Glyphosate Glyphosate Herbicides (One Common Brand Name Is Roundup) Are the Mostly Commonly Used Herbicides in the U.S

Home , Roundup (herbicide)

HERBICIDE FACTSHEET Glyphosate Glyphosate herbicides (one common brand name is Roundup) are the mostly commonly used herbicides in the U.S. and the world. In agriculture they are widely used with genetically-modified glyphosate-tolerant crops, but they are also widely used in yards, gardens, and other nonagricultural areas.

Symptoms of exposure to glyphosate include eye irritation, burning eyes, blurred vision, skin rashes, burning or itchy skin, nausea, sore throat, asthma and difficulty breathing, headache, lethargy, nose bleeds, and dizziness.

Glyphosate and glyphosate-containing herbicides caused genetic damage in laboratory tests with human cells, as well as in tests with laboratory animals.

Studies of farmers and other people exposed to glyphosate herbicides have shown that this exposure is linked with increased risks of the cancer non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, miscarriages, and attention deficit disorder. For each of the hazards identified in these studies there are also laboratory studies with results that are consistent with the studies of exposed people.

There is also laboratory evidence that glyphosate herbicides can reduce production of sex hormones.

Studies of glyphosate contamination of water are limited, but new results indicate that it can commonly contaminate streams in both agricultural and urban areas.

Problems with drift of glyphosate herbicides occur frequently. Only one other herbicide causes more drift incidents.

Glyphosate herbicides caused genetic damage and damage to the immune system in fish. In frogs, glyphosate herbicides caused genetic damage and abnormal development.

Application of glyphosate herbicides increases the severity of a variety of plant diseases.

gardens. Home and garden use totals 5 BY CAROLINE COX Figure 1 over 5 million pounds per year. NCAP staff scientist Glyphosate According to Monsanto Company, there are more approved uses for O O glyphosate than for any other herbicide.1

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G Plants? bicides are “among the world’s most H OH widely used herbicides.” 1 and glyphosate Glyphosate blocks the activity of an is “the world’s leading agrochemical.” 2 N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine enzyme used by plants to make cer- Although glyphosate herbicides have tain important amino acids. Without been popular since they were t these amino acids, the plant cannot marketed in 1974, their use in agricul- commercial supplier worldwide. 3 make proteins required for various life ture has expanded recently with �irsthe processes, resulting in the death of increased use of crops that have been Use Estimates the plant.1,6 genetically to tolerate gly- The U.S. Environmental Protection Glyphosate is a broad spectrum her- phosate treatment.3 Agency (EPA) recently estimated that bicide, so it kills most types of plants. 6 Roundup modi�iedis a popular brand name annual use of glyphosate in the U.S. is for glyphosate herbicides, 1 although between 103 and 113 million pounds. 5 Overview many other brand names are used. 4 Glyphosate is used more than any It is often said that “there is no Glyphosate is marketed in more other pesticide. It is the most com- indication of any human health con- than 100 countries by a variety of monly used agricultural pesticide, and cern”4 for glyphosate and that gly- manufacturers, but Monsanto Company the second most commonly used phosate “is virtually nontoxic to mam- has been and continues to be the major pesticide around and in homes and mals, birds, insects, and most

NORTHWEST CENTER FOR ALTERNATIVES TO PESTICIDES �ish, P.O. BOX 1393, EUGENE, OREGON 97440 / (541)344-5044 / www.pesticide.org bacteria.”7 However, this herbicide can actually pose hazards to human and environmental health. This article summarizessigni�icant the research docu- “INERT” INGREDIENTS IN menting those hazards, with a focus on research published since 2000. GLYPHOSATE HERBICIDES Inert Ingredients Like most pesticides, commercial Inert ingredients in commercial caused genetic damage in labora- glyphosate herbicides contain ingredi- glyphosate herbicide products, with tory tests.7 ents other than glyphosate which, ac- examples of their hazards, include Polyoxyethylene alkylamine 1 is cording to U.S. pesticide law, are called the following: an eye irritant.8 It is also toxic to “inert.”8 Publicly available information 5-Chloro-2-methyl 3(2H)-iso- • .9 about the identity of these ingredients thiazolone 1 caused genetic dam- Propylene glycol 1 caused ge- in glyphosate products is incomplete. • age and allergic reactions in labo- �ishnetic damage, reduced fertility, For information about the hazards ratory tests.2 • and anemia in laboratory tests. 10 of some of the inert ingredients in FD&C Blue No. 1 1 caused ge- Sodium sul te 1 caused genetic commercial glyphosate products, see netic damage and skin tumors in damage in tests with both labora- “Inert Ingredients,” at right. • laboratory tests.3 • tory animals and human cells. 11 Research studies about glyphosate Glycerine 1 caused genetic dam- Sodium benzoate 1 caused ge- sometimes use commercial glyphosate age in tests with human cells and netic damage in tests with hu- herbicide products, and other times • laboratory animals. It also reduced • man cells and laboratory ani- use glyphosate alone. In this article fertility in laboratory tests4. mals. It also caused developmen- we identify as accurately as possible 3-Iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbam- tal problems and reduced new- which was used in each study ate 1 caused thyroid damage and born survival in laboratory discussed. • decreased growth in laboratory tests.12 tests.5 Sodium salt of o-phenylphenol 1 Symptoms of Exposure Light aromatic petroleum is a skin irritant. It also caused According to reports made to the distillate (Chemical Abstract • genetic damage and cancer in California Pesticide Illness Surveillance • Services No. 64742-95-6) 1 re- laboratory tests.13 Program, symptoms of exposure to duced fertility and growth of new- Sorbic acid 1 is a severe skin irri- glyphosate herbicides include eye irri- borns in laboratory tests.6 tant and caused genetic damage , Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate 1 • in laboratory tests.14 blurred vision, skin rashes, burning or tationitchy sk andin, in�lammation,nausea, sore throat burning, asthm eyesa •1. U.S. EPA. Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. 2004. Response to Freedom - of Information Act request of October 19, 2004. Washington, D.C. Response dated November argy, nose bleed, and dizziness. 9 17. 2. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2003. RTECS: 4-Isothiazolin-3-one, 5- and“I dif�icultyrritation” breathing, can seem headache, like a less leth se- chloro-2-methyl-. www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/nx7c76b2.html. rious symptom than those caused by 3. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2000. RTECS: Ammonium, ethyl (4-(p- other pesticides. However, it can be (ethyl(m-sulfobenzyl)amino)-alpha-(o-sulfophenyl)benzylidene)-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)(m- sulfobenzyl)-, hydroxide, inner salt, disodium salt. www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/bq481908.html. signi icant. For example, Italian der- 4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2003. RTECS: Glycerol. www.cdc.gov/ matologists in 2004 reported treating niosh/rtecs/ma7ad550.html. a pat�ient who knelt on the ground 5. U.S. EPA. Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. 1997. Reregistration eligibility decision (RED): 3-Iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC). www.epa.gov/pesticides. p.7. where her son had just sprayed a 6. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1998. RTECS: Solvent naphtha (petro- glyphosate-containing herbicide. She leum), light aromatic. www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/wf33e140.html. then put on clothing that had been 7. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2003. RTECS: Benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, methyl ester. www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/dh256250.html. on the ground where he had sprayed 8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1997. RTECS: Ethomeen T/15. www.cdc.gov/ and napped. Within hours her skin niosh/rtecs/ko92dda8.html. was burning and she developed a blis- 9. W.T. Haller and Stocker R.K. 2003. Toxicity of 19 adjuvants to juvenile Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill sunfish). Environ Toxicol Chem. 22:615-619. tering rash on her back, legs, and feet 10. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2003. RTECS: 1,2-Propanediol. 10,11 that lasted for a month. www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/ty1e8480.html. 11. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2003. RTECS: Sodium sulfite. www.cdc.gov/ Ability to Cause Genetic niosh.rtecs/we20ce70.html. Damage (Mutagenicity) 12. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2003. RTECS: Benzoic acid, sodium salt. www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/dh657890.html. Four laboratory studies published 13. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2003. RTECS: 2-Biphenylol, sodium salt. in the late 1990s demonstrated the abil- www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/dv757e20.html. 14. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1998. RTECS: Sorbic acid. www.cdc.gov/ ity of glyphosate and glyphosate-con- niosh/rtecs/wg200b20.html. taining herbicide products to cause

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U x is a 95% confidence interval. sults from the Agricultural Health E Study, did not nd an association be- Source: Source: tween non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Bolognesi, C. et al. 1997. Genotoxic De Roos, A.J. et al. 2003. Integrative glyphosate exposure.�i However, the activity of glyphosate and its technical assessment of multiple pesticides as risk incidence of another cancer, multiple formulation Roundup. J. Agric. Food factors for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma among Chem. 45:1957-1962. men. Occup. Environ. Med. 60(9):E11. myeloma, showed a “suggestive association” with glyphosate exposure. The Exposure to glyphosate herbicides has caused genetic damage in laboratory tests, and use of Agricultural Health Study is sponsored glyphosate by farmers is associated with an increased incidence of lymphoma. by the National Institutes of Health and EPA. 21 genetic damage. 12-15 and the other from humans. Both Several mechanisms by which Two of the studies, both done by showed that glyphosate caused a sig- glyphosate herbicide exposure could scientists at Italy’s Instituto Nazionale t increase in the number of ab- cause cancer have recently been iden- per la Ricerca sul Cancro exposed mice normal chromosomes.14,15 t ed. Researchers at the University of to glyphosate and a Roundup herbi- ni�icanA more recent (2004) study from Minnesota found that both glyphosate cide by injection. 12,13 One study also the Institute of Biology and Environ- ai�ind Roundup caused a rapid increase exposed human blood cells to the mental Sciences showed in cell division 11 in human breast can- same chemicals. 12 The study that DNA damage occurred in human cer cells. 22 In addition, scientists at the showed that in mice both glyphosate connective tissue(Germany) cells 11 when they Centre National de la Recherche and the Roundup herbicide�irst damaged were exposed to glyphosate and hy- Scient que (France) showed that ive DNA (the genetic material in cells) in drogen peroxide, a molecule that is glyphosate-containing herbicide prod- the liver and kidney and caused a dif- commonly found in living things. 16 ucts di�iisrupted cell division in sea �ur- ferent kind of genetic damage in bone The National Institute for Occupa- chin embryos, which are commonly marrow cells. Both substances also tional Safety and Health describes used as a model system for studying caused a third type of genetic damage glyphosate as a “mutagen.” 17 cell division. The type of disruption in human blood cells. (See Figure 2.) found in this study is “a hallmark of In general, the Roundup used in these Ability to Cause Cancer tumor cells and human cancers.” 23 experiments was more potent than (Carcinogenicity) p glyphosate. 12 The second study Three recent studies have demon- E pesticide. This classi ication means showed that a Roundup herbicide dam- strated a link between glyphosate ex- thaEPAt th eclassi�ies agency glyphosatehas found as“ev ai Groudence aged DNA in the liver and kidney of posure and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, of non-carcinogenicity f�or humans.” 24 mice.13 a type of cancer: 18-20 The other two studies were done at A 2001 study of Canadian men Effects on Pregnancy the Universita della Basilicata (Italy). showed that the risk of non- exposure has been Both used blood cells, one from cows • Hodgkin’s lymphoma for men linked to increased risks of miscarriages Glyphosate NORTHWEST CENTER FOR ALTERNATIVES TO PESTICIDES P.O. BOX 1393, EUGENE, OREGON 97440 / (541)344-5044 / www.pesticide.org

3 (spontaneous abortions).11 In a study pregnant rats glyphosate-contaminated glyphosate. of Ontario, Canada farm families, water caused changes in the activity A regional study, however, indicates glyphosate use in the three months of several enzymes in the brains of that glyphosate can be a common con- prior to conception was associated with their fetuses.30 A second study, from taminant. In a USGS Toxic Substances an increased risk of late (between the the University of Liverpool (United Hydrology Program survey of Midwest 12th and 19th weeks of pregnancy) Kingdom) showed that Roundup ex- streams in 2002, glyphosate was found miscarriages. (See Figure 4.) The study posure inhibited the growth and de- in over a third of the samples col- was conducted by researchers from velopment of nerve cells. 31 lected. The primary breakdown prod- Health Canada and Carleton University uct of glyphosate was found in over (Canada).25 Soil Persistence two-thirds of the samples. The study Glyphosate-containing herbicides Glyphosate’s persistence in soil var- also showed that glyphosate contami- have also caused pregnancy problems ies widely. According to data com- nated water from spring through fall in laboratory tests. In a 2003 study piled by the USDA’s Agricultural Re- and described glyphosate in samples conducted by scientists from two Bra- search Service, glyphosate’s half-life taken at harvest time as “unexpected” 34 zilian universities, a Roundup herbi- varies from 2 to 174 days. 32 (The half- because researchers had “presumed cide fed to pregnant rats during the life is the amount of time required for that glyphosate would degrade by this middle part of their pregnancy caused half of the applied glyphosate to break late in the growing season.” 34 an increase in the number of offspring down or move away from the treat- USGS has also found glyphosate with abnormal skeletons. The increase ment area.) contamination in a study of urban in abnormalities was sign ant at all streams in King County, Washington. dose levels tested in this experiment. 26 Contamination of Water Glyphosate was found in all six streams i�ic Glyphosate is not included among that were tested in this study. 35 Effects on Hormones the pesticides being studied by the Hormones are chemical messengers U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS’s) Na- Drift that regulate all biological processes, tional Water-Quality Assessment Pro- Drift incidents involving glyphosate including the reproductive system. 27 gram,33 so there are no comprehen- are common. In 1999, the American Scientists at Texas Tech University sive national statistics about contami- Association of Pesticide Control O i- studied the effect of a glyphosate- nation of rivers and streams by cials surveyed state pesticide regulatory containing herbicide on hormone pro- f� duction. They looked at hormone production by Leydig cells, located in the Figure 4 Figure 5 testes, because these cells “play a Ability to Cause Miscarriages Ability to Disrupt Sex crucial role in male reproductive Hormone Production function.” The scientists showed that exposure to a Roundup herbicide 3 500

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P between ADD/ADHD [attention - 0 0 29 cit disorder] and use of this herbicide” Unexposed Exposed Unexposed Exposed by Minnesota farm families. 29 de�i The results of two laboratory stud- Source: Arbuckle, T.E., L.Lin, and L.S. Mary. Source: ies are consistent with the results of 2001. An exploratory analysis of the effect Walsh, L.P. 2000. Roundup inhibits the University of Minnesota study in of pesticide exposure on the risk of steroidogenesis by disrupting that they show glyphosate and spontaneous abortion in an Ontario farm steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) population. Environ. Health Persp. protein expression. Environ. Health glyphosate herbicides cause brain and 109:851-857.. Persp. 108:769-776. nerve damage. One study, conducted at the Universidad Nacional de San Exposure to glyphosate herbicides is linked with an increase in the risk of miscarriage. In Luis (Argentina) showed that feeding addition, a glyphosate herbicide reduced sex hormone production in a laboratory test.

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4 agencies and asked which pesticides including causing genetic damage and 47-49 were most commonly involved in pes- Figure 6 disrupting their development. ticide drift complaints. Glyphosate was Effects on Sexual A 1997 study showed that a the second most common pesticide; Development of Frogs Roundup herbicide caused damage to only the herbicide 2,4-D caused more DNA (genetic material) in bullfrog tad- 36 complaints. Unexposed poles. The University of Windsor Even the labels on glyphosate her- (Canada) biologists who conducted the bicides acknowledge drift problems. study concluded that its “genotoxicity For example, the Roundup Pro label at relatively low concentrations” was states “Avoid contact of herbicide with of concern. 47 foliage, green stems, exposed non- A 2003 study showed that a gly- woody roots or fruit of crops, desir- male phosate-containing herbicide caused able plants and trees, because severe female both mortality and malformations of a injury or destruction may result. Avoid common neotropical tadpole. The intersex drift. Extreme care must be used when Exposed study was conducted by scientists at applying this product to prevent in- three research institutes in Argentina.48 jury to desirable plants and crops.” 37 A 2004 study showed that “envi- Researchers at Carleton University ronmentally relevant” concentrations of (Canada) and Environment Canada several Roundup herbicides caused a who studied glyphosate drift describe common North American tadpole not its potential effects as “severe ecologi- to grow to its normal size and to take 38 cal changes.” Source: longer than normal to develop. In ad- Howe, C.M. et al. 2004. Toxicity of dition, between 10 and 25 percent of Effects on Birds glyphosate-based pesticides to four North the Roundup-exposed tadpoles were American frog species. Environ. Toxicol. Glyphosate use can impact birds Chem. 23:1928-1938. intersex (having abnormal sex organs). when the plants killed by the treat- The study was conducted by biologists ment are plants that birds use for food Exposure to glyphosate herbicides caused tad- at Trent University, Carleton Univer- or shelter. Glyphosate treatment of for- poles to develop with abnormal sex organs. sity, and the University of Victoria ests after logging reduced the nesting (Canada).49 (See Figure 6.) success of songbirds, according to a damage in insects. In a study of fruit study conducted by biologists at the ies, signi nt increases in mutations Plant Diseases University of British Columbia and the occurred when larvae were exposed Use of glyphosate herbicides has Canadian Wildlife Service. 39 According to�l glyphosate�ica during development. The been linked to increased problems with to reviews by the U.S. Geological Sur- experiment was conducted by re- a variety of plant diseases. vey, treatment of cattail marshes with searchers from Akdeniz University For example, glyphosate herbicides Rodeo (a glyphosate herbicide used (Turkey) and the Universitat Autonoma increased the severity of fusarium head in wet areas) has reduced populations de Barcelona (Spain). 45 blight in cereal crops, 50 the severity of the marsh wren 40 and the sora. 41 and frequency of sudden death syn- Effects on Spiders drome in soybeans, 51 the severity of Effects on Fish Spider populations can be reduced Pythium root rot in sugarcane,52 and Glyphosate-containing herbicides by herbicide treatment when the her- the severity of white mold in soybeans. 53 can cause genetic damage in sh, and bicide kills the vegetation they use for These studies were conducted by also disrupt their immune systems. shelter. An experiment conducted by scientists at Agriculture and Agri-Food A study conducted at the�i Univer- zoologists from Oxford University and Canada, Iowa State University, Louisi- sidade de Brasília (Brazil) showed that the Royal Agricultural College (United ana State University, and Michigan State injection of a Roundup herbicide in Kingdom) looked for this kind of ef- University.50-53 Tilapia increased damaged chromo- fect in the edges of agricultural ields. somes in red blood cells. 42,43 These margins “play an important ag- Resistance A study conducted at the Univer- ricultural role in providing a �refuge Resistance is the “inherited ability sity of Alexandria (Egypt) showed that for bene ial invertebrate predators”46 of a plant to survive and reproduce exposure to Roundup reduced two . following exposure to a normally le- measures of immune system function The zoo�iclogists found that treatment thal dose of herbicide.” 54 The devel- in spleen cells from Tilapia. The re- withwhich aprey Roundup on pest insectsherbicide in the reduce �ieldsd opment of herbicide resistance is an duction occurred at all dose levels spider numbers by over 50 percent. 46 increasing problem worldwide. 55 tested in this experiment.44 The rst glyphosate-resistant weeds Effects on Frogs were reported in 1996 in Australia. Effects on Insects Glyphosate herbicides can harm There ar�i e now 6 glyphosate-resistant Glyphosate can cause genetic amphibians in a variety of ways, weeds reported from 7 countries. 56

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5 References 2002. Exposure to pesticides as risk factor for fects of herbicide use in the context of geneti- non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and hairy cell leuke- cally modified crops: A case study with 1. Monsanto Co. 2002. Backgrounder: History mia: Pooled analysis of two Swedish case-con- glyphosate. Ecotoxicol.: 12:271-285. of Monsanto’s glyphosate herbicides. trol studies. Leuk. Lymph. 43:1043-1049. 39. Easton, W.E. and K. Martin. 2002. Effects of www.monsanto.com/monsanto/layout/sci_tech/ 20. De Roos, A.J. et al. 2003. Integrative assess- thinning and herbicide treatments on nest-site crop_chemicals/default.asp. ment of multiple pesticides as risk factors for selection by songbirds in young managed for- 2. Baylis, A.D. 2000. Why glyphosate is a global non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma among men. Occup. ests. The Auk 119:685-694. herbicide: strengths, weaknesses and prospects. Environ. Med. 60(9):E11. 40. Zimmerman, A. L., et al. 2002. Effects of manage- Pest Manag. Sci. 56:299-308. 21. 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NORTHWEST CENTER FOR ALTERNATIVES TO PESTICIDES P.O. BOX 1393, EUGENE, OREGON 97440 / (541)344-5044 / www.pesticide.org CONTENT FROM:JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE REFORM/ WINTER 2004 • VOL. 24, NO. 4 6