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IDENTITY FORMATION PROCESS of YOUNG GENERATION EDUCATED PALESTINIANS in ISRAEL in the 1990S

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IDENTITY FORMATION PROCESS of YOUNG GENERATION EDUCATED PALESTINIANS in ISRAEL in the 1990S IDENTITY FORMATION PROCESS OF YOUNG GENERATION EDUCATED PALESTINIANS IN ISRAEL IN THE 1990s A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY SUNA ERCAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCES IN DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY DECEMBER 2003 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences __________________ Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master Science of Science. _______________________ Prof. Dr. Yusuf Ziya Özcan Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. _________________________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Helga Rittersberger Tılıç Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycıoğlu _______________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Helga Rittersberger Tılıç _______________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Recep Boztemur _______________ ABSTRACT IDENTITY FORMATION PROCESS OF YOUNG GENERATION EDUCATED PALESTINIANS IN ISRAEL IN THE 1990s Ercan, Suna M.S., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Helga Rittersberger Tılıç December 2003, 177 pages The main purpose of the present study is to explore the tendencies regarding identity definition of young generation educated Arabs who are Israeli citizens. The internal and external dynamics in the 1990s are investigated in relation to their impact on the identity formation of young generation educated Arabs in Israel. The aspirations and demands of the case study group on the civic and national grounds are analyzed. The research topic is focused on the changing attitudes of the Arab community in Israel by taking into consideration of previous years but putting emphasis on the recent decade. The common ground among the highly educated Israeli-Arabs is analyzed by questioning citizenship and minority rights. In-depth interviewing, observation and literature analysis were used as data collection techniques. Fieldwork has been done in Israel during the summer 2001. A qualitative study, using in-depth interviews with 9 selected educated young Arabs has been applied. All interviews were recorded, transcribed and the transcribed texts were used for discourse analysis. During the interviews political opinions, obstacles to powersharing and areas of discrimination, daily life, definition of national and iii civic identity, opinions on current issues throughout the world and in the region, education, language, culture and role as an educated group were inquired. Findings indicate that young generation educated Arabs of Israel under the impact of two processes Israelization and Palestinization, are radical in their attitudes. On the one hand, the new generation intellectuals have more or less succeeded to integrate to the Israeli society, but on the other hand their awareness of their personal/social and collective identity as a Palestinian citizen of Israel is high. Increased civic and national aspects led to a shift in their identity definitions. In this sense, they carry the characteristics of the new political trend which claims recognition for Arabs collectively as a national minority within the Israeli system. They prefer to be called as Palestinians who are Israeli citizens. Keywords: Israel, identity formation, ethnicity, citizenship, minority rights. iv ÖZ İSRAİL’DEKİ EĞİTİMLİ GENÇ NESİL FİLİSTİNLİLER’İN 1990’LARDA KİMLİK OLUŞUM SÜRECİ Ercan, Suna Yüksek Lisans, Sosyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Helga Rittersberger Tılıç Aralık 2003, 177 sayfa Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, İsrail vatandaşı olan genç nesil eğitimli Arapların kimlik tanımlamalarına dair eğilimleri araştırmaktır. 1990’lardaki içsel ve dışsal dinamiklerin, İsrail’deki genç nesil eğitimli Arapların kimlik oluşumu üzerindeki etkileri incelenmektedir. Çalışmaya konu olan grubun amaçları ve talepleri vatandaşlık ve ulusallık zemininde analiz edilmektedir. Araştırma, önceki yılları gözönüne alarak ancak son on yıla vurgu yapmak suretiyle İsrail’deki Arap toplumunun değişen yaklaşımlarına odaklanmıştır. Vatandaşlık ve azınlık hakları sorgulanarak yüksek öğrenim görmüş İsrailli Arapların ortak yanları incelenmektedir. Veri toplama tekniği olarak derinlemesine mülakat, gözlem ve literatür incelemesi kullanılmıştır. Saha çalışması İsrail’de 2001’in yazında yapılmıştır. Seçilen 9 genç ve yüksek öğrenim görmüş Arap ile derinlemesine mülakat yöntemi kullanarak niteliksel çalışma yürütülmüştür. Tüm görüşmeler kaydedilmiş, çözümlenmiş ve çözümlenen metinler ayrıntılı bir şekilde analiz edilmiştir. Görüşmeler esnasında siyasi görüşler, iktidar paylaşımın önündeki engeller ve ayrımcılık alanları, günlük hayat, ulusal ve yurttaşlık kimliğinin tanımlanması, v dünyada ve bölgedeki mevcut olaylar hakkındaki görüşler, eğitim, kültür ve eğitimli kesim olarak rolleri üzerine bilgi toplanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları gösteriyor ki, İsrail’deki genç nesil eğitimli Araplar İsraillileşme ve Filistinlileşme süreçlerinin etkisi altında radikal bir tutum içindeler. Yeni nesil entellektüeller bir yandan İsrail toplumuna entegre olmayı belli bir ölçüde başarmışlardır diğer yandan İsrail’in Filistinli vatandaşları olarak bireysel/sosyal ve kollektif kimliklerine dair farkındalıkları yüksektir. Amaçlarında artmış olan yurttaşlık ve ulusallık öğeleri kimlik tanımlamalarında değişikliğe yol açmıştır. Bu açıdan, Arapların İsrail sistemi içinde ulusal bir azınlık olarak kollektif bir şekilde tanımlanması iddiasını benimseyen yeni siyasi akımın özelliklerini taşımaktadırlar. ‘İsrail vatandaşı olan Filistinliler’ olarak tanımlanmayı tercih etmektedirler. Anahtar Kelimeler: İsrail, kimlik oluşumu, etnisite, vatandaşlık, azınlık hakları. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research has been made possible with the help of many people. I would like firstly to express my gratitude to Assist. Prof. Dr. Helga Rittersberger Tılıç, for her valuable supervision, friendly attitude, invaluable moral support and endless patience. I am also grateful to Dr. Elie Rekhess who has given me precious advice and valuable suggestions during the fieldwork in Israel. I owe very special thanks to Nurdan Atalay for her constructive comments and encouragement from kilometers away during all the steps of the present study. I am greatly indebted to Aslı Özkoyuncu not only for her help in the preparation of the transcriptions but also for her never-ending support during the hardest time of my study. I also wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Irmak Aydoğdu for her warm friendship and endless support during the preparation of this thesis. I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Abdullah Cabaluz who never stopped supporting me. He deserves special thanks for his love, care and understanding. Finally, I owe a major debt to my family who always trust and believe in me. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT................................................................................................................iii ÖZ.................................................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..........................................................................................vii TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................................viii CHAPTER I.INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Methodology ................................................................................................. 10 1.1.1. Overview on Methodology ........................................................................ 10 1.1.2 Assumptions................................................................................................ 12 1.1.3 Hypotheses .................................................................................................. 13 1.1.4 The Framework of Research Question........................................................ 14 1.1.5 The Setting and the Research Sample......................................................... 15 1.1.6. Data Collection Method............................................................................. 17 1.1.7. Demographic Information of the Respondents: ......................................... 20 II. THEORETICAL AND ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK ................................. 21 2.1. Citizenship and State: Theories and Approaches.......................................... 21 2.1.1 Citizenship in Israeli Context...................................................................... 32 2.2. Identity Formations: Theories and Approaches ............................................ 35 2.2.1. Ethnic Identity Formation Trends in the Early 20th Century ..................... 38 2.2.2. Primordialism: Fixed Identities.................................................................. 40 2.2.3 Circumstantialism: Fluid Identities............................................................. 43 III. HISTORY OF THE ARAB MINORITY IN ISRAEL ..................................... 48 3.1. General Overview of the Arab Population in Israel...................................... 48 3.2. Aftermath of 1948 War and the Survivors’ Generation under Military Government.................................................................................................... 53 viii 3.3. Aftermath of 1967 War: Israelization and Palestinization of the Bicultural Second Generation ........................................................................................
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