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Alternative Data” and Global Agriculture: from the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade to Agroecology

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Alternative Data” and Global Agriculture: from the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade to Agroecology Economic policy, \alternative data" and global agriculture: from the trans-Atlantic slave trade to agroecology M. Chang ([email protected])1, C.-H. Huang2, and I.S. Mian3 1Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University 2Department of Applied Mathematics, National Sun Yat-sen University 3Department of Computer Science, University College London October 30, 2017 Abstract and applied studies in agroecology, and (c) small scale farmer-scientist collaborations. We use heterogeneous public datasets and informa- Keywords: Bank of England; Trans-Atlantic slave tion (re)sources to aid the task of identifying techni- trade; European Empires; Global large-scale land ac- cal, legal, financial, policy and other mechanisms ca- quisitions; Agroecology pable of serving the diverse needs of practitioners of agroecology (primarily small scale farmers) and ad- vocates of food sovereignty. Disparate material in 1 Introduction the public domain and open source software tools are utilised to tell a story of interest to audiences Fiscal policy refers to government actions regarding ranging from the general public to policy and deci- taxation and spending whilst monetary policy refers sion makers. A variety of financial and non-financial to central banking actions regarding the money sup- (\alternative") datasets are employed to explore the ply and interest rates. These two main strands of past, present and future of agriculture. Historical economic policy determine and influence agricultural macroeconomic data released by the Bank of Eng- policy: laws and activities relating to domestic agri- land in conjunction with other freely available data culture and imports of foreign agricultural products. are utilised to paint a broad brush strokes picture An increasingly important objective of policy mak- of the impacts of Britain on the lands, agricultures, ers and central bankers is preventing or mitigating and economies of peoples and regions across the globe the triggers of financial crises: greater monetary and over five centuries. The overarching and intercon- financial stablity (as embodied in issues such as in- nected topics considered are (a) the trans-Atlantic come inequality) are emerging as much more promi- slave trade and European Empires, (b) 21st century nent aspects of the work of the Bank of England and large-scale land acquisitions, and (c) traditional farm- the central banks of other countries [1,2,3]. Since its ing systems, agricultural biodiversity, and climate establishment in 1694 [4] in the age of mercantilism change. The three sets of background notes and through the industrial revolution and beyond, the his- data-driven visualisations { cartograms and timelines tory of the Bank of England is intertwined with that overlaid with event data { are autonomous yet in- of the trans-Atlantic slave trade [5,6] and the British terlinked and complemenary. By weaving together Empire [7], times when societies were treated as parts historical, geographical, political, economic, and so- of economies rather than economies being considered cial threads, this triptych illustrates how the Bank parts of societies. has been and remains integral to agriculture, nation- In February 2015, the Bank of England launched its ally, regionally and globally. Finally, we discuss how One Bank Research Agenda, a wide-ranging and am- data science could contribute to specific problems in bitious framework aimed at transforming and guid- three poorly-studied areas of agricultural policy, (a) ing its future research and as part of a committment whole food systems policy: the Community-led Lon- to forging closer ties between policy makers and re- don Plan through the lens of food, (b) research and searchers, published a selection of its datasets [8]. development policy: public funds allocated to basic The Agenda theme \Central bank response to funda- 1 Economic policy, \alternative data" and global agriculture Chang, Huang & Mian mental technological, institutional, societal and envi- of England: fundamental technological, institutional, ronmental change" posed the question \What is the societal and environmental change in general and cli- role of central banks in addressing risks from climate mate change in particular [1]. change?" [1]. Seven months later, Bank of England Although not our focus, trade, labour, accumu- Governor Mark Carney delivered a speech at Lloyd's lated wealth, and land were of concern domestically of London, an institution that was founded in 1688 during the period we consider { notably the Scot- at a time when \London's importance as a trade cen- tish clearances and Parliamentary Enclosures [45]. tre led to an increasing demand for ship and cargo As elsewhere in the world, land and its ownership insurance" and that \develops the essential, complex remains a pressing issue: farms in England under and critical insurance needed to underwrite human 50 hectares are in danger of vanishing by 2050 even progress" [9]. He warned that \climate change is the though they \create greater diversity in food produc- tragedy of the horizon," noting that insurers are \an- tion and conservation, both of which shape rural her- ticipating broader global impacts on property, migra- itage and rural economies" [46]. In Britain, a pol- tion and political stability, as well as food and water icy of increasing access to land would support new security" [10]. entrants to farming [47]. Indeed, a significant in- A June 2017 publication by the Bank of England crease in the number of small agroecological market states \Climate change, and society's responses to it, gardens (including those less than 5 hectares) could present financial risks which impact upon the Banks deliver environmental and social benefits such as re- objectives. These risks arise through two primary ducing the trade gap for fruit and vegetables, provid- channels: the physical effects of climate change and ing year-round employment and rejuvenating com- the impact of changes associated with the transition munities [48]. Clearly, agroecology- and whole food to a lower-carbon economy" [11]. Given the Bank's systems-related policies and issues are critical today mission is to \deliver monetary and financial stability as well as tomorrow in the post-Brexit era [49, 50]. for the British people" [12], the economic health of This paper is organised as follows. Section2 is an whole food systems [13] as well as the (re)building of overview of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and Eu- rural and urban agricultural economies at home [14] ropean Empires. Section3 considers 21 st century and abroad [15] { including across the Atlantic [16]{ large-scale land acquisitions. Section4 explores tra- are of more than passing interest. ditional farming systems, agricultural biodiversity, Here, our specific aim is to illuminate the evolv- and climate change. Each section contains back- ing relationship between fiscal policy, monetary pol- ground notes and visualisations of publicly available icy and agricultural policy by painting a general pic- (macro)economic and alternative datasets. With re- ture of the impacts of Britain on the lands, agricul- spect to the timelines and events chart and car- tures and economies of peoples and regions across tograms, our aim is not that each one be interpreted, the globe over five centuries. Our overall objective is inspected and analysed in minute detail. Rather, to highlight \agroecology" as defined and described these visual surveys of diverse information (re)sources in the 2015 Report of the International Forum for are designed to highlight broad trends and to illus- Agroecology: not just agriculture but the full diver- trate points and/or themes discussed in one or more sity of food production, gathering and consumption of the aforementioned sections. Whether locally, { knowledge that is the outcome of diverse historical nationally, regionally and internationally, evidence- experiences and practices [17, 18]. That is, a trans- informed policy for agrocology and whole food sys- disciplinary, participatory applied science embedded tems requires not just data but also ideas and argu- in a social context [19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, ments (the human element) [51]. In large part, this 28]. Agroecology's multiple benefits include ensuring is because predictions arising from the application of food sovereignty [29], sustaining and improving hu- machine learning methods to data are necessary but man health [30, 31], providing meaningful livelihoods not sufficient when making decisions for policy prob- [32], sustaining resilient communities [33], mitigating lems: data have limits [52] and the \era of blind faith the effects of climate change [34, 35, 36, 37], and pro- in big data must end" [53]. Bearing this caveat in moting local and stable economies [38, 39]. mind, Section5 identifies three under-investigated We propose that agroecology [18, 19, 21, 40] { un- but critical aspects of agricultural policy and dis- dergirded by food sovereignty [29], land sovereignty cusses how and when data science could contribute to [41], the right to water [42], agricultural biodiver- addressing specific problems (a) whole food systems sity [43], and environmental health [44] { provides policy: the Community-led London Plan through the a shared, direct and cost-effective response to issues lens of food (a grassroot efforts to transform the pol- of concern to society writ large as well as the Bank icy of a large and complex city), (b) research and Data for Policy 2017 discussion paper/pre-print
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