DOCSLIB.ORG

Social Swarming: Asymmetric Effects on Public Discourse in Future Conflict

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Social Swarming: Asymmetric Effects on Public Discourse in Future Conflict SOCIAL SWARMING Asymmetric Effects on Public Discourse in Future Con flict Major David Faggard, U.S. Air Force WEETING DURING THE Arab Spring? That’s so 2010. A future Ttactic in cyber-based-information warfare is built upon mobile-media wielding e-citizen soldiers employing social swarming tactics to overwhelm Major David Faggard is a U.S. Air Force a system, a decision maker, or a critical node. 1 public affairs of ficer and most recently worked with the 82d Airborne Division These mobile networks are vital to starting and maintaining cyber-based in Afghanistan. He currently serves as insurgency, drawing physical and moral strength from super-empowered the director of public affairs for U.S. Air Forces, Central Command. individuals, while also using super-connected-individual networks to spread information, move undetected, and muster support, constantly one step ahead PHOTO: A man shouts after a missile of authorities. It is possible for this swarm to move from the online world hits in a house in Aleppo, Syria, 3 into the real world where violence may ensue. January 2013. The fighting is part of the escalating violence in the Syrian civil war that the United Nations estimates Understanding Swarming has killed more than 60,000 people To understand the nature of communication-based social swarming, one since the revolt against President must understand the concept of “battle swarm,” introduced by John Arquilla Bashar Assad began in March 2011. 2 (AP Photo/Andoni Lubaki) and David Ronfeldt of the Rand Corporation in 2000. Their essay, “Swarm- ing and the Future of Con flict,” studied historical con flicts placing context on smaller, less-equipped individual forces defeating larger, more equipped forces by overwhelming the system and decision makers. Using swarming tactics, by building off the past warfare approaches of melee, massing, and maneuver, “social revolutions would, in coming decades, help bring about the downfall of empires,” according to the Rand study. 3 Swarming as a mili- tary tactic “implies a convergent attack by many units.” 4 The Rand report MILITARY REVIEW March-April 2013 79 Resources: Promotion, Price, Place, Product Resources: Time, Money, Physical, Mental Opportunity Ability Motivation 1 2 3 4 5 6 Scream Narrative Medium Recruitment Political Political Rage Change . Potential for Violence Target Selection Super-Connected Individual Major David Faggard Super-Empowered Individual 1. Preparation Phase 4. International Buy-In 2. Ignition Phase 5. Climax 3. Protest Phase 6. Follow on Information Warfare Hussain and Howards Figure 1. Communication-based social swarm argued that swarming must be able to be employed Swarming model . A working de finition for this from multiple directions, which clearly the hyper essay would be that social swarming employs the connectedness of the Internet and digital devices full computing power of mobile technology with allow, and that the swarm must also perform sensory real-time network updates to strategically organize operations on the selected target. 5 e-citizen forces to overwhelm an opposing force Imagine a mob of hyper-connected actors— online achieving one’s own political ends. Howard Rheingold referred to it as a “smart mob”— The overall objective of this information-based constantly one step ahead of authorities because it social swarm would not be the kinetic destruction employed real-time, GPS-enabled devices. With of a system or node, but the disruption of the node’s these devices it could data-burst updates to its ability to make a decision. 9 The implications of swarm. 6 The only things in the swarm’s way attenuat- this aspect of cyber- or net-centric warfare on a ing communications among members are the seconds decision maker’s ability to keep order are critical it takes for servers to refresh. These conditions mean in humanitarian or homeland operations. However, the 24-hour news cycle would be obviated. This dark-actors, either homegrown or transnational, smart mob, as we saw in the 2009 Iranian presiden- could potentially employ social swarming for tial elections, created melee, had mass, and through purely kinetic reasons, as was the case with the exploitable off-the-shelf and widely available data 2011 Mumbai attacks. 10 In addition, social swarms technology, was able to maneuver where government might be used by insurgents of a “connected” state forces were not. 7 in “phase four” operations. Social swarming is more than using the Internet or Overlaying on recent communication-based social media; it entails network envelopment of the events, Mia Stockmans’ re fined MAO-Model of information aspect of modern command and control. Audience Development, as well as this author’s per- These complex networks are optimal when fully con- sonal observations on advocacy-based communica- nected and flat with opportunity for direct “horizontal tion, provides a working model for communication- communication” between network peers. 8 based social swarming (Figure 1). 80 March-April 2013 MILITARY REVIEW ASYMMETRIC WAR Additionally, incorporating Muzammil M. Hus- party advocacy or kill it. 18 Defense Department sain and Philip N. Howard’s working “6-Stage communicators build reputation-based narrative in Framework for Political Change” offers an in-depth the world every day, according to Gallup con fidence study on the recent Arab Spring (March 2012), surveys, which indicate the U.S. military has the which validates the working model of communica- highest con fidence amongst Americans. 19 Defense tion-based social swarming. 11 After explaining the Department Public Affairs’ efforts shape these models of Stockmans and Hussain and Howard, this narratives for Americans. Moreover, the narratives author provides a working graphical representation shape network-based power. 20 However, depending of the communication-based social swarm model. on the receiver’s lens and narrative interpretation, Here, I interpret Stockmans’ model while over- tremendous effects may result. laying it with personal experience from years of Medium . The medium for the communication- advocacy-based public-communication campaigns. based social swarm can be the regional, national, Stockmans’ re fined motivation, ability, opportunity or tribal online network based off the globally con- (MAO) model of audience development provides nected information grid and its ability to employ a basic starting point for a dynamic model of mobile media. Target selection can occur before communication-based social swarming. 12 or after narrative development. However, if the Motivation . Where Stockmans’ model ends target is selected before narrative development, and the communication-based social-swarm the narrative may need to be reworked throughout model begins is motivation. Stockmans’ model the process or the final online endstate may not be explains that motivation for participation in an achieved. The narrative is then translated by way event is largely cultural, based on desire and past of a super-connected individual across the online experience, not life-threatening necessity. 13 Being medium to the mass base. compelled to overthrow an oppressive regime is a Recruit, rage, change . The mass base is signi ficant investment, a natural reaction to oppres- recruited into this movement, typically through sion, brutality, or another self-perceived injustice. 14 the already-established online followership of the In other words, this catalyst event, which she super-connected individual driving towards some calls the “scream,” is a force within oneself that form of political rage, otherwise known as the literally “motivates” one to commit some form of advocacy issue. At this point, there is a potential action you would otherwise not do under normal for violence, melee, or maneuver. Finally, after the circumstances. rage, there is a possibility for political change. If the Ability . The ability Stockmans describes focuses political change does not occur, a super-empowered on the resources of time, money, and physical and individual can re fine the narrative, or a super- mental capacity. 15 Time is relative online; quicker connected individual can increase the mass base, is paramount, while monetary resources are change the medium, or continue “pulse-attacking” minimal. In the ability step of the communication- the government communication apparatus while based social swarm model, it is appropriate to list striving to create confusion. 21 additional factors required to start mobilizing a Opportunity . Opportunity described by Stock- swarm online: narrative and medium, as well as mans follows “promotion, product, place, and target selection, all of which fit within Stockmans’ price” (the “4Ps” of marketing, which is a 1960s’ descriptions of resources. marketing formula that still applies to online com- Narrative . Narrative drives action. Narrative munication today). 22 A recent marketing brochure allows an audience to relate to the subject ratio- for this online technique says: “Where the voice of nally. 16 Narrative is as much about the receiver as one can quickly become the voice of one hundred it is about the message. Narratives explain societal or one million.” 23 “Promotion” for a social swarm fabric, “beliefs, attitudes, values, and actions,” is synonymous with recruitment based on narrative. and allow the receiver to connect with the sender “Product” is the “purchasing” of a continuation of through stories. 17 Moreover, culture, socioeconomic the current corrupt governmental practices or an status, and personal beliefs
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (AFDD) 3-13, Information Operations
    Cover Sheet for Air Force Doctrine Document (AFDD) 3-13, Information Operations OPR: LeMay Center/DD 28 July 2011 AFDD numbering has changed to correspond with the joint doctrine publication numbering architecture (the AFDD titles remain unchanged until the doctrine is revised). Any AFDD citations within the documents will list the old AFDD numbers until the doctrine is revised. The changed numbers follow: OLD NEW TITLE AFDD 2-1 changed to AFDD 3-1 Air Warfare AFDD 2-1.1 changed to AFDD 3-01 Counterair Operations AFDD 2-1.2 changed to AFDD 3-70 Strategic Attack AFDD 2-1.3 changed to AFDD 3-03 Counterland Operations AFDD 2-1.4 changed to AFDD 3-04 Countersea Operations AFDD 2-1.6 changed to AFDD 3-50 Personnel Recovery Operations AFDD 2-1.7 changed to AFDD 3-52 Airspace Control AFDD 2-1.8 changed to AFDD 3-40 Counter-CBRN AFDD 2-1.9 changed to AFDD 3-60 Targeting AFDD 2-10 changed to AFDD 3-27 Homeland Operations AFDD 2-12 changed to AFDD 3-72 Nuclear Operations AFDD 2-2 changed to AFDD 3-14 Space Operations AFDD 2-2.1 changed to AFDD 3-14.1 Counterspace Operations AFDD 2-3 changed to AFDD 3-24 Irregular Warfare AFDD 2-3.1 changed to AFDD 3-22 Foreign Internal Defense AFDD 2-4 changed to AFDD 4-0 Combat Support AFDD 2-4.1 changed to AFDD 3-10 Force Protection AFDD 2-4.2 changed to AFDD 4-02 Health Services AFDD 2-4.4 changed to AFDD 4-11 Bases, Infrastructure, and Facilities [Rescinded] AFDD 2-4.5 changed to AFDD 1-04 Legal Support AFDD 2-5 changed to AFDD 3-13 Information Operations AFDD 2-5.1 changed to AFDD 3-13.1 Electronic Warfare AFDD 2-5.3 changed to AFDD 3-61 Public Affairs Operations AFDD 2-6 changed to AFDD 3-17 Air Mobility Operations AFDD 2-7 changed to AFDD 3-05 Special Operations AFDD 2-8 changed to AFDD 6-0 Command and Control AFDD 2-9 changed to AFDD 2-0 ISR Operations AFDD 2-9.1 changed to AFDD 3-59 Weather Operations INFORMATION OPERATIONS Air Force Doctrine Document 3-13 11 January 2005 Incorporating Change 1, 28 July 2011 This document complements related discussion found in Joint Publication 3-13, Joint Doctrine for Information Operations.
    [Show full text]
  • Team 4: Influencing Insurgent SVBIED
    Team 4: Influencing Insurgent SVBIED Operations Using Traffic Control Points Enhanced with Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) Employment Strategies TEAM 4 MEMBERS The goal of the IDFW 15 effort was to determine the value of adding Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) to the Edward Teague aforementioned environment. Specifically, we looked to US Military Academy at West Point, US derive insights about semi-autonomous UAS with swarm Niki Goerger behaviors. Engineer Research and Development Center, US US Military Academy at West Point, US This extension can assist counterinsurgent forces in several ways. It will drive needs for UAS allocation and Brad Young Naval Post Graduate School, US development by identifying critical elements of semi- autonomous swarming behavior. In addition, it may Ng Chu Ngah highlight mission behavior that shows the most promise by Quek Kwang Ti Defence Science and Technology Agency, expanding the tasks and environment beyond this current Republic of Singapore set. Due to the complex nature of the problem, the current state of understanding in the field, and the exploratory nature INTRODUCTION of the research, insights vice specific answers are central in this research. Insurgents have effectively employed asymmetric tactics, such as the use of suicide bombers, as viable threats in urban PROBLEM STATEMENT environments. These threats are often devastating in their physical and emotional effects. They are hard to detect and This study addresses whether we can isolate factors needed have proven difficult to thwart or defeat. The U.S. Army has to identify effective semiautonomous UAS behaviors that recognized that improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) pose a add value to the aforementioned SVBIED TCP study.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Activism in Asia: Good, Bad, and Banal Politics Online
    Asiascape: Digital Asia 7 (2020) 5-19 brill.com/dias Digital Activism in Asia: Good, Bad, and Banal Politics Online Bart Barendregt Leiden Institute of Cultural Anthropology and Sociology, Leiden, the Netherlands [email protected] Florian Schneider Leiden University Institute for Area Studies, Leiden, the Netherlands [email protected] Abstract This article introduces the special issue on ‘Digital Activism’ by exploring some of the trends in social media activism and scholarship thereof. The authors ask to what extent this literature helps us understand Asian forms of online activism, which forms of activism have relatively done well, and whether Asian activism requires its own the- orizing. Most of all, it is a plea for a careful and ethnographically informed approach to digital activism. Although outwardly they look similar and use the same templates, manuals, or even similar media strategies, not all forms of online activism promote democratic values. Furthermore, we argue that much of what happens under the ban- ner of digital activism is not necessarily politics with a capital P but, rather, consists of everyday forms of engagement, with sometimes seemingly vulgar contents and often familiar routines and natural forms, yet in their impact such ‘banal activism’ may have political implications. Keywords Asia – civic engagement – digital activism – mediatization – online community – social media © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/22142312-bja10004Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 02:48:27AM via free access 6 Barendregt and Schneider 1 Hopes and Hoaxes New media have always held not just the promise of compressing space/time but also, and inherently, of spreading the values of transparency and democ- racy and of serving as a potential means of better and just governance.
    [Show full text]
  • Drone Swarms As Networked Control Systems by Integration of Networking and Computing
    sensors Review Drone Swarms as Networked Control Systems by Integration of Networking and Computing Godwin Asaamoning 1,2,* , Paulo Mendes 3,4 , Denis Rosário 5 and Eduardo Cerqueira 5 1 COPELABS, Universidade Lusofóna, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal 2 Bolgatanga Technical University, Sumbrungu UB-0964-8505, Ghana 3 School of Communication, Architecture, Arts and Information Technologies, Universidade Lusofóna, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; [email protected] 4 Airbus Central Research and Technology, Willy-Messerschmitt-Str 1, Taufkirchen, 82024 Munich, Germany 5 Computer Science Faculty, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; [email protected] (D.R.); [email protected] (E.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The study of multi-agent systems such as drone swarms has been intensified due to their cooperative behavior. Nonetheless, automating the control of a swarm is challenging as each drone operates under fluctuating wireless, networking and environment constraints. To tackle these challenges, we consider drone swarms as Networked Control Systems (NCS), where the control of the overall system is done enclosed within a wireless communication network. This is based on a tight interconnection between the networking and computational systems, aiming to efficiently support the basic control functionality, namely data collection and exchanging, decision-making, and the distribution of actuation commands. Based on a literature analysis, we do not find revision papers about design of drone swarms as NCS. In this review, we introduce an overview of how to develop self-organized drone swarms as NCS via the integration of a networking system and a Citation: Asaamoning, G.; Mendes, computational system. In this sense, we describe the properties of the proposed components of a P.; Rosário, D.; Cerqueira, E.
    [Show full text]
  • Larry Diamond Ukraine: Democracy in Danger? Henry Hale Gwendolyn Sasse
    July 2010, Volume 21, Number 3 $12.00 Afghanistan & Iraq: Taking Stock Zalmay Khalilzad Scott Worden Adeed Dawisha Liberation Technology Larry Diamond Ukraine: Democracy in Danger? Henry Hale Gwendolyn Sasse S.B. Yudhoyono on the Indonesian Experience Mvemba Phezo Dizolele on the DRC Juan Pablo Luna & Rodrigo Mardones on Chile Ephraim Ya’ar & Yasmin Alkalay on Muslim Attitudes Jacques Rupnik on Václav Havel Judith Kelley on Election Observation The Rise of the “State-Nation” Alfred Stepan, Juan Linz & Yogendra Yadav liberation technology Larry Diamond Larry Diamond is senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and the Free- man Spogli Institute for International Studies, director of Stanford Uni- versity’s Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law, and founding coeditor of the Journal of Democracy. In March 2003, police in Guangzhou (Canton), China, stopped 27-year- old Sun Zhigang and demanded to see his temporary living permit and identification. When he could not produce these, he was sent to a deten- tion center. Three days later, he died in its infirmary. The cause of death was recorded as a heart attack, but the autopsy authorized by his parents showed that he had been subjected to a brutal beating. Sun’s parents took his story to the liberal newspaper Nanfang Dushi Bao (Southern Metropolis Daily), and its investigation confirmed that Sun had been beaten to death in custody. As soon as its report appeared on April 25, “newspapers and Web sites throughout China republished the account, [Internet] chat rooms and bulletin boards exploded with out- rage,” and it quickly became a national story.1 The central government was forced to launch its own investigation and on June 27, it found twelve people guilty of Sun’s death.
    [Show full text]
  • Drone Swarms
    Future Warfare Series No. 1020304060 DefendingAvoidingTheThe “WorriedAnthraxAre thePanic Drone American Vaccine Well”and Swarms Keeping Response Debate: Homeland the A WeaponsMedicalPorts Opento Review ofCBRN1993-2003 Massin a Events:forChemical Destruction? Commanders and BiologicalAnalysis Threat and Solu�onsEnvironment A Literature Review TanjaLieutenantRandallMajor M. Korpi Zach J.Richard ColonelLarsen aandry Kallenborn A.Christopherand Fred Hersack, Patrick P. Stone, USAF D.Hemmer EllisUSAF United States Air Force 60 Center for Strategic Deterrence Studies 30204010 Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama Are Drone Swarms Weapons of Mass Destruction? by Zachary Kallenborn The Counterproliferation Papers Future Warfare Series No. 60 May 6, 2020 U.S. Air Force Center for Strategic Deterrence Studies Air University Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112 Table of Contents Chapter Page Disclaimer.…………………………………….…………..….……….………… ii Abstract…………………………………………………….….…………………iii Chapter 1. Introduction……………………………………….….……….………1 Chapter 2. Are Drone Swarms WMD?.………….………………………………9 Chapter 3. The Question of Autonomy…………………..………….….………15 Chapter 4. Drone Swarms in WMD Roles…………………………..…………….…19 Chapter 5. Conclusion……..…….…………...……...……...……...……...……27 i Disclaimer The views expressed in this academic research paper are those of the individual authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States government, the Department of Defense, or Air University. In accordance with Air Force Instruction 51-303, it is not copyrighted, but is the property of the United States government. ii Abstract Public discussion has raised significant fears over armed drone swarms being used in a manner like weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). However, should they be considered WMDs? The first half of the article explores the question of comparing drone swarms to various conceptions of WMD. Overall, it finds that a subset of drone swarms, armed fully autonomous drone swarms (AFADS), are WMD.
    [Show full text]
  • December 1, 2018 1:00 Pm – 1:45 Pm Panel 6 Star Wars: What
    DECEMBER 1, 2018 1:00 PM – 1:45 PM PANEL 6 STAR WARS: WHAT DOES SDI TEACH US ABOUT TECHNOLOGY IN MILITARY COMPETITION? Panelists: • General Hawk Carlisle (USAF, Retired), President and CEO, National Defense Industrial Asscociation (NDIA) • Dr. Thomas Kennedy, Chairman and CEO, Raytheon • Senator Jon Kyl, U.S. Senate, Arizona Moderator: Ms. Morgan Brennan, CNBC Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_IZcFxkIY&list=PLHNOi2zcxo7sBxM7HfhmB_tf6QXeqj 48K&index=9 Brennan: Well first I want to say thank you all for being here today, it's been an incredible forum so far. I just want to introduce our panelists. Star Wars: What Does SDI Teach Us About Tech and Military Competition? Brennan: Sitting next to me is Senator John Kyl, US Senator representing Arizona. Dr. Tom Kennedy, Chairman and CEO of Raytheon, and General Hawk Carlisle, 4-Star retired US Air force General, and now President and CEO of the National Defense Industrial Association. Brennan: So great to speak with all three of you today. Brennan: So, I think the first place to start is, what actually was SDI, the Strategic Defense Initiative, and how did it birth modern day missile defense, and the technology we're now talking about today? Brennan: So, Senator Kyl, I would love for you to just start with a little bit of background on this, given the fact that you have been a life-long advocate of nuclear defense, and your public service does date back to the Reagan years. Kyl: Thank you very much. Kyl: You can think about SDI as a roughly decade long effort, first begun by President Ronald Reagan, to create a new system.
    [Show full text]
  • Future of Defense Task Force Report 2020 Cover Photo Credit: NASA Future of Defense Task Force
    draft Future of Defense Task Force Report 2020 Cover photo credit: NASA Future of Defense Task Force FUTURE OF DEFENSE TASK FORCE September 23, 2020 The Honorable Adam Smith Chairman House Armed Services Committee 2216 Rayburn House Office Building Washington, D.C. 20515 The Honorable William “Mac” Thornberry Ranking Member House Armed Services Committee 2216 Rayburn House Office Building Washington, D.C. 20515 Dear Chairman Smith and Ranking Member Thornberry: Thank you for your support in standing up the Future of Defense Task Force. We are pleased to present you with our final report. Sincerely, Seth Moulton Jim Banks Chair Chair Future of Defense Task Force Future of Defense Task Force Susan Davis Scott DesJarlais Member of Congress Member of Congress Chrissy Houlahan Paul Mitchell Member of Congress Member of Congress Elissa Slotkin Michael Waltz Member of Congress Member of Congress Future of Defense Task Force Table of Contents PROLOGUE ............................................................................................... 1 TASK FORCE MEMBERS ........................................................................ 3 FINDINGS .................................................................................................. 5 RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................... 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................... 13 EVIDENCE .............................................................................................. 21 EMERGING
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Natives in the Name of a Cause. from “Flash Mob” to “Human Flesh Search”
    Digital Natives in the Name of a Cause: From “Flash Mob” to “Human Flesh Search” YiPing (Zona) Tsou The emergence of newly imagined communities The dominant discourse around use of digital and internet technologies has been either mired in celebration or pathologisation. On one hand are the­people­who­bask­in­the­participatory­power­of­Web­2.0­technologies,­ announcing the emergence of new public spheres and democratic spaces of engagement and expression. On the other hand are the detractors who remain sceptical of the ‘newness’ that digital technologies bring, often repeating the axiom of how, more the things change, the more they remain the same. In this discourse, even though the warring lines are clearly drawn and the dialogue is often fraught and tense, there is something that remains unexamined and unquestioned – In the imagination of either of the warring factions the users who remain at the centre of the discourse are identical. Scholars and practitioners alike, whether they are hopeful all the way, waiting to witness the bright, promising future that the information and communication­technology­(ICT)­is­going­to­bestow­upon­us,­liberating­all­ the oppressed from the tyranny of the authoritarian regimes and repres- sive censorship, or skeptics who stay alert of “the dark side of internet freedom”and are addressing the issue with sentiment of disillusionment, mourning­for­the­failed­(or­not­yet­fulfilled)­promise­of­a­digital­utopia,­ presume­that­the­beneficiaries­and­architects­of­this­new­public­spheres­are­ still well intentioned, progressive, liberal and tolerant users. Sure, there might be occasional exclamations at questions of piracy, pornography, bullying, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Crowdsourcing Crime Control
    LOGAN.PRINTER.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 11/18/20 4:01 PM Crowdsourcing Crime Control Wayne A. Logan* Crowdsourcing, which leverages the collective expertise and resources of (mainly online) communities to achieve specified objectives, today figures prominently in a broad array of realms, including business, human rights, and medical and scientific research. It also now plays a significant role in governmental crime control efforts. Web and forensic–genetic sleuths, armchair detectives, and the like are collecting and analyzing evidence and identifying criminal suspects, at the behest of and with varying degrees of assistance from police officials. Unfortunately, as with so many other aspects of modern society, current criminal procedure doctrine is ill-equipped to address this development. In particular, for decades it has been accepted that the Fourth Amendment only limits searches and seizures undertaken by public law enforcement, not private actors. Crowdsourcing, however, presents considerable taxonomic difficulty for existing doctrine, making the already often permeable line between public and private behavior considerably more so. Moreover, although crowdsourcing promises considerable benefit as an investigative force multiplier for police, it poses risks, including misidentification of suspects, violation of privacy, a diminution of governmental transparency and democratic accountability, and the fostering of a mutual social suspicion that is inimical to civil society. Despite its importance, government use of crowdsourcing to achieve crime control goals has not yet been examined by legal scholars. Like the internet on which it predominantly relies, crowdsourcing is not going away; if anything, it will proliferate in coming years. The challenge lies in harnessing its potential, while protecting against the significant harms that will accrue should it go unregulated.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping Notions of Cyberspace
    MAPPING NOTIONS OF CYBERSPACE: OPTIMISM, SKEPTICISM, AND THE ISSUES OF IDENTITY AND SPIRITUALITY A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Putut Widjanarko June 2005 This thesis entitled MAPPING NOTIONS OF CYBERSPACE: OPTIMISM, SKEPTICISM, AND THE ISSUES OF IDENTITY AND SPIRITUALITY BY PUTUT WIDJANARKO has been approved for the School of Telecommunications and the College of Communication by Drew McDaniel Professor of Telecommunications Greg Shepherd Interim Dean, College of Communication WIDJANARKO, PUTUT. M.A. June 2005. Telecommunications Mapping Notions of Cyberspace: Optimism, Skepticism, and the Issues of Identities and Spirituality (151 pp.) Director of Thesis: Drew McDaniel This is a literature survey on concepts of the Internet and cyberspace and their influence, both on society at large and at the individual level. On society, it discusses the optimistic and skeptic views on the impact of the Internet. At the personal level, it discusses issues of self and identity, and spirituality and religiosity. Except for spirituality and religiosity issues of the Internet, this work chose one author to represent each category: Howard Rheingold for the optimistic view, Clifford Stoll for the skeptic view, and Sherry Turkle for the issues of self and identity. The author’s critiques on those notions are offered in the last chapter. The author argues that the diversity of notions on the Internet can be put in a broader historical and social context. These notions reflect the ever-present questions about the relationship between human and its technologies. Approved: Drew McDaniel Professor of Telecommunications To Elin, Faikar, Hanum and Ranti ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the Worlds.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean Transparency, Submarine Opacity, and Strategic Nuclear Stability
    Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 19, ISSUE 1 Studies Fluid Foundations: Ocean Transparency, Submarine Opacity, and Strategic Nuclear Stability Elizabeth Mendenhall The development and detonation of atomic weaponry at the end of World War Two so shocked established political and military thought that it can be accurately described as a “Nuclear Revolution.”1 The expectation that nuclear weapons would continue to be used in conflict, and the emerging bipolar tension, stoked premonitions of eminent international disaster. Aversion to their continued use, combined with fear of giving them up, produced a period of contradiction and adjustment in the missions and strategies of the armed forces. A nuclear strategy was needed to reconcile the extreme strength and extreme vulnerability attendant to the Nuclear Revolution, and to find a use for apparently un-useable weapons. “Deterrence theory” was meant to provide a practicable stopgap while more radical political solutions were formulated, but it was eventually fully incorporated into military doctrine, 1 Bernard Brodie, Some Strategic Implications of the Nuclear Revolution (University of Utah Press, 1959); Michael Mandelbaum, The Nuclear Revolution: International Politics Before and After Hiroshima (Cambridge University Press, 1981); Robert Jervis, The Meaning of the Nuclear Revolution: Statecraft and the Prospect of Armageddon (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989).; Avery Goldstein, Deterrence and Security in the 21st Century: China, Britain, France, and the Enduring Legacy of the Nuclear Revolution (Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2000). ©Centre of Military and Strategic Studies, 2018 ISSN : 1488-559X JOURNAL OF MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES strategy, and force structure.2 Deterrence theory relies on the idea that the threat of nuclear retaliation will prevent an enemy from starting a nuclear conflict.
    [Show full text]