NASA Acquisterà Altri Due Posti Su Voli Soyuz Verso La ISS DI ROBERTO MASTRI (ASTRONAUTINEWS)

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NASA Acquisterà Altri Due Posti Su Voli Soyuz Verso La ISS DI ROBERTO MASTRI (ASTRONAUTINEWS) NASA acquisterà altri due posti su voli Soyuz verso la ISS DI ROBERTO MASTRI (ASTRONAUTINEWS) Anche se i veicoli del Commercial Crew Program sono quasi pronti per i loro voli inaugurali senza equipaggio, l’agenzia spaziale americana si sta preoccupando di acquistare nuovi posti sulle navicelle russe, in modo da garantire la continuità della presenza di astronauti USA sulla Stazione Spaziale Internazionale fino alla fine del 2020. A rivelarlo è una presolicitation, ossia un “bando” pubblicato il 13 febbraio scorso sul sito destinato alle richieste di acquisto degli enti governativi statunitensi. Prima di chiudere il contratto con Roscosmos, per trattativa diretta senza gara d’appalto, NASA deve verificare che non vi siano altre organizzazioni in grado di competere per i medesimi servizi. Si tratta ovviamente di un passaggio del tutto formale, dal momento che non esistono, non sono negli USA, ma nemmeno in altri paesi, soggetti in grado di assicurare a così breve termine, voli umani sulla ISS e tutti gli altri svariati servizi connessi richiesti (che vanno dalla formazione teorico-pratica degli astronauti al loro recupero dopo l’atterraggio), evidentemente ritagliati su quanto tradizionalmente offerto dall’agenzia russa. L’iniziativa non è una sorpresa, perché corrisponde a quanto è stato più volte sollecitato dall’Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel(ASAP), la commissione presieduta da Patricia Sanders, che si occupa della sicurezza delle attività NASA inerenti i voli aerospaziali. La Commissione ritiene – si legge nel report annuale di ASAP, pubblicato una settimana fa – che sia prudente per la NASA prendere in considerazione piani di emergenza per assicurare la continuità delle operazioni sulla ISS, date le incertezze sulle tempistiche ancora presenti nel CCP [Commercial Crew Program]. Esistono notevoli problemi di sicurezza nel caso in cui la stazione non sia presidiata o abbia un equipaggio insufficiente, anche se ciò dovesse avvenire solo temporaneamente o solo per il segmento degli Stati Uniti. Le incertezze sono ampiamente dimostrate dai fatti, se si pensa che in base ai contratti, firmati nel 2014 con Boeing e SpaceX, le due nuove capsule commerciali avrebbero dovuto entrare in servizio alle fine del 2017. Nel 2015 NASA sottoscrisse con Roscosmos l’ultimo accordo triennale che prevedeva il viaggio degli astronauti USA sulle Soyuz fino al 2018. Ciò assicurava un periodo di sovrapposizione che avrebbe reso più semplice la transizione al nuovo sistema commerciale di trasporto e garantito una “copertura” in caso di ritardi. La bandiera USA lasciata sul portello del modulo Harmony dall’ultimo equipaggio che ha raggiunto la ISS su uno Space Shuttle nel 2011. Una sorta di “testimone” che sarà raccolto dal primo equipaggio che raggiungerà la stazione con un veicolo del Commercial Crew Program. Tale garanzia si è però rivelata insufficiente, costringendo nel 2017 l’agenzia statunitense ad acquistare da Boeing i voli ad essa ceduti da RSC Energia, a titolo di composizione della disputa legale nata attorno alla piattaforma di lancio Sea Lanuch. Ma anche questa opzione è stata consumata prima che La Dragon 2.0 o il CTS-100 Starliner riuscissero a decollare. Al momento, sia SpaceX che Boeing, per poter iniziare ad assicurare il servizio per il voli a lunga durata, devono entrambe effettuare due voli di prova e un abort test (ossia una prova del sistema di fuga di emergenza), secondo il seguente calendario: ▪ 2 marzo 2019 – Crew Dragon Demo-1 (DM-1): volo di test senza equipaggio della Dragon 2.0. Il razzo è già pronto al Kennedy Space Center, dove ha effettuato l’accensione di prova (static fire) lo scorso 24 gennaio. ▪ Aprile 2019 – CST-100 Starliner (Boe-OFT): volo di test senza equipaggio. ▪ Maggio 2019 – CST-100 Starliner Pad Abort Test: test del sistema di fuga effettuato sulla piattaforma di lancio. ▪ Giugno 2019 – Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test: test del sistema di fuga effettuato in volo. ▪ Luglio 2019 – Crew Dragon Demo-2 (DM-2): volo di test con equipaggio. Saranno a bordo gli astronauti NASA: Douglas Hurley e Robert Behnken. Dopo il docking la capsula resterà unita alla stazione per 8 giorni. ▪ Agosto 2019 – CST-100 Starliner (Boe-CFT): volo di test con l’equipaggio composto dagli astronauti Nicole Mann e Michael Fincke (NASA) e Chris Ferguson (Boeing). Anche in questo caso il docking durerà 8 giorni. “L’esperienza passata – si legge nella sollicitation di NASA – ha mostrato quanto sia difficile arrivare a volare puntualmente nell’ultimo anno di sviluppo. È probabile che durante questi voli di prova vengano scoperti nuovi problemi.” Inoltre “la storia ha dimostrato che lo sviluppo di una cadenza operativa dei voli è difficile”. C’è quindi il rischio concreto che, a partire da dicembre 2019, quando rientrerà l’ultimo astronauta americano, SpaceX e Boeing non siano ancora in grado di assicurare il trasporto di nuove crew sulla ISS. Lo static fire del Falcon 9 destinato a lanciare la prima Dragon Crew, avvenuto il 24 gennaio scorso sul pad 39A del Kennedy Space Center. Credit: NASA Dal momento che la soluzione, come raccomandato da ASAP, non può consistere nel mettere sotto pressione le due aziende perché accelerino la certificazione dei loro veicoli (cosa che potrebbe facilitare scelte pericolose per la sicurezza degli astronauti), risulta ragionevole prolungare l’impiego delle navicelle Soyuz. NASA si appresta perciò ad acquistare due posti su due distinti voli. Il primo – viene precisato – nell’autunno del 2019 e il secondo nella primavera dal 2020. Questi due posti consentirebbero la presenza dell’equipaggio statunitense sulla ISS fino a settembre 2020. Sulla base dello stato attuale del programma commerciale degli Stati Uniti, questa data dovrebbe consentire la sovrapposizione tra i sistemi di trasporto e garantire la continuità delle operazioni sulla ISS. Chi ha seguito queste vicende negli anni passati potrebbe stupirsi della possibilità di ottenere questi “seggiolini” da Roscomos a così breve termine, ricordando come già nel 2016, poco prima dell’acquisto dei nuovi voli tramite Boeing, i responsabili NASA avessero affermato che era troppo tardi per un nuovo contratto con i russi, dati i tempi necessari per lo sviluppo di nuovi veicoli. In realtà in indiretto soccorso delle esigenze americana è venuta la decisione di Roscosmos di ridurre a due il numero di cosmonauti stabilmente presenti sulla ISS, almeno fino all’arrivo del nuovo modulo- laboratorio Nauka. Questa scelta ha liberato alcuni posti sulle Soyuz che, come accaduto recentemente nel caso della MS-10 (protagonista dell’abort conclusosi felicemente), vengono talora lanciate con un equipaggio di due soli componenti. La crew della Soyuz MS-12 durante l’addestramento. Da sinistra Christina Koch, Aleksey Ovchinin e Nick Hague. Credit: Roscosmos Ancora non ci sono indicazioni in merito ma si può supporre che voli acquistati da NASA saranno quelli delle Soyuz MS-15 e 16. Il prossimo lancio verso la ISS, quello della Soyuz MS-12, avverrà il 14 marzo, e porterà nello spazio i “reduci” della Soyuz MS-10, Aleksey Ovchinin e Nick Hague, insieme alla statunitense Christina Koch. Seguirà la Soyuz MS-13 con Aleksandr Skvortsov, Andrew Morgan e il nostro Luca Parmitano, il cui liftoff è al momento fissato nella prima decade di luglio. La Soyuz MS-14, di partenza il 22 agosto, non avrà equipaggio, perché servirà a certificare per il volo umano il lanciatore Soyuz-2.1a e sarà seguita poco dopo, in settembre, dalla MS-15. Su di essa, insieme al russo Oleg Skripochka e allo statunitense Christopher Cassidy, avrebbe dovuto viaggiare un astronauta degli Emirati Arabi che, tuttavia, una volta concluso il nuovo contratto con la NASA, sarà trasferito ad un volo successivo, per far posto ad un ulteriore americano. E’ facile immaginare che gli astronauti USA, la cui presenza a bordo è necessaria alla sicurezza della stazione, possano aver la precedenza su altri passeggeri paganti. L’equipaggio della Soyuz MS-16, che volerà nell’aprile 2020 non è ancora ben definito, ma anche su di essa era disponibile il terzo seggiolino che sarà acquistato da NASA. .
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