Institutional Dynamics of Science-Policy Interfaces in International Biodiversity Governance

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Institutional Dynamics of Science-Policy Interfaces in International Biodiversity Governance Institutional dynamics of science-policy interfaces in international biodiversity governance Thomas Koetz A thesis submitted Supervised by for the degree of Doctor Dr. Sybille van den Hove of Environmental Prof. Joan Martínez Alier Sciences May 2011 ICTA, Autonomous University of Barcelona Doctoral Program in Environmental Sciences 0.1 Abstract Over the past decades the international community has engaged in consid- erable efforts in science and politics to counter the degradation and loss of biological diversity and ecosystem services. Yet, despite these efforts, bio- logical diversity and ecosystem services continue to be degraded and lost at alarming rates. This thesis focuses on the need for improved interrelations between science and policy as a crucial element of institutional reform nec- essary to address the current impasse of biodiversity and ecosystem servic- es governance. Science-policy interfaces are critical forces in shaping the development of environmental governance. But interactions between sci- ence and policy are increasingly challenged by the complexity of today’s problems in unprecedented ways. Growing awareness of the importance of science-policy interfaces as key elements of environmental governance has triggered a range of reflections and debate regarding the design of more effective science-policy interfaces including in biodiversity and ecosystem services governance. However, significant divergence remains in under- standing what science-policy interfaces are and how they work, where and why they currently fail, and what would be needed to improve them. This divergence is impeding the opportunities to substantively engage with the necessary institutional reforms. In this context, the objectives of this thesis have been (i) to further develop a coherent theoretical framework for science-policy interfaces that is useful for their design and management; (ii) to analyse shortcomings of a range of exist- ing science-policy interfaces in biodiversity and ecosystem services governance; and (iii) to explore needs for and suitable options to improve them allowing for a more effective governance of biodiversity and ecosystem services. To reach these objectives, the thesis builds on three case studies that cover critical assessment of (i) the use of participation as an important concept in science-policy interfaces in European biodiversity governance, in particular as regards the Birds and Habitats Directive; (ii) the role the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA) as science-policy in- terface to the Convention on Biological Diversity; and (iii) the debate related to the now-to-be established Intergovernmental science-policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). The principle research methods applied are participant observation at a broad range of relevant events and activities, and critical discourse analysis of a wealth of related texts, discus- sions and interviews. The thesis describes science-policy interfaces in institutional terms, as a combination of cognitive models, normative structures and rights, rules and procedures that define and enable social practices interrelating science and policy, assign roles to scientists, policy-makers and other relevant stake- and knowledge-holders, and guide their interactions according to given prin- ciples and purposes. A set of critical mismatches, gaps and other shortcom- ings has been identified together with three major rhetorical shifts that have emerged in response calling for (i) a shift from universal globalocentric to- wards a more flexible polycentric understanding of policy making; (ii) a shift from a puzzle-solving linear model towards a more integrated non-linear ap- proach of science for policy; and (iii) a shift from a conservationist and out- come-oriented towards a more anthropocentric and driver/pressure-oriented approach to biodiversity governance. While this rhetoric is beginning to result in changing practices of how science and policy are being interfaced, remnants of the established institutional design continue to prevail. Based on the needs explored, what has emerged as recommendation from the here pre- sented research is a discursive, dynamic and polycentric network of science- policy interfaces reaching across regions, sectors and scales – an option of which most elements are either currently being discussed, are firmly rooted in decisions taken by the international community or could build on pro- cesses and programmes that are already in place. 0.2 Resumen En las últimas décadas, la comunidad internacional ha realizado un esfuerzo considerable en el campo de las ciencias y la política para contrarrestar la degra- dación y la pérdida de la diversidad biológica y de los servicios de los ecosistemas. Sin embargo, a pesar de estos esfuerzos, la diversidad biológica y los servicios eco- sistémicos siguen degradándose y perdiéndose a un ritmo alarmante. Esta tesis se centra en la necesidad de mejorar las interrelaciones entre la ciencia y la política como un elemento crucial de la reforma institucional necesaria para hacer frente al estancamiento actual en que se encuentra la gobernanza sobre la biodiversidad y los servicios del ecosistema. La interacción ciencia-políticas es fundamental en el desarrollo de la administración medioambiental. Sin embargo, esta interac- ción se enfrenta a un reto creciente debido a la complejidad sin precedentes de los problemas actuales. La creciente conciencia de la importancia de las inter- relaciones entre ciencia y políticas como elementos clave de la gobernanza me- dioambiental ha desencadenado una serie de reflexiones y debates relativos al diseño de unas relaciones entre ciencia y políticas más eficaces en los campos ya mencionados de la biodiversidad y de los servicios del ecosistema. Sin embargo, prevalecen diferencias significativas en la comprensión de lo que son y cómo funcionan estas relaciones, dónde y por qué fallan en la actualidad, y qué sería necesario hacer para mejorarlas. Esta divergencia obstaculiza las oportunidades de llevar a cabo las necesarias reformas institucionales de forma sustancial. En este contexto, los objetivos de esta tesis han sido (i) elaborar un marco teórico coherente de las relaciones ciencia-políticas que sea útil para el diseño y gestión de las mismas, (ii) analizar las deficiencias de las relaciones ciencia-políticas actuales en cuanto a la gobernanza de la biodiversidad y de los servicios del ecosistema, y (iii) explorar las necesidades y opciones que serían idóneas para mejorarlas per- mitiendo una gestión más eficaz de la biodiversidad y servicios ecosistémicos. Para alcanzar estos objetivos, la tesis se basa en el examen intensivo de tres casos prácticos que cubren la evaluación crítica de (i) el uso de la participación como un concepto importante en las relaciones ciencia-políticas en la gobernanza de la biodiversidad europea, en particular en lo que respecta a la Directiva sobre hábi- tats y aves (Birds and Habitats Directive), (ii) el papel del Órgano subsidiario de asesoramiento científico, técnico y tecnológico (OSACTT) como interfaz entre ciencia y política en la Convención sobre diversidad biológica, y (iii) el debate en torno a la plataforma intergubernamental ciencia-políticas que se establecerá ahora sobre biodiversidad y servicios de los ecosistemas (IPBES, por sus siglas en inglés). Los principales métodos de investigación aplicados son la observación mediante la participación en una amplia gama de acontecimientos y actividades pertinentes, y el análisis crítico del discurso de una gran cantidad de textos, de- bates y entrevistas relacionados con el objeto de la tesis. En ésta se describen las relaciones entre políticas y ciencia en términos insti- tucionales, como una combinación de modelos cognitivos, estructuras nor- mativas y derechos, normas y procedimientos que definen y promueven las prácticas sociales que relacionan ciencia y políticas, que asignan funciones a científicos, legisladores y otras partes interesadas y con conocimiento de es- tos temas, y que guían sus interacciones de acuerdo con determinados prin- cipios y objetivos. Se ha identificado una serie de desajustes críticos, lagunas y otras deficiencias junto con tres cambios retóricos importantes que han surgido en respuesta a dichas deficiencias. Lo que se requiere es la necesidad de (i) un cambio de una perspectiva global, de carácter universal, a una or- ganización más flexible y policéntrica del establecimiento de políticas, (ii) un cambio de un modelo lineal dedicado a la resolución de problemas con- cretos a un enfoque más integrado, no lineal, de la ciencia para el desarrollo de políticas, y (iii) el cambio de un enfoque conservacionista y orientado a los resultados hacia uno más antropocéntrico y centrado en los factores causales en la gobernanza de la biodiversidad. En base a estas necesidades, lo que aquí se sugiere es el establecimiento de una red discursiva, dinámica y policéntrica de relaciones entre ciencia y políticas que abarque distintas regiones, sectores y escalas. Esta es una opción sobre la que actualmente se discuten la mayoría de sus elementos, está firmemente arraigada en las de- cisiones tomadas por la comunidad internacional o que podría basarse en procesos y programas que ya existen. 0.3 Acknowledgments Above all, I want to thank Dr. Sybille van den Hove and Prof. Joan Martinez Alier for their supervision of this thesis. I sincerely appreciate all their advise, constructive critique and effort in
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