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The Emergence of the Cumbrian Kingdom
The emergence and transformation of medieval Cumbria The Cumbrian kingdom is one of the more shadowy polities of early medieval northern Britain.1 Our understanding of the kingdom’s history is hampered by the patchiness of the source material, and the few texts that shed light on the region have proved difficult to interpret. A particular point of debate is the interpretation of the terms ‘Strathclyde’ and ‘Cumbria’, a matter that has periodically drawn comment since the 1960s. Some scholars propose that the terms were applied interchangeably to the same polity, which stretched from Clydesdale to the Lake District. Others argue that the terms applied to different territories: Strathclyde was focused on the Clyde Valley whereas Cumbria/Cumberland was located to the south of the Solway. The debate has significant implications for our understanding of the extent of the kingdom(s) of Strathclyde/Cumbria, which in turn affects our understanding of politics across tenth- and eleventh-century northern Britain. It is therefore worth revisiting the matter in this article, and I shall put forward an interpretation that escapes from the dichotomy that has influenced earlier scholarship. I shall argue that the polities known as ‘Strathclyde’ and ‘Cumbria’ were connected but not entirely synonymous: one evolved into the other. In my view, this terminological development was prompted by the expansion of the kingdom of Strathclyde beyond Clydesdale. This reassessment is timely because scholars have recently been considering the evolution of Cumbrian identity across a much longer time-period. In 1974 the counties of Cumberland and Westmorland were joined to Lancashire-North-of the-Sands and part of the West Riding of Yorkshire to create the larger county of Cumbria. -
Eu-Uk(Scotland): Report of Implementation Plan for Meeting Objectives of Nasco Resolutions, and Agreements
Agenda item 7.2 For information COUNCIL CNL(06)31 EU-UK(SCOTLAND): REPORT OF IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR MEETING OBJECTIVES OF NASCO RESOLUTIONS, AND AGREEMENTS. CNL(06)31 EU-UK(SCOTLAND): REPORT OF IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR MEETING OBJECTIVES OF NASCO RESOLUTIONS, AND AGREEMENTS. 1 Introduction 1.1 This first report to NASCO on the development of an Implementation Plan for the management of Atlantic salmon and the fisheries dependent on salmon in Scotland is necessarily detailed. The first three sections of this report provide an overview of the current situation with regard to the status of Atlantic salmon, the fisheries that depend on them, and the management structures in place in Scotland in 2006. In section 4, details are given of how management is currently implemented and projections for future development of that management. 1.2 Aim To ensure sustainable fisheries for Atlantic salmon throughout Scotland. 1.3 The Resource Data presented for the NASCO Salmon Rivers Database indicate that there are: 363 rivers supporting salmon populations which are designated as not being threatened with loss. Many of the larger rivers support multiple populations. 5 rivers where salmon populations have been restored 1 river where salmon exist as a result of maintenance programmes 11 rivers where salmon are threatened with loss 2 rivers where salmon populations have been lost. A total of 17 rivers have been designated as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs), 11 with salmon listed as a primary interest, under the EU Natura 2000 system. These rivers are: Tweed Tay South Esk Dee (Aberdeenshire) Spey Berriedale and Langwell Thurso Naver Little Gruinard Grimersta (Langavat) Bladnoch Endrick* Teith* Moriston* Oykell* Borgie* North Harris* 1 * - denotes rivers where Atlantic salmon are included as a species of interest, but where the site was not designated primarily for salmon. -
4, Excavations at Alt Gl
Proc Soc Antiq Scot, (1990)0 12 , 95-149, fiche 2:A1-G14 Reconnaissance excavations on Early Historic fortification othed an s r royal site Scotlandn si , 1974-84 , Excavation:4 t GlutAl t ,sa Clyde Rock, Strathclyde, 1974-75 Leslie Alcock Elizabetd *an AlcockhA * SUMMARY As part of a long-term programme of research historically-documentedon fortifications, excava- tions were carried 1974-75in out Dumbartonat Castle, anciently knownClut Alt Clydeor as Rock. These disproved hypothesisthe that nucleara fort, afterpatternthe of Dunadd Dundurn,or couldbe identified on the Rock, but revealed a timber-and-rubble defence of Early Historic date overlooking the isthmus which links the Rock to the mainland. Finds of especial interest include the northernmost examples of imported Mediterranean amphorae of the sixth century AD, and fragments from at least six glass vessels ofgermanic manufacture. Discussion centres on early medieval harbour sites and trade in northern and western Britain. A detailed excavation record and finds catalogue will be found in the microfiche. CONTENTS EXCAVATION SYNTHESIS & DISCUSSION (illuS 1-19) Introduction: character of the excavation and report..................................... 96 Early history.......................................................................8 9 . Clyd setting...........................................................es it Roc d kan 9 9 . The excavation: structures and finds ................................................... 104 Synthesis: history, artefact structures& s ..............................................3 -
The Battle of Dunnichen, AD 685
East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2002 The irsF t Battle for cottS ish Independence: The Battle of Dunnichen, A.D. 685. Julie Fox Parsons East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Parsons, Julie Fox, "The irF st Battle for cS ottish Independence: The aB ttle of Dunnichen, A.D. 685." (2002). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 657. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/657 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The First Battle for Scottish Independence: The Battle of Dunnichen, A.D. 685 __________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in History __________________ by Julie Fox Parsons May 2002 __________________ Dr. Ronnie M. Day, Chair Dr. William Douglas Burgess Dr. Colin Baxter Keywords: Scottish Independence, Northumbria, Bede ABSTRACT The First Battle for Scottish Independence: The Battle of Dunnichen, A.D. 685 by Julie Fox Parsons This study is an examination of the historiography of the ancient-medieval texts that record events related to the Northumbrian and the Pictish royal houses in the seventh century. The Picts, the Scots and the Celtic Britons fell into subjugation under the control of the expansionist Northumbrian kings and remained there for most of the seventh century. -
THE SOUTH WEST SCOTLAND ELECTRICITY BOARD AREA Regional and Local Electricity Systems in Britain
DR. G.T. BLOOMFIELD Professor Emeritus, University of Guelph THE SOUTH WEST SCOTLAND ELECTRICITY BOARD AREA Regional and Local Electricity Systems in Britain 1 Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 2 The South West Scotland Electricity Board Area .......................................................................................... 2 Constituents of the South West Scotland Electricity Board ......................................................................... 3 Development of Electricity Supply Areas ...................................................................................................... 3 I Local Initiatives.................................................................................................................................. 6 II State Intervention ........................................................................................................................... 13 III Nationalisation ................................................................................................................................ 22 Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 26 Note on Sources .......................................................................................................................................... 27 AYR Mill Street was an early AC station -
Environment Baseline Report Scottish Sustainable Marine Environment Initiative
State of the Clyde Environment Baseline Report Scottish Sustainable Marine Environment Initiative SSMEI Clyde Pilot State of the Clyde Environment Baseline Report March 2009 D Ross K Thompson J E Donnelly Contents 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1 2 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT..............................................................................3 2.1 GEOLOGY....................................................................................................................3 2.2 THE SEALOCHS ...........................................................................................................6 2.3 THE ESTUARIES ..........................................................................................................9 2.4 THE INNER FIRTH......................................................................................................12 2.5 THE OUTER FIRTH ....................................................................................................14 2.6 COASTAL FLOODING .................................................................................................18 3 CLEAN AND SAFE SEAS............................................................................................19 3.1 THE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................19 3.1.1 Dissolved Oxygen.............................................................................................19 3.1.2 Nutrients...........................................................................................................22 -
A National Park in Galloway? a Discussion Paper
A NATIONAL PARK IN GALLOWAY? A DISCUSSION PAPER OCTOBER 2017 www.gallowaynationalpark.org Designed by Belted Media, www.beltedmedia.com Printed on recycled paper by J and B Print, Newton Stewart Published by Galloway National Park Association October 2017 GNPA gratefully acknowledges the financial support from a number of private individuals, Dumfries & Galloway Council and the Scottish Campaign for National Parks that made this report possible. For more information on GNPA, see www.gallowaynationalpark.org GNPA is a Scottish Charitable Incorporated Organisation registered with OSCR. Reg No SC047398 A NATIONAL PARK IN GALLOWAY? A DISCUSSION PAPER OCTOBER 2017 This report represents the views of GNPA only GNPA gratefully acknowledges the following for the use of their images: Allan Wright (Cover), Patrick Laurie (P4, P47), Graeme Warren (P14), Alan Cameron (P18), Forestry Commission Scotland (P22), Iain Macfadzean (P24), Outdoor Council (P27, P44), Firth Partnership (P32), and shutterstock (P40). All other images by Alan Wake www.gallowaynationalpark.org www.gallowaynationalpark.org CONTENT FOREWORD “I believe this is This document has been carefully a good moment assembled to encourage and 6 Introduction inform public engagement on the to trigger such a possibility of creating a national park 8 What is a National Park? discussion on the in Galloway. Given the challenges concept of a park, the region is presently facing 10 Why should Galloway be designated a National Park? economically and socially, I believe its possible powers, this -
Socio-Economic Analysis of the Scottish Solway
Socio-Economic Analysis of the Scottish Solway March 2020 Final Report EKOS Limited, St. George’s Studios, 93-97 St. George’s Road, Glasgow, G3 6JA Reg 145099 Telephone: 0141 353 1994 Web: www.ekos-consultants.co.uk Cover photo of Powillimount beach supplied by Solway Firth Partnership As part of our green office policy all EKOS reports are printed double sided on 100% sustainable paper Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Study Approach and Method 2 3. Marine Sector Overview 15 4. Sea Fisheries 20 5. Marine Aquaculture 41 6. Seafood Processing 45 7. Shipping and Transport 52 8. Energy, Aggregates, Subsea Cables and Pipelines 68 9. Sport, Recreation and Tourism 82 10. Defence 103 11. Historic Environment and Cultural Heritage 109 12. Marine Management and Education 120 Appendix A: Data Sources 127 Appendix B: Stakeholders 133 1. Introduction This report has been prepared on behalf of Solway Firth Partnership (SFP) and provides a socio-economic analysis of the Scottish Solway Firth, hereby referred to as the SEASS project. The research will be used to: • update, synthesise and amalgamate the available regional data and intelligence into a central and easy to access location; • inform and raise awareness among key stakeholders (including local authorities, industry organisations and the general public) on the scale, scope and range of ‘productive activity’ that takes place, and the contribution and value of the Solway Firth ecosystem to the Scottish maritime economy; and • help support, strengthen and promote partnership working across the region. The SEASS project forms part of the Solway Marine Information Learning and Environment (SMILE) project1. -
The Northumbrian Settlements in Galloway and Carrick: an Historical
Proc Antiqc So Scot, (1991)1 12 , 295-327 Northumbriae Th n settlement Gallowan i s d yan Carrick: an historical assessment Daphne Brooke* ABSTRACT The Anglian settlements dating from the Northumbrian supremacy in Galloway and Carrick tracedare from place-names, church dedications, supportiveand historical, topo- graphical, archaeologicaland material. Their grouping reveals three 'shires' with some identified boundaries. These territories appear haveto co-existed with British occupied areas, presumably under tribute. Medieval place-name forms listedAppendix,an are in Appendicesand also give corresponding forms British,of Scandinavian, selectedand Gaelic place-names. INTRODUCTION This paper attempts to trace the extent of Anglian settlement in Galloway and Carrick perioNorthumbriae e th th (illuf n i do ) 1 s n supremacy fro mid-sevente mth tento ht h century. Evidence from place-name study and archaeology is related to documentary and literary sources e settlementTh . s examine detain di provisionalle ar l showd an y 1 nb y p listeap n di numbe n illuo r. Villages2 s , estate d churchean s e identifiear s thein i d r groupings round strategic and geographical nuclei. Some administrative divisions emerge. The conclusions attempt a rough numerical assessment, allowing that some evidence appears to have been destroyed by later settlers. Relations between Angle and Cymry are discussed in terms of territory e economy e sociath , th d l an structure, y e brie e an s b neerule t ha o Th ft d. dou consideratio culturae th f nr o religiou o l s qualit survivine f lifeyo Th . g British e estateth d san later Scandinavia offerin 4 n, wit 4 p settlement illud h& ap an s3 g 3 & e identifie 2 ar s p ap n di notes on the Gaelic-speaking settlement. -
The Quaternary Geology of the Solway
The Quaternary Geology of the Solway Geology and Landscape (Scotland) Programme Research Report RR/11/04 HOW TO NAVIGATE THIS DOCUMENT Bookmarks The main elements of the table of contents are book- marked enabling direct links to be followed to the principal section headings and sub- headings, figures, plates and tables irrespective of which part of the document the user is viewing. In addition, the report contains links: from the principal section and subsection headings back to the contents page, from each reference to a figure, plate or table directly to the corresponding figure, plate or table, from each page number back to the contents page. RETURN TO CONTENTS PAGE BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the GEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE (SCOTLAND) PROGRAMME Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. RESEARCH REPORT RR/11/04 Licence No: 100017897/2011. Keywords Quaternary, Solway. National Grid Reference SW corner 290000, 550000 Centre point 515000, 570000 The Quaternary Geology NE corner 340000, 590000. Map of the Solway Sheet Solway East and Solway West, 1:50 000 scale, Special Quaternary sheets. A A McMillan, J W Merritt, C A Auton, and N R Golledge Front cover Ice-wedge casts in glaciofluvial sand and gravel sheet deposits of the Kilblane Sand and Gravel Contributors Formation at Halleaths Gravel D C Entwisle, B Humphreys, C J Jordan, B É Ó Dochartaigh, E R Phillips, Pit [NY 0868 8344], Lochmaben. Photo A A McMillan (P774196). and C L Vye Bibliographical reference MCMILLAN, A A, MERRITT, J W, AUTON, C A, and GOLLEDGE, N R. -
Rheged: an Early Historic Kingdom Near the Solway
Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 132 (2002), 357–381 Rheged: an Early Historic Kingdom near the Solway Mike McCarthy* ABSTRACT Rheged has been well known to historians for some time, but it is usually considered from the standpoint of the written sources. This paper seeks to begin the process of wider examination, firstly by discussing salient aspects of the archaeological setting, specifically the Iron Age and Roman background. Secondly, attention is drawn to those elements of the archaeological and written record relating to the location of Rheged, as well as to kingship and power. Earlier assumptions as to the location of Rheged are challenged, and it is suggested that its focus was in the Rhinns of Galloway. By the late sixth century Rheged, led by its great king Urien, was in existence, but it proved to be transient, and within a century or so of the earliest references in the literature, it had become absorbed into the expanding kingdom of Northumbria. Later, the Men of the North provided the heroic ancestry and models appropriate to kings in Wales, and ultimately found a place in one of the most enduring themes in medieval romantic literature. INTRODUCTION legacy, no annalistic, legal, or ecclesiastical record, and the written sources for early medi- Rheged (OW Reget), a kingdom thought to be eval Galloway and Cumbria are sparse. Much located in south-west Scotland and northern of the relevant documentation that has some England, appears briefly in the written record bearing on Rheged, namely the poems and in the late sixth century, but little is known genealogies, is early Welsh in origin, and while about it. -
Solway Firth 6.1
Draft Regional Locational Guidance – Tidal Energy in Scottish Water 6. SOUTH WEST The South West Region includes one Scoping Area of Search The Scoping Areas of Search is: Solway Firth 6.1 Resource 6.1.1 Tide resource is moderate in the Solway Firth area of search with the mean annual power density reaching 0.59 kWatt m-2. The mean annual neap power density is 0.33 kWatt m-2 and the same measure for spring tide is 2.38 kWatt m-2 .The mean spring peak tidal flow is 1.65 ms-1 The tidal range for neap tides shows a mean of 2.67 m and the spring shows a mean of 4.93 m. Fig.6.1 Solway Firth (Area of Search) Tidal Energy Resource 225 Draft Regional Locational Guidance – Tidal Energy in Scottish Water 6.2 Aquaculture 6.2.1 Marine aquaculture sites within the South West Region are shown in Figure 6.2. The figure reveals that there is only one shellfish aquaculture site located within this region. No finfish sites occur are present. Fig.6.2 Aquaculture activities in the South West Region 6.2.2 The Aquaculture Industry in South-West Scotland is believed to employ 9 full-time and 5 part-time staff. Solway Firth 6.2.3 There are no aquaculture facilities within the area of potential development. A native oyster fishery is present in Loch Ryan to the north. 226 Draft Regional Locational Guidance – Tidal Energy in Scottish Water Fig.6.3 Aquaculture activities in the Solway Firth (Area of Search) 6.3 Aviation 6.3.1 At present, there is no commercial aviation activities operating in the South- West Scotland Region.