26Th Quarterly Literature Update
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Measurement & Monitoring: 26th Quarterly Literature Update These references have been added to the literature database developed for the Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for the 21st Century (21M2) website. The searchable archive of abstracts is located at www.clu-in.org/programs/21m2/litsearch.cfm 1,4-Dioxane: The Impact of Analytical Method -- A Case Study Linton, P.J. (Blasland, Bouck, and Lee, Inc., Tampa, FL); T. Armstrong (Lockheed Martin, Bethesda, MD); J. Alonso and B. Foster (Blasland, Bouck, and Lee, Inc.). The 23rd Annual International Conference on Contaminated Soils, Sediments and Water, 15-18 October 2007, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Northeast Regional Environmental Health Center, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst. Abstracts, 2007 Commercial laboratories commonly analyze for 1,4-dioxane (CAS 123-91-1) in groundwater by either EPA Method 8260 or 8270, though 1,4-dioxane is not listed for the latter method. Method 8260 generally does not achieve reporting limits that meet regulatory concentrations. Determination of 1,4-dioxane in water at low detection levels also can be accomplished using a modified approach to Method 8270 with isotope dilution. Because of time and sample volume concerns, many laboratories have begun analyzing for 1,4-dioxane using a modified Method 8260 with specific ion monitoring (SIM) GC-MS to improve the detection limits. During recent characterization sampling at a central Florida site in groundwater affected by chlorinated volatile organic compounds and 1,4-dioxane, split samples of groundwater were collected and analyzed by both Method 8270 and 8260 SIM. The difference in reported concentrations of 1,4-dioxane by the two methods was significant, sometimes by orders of magnitude. A study was initiated to evaluate the effect of the different analytical methods on reported concentrations. This paper presents an evaluation of the comparison of Method 8260 SIM, Method 8270, and Method 8270 with isotope dilution using native samples, multiple-level spike addition, and multiple-concentration laboratory control sample analysis to evaluate the overall accuracy and precision of the three methods. Potential interference by other compounds that might affect the reported concentration by Method 8260 SIM is also evaluated. A 3D Resistivity Tomography Study of a LNAPL Plume Near a Gas Station at Brugelette (Belgium) Kaufmann, Olivier and John Deceuster, Faculty of Engineering Mons, Belgium. Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics, Vol 12 No 2, p 207-219, 2007 A field experiment was conducted over a site contaminated with light nonaqueous-phase liquid (LNAPL) from a leaking gasoline tank. In an area where a dolomitic bedrock is overlain by 5 to 9 m of clayey sands, 10 boreholes were drilled and four cone penetration tests were conducted to delineate the plume and measure piezometric heads and depths to bedrock. Soil and water samples were collected and analyzed. Although sampling indicates the presence of hydrocarbons in some boreholes, the plume is poorly outlined due to the limited number of drillings. A laboratory study was undertaken to predict the response of hydrocarbon- contaminated areas in this specific context. The study results indicate that an increase in resistivities of about 40% should be found in highly polluted areas. To assess the contribution of geo-electrical investigations in delineating hydrocarbon-contaminated areas, a 3-D cross- diagonal resistivity survey was performed using a roll-along technique. The electrical dataset was inverted within Res3DInv to build a resistivity-depth model of the ground. High resistivities 1 suggest a bedrock geometry, which is consistent with the drilling results, but a detailed analysis reveals that rockhead resistivities tend to be significantly higher in the areas where gas was detected in sample analyses than in uncontaminated areas. Resistivities plotted on the water table showed a zone of higher resistivities near the tank than in uncontaminated zones. This increase in resistivities is interpreted as a possible effect of the fresh and mobile LNAPL plume. Combining boreholes and geophysical investigations has the potential to lead to a better delineation of the spill extent. [Note: The authors state incorrectly that Ogilvy et al. 2002 used only the pole-pole array; in actuality, a pole-dipole array was used for the 3D ERT study. A correction was published 12(4):353(2007).] Acid Mine Drainage and Assessment of Recent Remediation Efforts at the Blue Ledge Mine, Siskiyou County, California Elliott, W.S. Jr, J.A. Johnson, and M.A. Wikstrom (Southern Oregon Univ., Ashland); P.T. Jones (North Medford High School, Medford, OR). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol 39 No 6, p 404, Paper 145-1, 2007 The Blue Ledge Mine in Siskiyou County, CA, exploited a polymetallic massive sulfide deposit from 1906 to 1919, producing over 60,000 tons of waste rock, most of which remains on a 20- to 40-degree slope at the site. Standing pools of water within abandoned adits of the mine have pH values ranging from 1.2 to 3.5, total dissolved solids that vary seasonally from 300 to over 2,000 ppm, and temperatures between 10 and 20 degrees C. Geochemical data collected bi weekly from effluent in the adits and the surface waters around the mine have established a seasonal trend in the metal concentrations, pH, and total dissolved solids. During the dry summer months, the acidity increases, with the lowest pH measured at 1.2, and the concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn increase in standing pools of water within the adits. During the summer, there is no water movement in the run-off channels from the mine except during rare summer rain events. Longer-duration precipitation events beginning in October flush concentrated acid mine drainage (AMD) from the adits, along with remobilizing precipitated sulfates from the waste rock piles into runoff channels. These runoff channels empty into nearby Joe Creek, lowering the pH and inducing toxic metal loading in the stream. The high gradient of Joe Creek rapidly oxygenates the water, resulting in the precipitation of numerous iron oxides and hydroxides in the streambed. In September 2006, the U.S. Forest Service and U.S. EPA undertook remedial activities at the site. The waste rock piles were terraced and material moved to create a settling pond and direct AMD into a runoff channel. Rip-rap in the runoff channel consists of marble boulders, which became coated with iron precipitates in less than three weeks. Thus far, monitoring of water chemistry of AMD from the Blue Ledge Mine indicates minimal impact of the remedial effort, possibly due to the overwhelming release of AMD from the disturbance of the waste rock piles during site activities and/or the large size of the rip-rap. Monitoring of the geochemistry of AMD from this site will be used to develop additional remediation designs. 2 Airborne Visible / Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIS): Design, Characterization and Calibration Oppelt, Natascha and Wolfram Mauser, Ludwig-Maximilians-Univ., Munchen, Germany. Sensors, Vol 7 No 9, p 1934-1953, 2007 AVIS, the Airborne Visible/Infrared-imaging Spectrometer, is a hyperspectral imager designed for environmental monitoring purposes. Constructed entirely from commercially available components, the sensor was deployed successfully in experiments between 1999 and 2007. This paper describes the design of the instrument and presents the results of laboratory characterization and calibration of the currently operating second-generation system, AVIS-2. The authors also describe the processing of the data and present examples of remote sensing reflectance data. http://www.mdpi.net/sensors/list07.htm Analysis Method for Congener Isomer by Series of Polar and Non-polar Column GC Combination Jung, J.-H. and S.-W. Eom (Seoul Metropolitan Govt. Research Inst. of Public Health and Environment, Korea); S.-G. Ahn (Univ. of Seoul, Korea). The 23rd Annual International Conference on Contaminated Soils, Sediments and Water, 15-18 October 2007, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Northeast Regional Environmental Health Center, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst. Abstracts, 2007 In the analysis of dioxins, all 17 of the toxic isomers cannot be separated with a single column. Seven dioxins and 10 furans are separated and quantified with a polar and non-polar column one by one. Analysis can be refined by pre-treating samples with more than 2 columns, which requires more time and increases costs due to the need to readjust sensitivity and calibration curves. The authors have worked out a method that can separate 2,3,7,8-TCDD with one-time analysis quickly by combining 2 different columns. A polar SP-2331 column and a non-polar DB-5MS column were connected in line using 2 GC units and maintaining the optimum temperature for each polar and non-polar column at 350 and 275 degrees C, respectively. With one shot of sample, the first GC with the relatively higher temperature separated substances from low chloride to high chloride using 60m a non-polar DB-5MS column, and then the second GC at a relatively lower temperature separated the substances using a polar SP-2331 column (which had various lengths of 1m, 2m, 3m, 4m, 5m, 6m and 10m) to see the change of resolution degree. The resolution degree of specific isomer from 2,3,7,8-TCDD could be improved by changing the elution characteristics. Analysis of Sulfur in the Copper Basin and Muddy River Sites Using Portable XRF Instrumentation Berger, M. (Simmons College, Boston, MA); L. Stupi and R. Schleicher (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Billerica, MA). The 23rd Annual International Conference on Contaminated Soils, Sediments and Water, 15-18 October 2007, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Northeast Regional Environmental Health Center, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst. Abstracts, 2007 Both Copper Basin, which is located near the junction of Tennessee, Georgia, and North Carolina, and the Muddy River in Boston, Massachusetts, present elevated levels of sulfur (S) in 3 soils and sediments.