DOCSLIB.ORG

Essential Newborn Care and Breastfeeding

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Essential Newborn Care and Breastfeeding Promoting Effective Perinatal Care Essential Newborn Care and Breastfeeding Training modules WHO Regional Office for Europe 2002 EUR/02/5035043 30063 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH UNEDITED E79227 Keywords INFANT CARE INFANT, NEWBORN INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES – therapy BREAST FEEDING HEALTH PERSONNEL – education TEACHING MATERIALS EUROPE, EASTERN EUROPE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES © World Health Organization – 2003 All rights in this document are reserved by the WHO Regional Office for Europe. The document may nevertheless be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced or translated into any other language (but not for sale or for use in conjunction with commercial purposes) provided that full acknowledgement is given to the source. For the use of the WHO emblem, permission must be sought from the WHO Regional Office. Any translation should include the words: The translator of this document is responsible for the accuracy of the translation. The Regional Office would appreciate receiving three copies of any translation. Any views expressed by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors. This document was text processed in Health Documentation Services WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen CONTENTS Page Preface............................................................................................................................................................i Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................1 Workshop Schedule.......................................................................................................................................4 Session 1: Understanding the determinants of perinatal and neonatal health ..............................................6 Perinatal, neonatal and infant mortality: current levels and time trends...................................................6 Causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity .............................................................................................7 Birth Asphyxia..........................................................................................................................................8 Low Birth Weight (LBW).........................................................................................................................8 Infections...................................................................................................................................................9 Congenital anomalies..............................................................................................................................10 Hypothermia ...........................................................................................................................................10 Other factors that influence the health of the newborn...........................................................................10 Reasons for not giving enough priority to newborn health care .............................................................11 Session 2: Strategies to reduce perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity and principles of essential newborn care.....................................................................................................12 Learning from experience .......................................................................................................................12 Strategies to improve perinatal and neonatal health ...............................................................................13 Principles and appropriate technologies for essential newborn care.......................................................13 Friendly environment for childbirth and promotion of maternal-infant bonding ...................................14 Initiation of spontaneous respiration.......................................................................................................15 Maintenance of body temperature...........................................................................................................16 Initiation and support of breastfeeding ...................................................................................................17 Prevention and management of infections ..............................................................................................18 Regionalization of neonatal care.............................................................................................................18 Session 3: Why promote breastfeeding? .....................................................................................................20 Advantages of breastfeeding and Disadvantages of artificial feeding ....................................................20 Breastfeeding and two million infant lives .............................................................................................20 Psychological benefits of breastfeeding..................................................................................................23 Benefits to society...................................................................................................................................24 The economics of breastfeeding .............................................................................................................25 Benefits to Ecology.................................................................................................................................25 Bottle-feeding: a waste of money, a waste of natural resources, a waste of time? .................................26 Benefits of breastfeeding to infant’s health ............................................................................................27 Protection against infection.....................................................................................................................27 Protection against infection.....................................................................................................................29 Protection against diarrhoea....................................................................................................................30 Protection against respiratory infection ..................................................................................................31 Colostrum, foremilk and hindmilk..........................................................................................................32 Protection from allergy ...........................................................................................................................34 Vitamins in different milks .....................................................................................................................37 Summary of differences between milks..................................................................................................38 Breastfeeding to delay a new pregnancy.................................................................................................39 Physiology of Lactational Infertility.......................................................................................................40 The Lactational Amenorrhoea Method (LAM).......................................................................................42 Session 4: Care of the healthy newborn ......................................................................................................45 Preparation for delivery in a maternity unit ............................................................................................45 Drying the infant.....................................................................................................................................45 Assessment of the infant .........................................................................................................................46 Give the baby to the mother....................................................................................................................46 Cleaning the airways...............................................................................................................................47 Cord care.................................................................................................................................................48 The First Feed .........................................................................................................................................49 Prophylactic procedures..........................................................................................................................50 Bathing the infant....................................................................................................................................51 Swaddling ...............................................................................................................................................51 Session 5: Breastfeeding Management in the Healthy Newborn ...............................................................53 How milk gets from breast to baby.........................................................................................................53 Anatomy of the breast.............................................................................................................................53 Prolactin ..................................................................................................................................................55
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2018 Infant Mortality Annual Report 2 Ohio Infant Mortality Report 2018 TABLE of CONTENTS
    2018 Infant Mortality Annual Report 2 Ohio Infant Mortality Report 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 SECTION 1: GENERAL FINDINGS 5-10 Ohio Infant Mortality Rate by Race and Ethnicity (2016-2018) 5 Trends in Ohio Infant Mortality (2009-2018) 6 Ohio Five-Year Average Infant Mortality Rates by County 8 Neonatal and Postneonatal Mortality Rates 9-10 SECTION 2: A DEEPER LOOK 11-19 Infant Mortality by Duration of Gestation and Birthweight 11-12 Risk Factors among Ohio Infant Deaths 13-14 Leading Causes of Infant Deaths 15-16 Prematurity-Related Infant Deaths 17 External Injury-Related Infant Deaths 18 Deaths to Infants Less Than 24 Weeks Gestation 19 DATA SOURCES AND METHODS 20 DEFINITIONS 21-22 REFERENCES 23 APPENDICES 24-45 Appendix A: The Ohio Equity Institute (OEI) 24-25 Appendix B: Sleep-Related Deaths 26-29 Appendix C: Supplementary Data Tables 30-45 Section 1: County-Level Infant Mortality Data 30-36 Section 2: A Deeper Look 37-45 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Ohio has identified infant mortality as a priority in its 2017-2019 State Health Improvement Plan (SHIP)1. Infant mortality is the death of an infant before his or her first birthday. The Infant Mortality Rate is the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births. The Infant Mortality Rate not only serves as a key indicator of maternal and infant health but is also an important measure of the health status of a community. In 2018, the infant mortality rate fell to 6.9 from 7.2 in 2017 for all races.
    [Show full text]
  • Low Birthweight
    OECD Health Statistics 2021 Definitions, Sources and Methods Low birthweight Number of live births weighing less than 2500 grams as a percentage of the total number of live births. Sources and Methods Australia Source: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. From 1991: Australia’s mothers and babies reports available to download at https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports- statistics/population-groups/mothers-babies/reports. - From 2013 onwards, the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare has produced the data. - From 1991 to 2012, the National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit produced the data on behalf of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Before 1991: State and Territory maternal and perinatal collections. Break in time series in 1991: Before 1991, data refer to selected states and territories only and have total births (live births + stillbirths) as a denominator. Further information: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-statistics/population-groups/mothers-babies/overview. Austria Source: Statistics Austria, Gesundheitsstatistisches Jahrbuch (Health Statistics Report), Lebendgeborene nach Geburtsgewicht (Live births by birth weight) (several issues). Further information: http://www.statistik.at/web_en/. Belgium Source: Federal Public Service Economic Affairs - Directorate General for statistical and economic information (former National Statistical Institute). Methodology: Since 2010, the official numbers for livebirths and deaths are coming from the Population National Register (and not exclusively from vital registration). Livebirths and deaths of residents taking place in foreign countries are therefore included in the statistics. Canada Source: Statistics Canada. Canadian Vital Statistics Birth Database. From 1979: Table 13-10-0404-01 (formerly CANSIM 102-4005). 1961-1978: Births, 1991, Cat. No.
    [Show full text]
  • Safety of Immunization During Pregnancy a Review of the Evidence
    Safety of Immunization during Pregnancy A review of the evidence Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety © World Health Organization 2014 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO website (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications –whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution– should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied.
    [Show full text]
  • Newborn Care 2 Table of Contents
    Newborn Care 2 Table of Contents Your Newborn ............................................ 4 Baby Basics ............................................... 16 Preparing for Your Baby ................................. 4 Stools ................................................................. 16 What to Expect in the Hospital ....................... 4 Wet Diapers ..................................................... 16 Your Newborn ................................................... 5 Diapering .......................................................... 16 Bathing .............................................................. 17 Comfort and Bonding ............................ 7 Skin Care .......................................................... 17 Handling Your Baby ......................................... 7 Fingernail Care ................................................ 17 Interacting with Your Baby ............................. 7 Umbilical Cord Care ....................................... 17 Crying and Comfort ......................................... 7 Circumcision Care .......................................... 17 Bonding with Baby ............................................ 9 Infant Development ........................................ 10 Health and Safety ................................. 18 Baby Wearing .................................................. 11 Sleep Safety ....................................................... 18 SUID and SIDS ................................................ 18 Sleep..............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Breastfeeding Matters
    Breastfeeding Matters An important guide for breastfeeding families ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Best Start by Health Nexus would like to thank the Public Health Units of Ontario who supported the creation and development of this provincial resource and generously shared their resources and expertise. We would also like to thank the parents and the experts who provided input for this booklet. Final review was done by Marg La Salle, RN, BScN, IBCLC, and BFI Lead Assessor. The information in this booklet is current at the time of production but information can change over time. Every effort will be made to ensure the information remains current. Throughout this resource, gender-specific language such as “woman”, “women” and “mother” is used in order to accurately cite the research referred to. We intend these terms to refer to all childbearing individuals, regardless of their gender identity or sexual orientation. Funded by the Government of Ontario. Table of Contents SECTION 1 .......................... 3 SECTION 4 ........................ 27 The Importance of Breastfeeding Important Things to Know • Risks of Not Breastfeeding • Waking a Sleepy Baby • Your Breastfeeding Rights • Calming a Fussy Baby • The Baby-Friendly Initiative • Burping Your Baby • Making an Informed Decision • Growth Spurts • Family Support • Sore Nipples • Peer Support • Using a Pacifier (Soother) • Engorgement SECTION 2 ........................ 11 • Storing Your Breast Milk Helping Your Baby Get a Good Start • Skin-to-Skin SECTION 5 ........................ 33 • Safe Positioning
    [Show full text]
  • Maine Infant and Perinatal Health
    MAINE INFANT AND PERINATAL HEALTH Strengths Challenges th 9 in 10 Maine infants are 10 highest born full-term (8.7% premature at <37 smoking rate during pregnancy th weeks; 7 lowest prematurity rate in the U.S.) (13% of women smoke during pregnancy; rate has been declining.) 7% of infants are born weighing less than 2,500 gram. (low birthweight; 80 infant deaths on average th 13 lowest in the U.S.) occur each year. Maine had the 18th th highest infant mortality rate in the U.S. 9 lowest teen in 2016 (5.7 per 1,000); 8th highest rate among White, Non-Hispanics (2014-2016); birth rate in the U.S. (13.1 per 1,000 Rate has been improving. aged 15-19); the rate has been declining steadily since the 1990s. 37% of new mothers in Maine 1 in 3 infants are breastfed did not intend to get pregnant or exclusively for 6 months. (5th were unsure if they wanted to be highest in the U.S.); 85% have ever been pregnant (trend is improving). breastfed (19th in the U.S.). 85% of infants are most often 1 in 11 new mothers in placed to sleep on their backs. Maine used marijuana during (14% increase since 2004; 6th highest in the pregnancy. U.S.); only 35% usually put their infants to sleep on an approved surface and 44% put their infants to sleep without loose or soft bedding. Almost 1,000 infants are reported as born drug affected each year; of 28 states, Maine had the 2nd highest rate of neonatal abstinence syndrome in 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • V5 Sectiona-FIMR 02-07-18.Xlsx
    FIMR Report Form National Fatality Review Case Reporting System Version 5.0 Data entry website: https://data.ncfrp.org 1-800-656-2434 [email protected] www.ncfrp.org SAVING LIVES TOGETHER Instructions: This case report is used by Fetal and Infant Mortality Review (FIMR) teams to enter data into the National Fatality Review Case Reporting System (NFR-CRS). The NFR-CRS is available to states and local sites from the National Center for Fatality Review & Prevention (NCFRP) and requires a data use agreement for data entry. The purpose is to collect comprehensive information from multiple agencies participating in a review. The NFR-CRS documents demographics, the circumstances involved in the death, investigative actions, services provided or needed, key risk factors and actions recommended and/or taken by the team to prevent other deaths. While this data collection form is an important part of the FIMR process, it should not be the central focus of the review meeting. Experienced users have found that it works best to assign a person to record data while the team discussions are occurring. Persons should not attempt to answer every single question in a step-by-step manner as part of the team discussion. It is not expected that teams will have answers to all of the questions. However, over time abstractors and teams begin to understand the importance of data collection and will make efforts to incorporate necessary information into the case summary. The percentage of cases marked "unknown" and unanswered questions decreases as the team becomes more familiar with the form. The NFR-CRS Data Dictionary is available.
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics Associated with Failure to Complete The
    Characteristics Associated with Failure to Complete the Pneumococcal Vaccine Series among Children with Sickle Cell Disease or Sickle Cell Trait Mary Kleyn, MSc, Violanda Grigorescu, MD, MSPH, Rachel Potter, DVM, MSc, Patricia Vranesich, RN, BSN, Robin O Neill, MPH, William Young, PhD, Robert Swanson, MPH Michigan Department of Community Health BACKGROUND METHODS CONCLUSIONS The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) releases Age at time of vaccination was calculated using the birth date and vaccine date. Children with SCD had slightly higher pneumococcal vaccination series immunization schedules for various age groups that are approved by the Characteristics of those with SCD were compared to those of children with SCT using chi-square tests. completion rates compared to children with SCT, though both groups had Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, the American Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess characteristics associated completion rates below 50%. Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Academy of Family with failure to complete the pneumococcal vaccine series. Physicians (Table 1).1 The immunization completion rates for the pneumococcal vaccination series should be improved for children with SCD given their increased risk for Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at increased risk of infections. acquiring invasive infections. RESULTS Select characteristics are associated with decreased likelihood of vaccine Timely completion of the pneumococcal vaccine series, defined as From 2004-2008, 291 newborns were diagnosed with SCD and 14,536 were reported as SCT. receipt among children with SCT, while no associations were found among receiving 4 pneumococcal vaccines by 15 months of age, could reduce Through linkages, approximately 97% of these newborns were matched with birth certificate records, and children with SCD.
    [Show full text]
  • Neurosonographic Abnormalities Associated with Maternal History of Cocaine Use in Neonates of Appropriate Size for Their Gestational Age
    Neurosonographic Abnormalities Associated with Maternal History of Cocaine Use in Neonates of Appropriate Size for Their Gestational Age Vikram Singh Dogra, Jaye M. Shyken, P. A. Menon, Jesse Poblete, Dina Lewis, and James S. Smeltzer PURPOSE: To determine whether increased incidence of neurosonographic abnormalities (pre­ dominantly of the basal ganglia and thalamus) in cocaine-exposed neonates who are small for their gestational age is attributable to the cocaine or to neonatal size. METHODS: Neonates whose sizes were appropriate for their gestational age with no evidence of hypoxia or respiratory distress were identified prospectively by a maternal history of cocaine use. Scans were performed within 72 hours of birth using a 7.5-MHz transducer following a standard protocol. The images were analyzed without access to patient information. Forty study neonates were compared with 34 control subjects who were appropriate in size for their gestational age, scanned using the same protocol. Comparisons were made using Fisher Exact Test, t test, and logistic regression. RESULTS: No control infant had neurosonographic abnormalities. In the study group, gestational age ranged from 27 to 41 weeks. Of the 40 study neonates, 14 (35 %) had one neurosonographic abnormality; two had two abnormalities. The predominant lesion was focal echolucencies, mainly in the area of the basal ganglia (10 of 40, 25%). Other findings were caudate echogenicity (3 of 40, 7.5%), ventricular dilation (2 of 40, 5%) and one "moth-eaten" appearance of the thalamus. Lesions were more likely approaching term and were not related to prematurity or alcohol use. CONCLUSION: Apparently normal neonates with a maternal history of cocaine use are likely to have degenerative changes or focal infarctions in their basal ganglia attributable to cocaine.
    [Show full text]
  • USIT Exam Answer
    American Board of Family Medicine 2018 IN-TRAINING EXAMINATION CRITIQUE BOOK This book contains the answers to each question in the In-Training Examination, as well as a critique that provides a rationale for the correct answer. Bibliographic references are included at the end of each critique to facilitate any further study you may wish to do in a particular area. Copyright© 2018 The American Board of Family Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. Item 1 ANSWER: E A urine test for Legionella pneumophila antigen is the preferred method to confirm Legionnaires’ disease. This test is rapid and will only detect Legionella pneumophila antigen. A sputum culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis of Legionnaires’ disease but it requires 48–72 hours. A chest radiograph does not confirm the diagnosis but may show the extent of disease. Responding to antibiotic treatment does not confirm a specific diagnosis. Ref: Mercante JW, Winchell JM: Current and emerging Legionella diagnostics for laboratory and outbreak investigations. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015;28(1):95-133. 2) National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases: Legionella (Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever): Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017. Item 2 ANSWER: C Risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants include a breech presentation in the third trimester, regardless of whether the delivery was cesarean or vaginal. Other indications to evaluate an infant for this condition include a positive family history, a history of previous clinical instability, parental concern, a history of improper swaddling, and a suspicious or inconclusive physical examination.
    [Show full text]
  • Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Newborn Screening Guide for Homebirths January 2021
    Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Newborn Screening Guide for Homebirths January 2021 333 S. Grand Avenue, PO Box 30195 Lansing, Michigan 48909 Phone 517-335-9205 • Fax 517-335-9739 Toll-free 866-673-9939 www.michigan.gov/newbornscreening Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................................4 OVERVIEW OF MICHIGAN NEWBORN SCREENING ....................................................................................5 Dried Blood Spot Screening ........................................................................................................................... 5 Hearing Screening .........................................................................................................................................6 Critical Congenital Heart Disease Screening ................................................................................................. 6 NEWBORN SCREENING PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE ..............................................................................7 Role of the Homebirth Attendant .................................................................................................................... 7 Educating Parents about NBS ....................................................................................................................... 7 Obtaining the NBS Card ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Safer Swaddling
    Safer Swaddling Although swaddling has been practiced for years, recent studies show that swaddling for sleep can put your baby at risk of suffocation. If you have tried calming your baby and nothing has worked, you can try swaddling to settle your crying baby. What are the risks of swaddling? Swaddling can get in the way of Swaddling for sleep may result in mother- baby bonding and newborn sudden infant death feeding g Loose fabric can cover baby’s face and Skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby cause suffocation. has many benefits. It helps you develop your g If the baby becomes unwrapped, the fabric relationship with your baby, helps reduce your can become wrapped around baby’s neck and baby’s stress, promotes more restful sleep and cause strangulation. helps with breastfeeding. g The baby may roll onto his or her stomach and be unable to roll back . Tight swaddling can be risky g Babies wrapped in blankets or heavy fabrics g Tight swaddling can interfere with breathing can get too hot, which increases the risk of and can even lead to pneumonia. Your baby Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). must have enough room for his or her chest g Sleeping with a baby on a bed or couch greatly to move. increases the risk of sudden infant death and g It can cause long-term hip problems. Your suffocation. This risk is even higher when a baby must have enough room to freely move baby is swaddled. the hips and legs. January 2016 When to stop swaddling baby When baby can roll or is able to unravel the wrap, it is time to stop swaddling because the loose fabric creates a suffocation or strangulation risk.
    [Show full text]