'Das Weißrussische Dreieck': Die Dynamik Von Nation

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'Das Weißrussische Dreieck': Die Dynamik Von Nation Zeitschrift für Slawistik 2017; 62(1): 153–177 Monika Bednarczuk* ‘Das weißrussische Dreieck’: Die Dynamik von Nation, Klasse und Macht bei Jan Czeczot DOI 10.1515/slaw-2017-0006 Summary: Jan Czeczot (1796–1847) was a poet and ethnographer, one of the Philomaths and youth friends of Adam Mickiewicz. The article presents the deve- lopment of the poet’s work and ideas and analyzes the political context of his literary and ethnographic activities. As a poet, he is not worthy of much attention. However, both Polish and Byelorussian scholars highlight his enthusiasm for folk culture thereby almost self-evidently creating a link to his supposedly democratic ideas – but this is only partially justified. It is true that the Philomaths were inspired by the local folklore and that Czeczot was more interested than the others in the culture and the situation of lower social groups. But the opposite is also true to a certain extent. Whilst at University of Vilnius, neither he nor his student mates appear to have questioned the old socioeconomic order based on serfdom, for even the progressive students drew a rigid distinction between the gentry (with Polish as their main language of communication) and the peasantry (with Byelorussian as their native language). The same goes for ethnic identity: Czeczot did not define himself as Byelorussian. Byelorussian and Lithuanian gentry families gradually polonized after the Polish-Lithuanian Union of 1569. However, important changes in the power relations took place at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. Due to the partitions, Poland lost its independence, but the Byelorussians became in a way united thanks to the Russian Empire. The paper explores the consequences of these circumstances and assesses their impact on Czeczot’s ideas, for his efforts to preserve the folk culture and strengthen the solidarity between Polish or Polonized landowners and Byelorussian peasants resulted notably from historical develop- ments in the region. The author maintains that Czeczot’s ethnographic and social engagement was to a great extent an attempt at bringing the Byelorussians back, in a metaphorical sense, to the Polish-Lithuanian nation. Keywords: Jan Czeczot, Byelorussian-Polish cultural relations, Romanticism, eth- nography, power relations in the 19th century *Kontaktperson: Dr. Monika Bednarczuk, Seminar für Slavistik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, ˗ Gebäude GB 8/57, Universitätstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, E Mail: [email protected] Angemeldet | [email protected] Autorenexemplar Heruntergeladen am | 06.04.17 08:52 154 Monika Bednarczuk 1 Einleitung Wer war Jan Czeczot? Geboren im Jahre 1796, wurde er zunächst Philomat, Ver- trauter und Begutachter der Jugendwerke von Mickiewicz, „jedyny może, któremu wolno było gderać [...] i napominać Adama“ (Świrko 1989: 23; vgl. Mickiewicz 1929; Kohler 2014), anschließend nach Tver und Ufa verbannt, dann zaristischer Beamter in Lepel mit geringem Ansehen, und zuletzt, in den Jahren 1834–1846, gab er als Amateur Volkslieder aus Memel, Düna, Dnestr und Dnepr heraus. Diese Tatsachen stehen außer Zweifel. Mit der Beurteilung seiner literarischen und nicht-literarischen Tätigkeit verhält es sich jedoch anders. Polnischen Literatur- historikern zufolge war Czeczot ein polnischer Dichter und Sammler belarussi- scher Folklore (Witkowska 1959: CXLVII; Olechnowicz 1986: 58); nach Ansicht der weißrussischen Gelehrten war er “яркая зорка беларускага адраджэння“ (Цвiрка 1996: 7; ders. 1998: 138), und die Litauer schließlich tendieren dazu, Jonas Čečiotas, wie sie ihn nennen, als litauischen oder polnisch-litauischen Autor zu bezeichnen (Griškaité 1994).1 Diese Diskrepanz der Bewertungen ergibt sich aus dem multikulturellen Charakter des Großfürstentums Litauen. Ebenso, wie um die „Zuständigkeit für diesen Raum [...] Nationalhistoriker verschiedener Staaten“ konkurrierten (Rohdewald 2007: 7), ist auch eine Rivalisierung auf literatur- und kulturgeschichtlichem Gebiet zu beobachten.2 Versuche, Czeczots nationale Identität in ein Korsett aus Kategorien zu zwän- gen, die in der Ära der modernen Nationalismen Verwendung fanden, führen nicht zu neuen Erkenntnissen.3 Die angedeuteten Divergenzen in der Bestimmung der ethnisch-kulturellen Zugehörigkeit des Dichters provozieren dazu, die Kom- bination von politischen, sozialen und kulturellen Umständen zu analysieren, die sein Leben und Werk bestimmten. Die Metapher des ‘belarussischen Dreiecks’ im Titel meines Beitrags geht auf das Buch Trójkąt ukraiński von Daniel Beauvois (2005) zurück, in dem Beziehungen zwischen dem polnischen oder polonisierten Adel und der ukrainischen Bauernschaft unter der russischen Hegemonie thema- tisiert werden.4 Das Dreieckskonzept beschreibt zutreffend die Verhältnisse zwi- schen den Hauptkomponenten des Systems, das Litauens Geschichte und Gesell- schaft determiniert – Faktoren, die bislang nur am Rande betrachtet wurden 1 Vgl. Czeczot 1995; Kowalczykowa 1995: 167 f.; Świrko 1989: 277–285. Dazu auch Batowski 1936: 23 f. 2 Siehe Баршчэўскі 1998; Мiцкевiч 2003. 3 Andreas Kappeler diagnostizierte zutreffend: „Die Rückprojektion des exklusiven nationalen Prinzips auf die Vergangenheit versperrt den Blick auf die Tatsache, daß der Mensch der Vor- moderne [...] eine Vielzahl von situativen Loyalitäten hatte“ (Kappeler 2008: 135). 4 Vgl. die Einwände gegen die Studie von Beauvois in Epsztein 2007. Angemeldet | [email protected] Autorenexemplar Heruntergeladen am | 06.04.17 08:52 ‘Das weißrussische Dreieck’ 155 (Dopart 2013; Borowczyk 2014: 421–464), und zwar sowohl in älteren (McMilin 1969; Świrko 1989) als auch in neueren Studien zu Czeczot. Lediglich Henryk Batowski (1956: 41) und Simon Lewis (2013: 197) warfen die Frage nach der doppelten Subalternität der Weißrussen auf. Meine Erwägungen fokussieren auf drei zusammenhängende Aspekte: die von Czeczot verwendeten und untersuchten Sprachen, sein Interesse an der Folklore sowie sein Verhältnis zum belarussischen Volk. Diese Punkte sollen in einen breiteren Interpretationsrahmen eingefügt werden, um die Dynamik von Ethnizität, sozialer Klasse und der zuerst polnischen und dann russischen Macht rekonstruieren zu können. 2 Sprache, soziale Schichtung und Politik Czeczots sprachliche Situation veranschaulicht die durch die imperiale Politik beschleunigten Prozesse der kulturellen Hybridisierung und der damit einher- gehenden Differenzierung. Das Großfürstentum Litauen war eine dynamische „Kommunikations-gemeinschaft“ (Bednarczuk 1999; Rohdewald 2007: 15). Nach der Lubliner Union (1569) wurde Czeczots Familie im Zuge der komplexen sprach- lich-kulturellen Prozesse allmählich polonisiert. Die unteren Schichten Litauens blieben weitgehend bei der lokalen Sprache, während die höheren eher das Polnische sprachen, wobei sich beide Sprachen gegenseitig durchdrangen (Ka- wyn-Kurzowa 1963: 14). Noch im späten 18. Jahrhundert sprachen jedoch sowohl der Hochadel als auch der niedere Adel belarussisch (Łatyszonek 2008: 62). Dies zeigt sich in Czeczots Beobachtungen über „mowa, którą w pamięci naszej żyjący jeszcze staruszkowie panowie między sobą mówić lubili, którą dotąd mówią panowie i ekonomowie z włościanami“ und den Erinnerungen an heute vergesse- ne Märchen, „którem [...] umiał w latach dziecinnych“ (Czeczot 1846b: III, XVII). Bekanntlich definierte sich der polnische Adel der Frühen Neuzeit einerseits politisch, als Staatsbürger (obywatele) der Rzeczpospolita und/oder des Großfürs- tentums Litauen, andererseits jedoch auch regional (Koroniarze, Litwini). Dieses „Zwei-Stufen-Nationalbewusstsein“ („dwuszczeblowa świadomość narodowa“) (Bardach 1988: 206) ist noch in der Generation von Mickiewicz deutlich zu erkennen. Und obwohl das Konzept der ethno-kulturellen Nationalität (Volks- zugehörigkeit) bereits damals Vorrang hatte, versuchten die Elite sowie ein gro- ßer Teil der Bevölkerung, der dem programmatisch multiethnischen Russland die Treue hielt, ein solches Nationalitätsverständnis mit dem modifizierten politi- schen Verständnis (Staatsbürgerschaft) in Einklang zu bringen. Die Philomaten waren Mitglieder der systemgemäß polonisierten Generation, denn schließlich wurden sie an Schulen erzogen, die dem polnischen Nationalen Bildungskomitee Angemeldet | [email protected] Autorenexemplar Heruntergeladen am | 06.04.17 08:52 156 Monika Bednarczuk unterstanden. Dennoch verstanden sie das Weißrussische nicht nur, sondern verfügten auch nicht selten über aktive Kenntnisse dieser Sprache. Das bedeutet jedoch nicht, dass zwischen dem Volk, das weißrussisch sprach5, und der Nation im Sinne vollberechtigter Bürger, die sich des Polnischen als Kommunikations- medium bediente, keine Demarkationslinie gezogen wurde. Um die These über Czeczots tiefe Verbundenheit mit der weißrussischen Kultur zu stützen, werden grundsätzlich folgende drei Argumente herangezogen: Erstens das anlässlich des Geburtstags von Józef Jeżowski verfasste Gedicht, das eine Stilisierung der volkstümlichen Wohlergehenswünsche der Dorfbewohner für ihren Herrn darstellt.6 Zweitens ein Bericht von Ignacy Domeyko, dem zufolge Czeczot und Mickiewicz mit großem Vergnügen „przypatrywali się kiermaszom, targom i odpustom, bywali na weselach chłopskich, dożynkach i pogrzebach“ (Świrko 1989: 49; vgl. Скiдан & Хрушчова 2005). Drittens die Sammlung, Heraus- gabe und Nachahmung der belarussischen Volkslieder. Diese Argumente sind zwar stichhaltig, schreiben jedoch dem jungen Dichter Auffassungen zu, die er tatsächlich erst als reifer Mann vertrat. Seine geistige Evolution und deren Kon- text geraten
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