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FAMILY LOYALTY OF THE CORLEONE FAMILY IN MARIO PUZO’S THE GODFATHER

A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

By Priska Fitri Yuaningtyas Student Number: 031214121

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTEMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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DEDICATION PAGE

“Setiap kamu punya mimpi atau keinginan atau cita-cita, kamu taruh di sini, di depan kening kamu...jangan menempel. Biarkan dia menggantung, mengambang 5 sentimeter di depan kening kamu…Jadi dia ga akan pernah lepas dari mata kamu. Dan kamu bawa mimpi dan keyakinan kamu itu setiap hari, kamu lihat setiap hari, dan percaya bahwa kamu bisa. Apapun hambatannya, bilang sama diri kamu sendiri, klo kamu percaya sama keinginan itu, dan kamu nggak bisa menyerah. Bahwa kamu akan berdiri lagi setiap kamu jatuh, bahwa kamu akan mengejarnya sampai dapat, apapun itu, segala keinginan, mimpi, cita-cita, keyakinan diri… Biarkan keyakinan kamu, 5 sentimeter menggantung, mengambang di depan kening kamu. Dan, sehabis itu yang kamu perlu cuma… Cuma kaki yang akan berjalan lebih jauh dari biasanya, tangan yang akan berbuat lebih banyak dari biasanya, mata yang akan menatap lebih lama dari biasanya, leher yang akan lebih sering melihat ke atas, lapisan tekad yang seribu kali lebih keras dari baja, dan hati yang akan bekerja lebih keras dari biasanya, serta mulut yang akan selalu berdoa… Dan kamu akan selalu dikenang sebagai orang yang masih punya mimpi dan keyakinan, bukan cuma seonggok daging yang hanya punya nama… Percaya pada 5 sentimeter di depan kamu…” By: Dhonny Dirgantara The author of “5 cm”

Kita lahir dengan dua mata di depan wajah kita, karena kita tidak boleh selalu melihat ke belakang. Tapi pandanglah semua itu ke depan, pandanglah masa depan kita. Kita dilahirkan dengan 2 buah telinga di kanan dan di kiri, supaya kita dapat mendengarkan semuanya dari dua buah sisi. Untuk berupaya mengumpulkan pujian dan kritikan dan memilih mana yang benar dan mana yang salah. Kita lahir dengan otak di dalam tengkorak kepala kita. Sehingga tidak peduli semiskin mana pun kita, kita tetap kaya. Karena tidak akan ada seorang pun yang dapat mencuri otak kita, fikiran kita dan idea kita. Dan apa yang anda fikirkan dalam otak anda jauh lebih berharga daripada emas dan perhiasan.

By: Unknown author

"If you listen to your fears, you will die never knowing what a great person you might have been." By: Robert H. Schuller

This thesis is dedicated to: My mother, father, big brother, lover, best friends and myself

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, I would like to thank Allah SWT for His guidance and blessing to me so I can finish this thesis. Without Him I would never have finished this thesis.

What I always believe is that He is closer than my pulse.

My greatest gratitude goes for my parents, my loyal father, Sadiya, S. Pd and my loving mother, Isti Rokhani, S. Pd . I would like to thank them for their endless love and support. I really appreciate the life they have given to me and I will try as best as I can to make them happy. They are the reason for me to be a better person each day. I also would like to thank to my big brother, Hernawan

Agus Priyanto for his patience and understanding. I hope he always stands beside me whenever I need. Furthermore, my special thank-you goes to my beloved one,

Kurnia Muhamad . I would like to thank him for love, patience, care and support.

I am grateful for his unending love, devotion, and concern. I hope Allah SWT always holds and guards him wherever he is.

My next gratitude goes to my major sponsor Henny Herawati, S. Pd.,

M.Hum. and my co-sponsor Drs. L. Bambang Hendarto Y., M. Hum. for their help, patience, suggestion and encouragement so I can finally finish my thesis. To all lecturers of English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma

University, I would also like to thank them for the time they taught and gave me knowledge. I wish God to always bless them.

There are also my great friends I would like to thank. They are: Melani ,

Kiki , Rinma , Nina Prihastuti , Atik , Nina Setyorini , Uri, Rini, Midha, Deni

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Kartika, Dudung, Adit Gendut, Timur, Cipok, Datu, and Febri for their friendship and care. I appreciate the good times and laughter I shared with them. I wish our friendship were like a circle because a circle there is no end. I hope we can always be friends forever. For my “little ones” Ria, Dimas, Dinda, Liana and

Cencen , I would like to thank them for brightening my days. My gratitude also goes to other PBI students year 2003 that I cannot mention one by one.

Last but not least, I thank those who have supported and encouraged me to finish this thesis. May God bless all of them.

Priska Fitri Yuaningtyas

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ...... i PAGES OF APPROVAL ...... ii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ...... iv DEDICATION PAGE ...... v ACKNOWLEGMENTS ...... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... viii ABSTRACT ...... xi ABSTRAK ...... xii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 4 D. Benefits of the Study ...... 4 E. Definition of Terms ...... 5

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Review ...... 7 1. Critical Approaches ...... 7 2. Family ...... 9 a. Meaning ...... 9 b. Kind of Family ...... 10 c. Italian Society and Culture ...... 11 d. Social Class Variations in The United States of America ...... 12 B. Mafia ...... 13

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1. History ...... 13 2. Mafia Traditions ...... 15 3. The Structure of Mafia ...... 18 4. Types of Crime ...... 20 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 22

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Subject Matter ...... 23 B. Approach ...... 24 C. Method of the Study ...... 25

CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS A. Social Background of the Corleone Family ...... 27 1. The Structure of the Corleone Family ...... 27 2. Becoming a Mafia Family ...... 32 3. Having Social and Political Power ...... 38 B. The Causes of Maintaining Severe Loyalty ...... 44 1. Italian Culture ...... 45 2. Don Vito Corleone as a Man of Respect ...... 47 3. Mafia as the Way to Keep Family Ties ...... 51 a. Obedience ...... 51 b. Loyalty ...... 52 c. Honor ...... 55 d. Pride ...... 57 e. Omerta ...... 58

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ...... 62 B. Suggestion ...... 63

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1. Suggestion for Future Researcher(s) ...... 63 2. Suggestion for Teaching Extensive Reading II Using Literary Work ...... 64

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 69 APPENDICES ...... 71

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ABSTRACT

Yuaningtyas, Priska Fitri (2008). Family Loyalty of the Corleone Family in Mario Puzo’s The Godfather . Yogyakarta: Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Department of Language and Arts Education, English Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.

This thesis discusses family loyalty of the Corleone Family in Mario Puzo’s The Godfather . The Godfather by Mario Puzo describes the importance of family and friends. The Corleone family is a Mafia family but they only punish the villains who have either threatened or betrayed the family. The Italian culture and Mafia traditions keep the members of the family maintaining severe loyalty. In this thesis, there are two problems formulated that are going to be discussed related to the topic of this thesis. First is the social background of the Corleone family. Second is why the Corleone family maintains severe loyalty with the members of the family. To achieve the objectives of the study, library research was used to gather the data. There were two kinds of sources that were used in this thesis. The primary source was obtained from the novel itself, The Godfather . The secondary source was obtained from books related to the theories and other sources were from the internet. The sociocultural-historical approach was applied in this study to get the understanding of the Italian culture and Mafia traditions about family loyalty. The information about social, culture and political situation in Italy and America were important to reveal the life events developed in the novel. The information about family was needed because for Italians, family is a sacred matter. I also employed Mafia traditions to help me identify Mafia better. The result of this study shows that the head of Corleone family, Don Vito Corleone, is a humble and wise man who helps people sincerely. As everyone always comes to Don Vito Corleone for help, he starts to not believe in society and the government because they cannot handle people right like he does, so he makes his own world and his own rules. Although Don Vito is a Mafia chief, he is not a crazy killer like people seem to think. He is just a responsible man of his own way. That is why the Corleone family has many political and social powers. I also found out that the Italian culture and Mafia traditions keep the relationship of the members tight together to guard the family power. Don Vito Corleone keeps these traditions as fundamental aspects in ruling his family. In the last part of this thesis, there are two suggestions. The first suggestion is for the future researcher(s) on The Godfather . The second suggestion is to implement The Godfather in teaching English, especially Extensive Reading II.

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ABSTRAK

Yuaningtyas, Priska Fitri (2008). Family Loyalty of the Corleone Family in Mario Puzo’s The Godfather . Yogyakarta: Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Jurusan Bahasa dan Seni, Program Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Skripsi ini berhubungan dengan kesetiaan keluarga Corleone pada novel karangan Marip Puzo berjudul The Godfather . The Godfather menceritakan pentingnya kesetiaan terhadap keluarga dan teman. Keluarga Corleone adalah keluarga Mafia tetapi mereka hanya menghukum penjahat yang mengancam dan mengkhianati mereka. Kebudayaan Italia dan tradisi-tradisi Mafia membuat anggota keluarga Corleone memiliki kesetiaan yang kuat. Pada skripsi ini, ada dua pertanyaan yang akan menjadi bahan diskusi berhubungan dengan topik skripsi ini. Pertama mengenai latar-belakang sosial kelarga Corleone. Yang kedua mengenai kenapa keluarga Corleone memiliki kesetiaan yang kuat terhadap anggota keluarga. Untuk mencapai tujuan dari skripsi ini, digunakan metode studi pustaka dalam pencarian data-data. Ada dua macam sumber yang dipakai dalam skripsi ini. Sumber utama diambil dari novel itu sendiri yang berjudul The Godfather . Sumber kedua diambil dari buku-buku yang menunjang teori dan dari internet. Pendekatan sosial kebudayaan dan sejarah digunakan dalam studi ini untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan tentang budaya Italia dan tradisi-tradisi Mafia tentang kesetiaan dalam keluarga. Informasi tentang situasi politik, kebudayaan dan sosial di Italia dan Amerika penting untuk mengungkap peristiwa kehidupan yang terjadi dalam novel. Informasi tentang keluarga juga diperlukan karena untuk orang Italia, keluarga merupakan hal yang suci. Saya juga menggunakan tradisi-tradisi Mafia untuk membantu dalam mengenal Mafia lebih baik. Hasil dari studi ini memperlihatkan bahwa kepala keluarga Corleone, Don Vito Corleone, adalah orang rendah hati dan bijaksana yang membantu orang dengan tulus. Karena setiap orang selalu datang kepada Don Vito Corleone untuk meminta bantuan, dia mulai tidak percaya terhadap masyarakat dan pemerintah karena mereka tidak dapat menangani orang dengan benar seperti yang dia lakukan, kemudian dia membuat dunia dan peraturannya sendiri. Walaupun Don Vito Corleone adalah kepala Mafia, dia bukanlah pembunuh gila seperti yang orang lain pikirkan. Dia hanyalah orang yang bertanggung jawab dengan caranya sendiri. Itulah mengapa keluarga Corleone memiliki kekuatan politis dan sosial. Saya juga menemukan bahwa kebudayaan Italia dan tradisi-tradisi Mafia menjadikan hubungan anggota keluarga sangat kuat untuk menjaga kekuatan keluarga. Don Vito Corleone menggunakan tradisi-tradisi ini sebagai aspek pokok mengendalikan keluarganya. Pada bagaian akhir dari skripsi ini, terdapat dua saran. Saran pertama diperuntukkan bagi (para) peneliti The Godfather selanjutnya. Saran kedua untuk penerapan The Godfather untuk pengajaran Bahasa Inggris, terutama untuk mengajar Extensive Reading II.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of five parts. The first part is background of the study. The second part presents the problem formulation. There are two problems that will be discussed. The third part is objectives of the study. The fourth part is benefits of the study. The fifth part, which is the last part of the introduction part, is the definition of terms.

A. Background of the Study

Most people agree that family is very deep and close relationship. Nobody needs convincing that relationships are important in our lives, whether in a family, society or country. Actually, the bases of all relationships come from family.

According to Pikunas in Structure, Sound and Sense , family is an enduring social group based on marriage and blood relationship (Pikunas 58). As we know, there are people that call themselves as a family although they do not have blood relationship. We all are influenced by the family we have, from the first day we breathe. It is stated by Stagner that the first factor influencing individuals’ personality is the family situation, namely the treatment received from parents, in terms of affection, authority, and discipline (Stagner 48). In other words, family has power and control over us. If one attacks a family member of ours, it feels like we are attacked too.

Family is interesting to study because there are many things in the family that make people feel responsible for their own families. The meaning of family

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itself is universal. One agrees that he needs a family to depend on because he cannot live alone. For an Italian, for instance, a family has a high value that needs honouring. It is so sacred that every member should respect family. As moral values behind the meaning of family, of course, are interesting to discuss so they are often portrayed in a work of literature. Therefore, the rise, difficulties, conflicts and loyalty in a family can be good themes for novelist to express his concern.

The Godfather by Mario Puzo (1969) is a novel about Don Vito

Corleone’s family, a mafia Sicilian family. The novel shows how important family and friendship can be to some people and how far some people will go to keep their word. We can easily feel attracted to the world of the Corleone family because we do not get the feeling that they are doing anything wrong because we do not see civilians become victims of their actions. Those who are punished are villains who have either threatened or betrayed the family. Each individual within the Corleones is known as a family. Grabianowski’s Mafia: An Overview states that not everyone within a family is actually related to one another, although it is common for them to include outsiders into the family as their brothers or fathers.

The family ties are very close and deep because they have the same view with other members of the family.

The cultural background of this novel is very clear because the pride to be an Italian family is also shown in the novel. Although the Corleone family has lived in the United States of America for years, but they sometimes still speak in

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Italian language and use Italian words. Even, they still eat Italian food. They do their way in an Italian way.

According to Cawelti in Adventure, Mystery, and Romance: Formula

Stories as Art and Popular Culture , the best-selling novel and film of the late

1960s and 1970 were Mario Puzo’s The Godfather . Its impact has been so great that millions of copies of the book had been sold in little over three years, and many more millions of movie admission-that one does not need much prescience to predict that this work will be a major turning point in the evolution of popular literature (Cawelty 51). The novel then inspired Francis Ford Coppola to make

The Godfather into the movie. There are three sequels of the film, namely, The

Godfather, The Godfather II, The Godfather III. However, the one that is based on

The Godfather novel is the first film, The Godfather. What we can learn from this novel is the importance of having family loyalty because we can use it as a safeguard and social supports.

Reading this novel can make us feel that we enter The Corleone Family’s world, and live in their rules. The loyalty to the godfather is true, not only from the godfather’s own family but also from the members of the Corleone organized crime. This kind of loyalty is interesting to study because everyone on the family is willing to give their lives to the Don, the godfather.

B. Problem Formulation

The problems of this study are formulated as follows:

1. What is the social background of the Corleone family?

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2. Why does the Corleone family maintain severe loyalty with the members

of the family?

C. Objectives of the Study

Based on the explanation above, there are two general objectives of this study. The first one is to reveal the social background of The Corleones. It can be used as guidance in recognizing the power of this family. The second one is to identify the motivations of upholding never ending loyalty to the family.

D. Benefits of the Study

There are three groups of people who can get benefits from this study.

They are readers in general, the teachers of literature, and English Department students.

For the readers in general, it is hoped that they will get some knowledge about literary work especially Popular Literature and Mario Puzo’s work especially The Godfather. For the readers who are teachers of literature, this study can be used as a source to help the students understand The Godfather better. For

English Department students, it is hoped that they will be encouraged to read novels because they will get other benefits rather than reading novels for pleasure.

We can always learn something from the novels.

The way Don Vito Corleone thinks can make us learn that we have to be careful and wise when dealing with the society around us. This novel brings me into a bigger appreciation towards my family and my friends. I feel the loyalty for

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them is very important as a safeguard and social supports. Therefore, in writing the thesis, I hope that the thesis could give benefits to myself, the readers, teachers and other students, so we could uphold good loyalty to our family and friends.

E. Definiton of Terms

In this study, there are some key words that I would like to define in order to avoid misunderstanding.

1. Family : According to Pikunas’ Structure, Sound and Sense , family is

an enduring social group based on marriage and blood relationship. As

a primary group, the family with children is bound together by kinship

and intimate relations marked by care, affection, and support, as well

as mutual sharing in various activities and concerns (Pikunas 58).

According to Hawes in The Family in America , a family is a group of

two or more people, including a house holder, related by birth,

marriage, or adoption and residing together (Hawes 248). In this

novel, family refers to everyone who has the same views with Don

Vito Corleone and they are not only those who have blood

relationship, but also other people who are not included genetically. In

this study, those who have the same views with Don Vito are

considered as his family, The Corleone Family.

2. Loyalty : According to Lutes, in Loyalty in Life , loyalty means

faithful to a cause, faithful to someone to whom fidelity is held to be

due, faithful to an idea, etc. In this study, loyalty is the quality of

faithfulness and the condition of being closely tied to another by

affection or faith to the Don.

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3. Godfather : In Webster’s New World College Dictionary , Agnes

states that a godfather is the head of a mafia family or syndicate or any

person having much influence or authority in some area (Agnes 608).

In this study, the godfather is a head of mafia family called The

Corleones. He has much influence on politic and his society.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes all the theories that support the analysis of the novel.

It consists of the Theoretical review, Family, Loyalty, Types of Crime, Review on

Italian Culture and The Theoretical Framework.

A. Theoretical Review

This part contains the literary theory related to the study. The theory is the theory of critical approaches.

1. Critical Approaches

According to Rohrberger and Woods Jr in Reading and Writing about

Literature (Rohrberger and Woods Jr 3), there are five approaches that can be applied to analyze a work of literature. They are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach.

The first approach is the formalist approach. It emphasizes on the total integrity of the literary piece. It focuses on its esthetic value and through how meaning is derived from structure and how matters of technique determine structure (Rohrberger and Woods Jr 6).

The second one is the biographical approach. This is the approach in which we consider the author’s background to appreciate his work of literature. It insists that a work of art is a reflection of personality; therefore, it is necessary to appreciate the ideas and personality of the author to an understanding of the

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literary object. The basis of writing the literary work is the knowledge and sources about the author (Rohrberger and Woods Jr 8).

The third one is the sociocultural-historical approach. It insists that the attitudes and the actions are the “subject matter” of the literature. The critics are required to pay attention to the social environment in which the work of literature is written and to its influence towards the work of literature (Rohrberger and

Woods 9).

The fourth one is the mythopoeic approach. It seeks to discover universally repeated structures are structures that found first expression in ancient myths and folk rites and they are so basic to human thought that they have meaning to all men (Rohrberger and Woods Jr 11).

The last one is the psychological approach. This approach pays attention to the certain repeated structure but the attention is from the different knowledge’s point of view, namely psychological theories. This approach leads to the exploration of the unconscious area of the human mind, which led to the conclusion that it was this area that was wellspring of man rich imagination, his capacity for creation and the complexity of his thought, behavior, and that the contents of his region of the mind found expression in symbolic words, thoughts and action (Rohrberger and Woods Jr 13).

This study uses the sociocultural-historical approach. The settings of the novel are in Italy and the United States of America and in a particular of time. The

Corleones also live like true Italian style although they live in America. They still use Italian language, even they still eat Italian food. The sociocultural-historical approach then is used to analyse this family.

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2. Family

In this part, the meaning of family and variation in family composition are presented. a. Meaning

According to Pikunas’ Structure, Sound and Sense , family is an enduring social group based on marriage and blood relationship. As a primary group, the family with children is bound together by kinship and intimate relation marked by care, affection, and support, as well as mutual sharing in various activities and concerns. The leading functions of family are providing affection, support, and companionship, bearing and raising children, teaching and transmitting culture, religion, economics, and moral to the young, developing personalities, dividing and discharging labor within the family outside. Family is also the chief vehicle for ensuring a smooth or a rough start in life since family makes up the basis for every society. It serves three vital humans’ needs everywhere.

First, the family is the means for producing children and continuing the human race. Second, the family provides for the protection and early training of infants. Human infants are perhaps the most helpless of all living creatures. They must be fed, washed, and dressed. They cannot move far by themselves. As they grow older, they must be trained to be a responsible member of society. Third, the family sets up a division of labour so that each member of contributes something.

The man usually earns a living while the woman looks the household. Both parents care for the children, who also assume responsibilities as they grow

(Pikunas 58-73).

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Horton and Hunt’s Sociology state that family is the basic social institution from which other institutions have grown as increasing cultural complexity made the necessary. Therefore, family is very important in forming society in which it is the basic institution, which develops the society. Further, they say that family is very important in children rearing and to fulfil human needs. “Family is a kinship grouping which provides for the rearing of children and for certain other human needs.” Family must carry a lot of functions such as conceiving and raising the children, caring for the ill and aged, etc. Besides, the members of a family have certain responsibilities toward one another (Horton and

Hunt 216).

Grabianowski’s Mafia: An Overview states that family means each individual gang within the Mafia is known as a family. Not everyone within a family is actually related to one and other, although it is common for relatives of mobsters to be inducted into the same family as their brothers or fathers.

b. Kind of Family

According to Hurlock’s Personality Development , there are many kinds of family compositions. There are nuclear family and extended family. Nuclear family is composed of two parents and their children, whereas extended family consists of a nuclear family plus relatives who live under the same roof. The family members may all be singletons, or some may be singletons while others are multiple births twins either identical or nonidentical, triplets, etc (Hurlock 365).

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In The Family in America , Hawes states that extended family plays a major role in visions of ideal society. In nostalgic views of American life, the nuclear family may play the starring role, but the extended family is omnipresent and provides by far the best character actors. The extended family may also include people who are not related by blood but who make an important contribution to family life (Hawes 324).

c. Italian Society and Culture

Davies’ Italian Customs states that in Italy the family is the centre of the social structure and provides a stabilizing influence for its members. In the north, generally only the nuclear family lives together; while in the south, the extended family often resides together in one house. The family provides both emotional and financial support to its members. They respect and defer to those who are older, those who have achieved a level of business success, and those who come from well-connected families. Heated debates and arguments often erupt in meetings. This is simply a function of the free-flow of ideas.

Davies’ Italian Community states that while the notion of characteristics based on ethnicity is a problematical one, particularly if it is negative, Italians are a sociable, company-loving people. With respect to immigrant communities, there is another reason for seeking the company of compatriots. To be a stranger in a foreign land was a daunting experience - there was the necessity to earn a living, which was difficult enough, but there was also the barrier of language. Thus, the ties of kinship and also of community and region, became very important in immigrant communities across the country. This was also true in Italy were the

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unification of Italy was still so recent at the end of the 19th century that, for many, even today, the ties of region are more important than national ties.

She also states that in an effort to cushion the shocks of life in the new country, Italian immigrants planted fig trees in their greenhouses and grapevines in their backyards, played favourite folk songs at social gatherings, cooked traditional foods and visited friends and family on weekends. Customs and traditions are rooted in the family, whether nuclear or extended, as well as in institutions and organizations in the community. The motivation for the gatherings were secular, sacred or both. The celebration of marriages, births, name days, anniversaries and birthdays provided a reason to get together. Food was the vehicle for social interaction. Many of the customs and traditions of the Italian community revolve around seasonal religious festivals all of which had their prescribed foods and rituals (Italian Community).

d. Social Class Variation in The United States of America

All persons, families, and societies differentiate some roles and positions as more important, more powerful, more privileged, more prestigious, and more highly rewarded than others. According to Eshleman’s The Family: An

Introduction the grouping or ranking of persons in a hierarchy of unequal positions is referred to in sociology as social stratification . There are three variations of social class; wealthy families, middle-class families, and blue-collar families (Eshleman 247).

Wealthy families have been identified as the “very rich”, the “upper class”, and the “ruling class.” This grouping of families is large in power and influence.

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They possess enormous resources of wealth and social standing. When we turn to the family structure of the very rich, some interesting bits and pieces emerge.

Families are described by researches as extremely lineal and concerned with who they are, rather than what they do (Eshleman 251). Similar to Eshleman,

Kephart’s The Family, Society, and The Individual also states that it is obvious that the upper stratum is a moneyed class, pride in family name is also their hallmark (Kephart 152).

The second one is middle-class families. They form the linkage between the powerful wealthy families and the working class and powerless, financially poor families. Residing in a middle position, the possibility exists of moving upward as well as the threat of moving downward (Eshleman 252).

The last one is blue-collar families. It is the blue-collar family, more than any other, whose members conform to the traditional image of husband and wife roles. The husband’s role is to be a good provider, and the wife’s role, although she is often employed, is to do the housework and care for the children (Eshleman

257).

The Corleones is a very rich and powerful family. They also own respect from the society although sometimes they are feared by people.

B. Mafia

1. History

According to Cahill’s The Urban Reader , the word “mafia” literally means swank, or dolled up, but it probably derives from a Sicilian term meaning beauty or pride. In the context of crime, Mafia apllies to the older, strictly Sicilian

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element of the Mob. “ La Cosa Nostra ,” or Our Thing, is a broader term that means the modern American-born organization (Cahill 211).

According to Hawes’ The Family in America , Mafia and the many satellite elements that constitute organized crime are big and powerful enough to affect the quality of American life. Mafia generates corruption on a frightening scale. It touches small firms as well as large, reaches into city halls and statehouse, taints facets of show business and labor relations, and periodically sheds blood. It has a multiplier effect on crime; narcotics, a mob monopoly, drives the addicted to burglaries and other felonies to finance the habit (Hawes 211).

Grabianowski’s Mafia History gives explanation that the current structure of the Mafia took centuries to develop. It all began on the island of Sicily.

Although there are major organized crime groups from other parts of Italy, the

Sicilian Mafia is generally considered to be the blueprint for all other Mafia organizations.

Several unique factors contributed to the development of organized crime on Sicily. The island is located at an easily accessible and strategically important place in the Mediterranean Sea. As a result, Sicily was invaded, conquered and occupied by hostile forces many times. This led to an overall distrust of central authority and codified legal systems. The family, rather than the state, became the focus of Sicilian life, and disputes were settled through a system in which punishment was dealt beyond the limits of the law (Mafia History ).

In the 19th century, the European feudal system finally collapsed in Sicily.

With no real government or functioning authority of any kind, the island quickly descended into lawlessness. Certain landowners and other powerful men began to

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build reputations and eventually came to be seen as local leaders. They were known as capos. The capos used their power to extract tributes from farmers under their authority (much like the feudal lords before them). Their authority was enforced through the threat of violence. Their criminal activities were never reported, even by the victims, because of the fear of reprisal. This was the beginning of the Sicilian Mafia (Mafia History ).

Pendergast’s Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20 th -

Century America states that the most famous criminal organization in the United

States has its origin in medieval Sicily, where wealthy landowners once hired groups of bandits to guar their estates. Eventually, the bandits gangs grew so strong they were able to challenge the established authorities in both Sicily and

Italy. Although most Mafia members are of either Sicilian or Italian descent, they represent only a small percentage of their respective cultures. Many Americans of

Italian or Sicilian heritage resent the popular culture stereotypes that suggest that all those sharing their ethnic heritage are criminals (Pendergast 934).

2. Mafia Traditions

According Lucky in The Rules of Conduct , there are five rules of Mafia

Tradition. The rules are obedience, loyalty, honor, pride and silence. The first rule is obedience. Obedience means that someone is willing to do what one is told. In

Mafia organisation, all members must do what their boss tells them to do. As a matter of fact, obedience is about respect. A boss is the only one who can give the order to whack someone. If they have a problem with the enemy, they must not go thinking that they have the right to get rid of the problem by their own. They must

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keep cool and think with a smart head. The problem later on must be discussed with the boss and he will decide. They have to do and always do what the boss says, and nothing more. All members must not start any fights that they cannot win. If it happens the boss will finish it for them. Grabianowski’s Mafia Induction states that the prospective mobster must also show a penchant for making money or at the very least a willingness to commit acts of violence when ordered to.

The second rule is loyalty. Always remain loyal to members of the Family is the concern. The Family always comes first, with no exceptions. Thus all members must be a team player. Never in the way of each other’s interests. They must be prepared to defend the Family with their life. An attack on any member should be considered an attack on all members, to be avenged no matter what really stand with this one. They also must remember that the other Families are family too. They are expected to help out any faction in need, unless that faction is at war with their own Family, in which case they are to be treated as mortal enemies. Unless, the Don says otherwise then they can play nice (The Rules of

Conduct ).

The third rule is honor. This one is simple, and is tied up into the first two rules. Basically all members are acquired to be a stand-up guy. They must keep their eyes also ears open and their mouth shut. When they see something that is not their business, they must not see it. If they hear things not for them to consider, they had better not hear it. Remember not to try to be a saint or a nice guy, because the things are not their business (The Rules of Conduct ).

The fourth rule is pride. If they take pride in their business and their

Family, the rest will come naturally. They must be a man of honor and always do right by their Family. We have to remember that in Sicily, the word mafia was

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once used to describe individuals of pride, excellence, grace and self-confidence.

They have to apply it in their life and live it up. They also have to respect the women and the elders (The Rules of Conduct ).

The last rule is silence. This is the basic rule of all, the sacred oath of

Omerta . Basically it means silence, but the word Omerta was once used to describe manliness. Omerta is the root of Mafia tradition. They must not or never have any dealings with authorities under any circumstances. It is good for them to keep the identities and activities of their Family as secret at all costs. Mafioso who betrays their family will be punished. Therefore they must obey the rules in order to avoid this punishment. Violation of this code is punishable by death penalty.

Nobody is going to give them a pass on this one. Therefore, they must not wag their tongues unless they want to die (The Rules of Conduct ).

In The Urban Reader , Cahill states that despite its continuing evolution, organized crime follows certain basic patterns that vary little. It must buy or force freedom from the law and from accepted rules of commerce. It must milk gambling, the narcotics trade, industrial relations and usury. It must find outlets for its accumulated profits. These are six main forms of activity (Cahill 212).

The first one is the political fix. It takes many forms, but the most important, from Mafia view, is obtaining the cooperation of the policeman and the politicians. Nowhere has organized crime subverted more than a tiny minority of public officials. But a minority can be enough both to undermine law enforcement and to bend regulations, purchasing procedures and legislation to a shape pleasing to the mob. The second one is gambling. Gambling is far and away the Mob’s biggest illicit income producer. The third one is loan-sharking or usury. It nets

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several billions – it is impossible to say how many – in revenue for the Mob.

Dollar for dollar, usury is Mafia’s best investment; though the gross is lower than it is in gambling, profit is higher. The fourth one is narcotics traffic. Narcotic traffic, chiefly in heroin, is less lucrative than gambling, but still profitable enough. Because of the risks involved in peddling drugs directly, Mafia once again contracts the retail trade to its sharecroppers, saving for itself the less dangerous and infinitely more profitable role of importer and wholesaler. The fifth is labor racketeering. It has no price tag, but obviously nets the Mob many millions. It takes several forms. One of the simplest is extortion. The last one is business infiltration. It is the organization’s fastest-growing source. Indeed, mafia’s penetration of the above-ground world of finance and commerce is probably the greatest threat that it poses to the nation today. A business can be acquired in any number of ways, from foreclosure on a usurious loan to outright purchase. Once brought under the Mob’s umbrella, a business almost always ceases to operate legitimately. If it is a restaurant or a nightclub, it buys coal or oil from one Mafia affiliate, rents linen from another, ships garbage out through still another (Cahill 212-217).

3. The Structure of Mafia

Grabianowski’s The Structure of La Cosa Nostra states that the structure described below refers specifically to La Cosa Nostra . Other groups have similar structures, but they may differ in some ways.

Each group is made up of several gangs, known as families. The number of families can range from fewer than 10 to more than 100. Sometimes, the

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emergence of a new family must be approved by the heads of other families, while in some cases a group can splinter off from another family and consolidate its power, becoming recognized as a new family over time. Each family has separate business dealings, but the dealings of the families can intermingle to a large extent depending on their proximity to one another and the commonality of their ventures (The Structure of La Cosa Nostra).

The leader of each family is known as the boss, or don. All major decisions are made by the boss, and money made by the family ultimately flows to him. The boss's authority is needed to resolve disputes and keep everyone in line (The Structure of La Cosa Nostra).

Just below the boss is the underboss. The underboss is the second in command, although the amount of power he wields can vary. Some underbosses resolve disputes without involving the boss. Some are groomed to replace the boss if he is old or in danger of going to jail (The Structure of La Cosa Nostra).

Beneath the underboss are several capos. The number of capos varies depending on the overall size of the family. A capo acts like a lieutenant, leading his own section of the family. He has specific activities that he operates. The capo's territory may be defined geographically or by the rackets he operates. The key to being a successful capo is making money. The capo keeps some of the money his rackets earn and then passes the rest up to the underboss and boss (The

Structure of La Cosa Nostra).

The "dirty work" is done by the soldiers. A soldier is the lowest rank among made men. They're part of the family, but they hold little power and make

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relatively little money. The number of soldiers that belong to any given capo can vary tremendously (The Structure of La Cosa Nostra).

In addition to soldiers, the Mafia will use associates. Associates are not actual members of the Mafia, but they work with Mafia soldiers and capos on various criminal enterprises. An associate is simply someone who works with the mob, including anyone from a burglar or drug dealer to a lawyer, investment banker, police officer or politician (The Structure of La Cosa Nostra).

There is one other position within the family that is somewhat legendary -- the consigliori . The consigliori is not supposed to be part of the family's hierarchy. He is supposed to act as an advisor and make impartial decisions based on fairness rather than personal feelings or vendettas. This position is meant to be elected by the members of the family, rather than appointed by the boss. In reality, consiglieres are sometimes appointed and are not always impartial (The Structure of La Cosa Nostra).

4. Types of Crime

According to Farley’s American Social Problems , criminologists do not entirely agree on an appropriate definition of the term crime, the most common definition is a legalistic one: if someone commits an act that is against the law, he or she has committed a crime. There are five types of crime according to Farley.

They are street crime, white-collar crime, organized crime, political crime, and victimless crime (Farley 136).

Street crime is something of a misnomer, because most of this crime occur within private households or business, not out on street. The defining

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characteristics of this type of crime are that it has a clear-cut victim who is usually aware quite promptly that he or she has been victimized, and that it is committed by an individual or a small group of people (Farley 137).

White-collar crime refers to the broad category of crime committed in occupational settings. White-collar crime may be classified into at least three distinct, though partially overlapping types; individual crime against employers, individual crimes against consumers, and corporate crimes (Farley 138).

The third one is organized crime. Organized crime is similar to corporate crime in that it involves large-scale organizations rather than individuals, but it is different in one very important way. Organized crime appears to be involved in virtually all types of illegal activities, but there clearly are certain types that predominate. In general, organized crime provides illegal services for which someone is willing to pay. Thus, illegal gambling, prostitution, the importation and distribution of illegal drugs, and loan sharking are among the primary activities (Farley 141).

Political crime usually includes any crime that involves abuse of a government or political office or position, or crime carried out in an effort to gain such office or to exercise political influence. Political crimes are aimed not at obtaining wealth but at gaining political power or weakening political opposition

(Farley 143).

The last one is victimless crime. It involves neither personal violence nor the taking or damaging of property. Some victimless crimes may be harmful to the person committing them, such as drug abuse (Farley 144).

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This study is about the third crime, the organized crime, because The

Corleones are one of the biggest organized crime families. They have illegal businesses like gambling and prostitution. But, they do not agree on drugs selling because they know that drugs can cost live of children and society.

C. Theoretical Framework

The theories above will help me in finding the reasons of Corleone family to uphold strong loyalty to each member of the family. To find the social background of Corleone family, I need to know what it means by family and the social class variations. Based on those sides, I find out what group the Corleone family belongs to. The types of crime help the writer to recognize that The

Corleones is an organized crime family that is respected by the society and also feared at the same time. The head of the family, Don Vito Corleone, is a man of respect that everybody comes to him for asking help. Those aspects bring me to have better understanding about the social background of Corleone Family.

To know the reasons of upholding strong loyalty to each member of the family, the writer uses review on Mafia history, tradition, and Italian values.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology in conducting this study, which consists of three parts. The first part discusses about subject matter that contains a brief description of the novel. The second part is the critical approaches used in this study. The third part is about the research procedure, which discusses the steps the writer followed to answer the two questions stated in the problem formulation.

A. Subject Matter

Mario Puzo’s The Godfather is the subject matter in this study. The

Godfather is a novel written by an American author, Mario Puzo, and which was originally published in 1969 by G. P. Putnam's Sons. This novel consists of 448 pages and is divided into 32 chapters. Puzo’s works are The Dark Arena (1955),

The Fortunate Pilgrim (1965), The Runaway Summer of Davie Shaw (children's book) (1966), The Godfather (1969), Fools Die (1978), The Sicilian (1984), The

Fourth K (1990), The Last Don (1996), Omertà (2000), The Family (2001). The

Godfather is his best-known novel from other novels he wrote.

According to Cawelti in Adventure, Mystery, and Romance: Formula

Stories as Art and Popular Culture , the novel The Godfather belongs to popular literature genre. This novel provides a portrait of an organized crime family, The

Corleone Family. In The Godfather , Puzo takes us inside the violence-infested

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society of the Mafia and its gang wars. He shows us its trials by gunfire and torture and the nature of Mafia friendship. The Godfather is essentially the story of a man and his power. It describes the story of a fictitious Sicilian Mafia family headed by Don Vito Corleone and called as The Godfather. The Godfather is a friendly man, a reasonable man, a just man. The godfather is a man who values highly on friendship. Another thing is that The Godfather is a person who does not give too many promises, but if he promises something to his friends, then he will do extreme things like having someone killed to keep his word.

B. Approach

In conducting this study, I use sociocultural- historical approach as proposed by Rohrberger and Woods in Reading and Writing about Literature . A family for Italians is a sacred matter. They respect the meaning of family and its values so much. That is why sociocultural-historical approach is used in this study, so I can get the understanding of the Italian culture relating to family values. The settings of the novel are in Italy and America, so I need to use the sociocultural-historical approach. The reason of using socio-cultural-historical approach is that because the understanding of social, culture and political situations in Italy and America are important to reveal the life events developed in the novel. Rohrberger and Wood say that this approach can lead to an ethical judgement concerning the truth of an author’s statements. Then, what we read on the novel is proven with the events that happened in the real life at that moment.

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C. Method of the Study

The method used to collect the data for this study is library study. I used both primary and secondary sources in this study. I used the novel of The

Godfather as the primary source. The secondary sources consisted of several books, which describe theory of approaches, family, types of crime and the history of mafia. The books are: American Social Problems; Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-

Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America; Literature and Language

Teaching; Personality Development; Reading and Writing About Literature;

Sociology, Structure, Sound and Sense; The Family: An Introduction; The Family in America; The Family, Society, and The Individual; and The Urban Reader .

I applied some steps in conducting this study. First, I selected the literary work that would be analysed in this study. I decided to choose Mario Puzo’s The

Godfather (1969) as the primary source of my study.

The next step was reading the novel several times to gain deeper understanding about the story in this novel. I also took notes, which was done while reading. In taking notes, I wrote some important things that could support the analysis of this study. So, it was very useful to avoid confusion for myself in analysing this study.

The third step was watching the movie of The Godfather, The Godfather

II, The Godfather III, in order to help me more understand about the novel. Those movies still brought the overall story perfectly although some stories from the novel were removed. By watching those trilogy movies, I got the perfect picture of the novel-the characters and the place and the situation in Italy-.

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Then I found an interesting topic to be discussed in this study. Since the first time I thought about the topic, I had had an idea that it should be about the

Corleone Family. Finally, I got one topic that was the best and interesting topic to be discussed.

The next procedure was collecting the references related to my study. The references were some books and some articles from the Internet that could help me understand the literature and the novel better because the references consisted of information about literature and the novel.

Then, after all the procedure above, I had to concentrate on the problem formulation, especially on the background of Corleone Family. It was important because if I understood how the Corleone Family built then I would easily see the reasons why the godfather, Don Vito Corleone, was feared and loved at the same time. In focusing the Corleone Family, I observed all the members of Corleone

Family on their attitude, behaviours, emotions, and expression of feeling.

After I finished writing my analysis, I proposed suggestions for future researchers and for the implementation of teaching and learning English by using the novel The Godfather . I also provided the appendices that contained the lesson plan of teaching English using the novel, biography of the author, the works of

Mario Puzo, the summary of the novel The Godfather and the picture of Mario

Puzo.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

The analysis presented in this chapter focuses on the concept of loyalty in an

Italian family and in the Organized Crime Mafia. Before the analysis on the loyalty in the Corleones organized crime family, the social background of the

Corleone Family is presented.

A. Social Background of the Corleone Family

To know the social background of a family is not easy because we have to know from what side we appraise them. Organized crime family is not like family in general. To know the social background of Corleone Family, there are three things to discuss. The first one is the structure of the Corleone Family. This is the introduction of The Godfather’s family. The second one is how they become a

Mafia family. The last one is how they have social and political power.

1. The Structure of the Corleone Family

In Sociology , Horton and Hunt state that family is the basic social institution from which other institutions have grown as increasing cultural complexity made the necessary. Therefore, family is very important in forming society in which it is the basic institution, which develops the society (Horton and Hunt 216).

Biologically, the Corleone Family consists of one father, one mother and four children.

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Standing at the door with him were two of his three sons. The eldest, baptized Santino but called Sonny by everyone...The second son, Frederico, called Fred or Fredo, was a child every Italian prayed to the saints for...The third son, Michael Corleone, did not stand with his father and his two brothers but sat a table in the most secluded corner of the garden...Conny Corleone was a not quite pretty girl, thin and nervous and certain to become shrewish later in life. (Puzo 14-18).

Don Vito Corleone is the head of the family and his wife’s name is

Carmella Corleone. Vito has four biological children; they are Santino Corleone,

Frederico Corleone, Constanzia Corleone, and the youngest child Michael

Corleone. Actually there is another child but he is not in blood relationship with the family. He is Tom Hagen who is roughly the same age as Santino (people call him Sonny). Young Tom is brought home by Santino because Tom is an orphan who lives on the streets of New York. Tom has no place to go because he has no parents. He is then taken in by the Corleones. He lives with the family until he gets married. The Corleones become a powerful family in the society because the members, either blood relationship or not, are connected by strong love and respect to each other.

They are two kinds of family, nuclear and extended families (Hurlock 365).

The Corleone Family belongs to an extended family. According to Hawes, extended family plays a major role in visions of ideal society. In nostalgic views of American life, the nuclear family may play the starring role, but the extended family is omnipresent and provides by far the best character actors. The extended family may also include people who are not related by blood but who make an important contribution to family life (Hawes 324). In the novel, the Corleones always welcome everyone who proclaims their friendship to the family and then they will be treated as the members of the Corleone Family. Grabianowski’s

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Mafia: An Overview states that each individual member of the gang within the

Mafia is known as a family. Not everyone within a family is actually related to one and other, although it is common for relatives of mobsters to be inducted into the same family as their brothers or fathers. So, like Tom Hagen, any other members of the Corleone Family are treated as their own blood brothers.

The Corleone Family is an Italian family. Corleone itself actually is a name of a small town in the province of Palermo in Sicily, Italy. The family is called the

Corleone Family because young Vito Andolini, later called the godfather, is assigned the Corleone surname while passing through emigration at Ellis Island in

New York. Davies’ Italian Community states that to be a stranger in a foreign land was a daunting experience - there was the necessity to earn a living, which was difficult enough, but there was also the barrier of language. Thus, the ties of kinship and also of community and region became very important in immigrant communities across the country. Being shy and unable to speak English, Vito

Andolini is unable to respond when asked for his proper name. People call him

Vito Corleone as a remembrance that he comes from Corleone town, Italy. Young

Vito Andolini comes to America at the age of twelve. In Italy, he has no future because some people want to kill him.

THE DON was a real man at the age of twelve. Short, dark, slender, living in the strange Moorish-looking village of Corleone in Sicily, he had been born Vito Andolini, but when strange men came to kill the son of the man they had murdered, his mother sent the young boy to America to stay with friends. And in the new land he changed his name to Corleone to preserve some tie with his native village. It was one of the few gestures of sentiment he was ever to make (Puzo 193).

The young Vito Andolini is sent to America because his mother wants to save him from the murderers of Vito’s father. Vito’s father is involved in a feud

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with another villager who takes his case to the Mafia. The father refuses to be defeated and in a public quarrel and kills the local Mafia chief. A week later, he is found dead and his body is torn apart by lead blasts.

A month after the funeral Mafia gunmen came inquiring after the young boy, Vito. They had decided that he was too close to manhood, that he might try to avenge the death of his father in the years to come. The twelve- year-old Vito was hidden by relatives and shipped to America (Puzo 193).

Vito Andolini inherits Italian descent, especially Sicilian. The proof can be found when Vito’s daughter, Constanzia, is on her wedding day. Many people come to Don Vito Corleone to ask for his help and he cannot refuse because on such occasion, of especially the wedding party, he cannot refuse his friends’ request of help. This is such a culture matter that no Sicilian can refuse requests on their daughter’s wedding days. When Kay Adams, Michael Corleone’s girlfriend, asks Michael why there are so many men coming to the Don’s office on this wedding day, he says that it is a Sicilian culture because his father cannot refuse them. “Because they know that by tradition no Sicilian can refuse a request on his daughter’s wedding day. And no Sicilian ever lets a chance like that go by”

(Puzo 25).

Grabianowski’s The Structure of La Cosa Nostra states that there is one other position within the family that is somewhat legendary – the consigliori. The consigliori is not supposed to be part of the family's hierarchy. He is supposed to act as an advisor and make impartial decisions based on fairness rather than personal feelings or vendettas. This position is meant to be elected by the members of the family, rather than appointed by the boss. In reality, consigliories

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are sometimes appointed and are not always impartial. Tom Hagen is the consigliori of the Corleone Family. He is not an Italian, but he has lived with The

Don’s family since he is a kid. He becomes a consigliori because The Don really trusts him, although he is not a Sicilian. It is such a tradition that to be a consigliori of Mafia family, he has to be full-blooded Sicilian.

The Don had broken a long-standing tradition. The Consigliori was always a full-blooded Sicilian, and the fact that Hagen had been brought up as a member of the Don’s family made no difference to that tradition. It was a question of blood. Only a Sicilian born to the ways of omerta , the law of silence, could be trusted in the key post of Consiglori (Puzo 47).

It can be seen that it is not a matter of Sicilian blood for The Don. The most important thing is the loyalty he gets from this man.

Tom Hagen knows that his position is the family is very crucial. He is the counsellor of the Don, his right-hand man. He realizes that he is the only one who can bring the Don crash down to destruction because he knows everything that the

Don knows, nearly everything. But, he also knows that he will never betray the

Don because he knows the risks.

But no Consigliori had ever betrayed a Don, not in the memory of any of the powerful Sicilian families who had established themselves in America. There was no future in it. And every Consigliori knew that if he kept the faith, he would become very rich, wield power and win respect (Puzo 47).

Thus, Tom Hagen knows that every Sicilian Family has a real Sicilian consigliori except the Corleone Family although he knows for sure that Corleone Family is from Sicily, the town of Mafia.

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2. Becoming a Mafia Family

In The Urban Reader , Cahill states that the word “mafia” literally means swank, or dolled up, but it probably derives from a Sicilian term meaning beauty or pride. In the context of crime, Mafia applies to the older, strictly Sicilian element of the Mob. “ La Cosa Nostra ” or Our Thing. It is a broader term and it means the modern American-born organization (Cahill 211). Don Vito Corleone comes from Sicily, Italy where Mafia is born. He runs away from Italy to America because his father is murdered in Italy. Growing up in America makes him become one of the strongest Mafia family heads in America. Grabianowski’s

Mafia History gives explanation that the current structure of the Mafia took centuries to develop. It all began on the island of Sicily. Although there are major organized crime groups from other parts of Italy, the Sicilian Mafia is generally considered to be the blueprint for all other Mafia organizations. “In Sicily at the turn of the century the mafia was the second government, far more powerful than the official one in Rome” (Puzo 193).

According to Grabianowski’s Mafia History, several unique factors contributed to the development of organized crime on Sicily. The island is located at an easily accessible and strategically important place in the Mediterranean Sea.

As a result, Sicily was invaded, conquered and occupied by hostile forces many times. This led to an overall distrust of central authority and codified legal systems. The family, rather than the state, became the focus of Sicilian life, and disputes were settled through a system in which punishment was dealt beyond the limits of the law. As Don Vito is from Sicily where Mafia originates, he knows how to form and maintain this organized crime.

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According to Farley in American Social Problems , an organized crime is similar to a corporate crime that involves large-scale organizations rather than individuals, but it is different in one very important way. An organized crime appears to be involved in virtually all types of illegal activities, but there clearly are certain types that are predominate. In general, organized crime provides illegal services for which someone is willing to pay. Thus, illegal gambling, prostitution, the importation and distribution of illegal drugs, and loan sharking are among the primary activities (Farley 141). In the novel there are many businesses that the

Corleone family has: the illegal and legal ones. The legal business is an olive oil importing business named Genco Pura Olive Oil Company.

For the next few years Vito Corleone lived that completely satisfying life of a small business wholly devoted to building up his commercial enterprise in a dynamic, expanding economy. He was a devoted father and husband but so busy he could spare his family little of his time. As Genco Pura olive oil grew to become the best selling imported Italian oil in America, his organization mushroomed (Puzo 210).

The very first business is at first a satisfying company, but as time goes by, there are a lot of companies like this that make Vito Corleone loose economically.

However, since he had started off relatively helpless, economically, since he did not believe in advertising, relying on word of mouth, and since if truth be told, his olive oil was no better than his competitors’, he could not use the common strangleholds of legitimate businessman. He had to rely on the force of his own personality and his reputation as a “man of respect.” (Puzo 210-211).

It is clear that Vito Corleone starts thinking to have a new business to make his life better economically. He knows that he needs a new thing to make more money rather than just having this olive oil importing business.

But great men are not born great, they grow great, and so it was with Vito Corleone. When Prohibition came to pass and alcohol forbidden to be sold, Vito Corleone made the final step from a quite ordinary, somewhat ruthless

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businessman to a great Don in the world of criminal enterprise. It did not happen in a day, it did not happen in a year, but by the end of the Prohibition period and the start of the Great Depression, Vito Corleone had become the Godftaher, the Don, Don Corleone (Puzo 211).

To do it his first step is force some Italian bootleggers who smuggle alcohol and whiskey from Canada to use his deliverymen and trucks to distribute their product over New York City. The fee is so big that Vito Corleone cuts his oil business drastically and uses the trucks almost exclusively for the service of the bootleggers.

This despite the fact that these gentlemen had accompanied their offer with a silky threat. But even then Vito Corleone was so mature a man that he did not take insult at a threat or become angry and refuse a profitable offer because of it. He evaluated the threat, found it lacking in conviction, and lowered his opinion of his new partners because they had been so stupid to use threats where none were needed. This was useful information to be pondered as its proper time (Puzo 212).

It is a big step for Vito Corleone to be a man of respect. He is so wise that does not get pushed easily. This is one of his good sides that make him a trusted man.

He then makes his empire bigger than before.

As time went by the Corleone empire became larger, more trucks were added, the “sheet” grew longer. Also the men working directly for Tessio and Clemenza grew in number. The whole thing was becoming unwieldy. Finally Vito Corleone worked out a system of organization. He gave Clemenza and Tessio each the title of Caporegime , or captain, and the men who worked beneath them the rank of soldier. He named Genco Abbandando his counsellor, or Consigliori (Puzo 212).

Vito Corleone now has his own empire, his Corleone Family. He has his caporegime , consigliore and some men to trust. He has everything a family can have. In American Social Problems, Farley states that an organized crime is similar to corporate crime in which it involves large-scale organizations rather

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than individuals, but it is different in one very important way. Organized crime appears to be involved in virtually all types of illegal activities, but there clearly are certain types that predominate. In general, organized crime provides illegal services for which someone is willing to pay (Farley 141). Vito and his family can be called an organization, an organized crime family, the Corleone Family.

Since Vito Corleone becomes the head of Corleone Family, he is called the

Don by the members of the Family. It is because he is the one who controls the

Family. According to Grabianowski’s The Structure of La Cosa Nostra , the leader of each family is known as the boss, or don. All major decisions are made by the boss, and money made by the family ultimately flows to him. The boss's authority is needed to resolve disputes and keep everyone in line. To show respect and

Vito’s Corleone highest position in the family, he is called as Don Vito Corleone since then.

As everybody always comes for help to Don Vito it makes him think that the government is so messed up because it cannot handle people like he does.

Grabianowski’s Mafia History states that the family, rather than the state became the focus of Sicilian life, and disputes were settled through a system in which punishment was dealt beyond the limits of the law (Grabianowski, par. 2). So Don

Vito starts to think to rule his own empire.

It was at this time that the Don got the idea that he ran his world far better than his enemies ran the greater world which continually obstructed his path. And this feeling was nurtured by the poor people of the neighbourhood who constantly came to him for help. To get on the home relief, to get a young boy a job or out of jail, to borrow a small sum of money desperately needed, to intervene with landlords who against all reason demanded rent from jobless tenants (Puzo 214).

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Everyone who comes to Don Vito will never feel regretful. They always get what they want, although sometimes they get it not for free but they always feel satisfied and worth of it.

Don Vito Corleone helped them all. Not only that, he helped them with goodwill, with encouraging words to take the bitter sting out of the charity he gave them. It was only natural then that when these Italians were puzzled and confused on who to vote for to represent them in the state legislature, in the city offices, in the Congress, they should ask the advice of their friend Don Corleone, their Godfather. And so he became a political power to be consulted by practical party chiefs. He consolidated this power with a far- seeing statesmanlike intelligence; by helping brilliant boys from poor Italian families through college, boys who would later became lawyers, assistant district attorneys, and even judges. He planned for the future of his empire with all the foresight of a great national leader (Puzo 214). According to Hawes’ The Family in America, mafia and the many satellite elements that constitute organized crime are big and powerful enough to affect the quality of American life. Mafia generates corruption on a frightening scale. It touches small firms as well as large, reaches into city halls and statehouse, taints facets of show business and labor relations, and periodically sheds blood. It has a multiplier effect on crime; narcotics, a mob monopoly, drives the addicted to burglaries and other felonies to finance the habit (Hawes 211). The Don Vito’s world is so frightening. The good thing that everyone believes the Corleones fight for justice although their ways are not accepted by the society.

One day Don Vito Corleone gets shot and ends up in hospital. When

Michael Corleone is about to visit him at the hospital, he asks his girlfriend, Kay

Adams, whether she is sure or not marrying him. He is unsure that Kay’s parents will accept him. Michael tells her that it will be though to be his wife because he has an unordinary family, namely a Mafia family.

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“Just say that you’ve met a brave, handsome guy of Italian decent. Top marks at Dartmouth. Distinguished Service Cross during the war plus the Purple Heart. Honest. Hard-working. But his father is a Mafia chief who has to kill bad people, sometimes bribe high government officials and in his line of work gets shot full of holes himself....” (Puzo 120).

Kay Adams does not really believe Michael because she thinks Don Vito is a nice man when she meets him at Constanzia’s wedding day. She does not believe that Don Vito Corleone is a Mafia chief. The truth has been said exactly by Michael Corleone that Don Vito Corleone is a Mafia chief.

Kay Adams once asks Michael what really Don Vito’s job is and the business he does. Kay has heard a lot about Don Vito being a Mafia chief in the television and newspapers. Michael explains this with cold anger because he thinks that she has no right to ask a question like that.

“The trouble is all that damn trash in the movies and the newspapers,” Michael said. “You’ve got the wrong idea of my father and the Corleone Family. I’ll make a final explanation and this one will be really final. My father is a businessman trying to provide for his wife and children and those friends he might need someday in a time of trouble. He doesn’t accept the rules of the society we live in because those rules would have condemned him to a life not suitable to a man like himself, a man of extraordinary force and character. What you have to understand is that he considers himself the equal of all those great men like Presidents and Prime Ministers and Supreme Court Justices and Governors of the States. He refuses to accept their will over his own. He refuses to live by rules set up by others, rules which condemn him to a defeated life. But his ultimate aim is to enter that society with a certain power since society doesn’t really protect its members who do not have their own individual power. In the meantime he operates on a code of ethics he considers far superior to the legal structures of society.” (Puzo 364).

By that explanation, Michael Corleone wants Kay Adam to understand that his father’s job is venerability although the people in general do not accept it. Don

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Vito just gives protection to people who trust him by his own rules. He has his own rules because he does not believe in society.

This is the real reason why Don Vito Corleone wants to have his own empire. He does not believe in society. His son Michael Corleone knows this for sure. He does not blame his father because he knows what his father does is right.

Don Vito Corleone is responsible in the society he has created. He is not a crazy killer like people seem to think. He is just a responsible man in his own way. He is just the godfather of the Corleone Family.

3. Having Social and Political Power

According to Eshleman in The Family: An Introduction , wealthy families have been identified as the “very rich”, the “upper class”, and the “ruling class.”

This grouping of families is largely in power and influence (Eshleman 251). The

Corleone Family is a very rich family and we can also say that they are millionaires. It is showed when a poor man named Anthony Coppola comes for

Don Vito. He wants to borrow a hundred dollars from him because he wants to make a pizza store. Don Vito is a man who understands a poor man who wants to make his own life, so Don Vito helps him by lending the money. He himself borrows cash money from Tom Hagen to lend Anthony Coppola because the Don is lack of cash money due to his daughter's wedding. That fancy wedding leaves

Don Vito Corleone a little short of cash. Hagen admires Don Vito’s kindness because although Don is a very rich man but is still willing to help poor man like

Coppola. Kephart’s The Family, Society, and The Individual states that it is

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obvious that the upper stratum is a moneyed class, pride in family name is also their hallmark (Kephart 152). In this situation, his social power lies on how rich he is.

Hagen watched with quiet admiration. The Don always thought that when a man was generous, he must show the generosity as personal. How flattering to Anthony Coppola that a man like the Don would borrow to loan him money. Not that Coppola did not know that the Don was a millionaire but how many millionaires let themselves be put to even a small inconvenience by a poor friend? (Puzo 22).

Since Don Vito Corleone is young, he has already had social influence on the neighborhood. It happens when Signora Colombo comes to young Vito’s house. Signora Colombo is Carmela Corleone’s friend. She has a favor to ask of

Vito Corleone. She has some trouble with her landlord, Mr. Roberto. Mrs.

Colombo is asked to vacate her apartment because her son’s beloved dog always barks at night and it seems to disturb the people in the apartment. Mr. Roberto is so angry and will ask the police to put her out. Now Mrs. Colombo is in Vito

Corleone’s house asking him to speak to the landlord to let her stay. Don Vito

Corleone agrees to speak to Mr. Roberto on the following morning.

Vito Corleone raised his hand in surprise. “I’m asking you a favor, only that. One never knows when one might need a friend, isn’t that true? Here, take this money as a sign of my goodwill and make your own decision. I wouldn’t dare to quarrel with it.” He thrust the money into Mr. Roberto’s hand. “Do me this little favor, just take the money and think things over. Tomorrow morning if you want to give me the money back by all means do so. If you want the woman out of your house, how can I stop you? It’s your property, after all. If you don’t want the dog in there, I can understand. I dislike animals myself.” He patted Mr. Roberto on the shoulder. “Do me this service, eh? I won’t forget it. Ask your friends in the neighborhood about me, they’ll tell you I’m a man who believes in showing his gratitude.” (Puzo 209)

That evening, Mr. Roberto apologizes to Vito Corleone and he says Signora

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Colombo can remain in the flat and keep her dog. Even he returns the thirty dollars Vito Corleone has given him. Mr. Roberto finally knows the reputation of

Vito Corleone because he has asked his friends about Vito. Mr. Roberto eventually knows that Vito Corleone always helps his friends and the unfortunates by doing extreme things to help them if needed. Mr. Roberto agrees to let Mrs.

Colombo stay in the apartment not just because he is afraid of Vito Corleone, but also he respects Vito Corleone.

It is also described in the novel that the Corleone Family is also a powerful family, one of the most powerful families in the United States. They have many political connections. One of the proofs is on the Constanzia’s wedding day; many people come to the Don Corleone to show their gratitude and friendship. They do this because they know that The Don has power and he has political influence in society. It is Luca Brasi, one of Don Vito’s friends, comes to the Don in Connie’s wedding day and brings gifts for the Don. Luca Brasi has been a friend and a protector of Corleone Family. He is a powerful Senator. By this visit and present that he brings, it is evidence that Luca Brasi is still in the Family’s side. Vito

Corleone feels glad for Luca Brasi’s presence. Don Corleone did not hide his pleasure that so great a man as the Senator had shown him such respect. The

Senator, like Luca Brasi, was one of the great stones in the Don’s power structure, and he too, with his gift, had resworn his loyalty (Puzo 39).

In The Family in America , Hawes states that political fix is important for

Mafia family. It takes many forms, but the most important, is obtaining the cooperation of the policeman and the politicians. (Hawes 212). Luca Brasi is one

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of the toughest men in Corleone Family. Senator is a high political position in the society but Luca Brasi lets himself fear the Godfather.

Brasi’s reputation for violence was awesome and his devotion to Don Corleone legendary. He was, in himself, one of the great blocks that supported the Don’s power structure. His kind was a rarity. Luca Brasi did not fear the police, he did not fear society, he did not fear God, he did not fear hell, he did not fear or love his fellow man. But he had elected, he had chosen, to fear and love Don Corleone (Puzo 23).

A senator like Luca Brasi even fears Don Vito. We can understand how powerful

Don Vito is. It is not easy to become someone like Don Vito Corleone who is feared and loved at the same time.

One day, a Turk named Sollozzo comes to the Don to offer the narcotics deal. Sollozo is a narcotics man and he asks the Don to lend him two million dollars cash and guarantees that his business will be far from law because he knows that the Don has many powerful friends and judges. “Legal protection is a must. I hear, Don Corleone, that you have as many judges in your pocket as a bootblack has pieces of silver” (Puzo 70). Besides asking for financial help,

Sollozzo wants a protection from the Don. By some reasons the Don refuses the deal.

The Don said quietly “...I’ve heard you are a serious man to be treated also with respect. I must say no to you but I must give you my reasons. The profits in your business are huge but so are the risks. Your operation, if I were part of it, could damage my other interests. It’s true I have many, many friends in politics, but they would not be so friendly if my business were narcotics instead of gambling. They think gambling is something like liquor, a harmless vice, and they think narcotics a dirty business. No, don’t protest. I’m telling you their thoughts, not mine. How a man makes his living is not my concern. And what I’m telling you is that this business of yours is too risky. All the members of my family have lived well the last ten years, without danger, without harm. I can’t endanger them or their livelihoods out of greed.” (Puzo 71)

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The Don has wise thoughts about what he should do. So he refuses to have a deal with Sollozo. Don Vito Corleone thinks that the narcotic business is harmful vice and too risky. He will lose so many political connections if he has a deal with drugs and he will endanger his family members. Don Vito Corleone does not want to sell his family’s life with greed. He tells his reasons with respect but this rejection makes Sollozzo angry and ends up in killing trial to the Don.

Three months later the Don is shot five times at the street while he is going back to his car at the street. He is still alive but badly injured though. Don Vito

Corleone is shot by the Sollozzo’s men. Michael Corleone thinks that his father is safe in the hospital. But, when Michael Corleone visits his father, he finds out that his father is all alone in the room. Not any single Corleone man guards him. Later

Michael Corleone understands that Sollozzo has bribed a police captain,

McCluskey, to make Corleone men go away from hospital, so Sollozzo will easily kill him.

When Sollozzo had approached him with the proposition to leave old man Corleone uncovered in the hospital, McCluskey didn’t ask why. He asked price. When Sollozzo said ten grand, McCluskey knew why. He did not hesitate. Corleone was one of the biggest Mafia men in the country with more political connection than Capone had ever had (Puzo 139).

This captain knows that the Corleone Family is not an ordinary family in the

United States, so he wants a big amount of money from Sollozzo for having

Corleone men leave the hospital. McCluskey knows that Don Vito Corleone is one of the biggest Mafia men in the country. Besides he wants to help Sollozzo to eliminate one of bad men in the country, he also can get money from this. No police can refuse, nor captain McCluskey. Because Michael Corleone moves

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quickly by calling his brother Santino Corleone to send some men to the hospital,

Sollozzo and his men cannot approach the hospital and Don Vito is still alive and is taken to home for recovery.

While Don Vito is in his recovery, his position is replaced by Santiono

Corleone for a while. Don Vito’s children and his men think about revenge but the

Don himself thinks that this killing trial is just a business matter, not a personal one. The hot-headed Santino Corleone makes his final decision on taking revenge by killing one of Sollozzo’s trusted men. He also gives support to Michael

Corleone to kill Sollozzo and Captain McCulskey. Because the other four

Families want good negotiation and the way Santino makes decision is so brutal, they decide to kill Santino Corleone in hope the negotiation will be smooth. While driving his car, Santino Corleone is shot brutally and found dead. By this incident, the other four big Mafia Families in the entire country that have accepted

Sollozo’s drugs deal force the Corleones to accept the drugs deal. Those Families have to force the Corleones because they do not have political connection as much as Don Vito Corleone has. They know that political connection is very important to protect the drugs business.

After Don Vito recovers, he holds a meeting presented by the five big families in the United States. He wants peace to his family but the other families insist on getting shares of judges from Corleone to cover them from narcotics deal.

....But I had to refuse this time. Why? Because I think this drug business will destroy us in the years to come. There is too much strong feeling about

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such traffic in this country. It’s not like whiskey or gambling or even women which most people want and is forbidden by the pezzonovante of the church and the government. But drugs are dangerous for everyone connected with them. It could jeopardize all other business. And let me say I’m flattered by the belief that I am so powerful with the judges and law officials, I wish it were true. I do have some influence but many of the people who respect my counsel might lose this respect if drugs become involved in our relationship. They are afraid to be involved in such business and they have strong feelings about it. Even policemen who help us in gambling and other things would refuse to help us in drugs. So to ask me to perform a service in these matters is to ask me to do a disservice myself. But I’m willing to do even that if all of you think it proper in order to adjust other matters.” (Puzo 288).

Don Vito has told other Families the important point why he refuses on narcotics deal but his decision has made his son Santino Corleone killed. All other

Families want his help because they realize that Don Vito has more political connection and power than they do. Don Vito wants peace to his family so he starts to think to share his political power to cover this deal.

B. The Causes of Maintaining Severe Loyalty

Loyalty is very important to a family, like the Corleone Family. Being a mafia family is very different than an ordinary family, so severe loyalty is a must to keep the family’s power. To show the causes of maintaining severe loyalty, there are three things to discuss. The first one is Italian culture. It is the basis of how to treat members of the family in honouring ways. The second one is Don

Vito as the don and godfather who are respected by other people because of his sincere friendship. And the last one is the mafia traditions. These traditions also make the members of the family maintain severe loyalty to the family.

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1. Italian Culture

Davies in Italian Customs states that in Italy, the family is the centre of the social structure and provides a stabilizing influence for its members. The family provides both emotional and financial support to its members. We can also see the relationship among the Corleone Family members is so close and deep. One of the reasons is that they still hold Italian family values as their guidance. Each member of the Corleone Family supports and helps whenever one of them is in a difficult situation. One day Constanzia Corleone is beaten up by her husband Carlo Rizzi.

After Santino is told by Constanzia about the beating, he is so angry because if one dares to beat a Corleone, then one also dares to get punished. He feels disrespected by Carlo’s lack of manner. As Constanzia is pregnant and it hurts

Santino’s feeling as a brother.

There was no question that the violence in Sonny Corleone’s nature rose from some deep mysterious physical well. As they watched they could actually see the blood rushing to his heavily corded neck, could see the eyes film with hatred, the separate features of his face tightening, growing pinched, then his face took on the grayish hue of a sick man fighting off some sort of death, except that the adrenalin pumping through his body made his hands tremble. But his voice was controlled, pitched low, as he told his sister, “You wait there. You just wait there.” He hung up the phone (Puzo 264).

Love in the Corleone Family is also showed when Don Vito Corleone is shot and hospitalized. When his son Michael Corleone visits him, there is no one who guards him. Michael feels disappointed with this situation. His father is left alone in the room and everyone can kill him easily. So Michael moves his father into another room in case the enemies will kill the old man. When Don Vito is

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moved into another room, he wakes up and looks at Michael. He feels happy of his dearest son’s presence to save him.

Michael leaned over the bed. He took his father’s hand in his. “It’s Mike,” he said. “Don’t be afraid. Now listen, don’t make any noise at all, especially if somebody calls out your name. Some people want to kill you, understand? But I’m here so don’t be afraid.” (Puzo 123). Davies’ Italian Customs states that Italians respect and defer to those who are older, those who have achieved a level of business success and those who come from well-connected families. It is described the family respects Don Vito

Corleone because he is the one who establishes and maintains the family. He is the old man who is successful in a level of life. He is the man who helps a lot of people. The sadness of the possibility of losing Don Vito happens when Tom

Hagen is told that Don Vito is shot dead. Tom Hagen is surprised and shocked knowing the man that he respects a lot has died. It makes Tom Hagen speechless.

“Your boss is dead,” Sollozzo said. He paused, surprised at the tears that sprang to Hagen’s eyes. Then he went on. “We got him outside his office, in the street. As soon as I got the word, I picked you up. You have to make the peace between me and Sonny.” Hagen didn’t answer. He was surprised at his own grief. And the feeling of desolation mixed with his fear of death... (Puzo 85).

What makes people respect Don Vito Corleone is that he always helps the unfortunate people that come to him. He never makes empty promises and will do as best as he can to those who proclaim their friendship to him. He is also the one who rules the family. His powerful position in society and added with his wealth make people respect Don Vito Corleone and consequently people will be loyal to him.

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2. Don Vito Corleone as A Man of Respect

Davies’ Italian Customs states that Italians respect and defer to those who are older, those who have achieved a level of business success, and those who come from well-connected families. It is described in the novel that many people come to Don Corleone’s house in Long Island in his daughter’s wedding. Some people want to show their respect to the family, and some people want to ask for help to The Don. Those who want to get help from The Don are people who have no other choices to solve their problems.

Don Vito Corleone was a man to whom everybody came for help, and never were they disappointed. He made no empty promises, nor the craven excuse that his hands were tied by more powerful forces in the world than himself. It was not necessary that he be your friend, it was not even important that you had no means with which to repay him. Only one thing was required. That you, you yourself , proclaim your friendship. And then, no matter how poor or powerless the supplicant, Don Corleone would take that man’s troubles to his heart. And he would let nothing stand in the way to a solution of that man’s woe. His reward? Friendship, the respectful title of “Don,” and sometimes the more affectionate solution of “Godfather.” (Puzo 13).

All he sees is just their friendship they proclaim to him. Once they proclaim their friendship, Don Vito Corleone would take their troubles and problems into his heart. He would help them in everything he could.

Don Corleone received everyone-rich and poor, powerful and humble-with an equal show of love. He slighted no one. That was his character. And the guests so exclaimed at how well he looked in his tux that an inexperience observer might easily have thought the Don himself was the lucky groom (Puzo).

Don Vito is not an ordinary man; he is the man of honor. Although he has power but his personality is still down to earth. He does not differentiate people just by their social condition, rich or poor, famous or infamous. So, that is why

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Don Vito Corleone is called as Godfather because that word is more affectionate than Don.

In Italian Community , Davies states that the motivation for the gatherings are secular, sacred or both. The celebration of marriages, births, name days, anniversaries and birthdays provide a reason to get together. Food is the means for social interaction. Many of the customs and traditions of the Italian community revolve around seasonal religious festivals all of which have their prescribed foods and rituals. Therefore in Constanzia’s wedding day, many people come to Don Vito’s house to prepare that day. They get together to give respect to the family.

Even the people performing festal services were his friends. The bartender was an old comrade whose gift was all the wedding liquors and his own expert skills. The waiters were the friends of Don Corleone’s son. The food on the garden picnic tables had been cooked by the Don’s wife and her friends and the gaily festooned one-acre garden itself had been decorated by the young girl-chums of the bride (Puzo 14).

We can see that by Don Vito’s kindness to other people make him a loveable person in the society. Davies’ Italian Community states that while the notion of characteristics based on ethnicity is a problematical one, particularly if it is negative, Italians are a sociable, company-loving people. At Don Vito’s house, many friends of his come. The bartender, waiters, and all Carmella Corleone’s friends come over to prepare the wedding day. People are so helpful to Don Vito’s family because he is lovable and social person.

It is known that Don Vito Corleone is a man whom everybody comes for help. The Don Corleone has a godson, named Johnny Fontane. He is a famous

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singer and an actor in Hollywood. On the wedding day, he comes to the Don to show his respect. Actually, there is something more than showing love and respect to Corleone Family, because he also wants to share his personal problems. He has a problem with his wife and soon his wife will leave him because Johnny does not have fame and reputation in Hollywood anymore.

Johnny sat on the floor with his face in his hands. The sick, humiliating despair overwhelmed him. And then the gutter toughness that had helped him survive the jungle of Hollywood made him pick up the phone and call for a car to take him to the airport. There was one person who could save him. He would go back to New York. He would go back to the man with the power, the wisdom, he needed and a love he still trusted. His Godfather Corleone (Puzo 12).

We can see that Johnny has no one to turn to but his Godfather Corleone.

He still trusts this old man because he knows that the Don will not disappoint him.

Johnny wants a part of the latest movie directed by Jack Woltz because he is sure that this movie will regain his reputation in Hollywood. But Woltz is the man who hates Johnny Fontane so much. He will never give Johnny an opportunity to take part on this movie. The Don sends his consigliori , Tom Hagen, to meet Woltz but

Woltz does not fear him and says that it is just a threat and Mafia style.

Hagen said.”...I don’t think you’ve understood how important this very small favour is to my client. Mr. Corleone held the infant Johnny in his arms when he was baptized. When Johnny’s father died, Mr. Corleone assumed the duties of parenthood, indeed he is called ‘Godfather’ by many, many people who wish to show their respect and gratitude for the help he has given them. Mr. Corleone never lets his friends down.” (Puzo 59).

Being a godfather to someone is an honor and the godson should respect his godfather for eternity. Many people also call Don Vito Corleone as their godfather because they want to show their respect and gratitude for the help Don Vito

Corleone has given them.

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Genco Abbandando is Don Vito’s consiglori when he is young. He is now sick and facing death at the hospital. To show his respect, Don Vito comes across to visit his friend Abbandando. Abbandando is so frightened by death itself because he remembers what he has done when he is a part of the Corloene Family.

He is so pleased to see Don Vito at his hospital room and talks to Don Vito to save him from death.

..."Godfather," he said, "stay here with me and help me meet death. Perhaps if He sees you near me He will be frightened and leave me in peace. Or perhaps you can say a word, pull a few strings, eh?" The dying man winked as if he were mocking the Don, now not really serious. "You're brothers in blood, after all." Then, as if fearing the Don would be offended, he clutched at his hand. "Stay with me, let me hold your hand. We'll outwit that bastrard as we've outwitted others. Godfather, don't betray me." (Puzo 45).

Abbandando does not just fear the Don, but he also respects him because

Abbandando thinks that the Don is more powerful than God. Abbandando wants

Don Vito to make death go away. Godfather must be someone very important to

Abbandando's life.

It is told in the novel that Michael Corleone is a son who respects his father a lot. He admires Don Vito Corleone’s role as a good father in the family. He tells his girlfriend Kay Adams about his admiration to Don Vito.

I had to fight because I love and admire my father. I never knew a man more worthy of respect. He was a good husband and a good father and a good friend to people who were not so fortunate in life. There’s another side to him, but that’s not relevant to me as his son (Puzo 362).

Michael knows that Don Vito is a good husband, a good father, and a good friend to many people. Michael also realizes that Don Vito earns many respects from other people because Don Vito always helps the people who are unfortunate in life.

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3. Mafia as the Way to Keep Family Ties

It is proven that Corleone family is an organized crime family. Building a kind of family like this, of course, needs some rules to be obeyed by the members.

According to Lucky’s The Rules of Conduct , there are five rules of Mafia

Tradition. The rules are obedience, loyalty, honor, pride and silence. In the novel, it is also described the members of the Corleone Family have those kinds of tradition to hold. Although there are betrayals in the Corleone Family, in the end they still stand proud and tall because there are more members who keep loyal to the family than the ones who betray.

a. Obedience

Lucky’s The Rules of Conduct states that obedience means that someone is willing to do what one is told. In Mafia organization, all members must do what their boss tells them to do. As a matter of fact, obedience is about respect. A boss is the only one who can give the order to whack someone. If Don Vito tells someone to do something, then it is must be done. When Tom Hagen, the consigliori , does not know what to do anymore to face a rich stubborn man from

Hollywood named Jack Woltz, Tom Hagen calls for Don Vito.

On Wednesday afternoon he had called Hagen to his home and given him his instructions. The instructions had consumed the rest of Hagen's working day and left him dazed with admiration. There was no question in his mind that the Don had solved the problem, that Woltz would call him this morning with the news that Johnny Fontane had the starring part in his new war movie (Puzo 64).

Hagen is told what to do by the boss, so it must be done. No more question is needed and everything is successful.

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Once Amerigo Bonasera comes to Don Vito at Constanzia's wedding day.

He wants Don Vito to do him a favour. His daughter is beaten badly by two boys.

Her nose is broken and her jaw is shattered. He wants Don Vito to kill the boys who are responsible for his daughter's misfortune. Don Vito refuses to do so because he thinks that Bonasera's daughter is still alive. But, because Don Vito's wife is the godmother of Bonasera's daughter, he makes Bonasera's wish: to let the men suffer as his daughter suffers.

When the door closed behind the grateful undertaker, Don Corleone turned to Hagen and said, "Give this affair to Clemenza and tell him to be sure to use reliable people, people who will not be carried away by the smell of blood. After all, we're not murderers, no matter what that corpse valet dreams up in his foolish head." (Puzo 31).

A week later, the boys who beat Bonasera's daughter are beaten and badly injured.

The men of Don Vito do this quickly. Not more than a minute, the guilty boys have unrecognized faces and broken bones. The obedience of Don Vito’s men are unquestionable; they do the order right exactly like they are told to do. All members of the Corleone Family should be willing to do what Don Vito Corleone wants them to do because he is the boss.

b. Loyalty

In The Rules of Conduct , Lucky states that always remain loyal to members of the Family is the concern. The Family always comes first, with no exceptions.

Thus all members must be a team. Everyone should never in the way of each other’s interests. They must be prepared to defend the Family with their life.

Loyalty is very important in the mafia tradition. No matter what it takes, the members should keep loyal to the Godfather Don Vito Corleone. Loyalty means a

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lot to Corleone Family because it is the main power in the family. On Constanzia's wedding day, Bonasera comes to the Don and asks him to murder the men who are guilty for beating his daughter badly. Don Vito is not happy with the favor he must do because he thinks that Bonasera just only comes to him when he needs him.

The Don held up his hand. "No. Don't speak. You found America a paradise. You had a good trade, you made a good living, you thought the world a harmless place where you could take your pleasure as you willed. You never armed yourself with true friends. After all, the police guarded you, there were courts of law, you and yours could come to no harm. You did not need Don Corleone. Very well. My feelings were wounded but I am not that sort of person who trusts his friendship on those who do not value it-on those who think me of little account." (Puzo 29).

Don Vito Corleone thinks Bonasera treats him so disrespectfully, so at first he refuses to help Bonasera because they live in America and this country has its own rule. Bonasera thinks he does not get justice from the American court so he asks Don Corleone to take revenge to the boys as they make his daughter suffer.

An eye is for an eye. Don Corleone thinks that Bonasera should have asked him for help in the first place instead of using American court. Don Vito Corleone does not see any loyalty from Bonasera because Bonasera only comes to him when he needs him.

“But if you had come to me, my purse would have been worse. If you had come to me for justice those scum who ruined your daughter would be weeping bitter tears this day. If by some misfortune an honest man like yourself made enemies they would become my enemies”-the Don raised his arm, finger pointing at Bonasera-“and then, believe me, they would fear you.” (Puzo 31).

The Don feels that Bonasera has forgotten him because Bonasera has found

America interesting. Now when Bonasera gets trouble, he comes to Don Corleone to ask for help.

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The Don paused and gave the undertaker a polite, ironic smile. ”Now you come to me and say,’Don Corleone give me justice.’ And you do not ask with respect. You do not offer me your friendship. You come come into my home on the bridal day of my daughter and you ask me to do murder and you say” - here the Don’s voice became a scornful mimicry-“ ‘I will pay you anything.’ No, no I am not offended, but what have I ever done to make you treat me so disrespectfully?” (Puzo 30).

Don Corleone does not want either money or material thing, and all he wants is just friendship. He will feel so disrespected if ones come to him and say that they will pay him anything. But, because this is his daughter wedding and

Carmella Corleone is Bonasera daughter’s godmother, he cannot refuse it. Don

Vito still helps Bonasera because he thinks someday Bonasera will give him a favour in return when is needed.

The way of Don Vito thinks about friendship is understood by his son

Michael Corleone. He knows that Don Vito is a good man who wants a good thing in life; that is loyalty.

Michael sighed. "I guess that's the way it sounds, but let me tell you this. You know those Arctic explorers who leave caches of food scattered on the route to the North Pole? Just in case they may need them someday? That's my father favors. Someday he'll be at each one of those people's houses and they had better come across." (Puzo 41).

Actually what Don Vito thinks of a friendship is so simple. We can see that Don

Vito is a man who values friendship so much. He only helps people who offer their friendships to him. When someone has offered their friendship to Don Vito, he will help as best as he can and as much as he has because he believes that someday when he and his family get in trouble, those who have been given help will help him in return. He wants sincere friendships. He wants loyalty and it means the world to him.

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c. Honor

To be good Mafioso, they need to have honor in their heart. In The Rules of

Conduct , Lucky states that basically all members are acquired to be stand-up guy.

So, they must keep their eyes and also ears open and their mouth shut. When they see something that is not their business, they must not see it. If they hear things not for them to consider, they had better not hear it. If they say something that they are not supposed to say, it will be an affront to the boss. The paragraph below shows how Santino Corleone insults his father in front of Sollozzo. Sollozzo offers a narcotics deal but Don Vito Corleone has refused the deal, but Santino says something that is not in his place.

It was then that Sonny Corleone made an unforgiveable error in judgement and procedure. He said eagerly, “The Tattaglia family guarantess the return of our investment without any percentage from us?” Hagen was horrified at this break. He saw the Don turn cold, malevolent eyes on his eldest son, who froze in uncomprehending dismay. Sollozzo’s eyes flickered again but this time with satisfaction. He had discovered a chink in the Don’s fortress. When the Don spoke his voice held a dismissal. “Young people are greedy,” he said. “And today they have no manners. They interrupt their elders. They meddle. But I have a sentimental weakness for my children and I have spoiled them. As you see. Signor Sollozzo, my no iis final. Let me say that I myself wish you good fortune in your business. It has no conflict with my own. I’m sorry that i had to disappoint you.” (Puzo 71). Because of Santino’s manner, Sollozzo finds out the weakness of the

Corleone Family. The interruption that Santino makes has made the enemy knows how to destroy the Corleone Family. Santino should have respected Don Vito’s decision on this narcotics deal, namely that Corleone Family will not mix up with this kind of deal although there is a huge amount of money in the deal. Don Vito has made his final decision no matter people like it or not. Even Don Vito’s own children must follow the final decision.

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On one occasion Johnny Fontane is a famous singer but he forgets his best childhood friend Nino Valenti. Johnny tells Don Vito Corleone that Nino does not have enough talent and that is why he cannot help Nino. Vito Corleone who adores friendship a lot tell Johnny that friendship is more than talent. Don Vito

Corleone wants to make Johnny realize that Nino deserves to be famous as

Johnny is.

When Johhny didn't answer, the Don went on. "Friendship is everything. Friendship is more than talent. It is more than government. It is almost the equal of family. Never forget that. if you had built up a wall of friendships you wouldn't have to ask me to help. Now tell me, why can't you sing? You sang well in the garden. As well as Nino." (Puzo 36).

Don Vito wants Johnny to arm himself with friendships like the way Don

Vito does. Don Vito honors others because he wants to be honored. Don Vito is big now because he builds up a wall of friendships and honor from everybody.

People have to respect the Don because Don Vito is a man of honor in the family. It happens when the former consiglori of Corleone family named Genco

Abbandando faces his death, he still respects Don Vito as someone special to him and he also feels afraid of something that he and Don Vito did in the past.

With a tortured, superhuman effort, Abbandando lifted his head off his pillow, eyes unseeing, and pointed a skeletal forefinger at the Don. “Godfather, Godfather,” he called out blindly, “save me from death, I beg you. My flesh is burning off my bones and I can feel the worms eating away my brain. Godfather, cure me, you have the power, dry the tears of my poor wife. In Corleone we played together as children and now will you let me die when I fear hell for my sins?” (Puzo 44).

Godfather must be someone powerful to Abbandano because he believes that

Godfather can save him from death. It is such an honor to be asked a favour like that. Giving honor to the old is also one of the Italian cultures. Davies’ Italian

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Community states that Italian respect and defer to those who are older, those who have achieved a level of business success, and those who come from well- connected families. Giving honor to Don Vito Corleone is such a respect to the one who has made living. Without The Godfather, the Family is nothing.

d. Pride

Lucky’s The Rules of Conduct states that the word mafia was once used to describe individuals of pride, excellence, grace and self-confidence. Italians have to apply the rules in their life and live them up. They also have to respect the women and the elders. When the members are told what to do, they have to do it with their heart, not only just do what they have to do. It is more on the sincere will than doing instructions from the boss. When Don Vito is shot and hospitalized, the youngest son Michael Corleone is willing to take revenge of his father’s misfortune. The plan is made. He has to kill a man, Sollozo, who is responsible and he will kill this man with his own hands although he is known as a college boy. Because of Michael’s innocence, it will be easy to get close to the real enemies.

....Michael flushed. “Well, they want me to go to a conference with Sollozzo. It will be me, Sollozzo and McCluskey all on our own. Set up the meeting for two days from now, then get our informers to find out where the meeting will be held. Insist that it has to be a public place, that I’m not going to let them take me into any apartments or houses. Let it be a restaurant or a bar at the height of the dinner hour, something like that, so that I’ll be safe. They’ll feel save too. Even Sollozzo won’t figure that we’ll dare to gun the captain. They’ll frisk me when I meet them so I’ll have to be clean then, but figure out a way you can get a weapon to me while I’m meeting them. Then I’ll take both of them.” (Puzo 132).

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Right after the conference, Michael Corleone shoots them until they are drop dead on the restaurant floor. Michael Corleone’s feeling is hurt by his Don

Vito’s misfortune and from deep inside of him he wants to kill everyone who is responsible for it. Michael becomes ready to serve his family at all cost because he has the pride to be one of the Corleones.

When Michael Corleone becomes the new Godfather, he still has respect to his elder brother Frederico Corleone. It happens when Michael Corleone has a meeting with Moe Green, the owner of casino in Las Vegas. Michael Corleone finds out that Moe Green slaps Frederico Corleone in front of many people.

Although it is Frederico’s faults, Michael considers it as a humiliation to the

Corleone Family. We can see the statement in the paragraph below. “Nobody answered. Michael said formally, “Freddy, you’re my older brother, I have respect for you. But don’t ever take sides with anybody against the Family again. I won’t even mention it to the Don.” (Puzo 389).

What Michael tries to say is that Frederico should have respected himself and never lets anyone disrespect the Family. Respect will come naturally when you respect yourself.

e. Omerta

Omerta means “the code of silence”. In The Rules of Conduct , Lucky states that every member of the family has to keep their mouth closed about what they know in the family business. If they dare to tell someone outside the family some important thing, their mouth will be closed forever and it means death penalty. It is said that Omerta is the root of Mafia tradition. They must never have any

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dealings with authorities under any circumstances. They keep the identities and activities of their Family as secret at all costs. Mafioso who betrays their family will be punished. It happens when The Corleones’ trusted man betrays the family; his name is Paulie Gatto. He sells some information to the enemy. Of course,

Gatto has to be killed.

Clemenza went to his den’s safe and opened it. He took out a gun and gave it to Lampone. “Use this one,” he said. “They can never trace it. Leave it in car with Paulie. When this job is finished I want you to take your wife and children on vacation to Florida...” (Puzo 103). On that day, Gatto is shot in the head and left in the car in the middle of a field far from the town.

Don Vito himself ever tells Santino Corleone to be silent and not letting anyone outside of the family know what they think about. When Don Vito tries to refuse the narcotics deal with Sollozo, his son Santino interrupts and speaks his interest on the business. Don Vito is not pleased with Santino’s ignorance. For more precise, Don Vito is angry with Santino’s manner that is lack of respect to him.

The Don nodded his head thoughtfully. Then he turned to his son and said gently, “Santino, never let anyone outside the family know what you are thinking. Never let them know what you have under your fingernails. I think your brain is going soft from all that comedy you play with that young girl. Stop it and pay attention to business. Now get out of my sight.” (Puzo 72). Every member of Corleone family knows this rule of silence “ omerta”, but sometimes some members just disobey it like Paulie Gatto or Don’s son, Santino.

However, breaking the code of silence is unforgivable. The ones who break it will be given death penalty then.

Omerta is also not only to keep the secrets of the family, but also to protect their selves from the unjust society. For example a member, whose daughter or

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son has been murdered, should keep their mouth closed and never tells the society who is the murderer. They should come to the Don and tell the truth. The one who deserves to know the murder is the mafia chief because everything will be arranged to take the revenge.

Faced with the savagery of this absolute power, the suffering people learned never to betray their anger and their hatred for fear of being crushed. They learned never to make themselves vulnerable by uttering any sort of threat since giving such a warning insured a quick reprisal. They learned that society was their enemy and so when they sought redress for their wrongs they went to the rebel underground, the Mafia. And the Mafia cemented its power by originating the law of silence, the omerta . Omerta became the religion of the people (Puzo 325).

Grabianowski’s Mafia History states that in Sicily the society’s authority was enforced through the threat of violence. Their criminal activities were never reported, even by the victims, because of the fear of reprisal. This was the beginning of the Sicilian Mafia (Grabianowski, par. 3). Thus, they are like a corporate organization. Only they negotiate their deals with bullets and threats of violence and who are guilty will be punished.

After Santino Corleone is murdered, Michael becomes the only hope for maintaining the Corleone Family’s power because Don Vito has retired. As

Michael honors the family, he sticks the rule of omerta . He has a plan that is not to tell who he is to others, even to his girlfriend, mother, sister and brother. The ones that know about the plan are just his right-hand men. Michael tells his girlfriend about this.

Now here’s something I’ll trust you with and I don’t want you to repeat it even to your father. If everything goes right, the Corleone Family will be completely legitimate in about five years. Some very tricky things have to be done to make that possible. That’s when you may become a wealthy widow. Now what do I want you for? Well, because I want you and I want a

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family. I want kids; it’s time. And I don’t want those kids to be influenced by me the way I was influenced by my father. I don’t mean my father deliberately influenced me. He never did. He never even wanted me in the family business. He wanted me to become a professor or a doctor, something like that. But things went bad and I had to fight for my Family (Puzo 362). So, Michael does what he has to do. The code of silence makes him organize murder to all traitors who betray the Corleone family and all the enemies. One day during his nephew’s baptism, Michael is his nephew’s godfather, all the traitors are eliminated. It is just like “baptism of blood” because when he is in the church becoming his nephew’s godfather and states to believe in God and deny evils, his men are killing the traitors and the enemies. The traitors have sold their loyalty to other family and it is time for them to pay with their lives.

The victory of the Corleone Family was complete....With this one savage attack, Michael Corleone made his reputation and restored the Corleone Family to its primary place in the New York Families. He was respected not only for his tactical brilliance but because some of the most important caporegimes in both the Barzini and Tattaglia Families immediately went over to his side (Puzo 437). No one knows the plan Michael has made. The men he trusts who know about this plan keep this code of silence. Everything goes smoothly. The Corleone Family now is the most powerful Family among the other Families.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter contains two subchapters. They are conclusions and suggestions. The conclusions part consists of the answers of the two formulated problems. The suggestions part consists of two sections. First is the suggestion for future researcher(s) and the second section presents the suggestion for teaching and learning activities.

A. Conclusions

Based on the analysis, there are two conclusions that can be drawn. The following are the conclusions. The first concern is the social and political backgrounds of the Corleone Family. The head of the family is Don Vito

Corleone. People usually call him the Don or the Godfather to show respect and affection because Don Vito Corleone is a humble and wise man who helps people sincerely. The family is a wealthy Italian family. They are a Mafia family, an organized crime family whose first business is just an oil olive importing company and then becomes larger. As everyone always comes to Don Vito

Corleone for help, he starts to not believe in society because it cannot protect its members, so he makes his own world and his own rules. Don Vito Corleone now has his own empire, his Corleone Family and influences many political and social powers. He is the one who has the most judges and politicians than any other

Mafia Families in the United States. Although Don Vito is a Mafia chief, he is not a crazy killer like people seem to think. He is just a responsible man of his own

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way. The Corleones become a powerful Mafia family in the society because the members, either blood relationship or not, are connected by strong love and respect to each other.

Secondly, it is the loyalty in the Corleone Family. In the Italian culture, loyalty to the family is very important. It is the basis of how to treat the members of the family in honouring ways. Each member of the Corleone Family supports and helps whenever one of them is in difficult situation. An attack to any member should be considered as an attack to all members. There are also the traditions of

Mafia that influence The Corleone Family to maintain severe loyalty. These traditions are kept together so all the members of Mafia family keep their faith to the family. They are obedience, loyalty, honor, pride and omerta or the law of silence. Don Vito Corleone keeps these traditions as fundamental aspects in ruling his family.

B. Suggestions

In this part, there are two points that will be discussed. The first section presents the suggestion for future researcher(s) and the second section presents the suggestion for teaching and learning activities.

1. Suggestion for Future Researcher(s)

Mario Puzo’s The Godfather is a very interesting novel. It presents the good sides of an organized crime family, the Corleone Family. The way the head of the family, Don Vito Corleone, thinks and makes decision is very wise, so it makes this family respected by everyone. He is feared and loved at the same time.

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This family is powerful that makes the members think twice before they betray them. The Corleones do not punish wrong people, but those who betray the family.

In this thesis, I chose to analyze the family loyalty that the Corleones have by discussing the social background and the reasons why they maintain severe loyalty to each member of the family in general, and specifically Don Vito

Corleone. Since the analysis of The Godfather which is based on their sociocultural-historical approach is limited in this thesis, I suggest for future researcher(s) to analyze other aspects of mafia traditions. There are still four tradition; obedience, honor, pride and omerta the code of silence. Therefore, for those who are interested to take The Godfather as the subject of their research, this thesis can be a reference, which will give some information about the novel.

2. Suggestion for Teaching Extensive Reading II Using Literary Work

Literature is able to rise the emotional response of the readers. By reading literary works, people do not just get the enjoyment but also other benefits. We can always learn something from literary works. Mario Puzo’s The Godfather is one of the greatest novels ever told. The family values and the family loyalty on the novel are good examples to have in real life.

Reading novels can give us some ideas to make them as materials for teaching and learning activities. Besides, reading novel is not just for pleasure by spending the time but it also can make us a creative person by making the novel as the source of teaching and learning literature.

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According to Lazar’s Literature and Language Teaching , there are some reasons why we use literature in the language classroom (Lazar 15-19): a. Motivating Material

Literature is highly valued in many countries around the world. For this

reason, students of English may experience a real sense of achievement at

using literary material in the classroom. If the materials are carefully chosen,

students will feel that what they do in the classroom is relevant and

meaningful to their own lives. b. Access to Cultural Background

Literature will be able to provide students with access to the culture of the

people whose language they are studying. By exposing the students to

literature in English, it seems that we should be asking them to think about

range of cultures from which literature in English is produced. Reading

English literature does encourage students to become broadly aware of the

social, political and historical events which form the background to a

particular play or novel. c. Encouraging Language Acquisition

Literature may provide an appropriate way of stimulating language

acquisition, as it provides meaningful and memorable contexts to process and

to interpret a new language. The use of literary text is often a particularly

successful way of promoting activities where students need to share their

feelings and opinions, such as discussion and groupwork. This is because

literature is very rich in multiple levels of meaning.

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d. Expanding Students’ Language Awareness

The use of literature with students can help them to become more sensitive to

some of the overall features of English. In the context of a novel or short story,

it will help the students to be more easily to interpret its underlying themes. e. Developing Students’ Interpretative Abilities

Literature is a particularly good source to develop students’ abilities to infer

meaning and to make interpretations. It is because literary text are often rich in

multiple levels of meaning, and demand that the reader/learner is actively

involved in ‘teasing out’ the unstated implications and assumptions of the text. f. Educating the Whole Person

Literature may have a wider educational function in the classroom in that it

can help to stimulate the imagination of our students, to develop their critical

abilities and to increase their emotional awareness. They will feel empowered

by their ability to grapple with the text and its language, and to relate it to the

values and traditions of their own society.

Related to Lazar’s statement above, it is clear that literature can be used not just as a source of teaching reading, but also teaching speaking, writing and structure. Therefore, this part discusses the implementation of the novel, The

Godfather , in teaching reading.

Reading is the basic skill and also one of important skills beside speaking, writing and listening in learning language. A novel can be used as a reading material in the teaching reading. In Literature and Language Teaching , Brumfit says that reading is the most autonomous ability in language work, and literary work is one of the most suitable materials to enhance the students’ reading skill

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(Brumfit 105). It does not mean that in this activity have to read the whole pages completely because the fact that the novel is quite long consists of 448 pages, 32 chapters. They just have to read a part of the novel of The Godfather on page 27 until page 31 and then answer the questions given based on the novel.

This activity is applied to the advanced learners of English. This study proposes to use a part of the novel The Godfather to teach Extensive Reading II for students of English Education Study Program. The teacher provides the meaning of difficult words. It is because in reading the material of the novel the students do not merely read but they have to try to understand the story.

In this reading activity the students are free in their way of reading. It is better if they have their own dictionary to help them find the meaning of difficult words. According to Lazar’s Literature and Language Teaching , a strategy for helping students with vocabulary is to give students some kind of glossary to use while reading. This could provide the meaning of important words in the text

(Lazar 91). So the meanings of some difficult words are provided to help the students understand the text.

When the students finish reading, the teacher divides them into groups and then they are asked to discuss with their friends the overall material whether they get the idea or not.

There are some procedures that should be taken by teacher to conduct this teaching activity. These procedures are intended to make the activity interesting and enjoyable for the students. They are as follows:

1. The teacher choose a certain part from the novel as the reading material

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2. The teacher makes some copies a part of the novel and distributes them to

the students.

3. The teacher asks the students the pre-reading questions orally

4. The students answer the question given by the teacher

5. The teacher divides the students into groups of five.

6. The teacher asks the students to read the reading material and gives them

certain time to finish reading the novel.

7. The teacher asks the students to discuss the answers of the comprehensive

questions in their group.

8. The teacher asks the students the post-reading questions.

In Appendix 5, this study provides the lesson plan of the implementation of The

Godfather in teaching reading.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agnes, Michael. Webster’s New World College Dictionary . 4 th ed. Ohio: Wiley Publishing,Inc., 2002.

Brumfit, Christopher and Ronald Carter. Literature and Language Teaching . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Cahill, Susan, and Michelle F. Cooper. The Urban Reader . New Jersey: Prentice- Hall, Inc., 1971.

Cawelti, John G. Adventure, Mystery, and Romance: Formula Stories as Art and Popular Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976.

Eshleman, J. Ross. The Family: An Introduction . 4 th ed. Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1985.

Farley, John E. American Social Problems . New Jersey: Prentise-hall, Inc., 1987.

Hawes, Joseph M. The Family in America . Volume 1. California: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2001.

Horton, Paul B, Chester L Hunt . Sociology . New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1980.

Hurlock, Elizabeth. Personality Development . New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1974.

Kephart, William M. The Family, Society, and The Individual . New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991.

Lado, Robert. Language Teaching: A Scientific Approach . New York: McGraw- Hill, Inc., 1974.

Lazar, Gillian. Literature and Language Teaching: A Guide for Teachers and Trainers . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Pendergast, Sara, and Tom Pendergast. Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20 th -Century America . San Francisco: Thompson Gale, 2002.

Pikunas, Justin. Structure, Sound and Sense. New York: Harcourt Brace Javaniavich, Inc., 1974.

Puzo, Mario. The Godfather . New York: G.P Putnam’s Sons, 1969.

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Rohrberger, Marry and Samuel H. Wood Jr. Reading and Writing About Literature .NewYork: Random House, 1971.

Stagner, Ross and Hjalmar Rosen. Psychology of Union-Management Relations. California: Wadsworth Publishing company, Inc. Belmont. 1965.

Sources from the internet:

Davies, Adriana Albi Ph.D. Italian Community . 2002. 11 April 2008.

Davies, Adriana Albi Ph.D. Italian Customs . 2002. 11 April 2008.

Grabianowski, Ed. The Structure of La Cosa Nostra . 1998. 29 January 2008.

Grabianowski, Ed. Mafia Induction . 1998. 29 January 2008.

Grabianowski, Ed. Mafia History . 1998. 29 January 2008.

Lucky, Charles. The Rules of Conduct . 2006. 19 May 2008.

Lutes, Charlie. Loyalty in Life . 2005. 2 July 2008. < http://www.maharishiphotos.com/lecture49.html>

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Appendix 1

SUMMARY OF THE STORY

The novel opens on Amerigo Bonasera pleads with Don Vito Corleone

“justice”. He talks about revenge because mobsters have gang raped his daughter.

After Bonasera pledges his eternal friendship to Don Vito, some Mafioso are sent to promise Don Vito’s assistance with stipulation that he may someday call upon

Bonasera “to return the favor”. This day is Don Vito’s daughter wedding day.

Because no Sicilian can refuse a request on the day of his daughter’s wedding, friends and neighbors line up, each wants something different.

Meanwhile, the rest of the family gathers for the wedding. Don Vito’s sons, Sonny and Fredo are present, along with their adopted brother Tom Hagen.

Tom Hagen is The Godfather’s right hand man and consiglioeri (advisor). Even the college-son, Michael, returns home for the festivity. He wears marine uniform he got from being a captain at post World War II. Michael and his American girlfriend Kay Adam stand apart from everyone at the wedding.

With the end of the war, times change, and as much as Don Vito seems in control in the wedding, his power is beginning to erode, and fellow Mafioso are beginning to regard his views on the importance of the family, loyalty and respect as antiquated. Despite pressure from all sides, Don Vito does not compromise, even when a mobster named Sallozo and the Tataglia Family offer high profits for those who support them in their drug trade. The Godfather refuses the deal with narcotics business offered by Sallozo. He is content to continue with his business on gambling, prostitution, and protection rackets.

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Don Vito’s refusal to do business with Sallozzo causes a war that will last for years and cost many lives. Each of the five major mob families in New York will be gouged by the bloodshed, and a new order will emerge. Betrayals will take place, and the Corleone family will be shaken up to its roots by treachery from both within and without.

Michael puts himself in the family business after an attempt on his father’s death. It is eventually Michael, rather than Sonny or Fredo, who takes control, killing the men who are responsible for the attempt on Don Vito’s death. In a moment unsurpassed for its emotional shock waves, Michael personally shoots rival Mafioso Sallozzo and corrupts New York police captain McCluskey.

After being sent into hiding in Sicily, Michael returns to New York when his brother Sonny is killed by rival gangsters. Michael immediately begins plotting the elimination of the heads of the rival families. It is clear that the man

Don Vito hopes might one day be the first Italian - American president has completed his evolution from idealist to corrupt upholder of family values.

In an operating climax, Michael now marries to Kay, as he attends a baptism as godfather of his nephew. Michael’s church vows provide a stunning counterpoint the baptism is intercut with scenes of Corleones’ soldiers murdering all those who have wronged the family.

At the end, Kay sees Mafioso after Mafioso enters her husband’s office to kiss his hand and swears allegiance. The door closes slowly on this chilling scene, which marks Michael’s having lost his soul for the sake of the family honor, becoming a new and far more threatening Godfather.

Taken from:

Wibowo, Ari. The Change of Michael Corleone’s Attitude and Its Affect to His Behavior in Francis Ford Copolla and Mario Puzo’s Moviescript, The Godfather. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2002.

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Appendix 2

THE BIOGRAPHY OF MARIO PUZO

Mario Puzo was born on October 15, 1920, in the part of New York City known as "Hell's Kitchen," a neighborhood on Manhattan's West Side. He is the son of Antonio and Maria, illiterate Italian immigrants. In 1946 he married Erika

Lina Broske, who is now deceased. The couple had five children: Anthony, Joey,

Dorothy, Virginia, and Eugene.

Puzo served in the Army Air Forces in Germany during World War II and became a corporal. After the war, he studied literature and creative writing at the

New School for Social Research and Columbia University, while writing short stories and plays. In 1950, he published his first short story, entitled, "The Last

Christmas," in American Vanguard.

Puzo's first book, The Dark Arena, was published in 1955, when Puzo was

35 years old. The book was about WW II, and although it received good reviews, it did not sell well. The same is true for his second novel, The Fortunate Pilgrim, a semi-autobiographical novel about Italian immigrants in New York City in the

1920's and 1930's.

Despite popularity with book critics, neither of Puzo's first two novels were successful enough to provide income, so in the mid 1960's Puzo became determined to write a money-making book. The result was The Godfather. A friend suggested that Puzo take his idea to G.P. Putnam's Sons after his own publishing company turned him down, so he met with Putnam's editors and told them Mafia stories and gave them his ten-page outline of The Godfather. They were sold, and he received a $5000 cash advance.

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The Godfather was published and released on March 10, 1969, when Puzo was 49 years old. After years of writing, Puzo had finally struck gold. He was shocked when his editor, Bill Targ, informed him that the paperback rights to The

Godfather were sold for a record-breaking $410,000.

In a 1996 interview with Larry King, Puzo admits that money was his motivation for many literary accomplishments in his life. He wrote The Godfather primarily to make money, and he collaborated on the three subsequent screenplays for the same reason. The Godfather movie was released in 1994 and the

Godfather: Part II was released in 1974, and both received Oscars. The Godfather:

Part III, released in 1990, was nominated for an Oscar.

Puzo wrote many other novels and screenplays as well. His first book after

The Godfather was Fools Die, published in 1978. The Sicilian, published in 1984, was #3 on the best-seller list for that year. The Fourth K was published in 1991 and The Last Don: A Novel, was published in 1996. Puzo contributed to The

Immigrant Experience: The Anguish of Becoming an American, edited by

Thomas C. Wheeler in 1971 and he wrote "The Godfather" Papers and Other

Confessions, 1972. He also wrote or co-wrote the screenplay for the movies

Earthquake, Superman, Superman II, and Christopher Columbus: The Discovery.

Taken from: http://www.answers.com/topic/the-godfather-author-biography

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Appendix 3

THE WORKS OF MARIO PUZO

THE NOVELS 1. The Dark Arena (1955) 2. The Fortunate Pilgrim (1965) 3. The Godfather (1969) 4. Fools Die (1978) 5. The Sicilian (1984) 6. The Fourth K (1990) 7. The Last Don (1996) 8. Omertà (2000) 9. The Family (2001)

THE FILMOGRAPHY 1. The Godfather (1972) 2. The Godfather, Part II (1974) 3. Earthquake (1974) 4. Superman: The Movie (1978) 5. Superman II (1980) 6. The Cotton Club (1984) 7. The Sicilian (1987) 8. “Mario Puzo’s The Fortunate Pilgrim” (1998) TV mini-series 9. The Godfather, Part III (1990) 10. Christopher Colombus: The Discovery (1992) 11. “Mario Puzo’s The Last Don” (1997) TV-mini series [novel only]

Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Puzo

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Appendix 4

The Picture of Mario Puzo

Taken from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/1045000/images/_1048304_puzo_300.jpg

Taken from: http://img2.timeinc.net/ew/img/review/000707/mario_l.jpg

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Appendix 5

LESSON PLAN TO TEACH INTENSIVE READING II

Subject : Intensive Reading II

Skill : Reading

Level of The Students : 2 nd semester students of English Education Study Program

Topic : Friendship

Material : Chapter 1, page 27-30

Time Allocation : 2 x 50 minutes

Basic Achievement Form of Learning Experiences Material Competence Indicators Evaluation

Reading - The students - The students skim the - Chapter - Discussion At the end of are able to passage 1, page - Students’ the discussion, develop reading - The students answer the 27-30 participation the students ability. questions given by the and are expected - The students teacher presentation to be able to are able to get - The students read the improve their complete and passage for detail reading skills, detailed - The students answer the apply reading understanding of comprehensive questions strategies the passage in their group through - The students - Each group presents to various types are able to the other groups the of texts and answer the result of the discussion. develop their questions based The other groups give English on the passage comment or disagree

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vocabulary and give about the answers opinions presented concerning the passage

Source

• Puzo, Mario. The Godfather . New York: G.P Putnam’s Sons, 1969.

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Appendix 6

Pre-Reading Question

Instruction:

Discuss with your friends:

1. What is friendship meant to you?

2. Do you help friends to get something in return? Why?

3. What are the types of true friends?

4. Do you believe you have armed yourself with true friends? Why?

Reading Activity

Read the following text carefully!

THE FRIENDSHIP

Amerigo Bonasera followed Hagen into the corner room of the house and found Don Corleone sitting behind a huge desk. Sonny Corleone was standing by the window, looking out into the garden. For the first time that afternoon the Don behaved coolly. He did not embrace the visitor or shake hands. The sallow-faced undertaker owed his invitation to the fact that his wife and the wife of the Don were the closest of friends. Amerigo Bonasera himself was in severe disfavour with Don Corleone. Bonasera began his request obliquely and cleverly. “You must excuse my daughter, your wife’s goddaughter, for not doing your family the respect of coming today. She is in the hospital still.” He glanced at Sonny Corleone and Tom Hagen to indicate that he did not wish to speak before them. But the Don was merciless. “We all know of your daughter’s misfortune,” Don Corleone said. “If I can help her in any way, you have only to speak. My wife is her godmother after all. I have never forgotten that honor.” This was a rebuke. The undertaker never called Don Corleone “Godfather” as custom dictated. Bonasera, ashen-faced, asked, directly now, “May I speak to you alone?” Don Corleone shook his head. “I trust these two men with my life. They are my two right arms. I cannot insult them by sending them away.” The undertaker closed his eyes for a moment and then began to speak. His voice was quiet, the voice he used to console the bereaved. “I raised my daughter in the American fashion. I believe in America. America has made my fortune. I gave my daughter her freedom and yet taught her never to dishonour her family. She faound a ‘boy friend,’ not an Italian. She went to the movies with him. She

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stayed out late. But he never came to meet her parents. I accepted all this without a protest, the fault is mine. Two months ago he took her for a drive. He had a masculine friend with him. They made her drink whiskey and then they tried to take advantage of her. She resisted. She kept her honor. They beat her. Like an animal. When I went to the hospital she had two black eyes. Her nose was broken. Her jaw was shattered. They had to wire it together. She wept through her pain. ‘Father, Father, why did they do it? Why did they do this to me?’ And I wept.” Bonasera could not speak further, he was weeping now though his voice had not betrayed his emotion. Don Corleone, as if against his will, made a gesture of sympathy and Bonasera went on, his voice human with suffering. “Why did I weep? She was the ligt of my life, a affectionate daughter. A beautiful girl. She trusted people and now she will never trust them again. She will never be beautiful again.” He was trembling, his sallow face flushed an ugly dark red. “I went to the police like a good American. The two boys were arrested. They were brought to trial. The evidence was overwhelming and they pleaded guilty. The judge sentenced them to three years in prison and suspended the sentence. They went free that very day. I stood in courtroom like a fool and those bastards smiled at me. And then I said to my wife: ‘We must go to Don Corleone for justice.’ ” The Don had bowed his head to show respect to the man’s grief. But when he spoke, the words were cold with offended dignity. “Why did you go to the police? Why didn’t you come to me at the beginning of this affair?” Bonasera muttered almost inaudibly, “What do you want of me? Tell me what you wish. But do what I beg you to do.” There was something almost insolent in his words. Don Corleone said gravely, “And what is that?” Bonasera glanced at Hagen and Sonny Corleone and shook his head. The Don, still sitting at Hagen’s desk, inclined his body toward the undertaker. Bonasera hesitated, then bent down and put his lips so close to the Don’s hairy ear that they touched. Don Corleone listened like a priest in the confessional, gazing away into the distance, impassive, remote. They stood so for a long moment until Bonasera finished whispering and straightened to his full height. The Don looked up gravely at Bonasera. Bonasera, his face flushed, returned the stare unflinchingly. Finally the Don spoke. “That I cannot do. You are being carried away.” Bonasera said loudly, clearly, “I will pay you anything you ask.” On hearing this, Hagen flinched, a nervous flick of his head. Sonny Corleone folded his arms, smiled sardonically as he turned from the window to watch the scene in the room for the first time. Don Corleone rose from behind the desk. His face was still impassive but his voice rang like cold death. “We have known each other many years, you and I,” he said to the undertaker, “but until this day you never came to me for counsel or help. I can’t remember the last time you invited me to your house for coffee though my wife is godmother to your only child. Let us be frank. You spurned my friendship. You feared to be in my debt.” Bonasera murmured, “I didn’t want to get into trouble.”

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The Don held up his hand. “No. Don’t speak. You found America a paradise. You had a good trade, you made a good living, you thought the world harmless place where you could take your pleasure as you willed. You never armed yourself with true friends. After all, the police guarded you, there were courts of law, you and your could come to no harm. You did not need Don Corleone. Very well. My feelings were wounded but I am not that sort of person who thrusts his friendship on those who do not value it-on those who think me of little account.” The Don paused and gave the undertaker a polite, ironic smile. “Now you come to me and say, ‘Don Corleone give me justice.’ And you do not ask with respect. You do not offer me friendship. You come into my home on the bridal day of my daughter and you ask me to do murder and you say”-here the Don’s voice became a scornful mimicry-“ ‘I will pay you anything.’ No, no, I am not offended, but what have I ever done to make you treat me so disrespectfully?” Bonasera cried out in his anguish and his fear, “America has been good to me. I wanted to be a good citizen. I wanted my child to be American.” The Don clapped his hands together with decisive approval. “Well spoken. Very fine. Then you have nothing to complain about. The judge has ruled. America has ruled. Bring your daughter flowers and a box of candy when you go visit her in the hospital. That will comfort her. Be content. After all, this is not a serious affair, the boys were young, high-spirited, and one of them is the son of a powerful politician. No, my dear Amerigo, you have always been honest. I must admit, though you spurned my friendship, that I would trust the given word of Amerigo Bonasera more than I would any other man’s. So give me your word that you will put aside this madness. It is not American. Forgive. Forget. Life is full of misfortunes.” The cruel and contemptuous irony with which all this was said, the controlled anger of the Don, reduced the poor undertaker to a quivering jelly but he spoke up bravely again.”I ask you for justice.” Don Corleone said curtly, “The court gave you justice.” Bonasera shookhis head stubbornly. “No. They gave the youths justice. They did not give me justice.” The Don acknowledged this fine destination with an approving nod, then asked, “What is your justice?” “An eye for an eye,” Bonasera said. “You asked for more,” the Don said. “Your daughter is still alive.” Bonasera said reluctantly, “Let them suffer as she suffers.” The Don waited for him to speak further. Bonasera screwed up the last of his courage and said, “How much shall I pay you?” It was a despairing wail. Don Corleone turned his back. It was a dismissal. Bonasera did not budge. Finally, sighing, a good-hearted man who cannot remain angry with an erring friend, Don Corleone turned back to the undertaker, who was now as pale as one of his corpses. Don Corleone was gentle, patient. “Why do you fear to give your first allegiance to me?” he said. “You go to the lawcourts and wait for months. You spend money on lawyers who know full well you are to be made a fool of. You accept judgement form a judge who sells himself like the worst whore in the streets. Years gone by, when you needed money, you went to the banks and aid ruinous interest, waited hat in hand like a beggar while they sniffed

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around, poked their noses up your very asshole to make sure you could pay them back.” The Don paused, his voice became sterner. “But if you had come to me, my purse would have been yours. If you had come to me for justice those scum who ruined your daughter would be weeping bitter tears this day. If by some misfortune an honest man like yourself made enemies they would become my enemies” – the Don raised his arm, finger pointing at Bonasera – “and then, believe me, they would fear you.” Bonasera bowed his head and murmured in a strangled voice, “Be my friend. I accept.” Don Corleone put his hand on the man’s shoulder. “Good,” he said, “you shall have your justice. Some day, and that day may never come, I wall call upon you to do me a service in return. Until that day, consider this justice a gift from my wife, your daughter’s godmother.” When the door closed behind the grateful undertaker, Don Corleone turned to Hagen and said, “Give this affair to Clemenza and tell him to be sure to use reliable people, people who will not be carried away by the smell of blood. After all, we’re not murderers, no matter what that corpse valet dreams up in his foolish head.” He noted that his first-born, masculine son was gazing through the window at the garden party. It was hopeless, Don Corleone thought. If he refused to be instructed, Santino could never run the family business, could never become a Don. He would have to find somebody else. And soon. After all, he was not immortal.

GLOSSARY

• undertaker : someone whose job is to arrange funerals • merciless : cruel and showing no kindness or forgiveness • custom : something that is done by people in particular society because it is traditional • ashen-faced : looking very pale because you are frightened • the bereaved : the person or people whose close friend or relative has just died • insolent : rude and not showing any respect • unflinchingly : not changing or becoming weaker, even in a very difficult situation • sardonically : showing that you do not have a good opinion of someone or something • spurn : to refuse to accept something or someone, especially because you are too proud • scornful : feeling or showing that someone is stupid and does not deserve respect • quivering jelly : shake slightly because you feel very afraid • erring : someone who makes a mistake • allegiance : loyalty to a leader • scum : unpleasant people • murmur : to say something in a soft quiet voice • corpse valet : someone who arrange dead body of a person

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Comprehensive questions

1. Why did Amerigo Bonasera come to Don Vito Corleone?

2. Why was Bonasera’s daughter beaten?

3. Do you agree with ‘justice’ –an eye for an eye- from Bonasera’s view? Why?

4. Why did Bonasera go to the police at first instead of going to Don Vito

Corleone?

5. Why did Don Vito Corleone refuse to help Bonasera at the first time?

6. Why did Don Vito Corleone feel disrespected?

7. What does actually the story tell?

Post-Reading Question

1. What is the topic of this novel?

2. Which one of the two main characters, Don Vito Corleone and Bonnasera, do

you like? Why?

3. Do you think The Godfather novel is interesting? Why?