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Engaging Helen Hacker: Collected Works and Reflections of a Feminist

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Engaging Helen Hacker Collected Works and Reflections of a Feminist Pioneer Engaging Helen Hacker Collected Works and Reflections of a Feminist Pioneer Heather McLaughlin and Kyle Green with Christopher Uggen University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing Minneapolis Copyright©2018byHeatherMcLaughlin,KyleGreen,andChristopherUggen. PublishedbytheUniversityofMinnesotaLibrariesPublishing 30919thAvenueSouth Minneapolis,MN55544 www.lib.umn.edu/publishing ISBN:978-1-946135-51-3 CoverdesignbyDelaneyFitzPatrick. Thisbookisavailableinalternativeformats,includingprint,atz.umn.edu/helenhacker Portions of this book were previously published. All articles are reprinted with permission from theoriginalpublisherorauthor. SectionI:EugeniaSmith,“HelenHacker:RebelwithaCause.”FirstpublishedinCLAToday.©2006UniversityofMinnesota. Reprinted by permission of University of Minnesota. Helen Hacker, “Slouching Toward Sociology.” First published in Individual Voices, Collective Visions: Fifty years of Sociology, ed Ann Goetting and Sarah Fenstermaker. © 1995 Temple University Press. Reprinted by permission of Temple University Press. Section II. Helen M. Hacker, “The New Burdens of Masculinity”inMarriageandFamilyLiving©1957JohnWiley&Sons.ReprintedbypermissionofJohnWiley&Sons.HelenM. Hacker,“Men’sAttitudesTowardGenderRoleIssues.”FirstpublishedinSexualityTodayandTomorrow,editedbySolGordon & Roger W. Libby. © 1976 Helen M. Hacker. Reprinted by permission of author. Helen M. Hacker, “The Feminine Protest of theWorkingWife.”FirstpublishedinTheIndianJournalofSocialWork.©1971TataInstituteofSocialSciences.Reprintedby permissionofTataInstituteofSocialSciences.HelenM.Hacker.1976.“TheSocio-EconomicContextofSexandPower:AStudy of Women, Work and Family Roles in Four Israeli Institutional Frameworks.” Pp. 579-600 in Women—Volume I, A PDI Research Reference Work, edited by Florence L. Denmark. Helen M. Hacker. 1977. “Problems in Defining and Measuring Marital Power Cross-Culturally.” First published in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences © 1977 John Wiley & Sons. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons. Section III. Helen M. Hacker. 1971. “Homosexuals: Deviant or Minority Group?” Pages 65-92 in The Other Minorities: Nonethnic Collectivities Conceptualized as Minority Groups, edited by Edgar Sagarin. Helen M. Hacker, “The Future of Sexuality: A Sociologist’s View.” First published in Sexual Choices, edited by Gilbert D. Nass, Rober W. Libby, & Mary Pat Fisher. © 1981 Helen Hacker. Reprinted by permission of the author. Helen M. Hacker, “BlabbermouthsandClams:SexDifferencesinSelf-DisclosureinSame-SexandCross-SexFriendshipDyads.”Firstpublishedin Psychology of Women Quarterly © 1981 Sage. Reprinted by permission from Sage. Section IV. Helen M. Hacker, “Bases of Individuation in the Modern World.” First published in Phylon © 1955 Clark Atlanta University. Reprinted by permission of ClarkAtlantaUniversity.HelenM.Hacker,“GenderRolesFromaCross-CulturalPerspective.”Pp.185-214inGenderandSex inSociety,editedbyLucileDuberman.© 1975HelenM.Hacker.Reprintedbypermissionoftheauthor.HelenM.Hackerand AudreyMeyer,“Dateline:Nairobi1985.”FirstPublishedinSWSNetworkNews©1985HelenM.HackerandAudreyMeyer. Reprintedbypermissionfromtheauthor.SectionV.HelenM.Hacker,“SecretSocieties.”FirstpublishedinAmericanJournalof Sociology © 1948 University of Chicago. Reprinted by permission from University of Chicago.Helen M. Hacker. 1951. “Structural-Functionalism asa‘DeductiveIdealTypeMethod.’”AmericanJournalofSociology©1951UniversityofChicago. Reprinted by permission of University of Chicago. Helen M. Hacker, “The Ishmael Complex.” First published in American Journal of Psychotherapy © 1952 Helen Hacker. Reprinted by permission from author. Helen M. Hacker, “How Clergymen ViewHippiedom.”FirstpublishedinTheChristianCentury©1970theChristianCentury.ReprintedbypermissionfromThe ChristianCentury. I. Revisiting Helen Hacker Helen Hacker: Rebel with a Cause . 9 Slouching Towards Sociology . 15 II. Work and Family The New Burdens of Masculinity . 47 Men’s Attitudes Toward Gender Role Issues . 64 The Feminine Protest of the Working Wife . 70 The Socio-Economic Context of Sex and Power: A Study of Women, Work and Family Roles in Four Israeli Institutional Frameworks . 80 Problems in Defining and Measuring Martial Power Cross- Culturally . .100 III. Sexuality, Intimacy, and Friendships Homosexuals: Deviant or Minority Group? . .119 The Future of Sexuality: A Sociologist’s View . .157 Blabbermouths and Clams: Sex Differences in Self Disclosure in Same-Sex and Cross-Sex Friendships Dyads . .160 IV. Women of All Types and Locations Bases of Individuation in the Modern World . .189 Gender Roles from a Cross-Cultural Perspective . .205 Sex Roles in Black Society: Caste Versus Caste . .245 The Women’s Movement: Report from Nairobi . .257 Women and Religion in Islam . .276 V. Helen M. Hacker: Critic and Provocateur Secret Societies . .297 Arnold Rose’s “A Deductive Ideal Type Method” . .301 Marx, Weber, and Pareto on the Changing Status of Women . .308 The Ishmael Complex . 330 How Clergymen View Hippiedom . .357 Postscript I. Revisiting Helen Hacker I remember what Oscar Wilde said: “never do in private what can’t be shouted from the rooftops.” And that’s the way I feel—I didn’t say anything the whole world can’t hear. We (Heather and Kyle) first met Dr. Helen Mayer Hacker in 2011 as graduate students at the University of Minnesota. Helen spent the long evening pouring us drinks, sharing stories and laughter, and engaging in deep intellectual discussions. Her story is a fascinating one. Adopted and raised by a Jewish family in Minneapolis in the 1920s, she dropped out of high school in the 1930s and enrolled in classes at the University of Minnesota. By the mid-1940s she had finished her coursework at Columbia University, and completed her dissertation and earned her Ph.D. in 1961. She published her most well-known articles during that window, but continued writing and teaching about gender, sexuality, family, and other sociological topics until long after she retired from Adelphi University in 1984. We prepared this volume with the hope and expectation that others will enjoy reading her work and remembering her as much as we have. In this book we bring together the life and work of Dr. Hacker, a pioneering feminist sociologist and tireless social activist who advocated for women and other marginalized groups for over sixty years. In her scholarship, her abundant intellectual curiosity and courage are difficult to miss. Taken together, the pieces of this collection highlight how her continuous push for the study of new topics and for innovative ways of measuring social phenomena, particularly within the areas of gender, family, and sexuality, helped lay the foundation for the work that followed over the next half century. Hacker’s nontraditional career path and existence on a number of social margins played key roles in pushing her to always move beyond the established script. While influenced by her interest in a critical engagement with gender, her scholarship demonstrated an independence and desire to study groups that other scholars had relegated to the margins, whether due to race, sexuality, or religion. In doing so, she demonstrated an appreciation for intersectionality long before the approach was coined, theorized, and popularized by scholars such as Kimberlé Crenshaw and Patricia Hill Collins. It is also worth noting that Hacker’s empathy extended beyond groups that faced structural oppression, as she managed to be both critical and caring when making sense of the challenges that white men faced in a changing world. During our 2011 interview, Helen told us that she wrote about men “to be even-handed. And because of my personal experience. I don’t know, maybe I didn’t want to be accused of being one-sided or just caring about women.” Hacker was also the quintessential gadfly, never content to remain confined to academia or allow an injustice to stand. She proudly made waves (“I heard that alumnae were threatening to cut off bequests 2 Engaging Helen Hacker to the college unless they got rid of this damn Yankee”) and took extraordinary steps to make lemonade when life threw lemons her way (“I was giving soap box talks against imperialism on Moore and 6th Ave…carefully conserving all the vegetables that were hurled at me from the stoop and inviting people over…for dinner.”). She never hesitated to voice her opinion—whether in academic journals, professional conferences, newspaper op-eds, or her own fashion: “I was wearing my other t-shirt with freedom riders but I noticed it had a bleach stain, so I didn’t wear that shirt today, but most of my t-shirts make some kind of statement.” It is worth noting that Helen’s backup t-shirt of choice, emblazoned with the words “allergic to stupid,” was by no means quiet. “Allergic to stupid” Returning to Hacker’s work while armed with contemporary scholarship on sex and gender provides a fresh perspective on many issues of particular relevance today. As you read, you may want to reflect on how these issues have evolved over time, how society has both changed and remained the same, and the implications for men, women, and those whose identities do not fit within the gender binary. We also hope the collection provides an opportunity to be inspired by Helen’s abundance of grit, empathy, and humor. In 3 the early 1950s women comprised less than one-third of the labor force, with the vast majority relegated to low-paying, less prestigious positions. But by that time,
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