DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction: Power, Law and the Declaration of Paris

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction: Power, Law and the Declaration of Paris Notes Introduction: Power, Law and the Declaration of Paris 1. Throughout this book, ‘international law’ refers to ‘public international law’ and follows 19th-century practice in seeing private international law as a separate field. 2. This argument is often known as the ‘Austinian challenge’ to international law, but John Austin’s extreme scepticism about international law went far beyond that of his mentor Jeremy Bentham, and his argument that international law is simply ‘set by general opinion’ and only enforced by ‘moral sanctions’ was as wrong in 1832 as it is today. 3. See M. W. Janis, ‘Jeremy Bentham and the Fashioning of “International Law” ’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 78, No. 2 (April 1984), pp. 405–418. 4. The best-known example is Martti Koskeniemi, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870–1960, Cambridge 2004. 5. See Stephen Neff, War and the Law of Nations: A General History, Cambridge 2005, or Alexander Gillespie, A History of the Laws of War (3 volumes), Oxford 2011. 6. A modern example of this phenomenon is Mary Ellen O’Connell’s, The Power and Purpose of International Law, Oxford 2008, which was criticised by Carlo Focarelli, for ‘nowhere provid[ing] a definition of the “purpose” of international law’, see European Journal of International Law, Vol. 20 (2009), pp. 957–961, p. 957. Her main argument is that international law is law because there are a variety of sanc- tions available to enforce it, but she does not discuss the politicised nature of that enforcement. 7. Martens Nouveau Recueil Generale des Traites, Vol. 15, p. 791. 8. See Brett Bowden, ‘The Colonial Origins of International Law. European Expan- sion and the Classical Standard of Civilization’, The Journal of the History of International Law, Vol. 7, No. 1 (2005), pp. 1–24. 9. For a different view, see Arnulf Becker-Lorca, ‘Universal International Law: Nine- teenth Century Histories of Imposition and Appropriation’, Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 50, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 475–552. 10. Karl Marx/Friedrich Engels, Werke, Vol. 15/4, Berlin 1961, p. 427. 11. British and Foreign State Papers (BFSP), Vol. 46, p. 36. 12. Damian O’Connor, ‘Privateers, Cruisers and Colliers: The Limits of International Maritime Law in the Nineteenth Century’, RUSI Journal, Vol. 150, No. 1 (February 2005), pp. 70–75, p. 71. 13. See Francis Piggott, The Declaration of Paris 1856. A Study, Documented, London 1919, p. 128; and Charles H. Stockton, ‘The Declaration of Paris’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 14 (1920), pp. 356–368, 358, 361. The first monograph, Francis Stark’s The Abolition of Privateering and the Declaration of Paris, New York 1897, did not make use of archival sources. 14. Bernard Semmel, Liberalism and Naval Strategy – Ideology, Interest and Seapower during the Pax Britannica, London 1986, pp. 56–57. 15. William Malkin, ‘The Inner History of the Declaration of Paris’, British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 8 (1927), pp. 1–44, p. 37. 197 198 Notes 16. Olive Anderson, ‘Some Further Light on the Inner History of the Declaration of Paris’, Law Quarterly Review, Vol. 76 (1960), pp. 379–385, pp. 382, 385. 17. Olive Anderson, A Liberal State at War: English Politics and Economics During the Crimean War, London 1967, p. 272. 18. Ibid., p. 252. 19. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, London 1976, p. 175. 20. Clarendon was fully aware of this. See Clarendon to Westmorland, 19 June 1855, Akten zur Geschichte des Krimkriegs (AGKK) III/3, No. 500, p. 762. Cf. Andrew Lambert, ‘The Crimean War Blockade, 1854–1856’, in Bruce Elleman and S. C. M. Paine (eds.), Naval Blockades and Seapower – Strategies and Counter- Strategies, 1805–2005, Abingdon 2005, pp. 46–61. 21. Andrew Lambert, ‘Great Britain and Maritime Law from the Declaration of Paris to the Era of Total War’, in Rolf Hobson and Tom Kristiansen (eds.), Navies in Northern Waters: 1721–2000, London 2004, pp. 11–40, p. 15. 22. Avner Offer, The First World War: An Agrarian Interpretation, Oxford 1989, pp. 271, 282. 23. In his most recent article, Lambert changes his stance slightly, arguing that ‘while many British commentators have criticized the Declaration as an unwise conces- sion [ ...] the reality was far less clear-cut’, Crimean War Blockade, pp. 60–61. Also note Nicholas Tracy (ed.), Sea Power and the Control of Trade: Belligerent Rights from the Russian War to the Beira Patrol, 1854–1970, Aldershot 2005, which is a highly valuable source collection but not a research monograph that could replace earlier accounts. 24. Andrew Lambert, Crimean War – British Grand Strategy, 1853–1856, Manchester 1990, pp. 333–334. 25. Gary Anderson and Adam Gifford, Jr., ‘Privateering and the Private Production of Naval Power’, Cato Journal, Vol. 11 (Spring/Summer 1991), pp. 99–122, p. 112. Pat O’Malley, ‘The Discipline of Violence: State, Capital and the Regulation of Naval Warfare’, Sociology, Vol. 22, No. 2 (May 1988), pp. 253–270, p. 265. 26. Alexander Tabarrok, ‘The Rise, Fall, and Rise Again of Privateers’, The Indepen- dent Review, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Spring 2007), pp. 565–577, p. 575; Antony Bruce and William Cogar, An Encyclopedia of Naval Warfare, Chicago and London 1998, p. 293; Ulrich Scheuner, ‘Privateering’, in Rudolf Bernhardt (ed.) Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Vol. 3, Amsterdam and New York 1997, pp. 1120–1122. This argument is also made in the otherwise very well-informed study by John W. Coogan, The End of Neutrality: The United States, Britain and Maritime Rights 1899–1915, Ithaca 1981, p. 23. 27. Nicholas Parillo, ‘The De-privatization of American Warfare: How the U. S. Government Used, Regulated, and Ultimately Abandoned Privateering in the Nineteenth Century’, Yale Journal of Law & The Humanities, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Winter 2007), pp. 1–95, p. 10. 1 ‘More Serious than the Eastern Question Itself’ – The Crimean War Compromise 1. Lobstein to Drouyn de Lhuys, 22 November 1853, AMAE, Correspondence Politique Suède, No. 325, f183. 2. Schroeder to Marcy, 30 November 1853, private, NARA, M45, Vol. 8, Roll 9; Schroeder to Marcy, 3 December 1853, No. 106; Schroeder to Marcy, 19 December 1853, No. 108, ibid. Notes 199 3. Rehausen to Clarendon, 2 January 1854, and Reventlow Criminil to Clarendon, 2 January 1854, BFSP, Vol. 44, p. 94. See also Parliamentary Papers, Correspondence Relative to Neutrality of Denmark, Sweden and Norway, 1854 (1711) LXXII.601. 4. Belmont to Marcy, 20 January 1854, No. 13, NARA, M42, Roll T-19; Werther to Manteuffel, 2 December 1853, AGKK II/1, No. 86, p. 255. The Netherlands’ decision was dependent on Prussia: Koenigsmarck to Manteuffel, 7 January 1854, ibid., No. 112, p. 306. 5. Schroeder to Marcy, 18 January 1854, No. 111, ibid.; Schroeder to Marcy, 30 January 1854, No. 112, ibid. For the Russian demand to close the ports and the Swedish response to Clarendon’s despatch, see Lobstein to Drouyn de Lhuys, 30 January 1854 and 6 February 1854, AMAE, CP Suède, No. 325, f223+f230. 6. John Russell was at this time the Leader of the House of Commons, and Minister without Portfolio in the Aberdeen government since handing over the post of Foreign Secretary to Lord Clarendon in February 1853. He continued to speak frequently in the name of the government on foreign policy matters. 7. Walewski to Drouyn de Lhuys, 6 January 1854, AGKK IV/1, No. 344, pp. 749–752. 8. Memorandum of 11 January 1854, printed in Malkin, Inner History, pp. 8–9. 9. Anderson, Liberal State at War, pp. 248–253; Spencer, Mason Memorandum, pp. 50–51. 10. Drouyn de Lhuys to Walewski, 12 January 1854, quoted in Spencer, Mason Mem- orandum, p. 49, and Drouyn de Lhuys, ‘Les Neutres Pendant la Guerre d’Orient’, Revue Maritime et Coloniale, Vol. 23 (1868), pp. 658–681, 663f. 11. Hamilton, Anglo-French Seapower, p. 169. 12. Drouyn de Lhuys to Ducos, 16 February 1854, Vincennes, CC41251. 13. Walewski to Drouyn de Lhuys, 16 February 1854, AMAE, Correspondence Politique, Angleterre, No. 694, f4–5. 14. Thomas Milner Gibson had asked whether a decision to grant ‘free ships, free goods’ had been reached. See House of Commons, 27 February 1854, Vol. 130, Col.1353. 15. Drouyn de Lhuys to Walewski, 1 March 1854, AGKK IV/I, No. 413, pp. 898–899; Walewski to Drouyn de Lhuys, 2 March 1854, ibid., No. 414, pp. 899–901. 16. House of Commons, 13 March 1854, Vol. 131, Col. 698–699. 17. House of Lords, 17 March 1854, Vol. 131, Col. 888–891. This advice in favour of buying Russian produce in neutral ports in order to import it to Britain was the official recommendation given to merchants. See Parliamentary Papers, Cor- respondence between Board of Trade and House of Messrs. Martin, Levin & Adler, on Rights of Neutrals, 1854 (146) LXI.645. 18. The Times, 10 March 1854, p. 8. 19. House of Commons, 17 March 1854, Vol. 131, Col. 966–969. 20. Ibid., Col. 969–973. 21. Buchanan to Marcy, 17 March 1854, No. 25, NARA, M30, Vol. 65, Roll 61; BFSP, Vol. 46, p. 828. 22. Drouyn de Lhuys to Ducos, 20 March 1854, Vincennes, CC41251. 23. See Spencer, Mason Memorandum, p. 55; De Lhuys, Les Neutres, pp. 667–668. 24. Cowley to Clarendon, 19 March 1854, quoted in Spencer, Mason Memoran- dum, p. 55. 25. The law was passed on 23 March 1854. See Hamilton, Anglo-French Seapower, p. 173. 26. Spencer, Mason Memorandum, pp. 51, 56. 200 Notes 27. Cowley to Clarendon, 22 March 1854, quoted ibid., p. 56. 28. Buchanan had reported home that Clarendon was ‘evidently apprehensive’ about privateers and had used this as an argument to promote generous neutral rights.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diplomacy and the American Civil War: the Impact on Anglo- American Relations
    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Masters Theses, 2020-current The Graduate School 5-8-2020 Diplomacy and the American Civil War: The impact on Anglo- American relations Johnathan Seitz Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/masters202029 Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, Public History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Seitz, Johnathan, "Diplomacy and the American Civil War: The impact on Anglo-American relations" (2020). Masters Theses, 2020-current. 56. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/masters202029/56 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses, 2020-current by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Diplomacy and the American Civil War: The Impact on Anglo-American Relations Johnathan Bryant Seitz A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History May 2020 FACULTY COMMITTEE: Committee Chair: Dr. Steven Guerrier Committee Members/ Readers: Dr. David Dillard Dr. John Butt Table of Contents List of Figures..................................................................................................................iii Abstract............................................................................................................................iv Introduction.......................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Great Britain and King Cotton: the Lancashire Cotton
    GREAT BRITAIN AND KING COTTON: THE LANCASHIRE COTTON FAMINE AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR RYAN D KELL The Colorado College Department of History-Political Science Copyright © by Ryan D. Kell 2015 GREAT BRITAIN AND KING COTTON: THE LANCASHIRE COTTON FAMINE AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR by RYAN D KELL THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Undergraduate School of The Colorado College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of HISTORY-POLITICAL SCIENCE Department of History-Political Science THE COLORADO COLLEGE 2015 Acknowledgments I cannot express enough thanks to my thesis advisor, Lindsey Flewelling, Visiting Professor of History at Colorado College. Lindsey Was alWays Willing to help me With this project, Whether it Was With research or editing, while working a busy schedule of her own. I am extremely grateful for all the assistance she provided, and I could not have completed this task Without her. I would also like to thank David Hendrickson, Professor of Political Science at Colorado College. David helped me to polish my final product, making sure that I Was accurate and as persuasive With my argument as possible. My completion of this project Would not have been possible Without the help of my tWo academic advisors, Bryant “Tip” Ragan and Peter Blasenheim, both Professors of History at Colorado College. Tip, as my primary academic advisor, helped me navigate my four years of college and I Would not have been in position to graduate without him. Peter, my major advisor, has helped me to complete both my thesis and all my major requirements, always willing to give his honest opinion.
    [Show full text]
  • Cotton, the Oil of the Nineteenth Century
    Cotton, the Oil of the Nineteenth Century Gene Dattel’s new book is Cotton and Important lessons of history. Race in the Making of America (Ivan R. Dee, 2009). hat if you discovered that a foreign country had deliberately attempted to jeopardize millions of jobs in one region of the country? No, this was Y ENE ATTEL B G D not an OPEC oil embargo designed to counteract American support of Israel. The target was in fact England, the instigator was the Confederacy, and the strategy involved the curtailment of cotton Wexports during the Civil War. In 1861, the newly formed Confederate States of America, attempting to force England into the Civil War as an ally or as the THE MAGAZINE OF instigator of a compromise that would acknowledge Southern inde- INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY pendence, unanimously adopted King Cotton diplomacy. The South 888 16th Street, N.W. cut off England’s supply of cotton, the essential fuel for the British Suite 740 textile manufacturers. Washington, D.C. 20006 In the nineteenth century, cotton was comparable in power to oil Phone: 202-861-0791 Fax: 202-861-0790 in today’s global economy. Its political clout paralleled that of oil as www.international-economy.com described in Daniel Yergin’s Pulitzer Prize-winning book, The Prize: Gene Dattel is a financial historian, author, lecturer, government and private sector advisor on American and Asian financial institutions, media commentator, and former international capital markets investment banker at Salomon Brothers and Morgan Stanley. 60 THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY WINTER 2010 D ATTEL The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power.
    [Show full text]
  • Propaganda Use by the Union and Confederacy in Great Britain During the American Civil War, 1861-1862 Annalise Policicchio
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Duquesne University: Digital Commons Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 2012 Propaganda Use by the Union and Confederacy in Great Britain during the American Civil War, 1861-1862 Annalise Policicchio Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Recommended Citation Policicchio, A. (2012). Propaganda Use by the Union and Confederacy in Great Britain during the American Civil War, 1861-1862 (Master's thesis, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/1053 This Immediate Access is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PROPAGANDA USE BY THE UNION AND CONFEDERACY IN GREAT BRITAIN DURING THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, 1861-1862 A Thesis Submitted to the McAnulty College & Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Degree of Masters of History By Annalise L. Policicchio August 2012 Copyright by Annalise L. Policicchio 2012 PROPAGANDA USE BY THE UNION AND CONFEDERACY IN GREAT BRITAIN DURING THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, 1861-1862 By Annalise L. Policicchio Approved May 2012 ____________________________ ______________________________ Holly Mayer, Ph.D. Perry Blatz, Ph.D. Associate Professor of History Associate Professor of History Thesis Director Thesis Reader ____________________________ ______________________________ James C. Swindal, Ph.D. Holly Mayer, Ph.D. Dean, McAnulty College & Graduate Chair, Department of History School of Liberal Arts iii ABSTRACT PROPAGANDA USE BY THE UNION AND CONFEDERACY IN GREAT BRITAIN DURING THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, 1861-1862 By Annalise L.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution Agreement in Presenting This Thesis As A
    Distribution Agreement In presenting this thesis as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree from Emory University, I hereby grant to Emory University and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive, make accessible, and display my thesis or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter know, including display on the World Wide Web. I understand that I may select some access restrictions as part of the only submission of this thesis. I retain all ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis. Benjamin D. Leiner April 11, 2014 Rebelling Against the King: Opposition to the Confederate Cotton Embargo in 1861 by Benjamin D. Leiner Dr. James L. Roark Adviser Department of History Dr. James L. Roark Adviser Dr. Patrick Allitt Committee Member Dr. Thomas D. Lancaster Committee Member 2014 Rebelling Against the King: Opposition to the Confederate Cotton Embargo in 1861 By Benjamin D. Leiner Dr. James L. Roark Adviser An abstract of a thesis submitted to the Faculty of Emory College of Arts and Sciences of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors Department of History 2014 Abstract Rebelling Against the King: Opposition to the Confederate Cotton Embargo in 1861 By Benjamin D. Leiner In the early days of the Confederacy, Southern politicians, planters, and everyday citizens were discussing how the seceded states would successfully break away from the North and cement their independence.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Thomas Butler King, Commissioner of Georgia to Europe, 1861
    Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of Summer 2006 Secession Diplomacy: A Study of Thomas Butler King, Commissioner of Georgia to Europe, 1861 Mary Pinckney Kearns Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd Recommended Citation Kearns, Mary Pinckney, "Secession Diplomacy: A Study of Thomas Butler King, Commissioner of Georgia to Europe, 1861" (2006). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 587. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/587 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SECESSIONDIPLOMACY:ASTUDYOFTHOMASBUTLERKING, COMMISSIONEROFGEORGIATOEUROPE,1861 by MARYPINCKNEYKEARNS (UndertheDirectionofDonaldRakestraw) ABSTRACT Theobjectiveofthisthesisistodeterminethefunctionandeffectivenessofstate diplomatsintheConfederatecauseabroadbyexaminingthemissionofThomasButler KingtothecourtsofEuropeforthestateofGeorgiawithinthecontextofthe internationaldimensionsofthefirstyearoftheCivilWar.Theworkwilladdressthe variousConfederateargumentsforrecognitionthroughtheexaminationofpropaganda documentspublishedbyKingandtheireffectonFrenchandBritishpolicies.Thework willfurtherinvestigatethedirecttrademovementofthe1850sanditseffectsonthe
    [Show full text]
  • Gunboats, Reputation, and Sovereign Repayment: Lessons from the Southern Confederacy
    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES GUNBOATS, REPUTATION, AND SOVEREIGN REPAYMENT: LESSONS FROM THE SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY Marc D. Weidenmier Working Paper 10960 http://www.nber.org/papers/w10960 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 December 2004 This paper is forthcoming in the Journal of International Economics. The author thanks Howard Bodenhorn, Richard Burdekin, Jonathan Eaton, William English, Niall Ferguson, Greg Hess, Hugh Rockoff, Tom Willett, seminar participants at the March 2003 Sovereign Debt Conference held at the Social Science History Institute at Stanford, and an anonymous referee for comments. All remaining errors are the authors. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. © 2004 by Marc D. Weidenmier. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Gunboats, Reputation, and Sovereign Repayment: Lessons from the Southern Confederacy Marc D. Weidenmier NBER Working Paper No. 10960 December 2004 JEL No. F34, N2 ABSTRACT Many states that formed the Southern Confederacy defaulted on sovereign debt sold in international capital markets during the 1840s. The Confederacy also elected President Jefferson Davis, who openly advocated the repudiation of U.S. states' debts while a member of Congress. Despite its poor credit record, the Confederate government managed to float cotton bonds in England that constituted under two percent of its expenditures. The bonds were largely issued to settle overdue debts with gun contractors who had cut off trade credit.
    [Show full text]
  • Kimbrough 1 “I Shall Deal at the Other Shop”: Confederate Cotton, British
    Kimbrough 1 “I Shall Deal at the Other Shop”: Confederate Cotton, British Neutrality, and Egyptian Opportunity As South Carolina seceded from the Union on December 20, 1860, the ports at Charleston bustled with activity as the leading export, cotton,1 was delivered in 400-pound bales by farmers and middlemen, crowded onto steamboats by the thousands, and shipped off to ports in New York, Liverpool, and other cities. As other Southern states seceded and the Confederate States of America was established, the centrality of cotton to the Southern economy informed political, diplomatic, and military decisions made by Confederate leaders. Facing Civil War against the industrial North and desperately in need of foreign support, particularly that of Great Britain, the Confederacy adopted a trade embargo known as “cotton diplomacy.” Instead of bringing the cotton textile industry to its knees, as was intended, this strategy prevented the Confederacy from securing the funding it needed for a successful military campaign. Despite short-term cotton shortages, the British economy proved formidable in the face of cotton diplomacy, opting to source its needed raw materials from India, Egypt, and South America. Upon formally re-entering the raw cotton industry after the conclusion of the Civil War, the former Confederate States found a fundamentally changed market. The legacy of the changes to the cotton industry resulting from the Civil War had a major impact on migration, labor practices, and economic mobility in the United States and around the world at the end of the 19th century. As a result of the 1793 invention of the cotton gin, rapid growth in the textile industry in Europe, and the soil-depleting nature of tobacco, Southern planters increasingly adopted cotton 1 Lemon, James T., and Allen Pred.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emperor Has No Clothes
    THE EMPEROR HAS NO CLOTHES How Hubris, Economics, Bad Timing and Slavery Sank King Cotton Diplomacy with England Joan Thompson Senior Division Individual Paper Thompson 1 All you need in this life is ignorance and confidence, and then the success is sure. -Mark Twain DISASTROUS OVERCONFIDENCE 1 The ancient Greeks viewed hubris as a character flaw that, left unrecognized, caused personal destruction. What is true for a person may be true for a people. For the Confederate States of America, excessive faith in cotton, both its economic and cultural aspects, contributed mightily to its entry into, and ultimate loss of, the Civil War. The eleven states that seceded from the Union viewed British support as both a necessity for Southern success and a certainty, given the Confederacy’s status as the largest (by far) supplier of cotton to Britain. Yet, there was a huge surplus of cotton in Britain when the war began. Moreover, cotton culture’s reliance on slavery presented an insurmountable moral barrier. Southern over-confidence and its strong twin beliefs in the plantation culture and the power of cotton, in the face of countervailing moral values and basic economic laws, blinded the Confederacy to the folly of King Cotton diplomacy. THE CONFLICT: KING COTTON AND SLAVERY Well before the bombardment of Fort Sumter, the South exhibited deep confidence in cotton’s economic power abroad. During the Bloody Kansas debate,2 South Carolina senator James Henry Hammond boasted, “in [the South] lies the great valley of Mississippi…soon to be 1 excessive pride 2 In 1858, Congress debated whether Kansas should be admitted into the Union as a free state or slave state.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 77, Number 3
    Florida Historical Quarterly Volume 77 Number 3 Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume Article 1 77, Number 3 1998 Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 77, Number 3 Florida Historical Society [email protected] Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Historical Quarterly by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Society, Florida Historical (1998) "Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 77, Number 3," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 77 : No. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol77/iss3/1 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 77, Number 3 Published by STARS, 1998 1 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 77 [1998], No. 3, Art. 1 COVER Civil War veterans reunion on August 31, 1917, in Madison, Florida. Photograph cour- tesy of the Florida State Archives, Tallahassee. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol77/iss3/1 2 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 77, Number 3 The Florida Historical Quarterly Volume LXXVII, Number 3 Winter 1999 The Florida Historical Quarterly (ISSN 0015-4113) is published quarterly by the Flor- ida Historical Society, 1320 Highland Avenue, Melbourne, FL 32935, and is printed by E.O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, FL. Second-class postage paid at Tampa, FL, and at additional mailing office. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to the Florida Historical Quarterly, 1320 Highland Avenue, Melbourne, FL 32935. Copyright 1998 by the Florida Historical Society, Melbourne, Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • The American Civil War: a Diplomatic Perspective of Confederate Diplomacy
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Undergraduate Honors Theses Honors College 2018 The American Civil War: A Diplomatic Perspective of Confederate Diplomacy Jack Cunningham Follow this and additional works at: https://thekeep.eiu.edu/honors_theses Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons The American Civil War: A Diplomatic Perspective of Confederate Diplomacy BY Jack Cunningham UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement forobtaining UNDERGRADUATE DEPARTMENTAL HONORS Department of History along with the Honors College at EASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY Charleston, Illinois 2018 YEAR I hereby recommend this thesis to be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirement for obtaining Undergraduate Departmental Honors Date HONORscooRDATOR DEPARTMENT CHAIR 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... ................................... 2 CHAPTER 1: THE CONFEDERATE SECRETARIES OF STATE ....................... 13 CHAPTER 2: NEGOTIATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA ......................................... 27 CHAPTER 3: THE FAILURE IN FRANCE AND THE RUSSIAN REGRET ....... 45 CHAPTER 4: ESSENTIAL ENGLAND ...................................................................... 64 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 90 WORKS CITED .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • GIPE-190478.Pdf (6.423Mb)
    SEIV AtrIS OF INDIA SOCIETY'S I8IlIY ... PUNE 411 004 ~~N 110 Lf')8 Date of release for loan ThIs book should be returned on or before the last date stamped below. > An over. clrarge of S paise will be lerled for each day lite hOi" ;s kept beyond t1d.J date. 3 JUN tsaz . I j j j j j j j j j j j j j INDIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS. j Re~d. ••• J.Q•• W.R• .t9l4_ j No • ...t}q"i ............... _ j j j j j j j j J PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER Dhananja}'lllao,•....•.. Gadgil Library GIPE-PUNE-I90478 ECONOl\llC BII'I'ClaY IBID' Mo. IX THE LANCASHIRE COTTON FAMINE 1861-1865 Publilhed by the Univenity of Manchelter at THE UNIVERSITY PRESS (H. M. McKxcR."Iu, M.A., Secretary) z3 Luo: GaoVE, MANCHESTER, '5 THE LANCASHIRE COTTON FAMINE BY W. O. HENDERSON . Ufliwrsity L«ttwn ill tM ~ " C-,r"", C~ J"."ly L«twn ill ~ Hinwy UfIiwnity of UfIn'IHl PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER No. CCXXVIII x '3(~"I-;D ~ ~'1'.2 .~ 1'0 ,t"\7 190Lt7S ~4 TO MY FATHER AND MOTHER PREFACE. inquiry had its origin in studies which I undertook he London School of Economics. I attempted to ey the effect of the over-prOduction of cotton yam and lain 1859-61 and of the American Civil War on the on industries of the world. My work was done under supervision of Mr. H. L. Beales and owes much to nspiration. Not only in discussing the main outlines he research but in suggesting new lines of inquiry in criticising chapters as they were written Mr.
    [Show full text]