanic origin and 3b about race/ethnicity. 3a) Select one: Check one Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin Not Hispanic, -
Insiders and Outsiders: Does Forbidding Sexual Harassment Exacerbate Gender Inequality?
Insiders and Outsiders: Does Forbidding Sexual Harassment Exacerbate Gender Inequality? 1 Daniel L. Chen and Jasmin Sethi September 2011 ABSTRACT Sexual harassment is perceived to be a major impediment to female labor force participation. Using novel data on all workplace sexual harassment precedent in US Circuit Courts from 1982-2002, we exploit the random assignment of US appellate judges and the fact that a judge’s gender and party of appointment predict decisions in sexual harassment cases to demonstrate the causal impact of pro-plaintiff sexual harassment precedent on the adoption of sexual harassment human resources policies and reduction in gender inequality. Consistent with an insider-outsider model of involuntary unemployment, forbidding sexual harassment encouraged entry of outsiders and reduced gender inequality along the dimensions of quantity and price, particularly in the construction industry, which was heavily affected by sexual harassment litigation, but these ameliorative effects are reduced for insider women. Pro-plaintiff decisions spurred the adoption of sexual harassment human resources policies by 4.8 percentage points and increased female employment shares by 0.4 percentage points. Keywords: Sexual Harassment, Gender Discrimination, Involuntary Unemployment, Inequality JEL codes: J81, K31, J31, J71 1 Daniel L. Chen, Assistant Professor of Law and Economics, Duke Law School and Economics Department, [email protected]; Jasmin Sethi, Attorney Advisor, Securities and Exchange Commission, Adjunct Professor of Law, Georgetown Law School, [email protected]. We would like to thank colleagues too numerous to mention individually, participants in many seminars for helpful comments, and several students for extraordinary research assistance. We thank Frank Dobbin and Erin Kelly for sharing data. -
Insiders, Outsiders, and Involuntary Unemployment: Sexual Harassment Exacerbates Gender Inequality
INSIDERS, OUTSIDERS, AND INVOLUNTARY UNEMPLOYMENT: SEXUAL HARASSMENT EXACERBATES GENDER INEQUALITY Daniel L. Chen and Jasmin Sethi∗ Abstract Is labor market gender inequality due to physiological differences, labor market choices, or discrim- ination? Using novel data on all workplace sexual harassment appellate precedent from 1982-2002 and randomly assigned judges, we find that pro-plaintiff sexual harassment precedent reduced gender inequality and spurred the adoption of sexual harassment human resources policies. The effects were comparable to the Equal Employment Opportunity Act’s impact on black employment share, greatest in the heavily-litigated construction industry and where male sexism was highest, and explains one-third of the adoption of sexual harassment human resources policies. Our results are consistent with an insider-outsider theory of involuntary unemployment. Keywords: Sexual harassment, Gender discrimination, Gender Inequality, Insider-Outsider Model JEL codes: J71, J16, K38 ∗Daniel L. Chen, [email protected], Toulouse School of Economics, Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, University of Toulouse Capitole, Toulouse, France; Jasmin Sethi, Sethi Clarity Advisers, jas- [email protected]. First draft: July 2007. Current draft: October 2018. Latest version available at: http://nber.org/∼dlchen/papers/Insiders_Outsiders_and_Involuntary_Unemployment.pdf. We thank research as- sistants and numerous colleagues at several universities and conferences. Work on this project was conducted while Chen received financial support from the European Research Council (Grant No. 614708), Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 100018-152678 and 106014-150820), Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Ewing Marion Kauff- man Foundation, Petrie Flom Center, Harvard Law School Summer Academic Fellowship, and Templeton Foundation (Grant No. 22420). We also acknowledge joint financial support from the John M. -
Involuntary Unemployment: the Elusive Quest for a Theory
Involuntary Unemployment: the Elusive Quest for a Theory Michel De Vroey December 2004 Université catholique de Louvain Department of Economics Discussion Papers 2005-04 Abstract This paper addresses the issue of why Keynesian economists have had such a hard time in giving the concept of involuntary unemployment a place in economic theory. Is the gradual demise of this concept a manifestation of some inner defect in economic theory or is it due to some intrinsic weakness in the concept itself, which limits its usefulness when it comes to economic theorising? I have recently published a book which attempts to answer this question, and my aim in this paper is to present its main results. I start by characterising Keynes's programme as consisting of the following four elements: 1) demonstrating the existence of involuntary unemployment; 2) demonstrating that wage rigidity can be exonerated as its cause; 3) giving a general equilibrium or interdependency explanation of the phenomenon; 4) demonstrating that demand stimulation is the proper remedy for the problem. Next, I bring out four conceptual ambiguities that have plagued discussions about involuntary unemployment: the confusion between involuntary unemployment and underemployment; the confusion between involuntary unemployment in the individual disequilibrium sense and involuntary unemployment in the frustration sense; a loose understanding of the notion of full employment; and, finally, a less than rigorous definition of the notion of rigidity. The paper continues by presenting my arguments on whether different types of New Keynesian models (implicit contracts, efficiency wages, coordination failures and imperfect competition) have succeeded in achieving Keynes’s programme. My conclusion is that they all fail on at least one of its items. -
Involuntary Unemployment Versus "Involuntary Employment" Yasuhiro Sakai 049 Modern Perspective
Articles Introduction I One day when I myself felt tired of writing some essays, I happened to find a rather old book in the corner of the bookcase of my study. The book, entitledKeynes' General Theory: Re- Involuntary ports of Three Decades, was published in 1964. Unemployment versus More than four decades have passed since then. “Involuntary As the saying goes, time and tide wait for no man! 1) Employment” In the light of the history of economic thought, back in the 1930s, John Maynard J.M. Keynes and Beyond Keynes (1936) wrote a monumental work of economics, entitled The General Theory of -Em ployment, Interest and Money. How and to what degree this book influenced the academic circle at the time of publication, by and large, Yasuhiro Sakai seemed to be dependent on the age of econo- Shiga University / Professor Emeritus mists. According to Samuelson (1946), contained in Lekachman (1964), there existed two dividing lines of ages; the age of thirty-five and the one of fifty: "The General Theory caught most economists under the age of thirty-five with the unex- pected virulence of a disease first attacking and decimating an isolated tribe of south sea islanders. Economists beyond fifty turned out to be quite immune to the ailment. With time, most economists in-between be- gan to run the fever, often without knowing or admitting their condition." (Samuelson, p. 315) In 1936, Keynes himself was 53 years old be- cause he was born in 1883. Remarkably, both Joseph Schumpeter and Yasuma Takata were born in the same year as Keynes. -
Involuntary Unemployment Insurance Provide a Safety Net for Borrowers in the Event of Job Loss
INVOLUNTARY UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE Provide a safety net for borrowers in the event of job loss In an uncertain economy, Involuntary Unemployment Insurance (IUI) gives your borrowers added peace-of-mind when they purchase a home. It’s additional insurance that can make a homeowner’s mortgage payment if they become involuntarily unemployed. Genworth Mortgage Insurance purchases IUI at no additional charge to borrowers with many of our available MI products. It’s our way of helping to prevent mortgage defaults caused by involuntary unemployment. Payment Benefit Comparison* Genworth Monthly Premium Mortgage Insurance with IUI (HomeOpeners® MonthlyPlus) Covered Amount (PITI) Up to $2000 Number of payments covered Up to 6 monthly payments Coverage period Up to 5 years after loan closes Genworth Single Premium Mortgage Insurance with IUI (HomeOpeners® PaymentPlus) Genworth Split Premium Mortgage Insurance with IUI (HomeOpeners® SimplePlus) Covered Amount (PITI) Up to $2000 Number of payments covered Up to 6 monthly payments Coverage Period Up to 2 years after loan closes ©2008 Genworth Financial, Inc. * Borrower vesting period is 60 days after loan closing. Borrower waiting period is 30 days All rights reserved. from the date of involuntary unemployment. On joint borrower loans, the principal, interest, taxes and insurance (PITI) benefit payment is prorated based on the combined incomes. Involuntary unemployment insurance is underwritten by certain underwriters at Lloyd’s. The coverage is subject to conditions and exclusions not included in this summary. Information is accurate as of date of printing and is subject to change without notice. Product availability is based on property location and may not be available in all states. -
Involuntary Unemployment: a Reminder Roy H
real-world economics review, issue no. 81 subscribe for free Involuntary unemployment: a reminder Roy H. Grieve [University of Strathclyde (retired)] Copyright: Roy H. Grieve, 2017 You may post comments on this paper at https://rwer.wordpress.com/comments-on-rwer-issue-no-81/ This note sets Keynes’s theory of involuntary unemployment against neoclassical and New Classical approaches which fail to go beyond what Keynes described as voluntary unemployment. JEL codes B22, E24 Keywords voluntary unemployment; involuntary unemployment; derived demand for labour Introduction In an excellent paper Victor A. Beker (“Rethinking macroeconomics in the light of the US financial crisis,” Real-world Economics Review, 2012) has drawn attention to the startlingly implausible explanation – offered by certain economic theorists – of why output and employment fell in the recent recession. He is referring to the ideas of the New Classical or Real Business Cycle school which holds that the economy, with rational optimizing agents operating in a context of price flexibility and constantly clearing markets, exhibits a constant state of full employment (albeit with the level of activity corresponding to “full employment” varying from time to time). Citing a recent analysis (Ohanian, 2010) of falling employment in the US, Beker comments: “Given the huge level of unemployment the crisis generated, it is not big news to know that the labour input sharply declined during that period. More surprising is the reason for that decline, according to Ohanian: the marginal rate of substitution between consumption and leisure was very low relative to the marginal product of labour. So, it seems that the crisis was caused by a sudden and mysterious increase in the preference for leisure. -
Submission Adequacy of Newstart and Related Payments and Alternative Mechanisms to Determine the Level of Income Support Payments in Australia BY: Michael Sanderson
Submission Adequacy of Newstart and related payments and alternative mechanisms to determine the level of income support payments in Australia BY: Michael Sanderson Preface As one who was forced to use Newstart I can attest from personal real life experience that Newstart plus all the associated supplementary payments is woefully inadequate. This submission describes an alternative approach which addresses by default most if not all the items of the Terms of Reference (TOR). The private sector will never have the capacity to employ all those who are unemployed, how can 200,000 jobs employ 700,000 unemployed. Add to this the underemployed who are subject to similar hardship. People don’t need income support; they need a job that pays a living income. The case for Full Employment The Australian economy like most advanced economies uses NAIRU (Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment) as a buffer stock. While the Australian Federal Government (all franchises) continues to embrace this policy, involuntary unemployment and under employment be in Australia will always be unsolvable. If the Australian Federal Government adopted NAIBER (Non-Accelerating-Inflation-Buffer Employment Ratio) it would solve the issue of involuntary unemployment and under employment in every part of Australia. An employed buffer stock (NAIBER) is far superior to the contemporary unemployed buffer stock (NAIRU). From the perspective of the private sector an employed buffer stock is far superior. It facilitates the movement to the private sector without extreme demand pull. In times of depressed economic conditions not dissimilar to what is developing now, NAIBER acts as a counter cyclic bottom up fiscal stabiliser. -
Macro-Economics of Balance-Sheet Problems and the Liquidity Trap
Contents Summary ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 2 The IS/MP–AD/AS model ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 The IS/MP model ............................................................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Aggregate demand: the AD-curve ........................................................................................................ 13 2.3 Aggregate supply: the AS-curve ............................................................................................................ 16 2.4 The AD/AS model ........................................................................................................................................ 17 3 Economic recovery after a demand shock with balance-sheet problems and at the zero lower bound .................................................................................................................................................. 18 3.1 A demand shock under normal conditions without balance-sheet problems ................... 18 3.2 A demand shock under normal conditions, with balance-sheet problems ......................... 19 3.3