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African Journal of Political Science and International Relations Volume 11 Number 11 November 2017 ISSN 1996-0832

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African Journal of Political Science and International Relations Volume 11 Number 11 November 2017 ISSN 1996-0832 African Journal of Political Science and International Relations Volume 11 Number 11 November 2017 ISSN 1996-0832 ABOUT AJPSIR The African Journal of Political Science and International Relations (AJPSIR) is published monthly (one volume per year) by Academic Journals. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations (AJPSIR) is an open access journal that publishes rigorous theoretical reasoning and advanced empirical research in all areas of the subjects. We welcome articles or proposals from all perspectives and on all subjects pertaining to Africa, Africa's relationship to the world, public policy, international relations, comparative politics, political methodology, political theory, political history and culture, global political economy, strategy and environment. The journal will also address developments within the discipline. Each issue will normally contain a mixture of peer-reviewed research articles, reviews or essays using a variety of methodologies and approaches. Contact Us Editorial Office: [email protected] Help Desk: [email protected] Website: http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJPSIR Submit manuscript online http://ms.academicjournals.me/ Editors Dr. Thomas Kwasi Tieku Dr. Aina, Ayandiji Daniel Faculty of Management and Social Sciences New College, University of Toronto Babcock University, Ilishan – Remo, Ogun State, 45 Willcocks Street, Rm 131, Nigeria. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Prof. F. J. Kolapo Dr. Mark Davidheiser History Department University of Guelph Nova Southeastern University 3301 College Avenue; SHSS/Maltz Building N1G 2W1Guelph, On Canada Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Dr. Nonso Okafo Graduate Program in Criminal Justice Dr. Enayatollah Yazdani Department of Political Science Department of Sociology Norfolk State University Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics University of Isfahan Norfolk, Virginia 23504 Isfahan Iran. Dr. Johan Patrik Stålgren Department of Political Science, Göteborg University, Dr. Kannamma S Raman Department of Civics and polotics Göteborg. Sweden University of Mumbai Vidyanagari, Kalina Mumbai 400 098 Dr. Nawal K. Paswan India. Centre for South, Central, South East Asia and South West Pacific Studies Dr. Upendra Choudhury School of International Studies Jawaharlal Nehru University Department of Political Science New Delhi 110067 Aligarh Muslim University, India. Aligarh-202002 Uttar Pradesh, India. Dr. Okotoni Matthew Olu Department of Public Administration Obafemi Dr. S.M. Omodia Awolowo University Department Of Political Science, Ile-Ife, Kogi State University Nigeria. Anyigba, Kogi State Nigeria. Dr. Rudra Prakash Pradhan Vinod Gupta School of Management Indian Naheed Shabbir Goraya Centre Institute of Technology, Kharagpur West for South Asian Studies University Bengal- 721 302, of the Punjab, Lahore Pakistan. India. Dr. Muhammad Ishaque Fani Dr. Murat Gül Department of Pakistan Studies, Department of International Relations Süleyman Demirel University, ISPARTA, Turkey. Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Editorial Board Prof. TOHĂNEANU, Cecilia Prof. Branko Dimeski, Dean -The Faculty of Political Science Department of Administration and Management Christian University, Dimitrie Cantemir”, Splaiul Unirii Information Systems St. Kliment Ohridski University nr. 176, Bucharest Romania. Partizanska bb 7000, Bitola Assistant Prof. Bulend Aydın ERTEKIN, Republic of Macedonia Department of Journalism Anadolu Dr. PRAGATI JAIN University Eskisehir Turkey Associate Prof. Sanghvi Institute of Management and Science, Dr. Zakir Husain Indore- 453331 Assoc. Prof. Economics, (M.P), INDIA. Institute of Development Studies Kolkata, (IDSK) 1 Reformatory Street, Calcutta University Alipore Dr. Jagdish P. Verma Campus, 5th Floor, Post-Doctoral Fellow, UGC Major Research Project, Dept. of Calcutta 700 027, Defence & Strategic Studies, Faculty of Science, Allahabad INDIA. University, Allahabad Dr. Yu-Kang Lee, Associate Professor Dr. Enayatollah Yazdani Department of Political Economy Associate Professor National Sun Yat-Sen University Department of Political Science Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics Taiwan (R.O.C.) The University of Isfahan Dr. Xi Chen, IRAN. Assistant Professor Department of Political Science Dr. Amir Ahmed Khuhro, Assistant Professor School of Social and Behavioral Sciences 208 SBS Department of International Relations 1201 W. University Dr. Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur (Mir’s), Edinburg, TX, 78541 Sindh, Pakistan USA Dr. Bharat Chandra Rout Prof. Muhammad Saleem Mazhar Research Scholar Professor of Persian, Chairman, National University of Educational Planning and Department of Persian, Administration (NUEPA) University of the Punjab, 17-B, Sri Aurobindo Marg, Lahore New Delhi India Prof. BOSTAN D. IONEL ‘A l . I. Cuza‘ Dr. Mohammed Viquaruddin University of Iasi, Assistant Professor Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Dept. of Political Science ROMANIA Deogiri College, Station Road, Dr. Muhammad Ishaque Fani Associate Professor, Alemayehu Fentaw Weldemariam International Relations, Solomon Asch Center for Study of Jimma University (JU) - Faculty of Law Eth-Political Conflict, Jimma, Oromia 378 Department of Psychology, Ethiopia. Bettws-Y-Coed 237 Bryn Mawr College, 101N Merion Avenue, Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010-2899 African Journal of Political Science and International Relations Table of Contents: Volume 11 Number 11 November 2017 ences ARTICLES The U.S informal empire: US African Command (AFRICOM) expanding the US economic-frontier by discursively securitizing Africa using exceptional speech acts 301 Khaled Al-Kassimi Barotseland and the advocacy for statehood: A case entailing the complexities of statehood and state recognition in public international law 317 Ancietos Mwansa Vol. 11(11), pp. 301-316, November 2017 DOI: 10.5897/AJPSIR2017.1019 Article Number: B7E109666514 African Journal of Political Science and ISSN 1996-0832 Copyright © 2017 International Relations Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPSIR Full Length Research Paper The U.S informal empire: US African Command (AFRICOM) expanding the US economic-frontier by discursively securitizing Africa using exceptional speech acts Khaled Al-Kassimi Department of Political Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Received 7 May, 2017; Accepted 11 September, 2017 The mission statement of US African Command (AFRICOM), articulated by President George Bush in 2007, declared African underdevelopment and human insecurities as a threat to US national security. Since 10 years have elapsed from the time of AFRICOM’s inauguration, this paper seeks to highlight that the organization has fallen short in realizing its mission statement. This unnerving reality has given credence to intellectuals who adopt an apocalyptic position vis-à-vis the organization. Intellectual skeptics disconcerted with AFRICOM located in the Global South and Global North have come to the conclusion that AFRICOM’s actuality as an organization primarily advanced American economic interest and perceived issues of African development as trivial. In the 21st-century, US security experts discursively shifted Africa from being a politicized issue to a securitized issue thereby constructing the continent as posing an existential threat not only to American geostrategic interest, but also American identity of exceptionalism. By using the work of New Left historian William Appleman Williams and by referencing speech actors with political capital, this paper highlights that the process of securitizing Africa using exceptional speech acts to expand corporate capitalism is not unique to Africa since there are historical discursive parallels between early and current speech acts deliberated during junctures involving US foreign ventures. Key words: US African Command (AFRICOM), African Union (AU), securitization, speech act, exceptionalism, expansionism, economic-frontier, security-development discourse, US informal empire, William Appleman Williams, apocalyptic-complementary positions. INTRODUCTION The United States of America’s stratégie de grandeur issue. The Anglo-American field of international relations, during the Cold War has traditionally treated the African along with its subfield of security studies, which positions continent as a politicized issue rather than a securitized the state as the main referent object being secured, did not E-mail: [email protected]. Authors agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License 302 Afr. J. Pol. Sci. Int. Relat. deliberate a speech act that securitized Africa in terms of nations, except Egypt, leading Ryan Henry, the Principal being a valued strategic frontier and a threat to national Deputy Secretary Defense for Policy to emphasize “rather security. That is not to say that US hegemony did not than three different commanders who have Africa as third covertly influence internal politics in Africa in terms of or fourth priority, there will be one commander that has it funding what was then called “anti-communist” guerilla as a top priority” (Rozoff, 2010). On October 1st 2007, movements as Africa was stigmatized as the prime President George Bush established AFRICOM, directly example of peoples incapable of modernity (Mamdani, recognizing Africa’s importance as a geostrategic frontier 2004). Newly decolonized countries in Africa were labelled in promoting, according
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