The Analgetic Effects of Low Concentrations of Nitrous Oxide Compared in Man with Morphine Sulphate
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The Open Pain Journal, 2017, 10, 44-55 the Open Pain Journal
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Leeds Beckett Repository Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] 44 The Open Pain Journal, 2017, 10, 44-55 The Open Pain Journal Content list available at: www.benthamopen.com/TOPAINJ/ DOI: 10.2174/1876386301710010044 REVIEW ARTICLE Effect of Age, Sex and Gender on Pain Sensitivity: A Narrative Review Hanan G. Eltumi1,2 and Osama A. Tashani1,2,* 1Centre for Pain Research, School of Clinical and Applied Sciences Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK. 2Department of Physiology, Faculty of medicine, University of Benghazi, Libya. Received: February 05, 2017 Revised: May 23, 2017 Accepted: May 26, 2017 Abstract: Introduction: An increasing body of literature on sex and gender differences in pain sensitivity has been accumulated in recent years. There is also evidence from epidemiological research that painful conditions are more prevalent in older people. The aim of this narrative review is to critically appraise the relevant literature investigating the presence of age and sex differences in clinical and experimental pain conditions. Methods: A scoping search of the literature identifying relevant peer reviewed articles was conducted on May 2016. Information and evidence from the key articles were narratively described and data was quantitatively synthesised to identify gaps of knowledge in the research literature concerning age and sex differences in pain responses. Results: This critical appraisal of the literature suggests that the results of the experimental and clinical studies regarding age and sex differences in pain contain some contradictions as far as age differences in pain are concerned. -
Opioid Tolerance in Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Comparison
Gutwinski et al. Harm Reduction Journal (2016) 13:7 DOI 10.1186/s12954-016-0095-0 RESEARCH Open Access Opioid tolerance in methadone maintenance treatment: comparison of methadone and levomethadone in long-term treatment Stefan Gutwinski*, Nikola Schoofs, Heiner Stuke, Thomas G. Riemer, Corinde E. Wiers and Felix Bermpohl Abstract Background: This study aimed to investigate the development of opioid tolerance in patients receiving long-term methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Methods: A region-wide cross-sectional study was performed focusing on dosage and duration of treatment. Differences between racemic methadone and levomethadone were examined. All 20 psychiatric hospitals and all 110 outpatient clinics in Berlin licensed to offer MMT were approached in order to reach patients under MMT fulfilling the DSM IV criteria of opiate dependence. In the study, 720 patients treated with racemic methadone or levomethadone gave information on the dosage of treatment. Out of these, 679 patients indicated the duration of MMT. Results: Treatment with racemic methadone was reported for 370 patients (54.5 %), with levomethadone for 309 patients (45.5 %). Mean duration of MMT was 7.5 years. We found a significant correlation between dosage and duration of treatment, both in a conjoint analysis for the two substances racemic methadone and levomethadone and for each substance separately. These effects remained significant when only patients receiving MMT for 1 year or longer were considered, indicating proceeding tolerance development in long-term treatment. When correlations were compared between racemic methadone and levomethadone, no significant difference was found. Conclusions: Our data show a tolerance development under long-term treatment with both racemic methadone and levomethadone. -
Estrogenic Influences in Pain Processing
Estrogenic influences in pain processing Asa Amandusson and Anders Blomqvist Linköping University Post Print N.B.: When citing this work, cite the original article. Original Publication: Asa Amandusson and Anders Blomqvist, Estrogenic influences in pain processing, 2013, Frontiers in neuroendocrinology (Print), (34), 4, 329-349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.06.001 Copyright: Elsevier http://www.elsevier.com/ Postprint available at: Linköping University Electronic Press http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-100488 Estrogenic Influences in Pain Processing Åsa Amandussona and Anders Blomqvistb aDepartment of Clinical Neurophysiology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden, and bDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden. Correspondence to: Dr. Åsa Amandusson, E-mail: [email protected], or Dr. Anders Blomqvist, E-mail: [email protected] Amandusson & Blomqvist, page #2 Abstract Gonadal hormones not only play a pivotal role in reproductive behavior and sexual differentiation, they also contribute to thermoregulation, feeding, memory, neuronal survival, and the perception of somatosensory stimuli. Numerous studies on both animals and human subjects have also demonstrated the potential effects of gonadal hormones, such as estrogens, on pain transmission. These effects most likely involve multiple neuroanatomical circuits as well as diverse neurochemical systems and they therefore need to be evaluated specifically to determine the localization and intrinsic characteristics of the neurons engaged. The aim of this review is to summarize the morphological as well as biochemical evidence in support for gonadal hormone modulation of nociceptive processing, with particular focus on estrogens and spinal cord mechanisms. -
Pain Management & C.A.R.E.®
Creating Environments that Heal Pain Management & C.A.R.E.® By Susan E. Mazer, Ph.D President & CEO Healing HealthCare Systems, Inc. ABSTRACT Pain management has reached the apex of conflict between what patients have a right to expect and how physicians balance safe pain relief with suffering. With the Opioid Epidemic being attributed in part to the over-prescribing by physicians, the push to find alternatives is greater now than in the past. However, there is little understanding about the experience and mechanisms of pain and its management. This paper provides an overview of the history of pain theories and their relationship to patients’ empowerment in managing their conditions. The dictum that pain is not a disease, but rather a symptom, allows for broader understanding and exploration on a per patient basis. Theories that inform pain management practices, such as Focused Attention, Attention Restoration, and Restorative Environments are also reviewed. In addition, research that points to the patient’s pain beliefs, attitudes, and emotional state informing their capacity to self-regulate pain and the effectiveness of pain management strategies is discussed. The C.A.R.E. Channel and C.A.R.E. with Guided Imagery are discussed in the context of current pain management practices and creating an environment of care that is, itself, a means of mitigating pain. This includes concerns about comfort and self-management of pain that extend beyond hospitalization. CREATING ENVIRONMENTS THAT HEAL | WWW.HEALINGHEALTH.COM Page 1 Pain Management & C.A.R.E. By Susan E. Mazer, Ph.D President & CEO Healing HealthCare Systems, Inc. -
PDF (Thesis Document)
The experience of pain in the context of childbirth for Hong Kong Chinese women: a longitudinal cohort interview study Lee Lai Yin, Irene A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Central Lancashire. July 2017 1 Student Declaration I declare that while registered as a candidate for the research degree, I have not been a registered candidate or enrolled student for another award of the University or other academic or professional institution. I declare that no material contained in the thesis has been used in any other submission for an academic award and is solely my own work. Signature of Candidate: Type of Award: Doctor of Philosophy School of Community Health and Midwifery 2 Abstract Childbirth, the biggest life event for a woman, is a complicated process. Childbirth pain not only involves physiological sensations, but also psychosocial and cultural factors. In addition, the way the woman handles the pain is affected by the meaning she attributes to it. In order to understand the experience of Hong Kong Chinese women in terms of childbirth in general and childbirth pain in particular, and to learn the meanings attributed, a longitudinal qualitative descriptive study was conducted with the aim of exploring the experience and meaning of pain in the context of childbirth for Hong Kong Chinese women. The study was informed by a systematic review and metasynthesis of existing relevant literature. Since people’s attitudes, beliefs and behaviours may change over a period of time, data were collected from the participants at 4 different time points: around 36 weeks of pregnancy; on postnatal day 3; 6-7 weeks after birth; and 10-12 months after birth. -
Nitrous Oxide in Emergency Medicine Í O’ Sullivan, J Benger
214 ANALGESIA Emerg Med J: first published as 10.1136/emj.20.3.214 on 1 May 2003. Downloaded from Nitrous oxide in emergency medicine Í O’ Sullivan, J Benger ............................................................................................................................. Emerg Med J 2003;20:214–217 Safe and predictable analgesia is required for the identify these zones as there is considerable vari- potentially painful or uncomfortable procedures often ation between people. He also emphasised the importance of the patient’s pre-existing beliefs. If undertaken in an emergency department. The volunteers expect to fall asleep while inhaling characteristics of an ideal analgesic agent are safety, 30% N2O then a high proportion do so. An appro- predictability, non-invasive delivery, freedom from side priate physical and psychological environment increases the actions of N2O and may allow lower effects, simplicity of use, and a rapid onset and offset. doses to be more effective. Unlike many other Newer approaches have threatened the widespread use anaesthetic agents, N2O exhibits an acute toler- of nitrous oxide, but despite its long history this simple ance effect, whereby its potency is greater at induction than after a period of “accommoda- gas still has much to offer. tion”. .......................................................................... MECHANISM OF ACTION “I am sure the air in heaven must be this Some writers have suggested that N2O, like wonder-working gas of delight”. volatile anaesthetics, causes non-specific central nervous system depression. Others, such as 4 Robert Southey, Poet (1774 to 1843) Gillman, propose that N2O acts specifically by interacting with the endogenous opioid system. HISTORY N2O is known to act preferentially on areas of the Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the oldest known anaes- brain and spinal cord that are rich in morphine thetic agent. -
Inhibition of Autotaxin Activity Ameliorates Neuropathic Pain
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Inhibition of autotaxin activity ameliorates neuropathic pain derived from lumbar spinal canal stenosis Baasanjav Uranbileg1, Nobuko Ito2*, Makoto Kurano1, Kuniyuki Kano3, Kanji Uchida2, Masahiko Sumitani4, Junken Aoki3 & Yutaka Yatomi1 Lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSS) or mechanical compression of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is one of the causes of low back pain and neuropathic pain (NP). Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a potent bioactive lipid mediator that is produced mainly from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) via autotaxin (ATX) and is known to induce NP via LPA1 receptor signaling in mice. Recently, we demonstrated that LPC and LPA were higher in cerebrospinal fuid (CSF) of patients with LSS. Based on the possible potential efcacy of the ATX inhibitor for NP treatment, we used an NP model with compression of DRG (CD model) and investigated LPA dynamics and whether ATX inhibition could ameliorate NP symptoms, using an orally available ATX inhibitor (ONO-8430506) at a dose of 30 mg/kg. In CD model, we observed increased LPC and LPA levels in CSF, and decreased threshold of the pain which were ameliorated by oral administration of the ATX inhibitor with decreased microglia and astrocyte populations at the site of the spinal dorsal horn projecting from injured DRG. These results suggested possible efcacy of ATX inhibitor for the treatment of NP caused by spinal nerve root compression and involvement of the ATX-LPA axis in the mechanism of NP induction. Neuropathic pain (NP) is characterized by abnormal pain symptoms such as hyperalgesia and allodynia and is caused by damage to the peripheral or central nervous system 1,2. -
Opioid Receptorsreceptors
OPIOIDOPIOID RECEPTORSRECEPTORS defined or “classical” types of opioid receptor µ,dk and . Alistair Corbett, Sandy McKnight and Graeme Genes encoding for these receptors have been cloned.5, Henderson 6,7,8 More recently, cDNA encoding an “orphan” receptor Dr Alistair Corbett is Lecturer in the School of was identified which has a high degree of homology to Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow the “classical” opioid receptors; on structural grounds Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, this receptor is an opioid receptor and has been named Glasgow G4 0BA, UK. ORL (opioid receptor-like).9 As would be predicted from 1 Dr Sandy McKnight is Associate Director, Parke- their known abilities to couple through pertussis toxin- Davis Neuroscience Research Centre, sensitive G-proteins, all of the cloned opioid receptors Cambridge University Forvie Site, Robinson possess the same general structure of an extracellular Way, Cambridge CB2 2QB, UK. N-terminal region, seven transmembrane domains and Professor Graeme Henderson is Professor of intracellular C-terminal tail structure. There is Pharmacology and Head of Department, pharmacological evidence for subtypes of each Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical receptor and other types of novel, less well- Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, characterised opioid receptors,eliz , , , , have also been Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. postulated. Thes -receptor, however, is no longer regarded as an opioid receptor. Introduction Receptor Subtypes Preparations of the opium poppy papaver somniferum m-Receptor subtypes have been used for many hundreds of years to relieve The MOR-1 gene, encoding for one form of them - pain. In 1803, Sertürner isolated a crystalline sample of receptor, shows approximately 50-70% homology to the main constituent alkaloid, morphine, which was later shown to be almost entirely responsible for the the genes encoding for thedk -(DOR-1), -(KOR-1) and orphan (ORL ) receptors. -
What Are the Treatments for Heroin Addiction?
How is heroin linked to prescription drug abuse? See page 3. from the director: Research Report Series Heroin is a highly addictive opioid drug, and its use has repercussions that extend far beyond the individual user. The medical and social consequences of drug use—such as hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, fetal effects, crime, violence, and disruptions in family, workplace, and educational environments—have a devastating impact on society and cost billions of dollars each year. Although heroin use in the general population is rather low, the numbers of people starting to use heroin have been steadily rising since 2007.1 This may be due in part to a shift from abuse of prescription pain relievers to heroin as a readily available, cheaper alternative2-5 and the misperception that highly pure heroin is safer than less pure forms because it does not need to be injected. Like many other chronic diseases, addiction can be treated. Medications HEROIN are available to treat heroin addiction while reducing drug cravings and withdrawal symptoms, improving the odds of achieving abstinence. There are now a variety of medications that can be tailored to a person’s recovery needs while taking into account co-occurring What is heroin and health conditions. Medication combined with behavioral therapy is particularly how is it used? effective, offering hope to individuals who suffer from addiction and for those around them. eroin is an illegal, highly addictive drug processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of certain varieties The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) has developed this publication to Hof poppy plants. -
The Effects of the Morphine Analogue Levorphanol on Leukocytes: Metabolic Effects at Rest and During Phagocytosis
The effects of the morphine analogue levorphanol on leukocytes: Metabolic effects at rest and during phagocytosis Nancy Wurster, … , Penelope Pettis, Sharon Lebow J Clin Invest. 1971;50(5):1091-1099. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI106580. Studies on bacteria have suggested that morphine-like drugs have effects on the cell membrane. To determine the effect of this class of drugs on a mammalian cell, we selected the rabbit peritoneal exudate granulocyte, which undergoes striking membrane changes during phagocytosis. We examined the effect in vitro of the morphine analogue, levorphanol on phagocytosis and metabolism by granulocytes incubated with and without polystyrene particles or live Escherichia coli. Levorphanol (1 or 2 mmoles/liter) decreased: (a) acylation of lysolecithin or lysophosphatidylethanolamine in the medium (which is stimulated about two-fold during phagocytosis) both at rest (40%) and during phagocytosis (60%); (b) uptake of latex particles and Escherichia coli, as judged by electron microscopy; (c) killing of live Escherichia coli (10-fold); (d) 14 14 + CO2 production from glucose-1- C during phagocytosis by at least 80%; (e) K content of granulocytes (35%); (f) oxidation of linoleate-1-14C by 50%, and its incorporation into triglyceride by more than 80%. However, levorphanol stimulated 2 to 3-fold the incorporation of linoleate-1-14C or palmitate-1-14C into several phospholipids. Glucose uptake, lactate production, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content are not affected by the drug. Thus, levorphanol does not appear to exert its effects through generalized metabolic suppression. Removal of levorphanol by twice resuspending the granulocytes completely reverses all inhibition. In line with observations on bacteria, it appears that the complex effects of levorphanol on […] Find the latest version: https://jci.me/106580/pdf The Effects of the Morphine Analogue Levorphanol on Leukocytes METABOLIC EFFECTS AT REST AND DURING PHAGOCYTOSIS NANcY WuRsTE, PETER ELSBACH, ERIc J. -
Therapeutic Guidelines in Chronic Low Back Pain
Pharmacia 68(1): 117–120 DOI 10.3897/pharmacia.68.e50297 Review Article Therapeutic guidelines in chronic low back pain Daniela Taneva1, Angelina Kirkova2, Pеtar Atanasov3 1 Medical University – Plovdiv, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Public Health, 15A Vasil Aprilov Blvd., Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria 2 Medical University – Plovdiv, Department of Medical Informatics, Biostatistics and E-learning, Faculty of Public Health, 15A Vasil Aprilov Blvd., Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria 3 Clinic of Internal Diseases, UMHATEM “N. I. Pirogov”, Sofia, Bulgaria Corresponding author: Angelina Kirkova ([email protected]) Received 20 January 2020 ♦ Accepted 27 January 2020 ♦ Published 8 January 2021 Citation: Taneva D, Kirkova A, Atanasov P (2021) Therapeutic guidelines in chronic low back pain. Pharmacia 68(1): 117–120. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.68.e50297 Abstract Chronic low back pain is a heterogeneous group of disorders with recurrent low back pain over 3 months. The high incidence of lumbago is an important phenomenon in our industrial society. Patients with chronic low back pain often receive multidisciplinary treatment. The bio approach, the psycho-approach, and the social approach optimally reduce the risk of chronicity by providing rehabilitation for patients with persistent pain after the initial acute phase. Damage to the structures of the spinal cord and the occur- rence of low back pain as a result of evolutionary, social and medical causes disrupt the rhythm of life and cause less or greater dis- ability. Recovery of patients with low back pain is not limited only to influencing the pain syndrome but requires the implementation of programs to eliminate the complaints that this pathology generates in personal, family and socio-professional terms. -
The Main Tea Eta a El Mattitauli Mali Malta
THE MAIN TEA ETA USA 20180169172A1EL MATTITAULI MALI MALTA ( 19 ) United States (12 ) Patent Application Publication ( 10) Pub . No. : US 2018 /0169172 A1 Kariman (43 ) Pub . Date : Jun . 21 , 2018 ( 54 ) COMPOUND AND METHOD FOR A61K 31/ 437 ( 2006 .01 ) REDUCING APPETITE , FATIGUE AND PAIN A61K 9 / 48 (2006 .01 ) (52 ) U . S . CI. (71 ) Applicant : Alexander Kariman , Rockville , MD CPC . .. .. .. .. A61K 36 / 74 (2013 .01 ) ; A61K 9 / 4825 (US ) (2013 . 01 ) ; A61K 31/ 437 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61K ( 72 ) Inventor: Alexander Kariman , Rockville , MD 31/ 4375 (2013 .01 ) (US ) ( 57 ) ABSTRACT The disclosed invention generally relates to pharmaceutical (21 ) Appl . No. : 15 /898 , 232 and nutraceutical compounds and methods for reducing appetite , muscle fatigue and spasticity , enhancing athletic ( 22 ) Filed : Feb . 16 , 2018 performance , and treating pain associated with cancer, trauma , medical procedure , and neurological diseases and Publication Classification disorders in subjects in need thereof. The disclosed inven ( 51 ) Int. Ci. tion further relates to Kratom compounds where said com A61K 36 / 74 ( 2006 .01 ) pound contains at least some pharmacologically inactive A61K 31/ 4375 ( 2006 .01 ) component. pronuPatent Applicationolan Publication manu saJun . decor21, 2018 deSheet les 1 of 5 US 2018 /0169172 A1 reta Mitragynine 7 -OM - nitragynine *** * *momoda W . 00 . Paynantheine Speciogynine **** * * * ! 1000 co Speclociliatine Corynartheidine Figure 1 Patent Application Publication Jun . 21, 2018 Sheet 2 of 5 US 2018 /0169172 A1