Introduction to Hedge Funds Hedge Funds –A Separate Asset Class?
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Introduction to Hedge Funds Hedge funds –a separate asset class? History, definition and characteristics of hedge funds Risks, returns, correlations Benchmarks and long term return outlook Hedge funds in the context of a traditional investment portfolio Conclusions Introduction to Hedge Funds 2 Alternativeinvestments Alternative Asset Class Forecasted Demand Growth Hedge funds High Private equity High Commodities High Credit (HY/ABS/MBS/CDOs) High Real estate (resid., comm., infrastr.) High Other (insurance, art, hybrids, etc) High Introduction to Hedge Funds 3 Development of the hedge fund industry, 20% growth pa 1949: A.W. Jones launched the first hedge fund 1967: George Sorosstarted out 2004: Hedge fund industry reached USD 1,000 bn mark 2007: Industry at USD 1,700 bn, managed by 3,000-4,000 HF managers in 10,000-15,000 HFs $1,800,000 $1,745,214 $1,700,000 $1,604,600 $1,600,000 $1,464,526 $1,500,000 USD 1 bn mark $1,400,000 reached $1,300,000 $1,200,000 Institutional $1,105,385 $1,100,000 Investors enter M) $1,000,000 $972,608 M $ $900,000 n LTCM $820,009 I ( $800,000 s t e $700,000 ss $625,554 A $600,000 $539,060 FedIR $490,580 $500,000 $456,430 hike $374,770 $400,000 $367,560 $300,000 $256,720 $185,750 $167,790 $167,360 $200,000 $99,436 $126,474 $95,720 $91,431 $73,585 $60,222 $58,370 $57,407 $55,340 $46,545 $70,635 $46,907 $58,663 $100,000 $38,910 $27,861 $36,918 $23,336 $8,463 $14,698 $4,406 $0 ($1,141) ($100,000) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Q1 Q2 2007 2007 Source: HFR Industry Report 2007 Q2 EstInimtroadtuecdt iAons tsoe Htsedge Funds Net Asset Flow 4 Hedge funds are a kind of progressive mutual funds “OLD”definition of hedge funds “All forms of investment funds, companies, and private partnerships that » use derivatives intensively for hedging or for directional investing » and/or engage in short-selling » and/or use significant leverage through borrowing.” “NEW”definition of hedge funds Active, absolute return oriented investment funds Introduction to Hedge Funds 5 Hedge funds are more flexible than mutual funds Specific hedge fund characteristics Active management, take advantage of market inefficiencies Focus on absolute performance and risk management Great flexibility reg. asset classes, markets, trading styles, and instruments Performance fee, own money invested Infrequent liquidity and redemption dates High minimum investment levels Limited regulation and transparency, albeit improving Introduction to Hedge Funds 6 It is important to distinguishbetween FoHFsandHFs ‘Hedge funds‘ Funds of hedge funds Hedge funds HF1 HF2 HF3 HF n Introduction to Hedge Funds 7 Commonly used legal structures Fund of funds Hedge fund Managed account Investment fund Structured product Offshore limited co. Principal protected note US limited partnership Index certificate (fund-linked note) Swiss mutual fund Call option Swiss participation co. Total return swap SICAV CFO Unit trust Convertible Other Reinsurance-linked note Introduction to Hedge Funds 8 Typical offshore structureof a fund offunds Investor Sponsor Investment Auditor Manager Fund of Funds Ltd. Investment Administrator Advisor Custodian Hedge funds Introduction to Hedge Funds 9 Typical offshore structureof ahedgefund Investor Investment Auditor Manager/Sponsor HedgeFund Ltd. Investment Administrator Advisor Prime Broker Securities ExecutionBrokers Introduction to Hedge Funds 10 The roleofthedifferentcounterparties HedgeFundLtd Offshore company with articlesofassociation, directors, andseveral share classes Investor Holder ofthenon-voting,participating shares Sponsor Holder ofthe voting, non-participating shares Investment Manager Discretionary portfolio manager, typically offshore Investment Advisor Non-discretionary ‘advisor’, typically onshore Auditor Audits the balance sheet and P&L Introduction to Hedge Funds 11 The rolesoftheprimebrokerandthe administrator Primebroker Stocklendingandrepos Leverage Custodyofportfolio securitiesand cash Tradeexecutionandsettlement Backoffice facilities Officespace Legalassistance for setup Marketingsupport („capital introduction“) Administrator Independent NAV calculation Handling of subscriptions and redemptions Introduction to Hedge Funds 12 Master-feeder structures US EU Offshore investors investors investors HedgeFund HedgeFund HedgeFund LP (Cayman) Ltd. (Dublin) Ltd. HedgeFund Portfolio Ltd. Introduction to Hedge Funds 13 Cayman and theUS arethe most popular hedgefunddomiciles Hedge Fund Domiciles Other Sweden Channel Islands 7% 1% 3% Luxembourg 2% US Dublin 30% 4% Bahamas 2% Bermuda 8% BVI 9% Cayman Islands 34% Data: HFR,Harcourtestimates Introduction to Hedge Funds 14 2/3ofhedgefundmanagers are basedintheUS, but Europe and Asia are growing faster Hedge Fund Management Company Locations Asia 10% Greater NY 36% Other Europe 8% London Other US 18% 28% Data: Harcourtestimates Introduction to Hedge Funds 15 Roughly20%of allassets investedinhedge fundscomeout of Switzerland (directly & indirectly) Hedge Fund Asset Origins Other 25% USA 50% Japan 5% Switzerland 20% Data: Harcourtestimates Introduction to Hedge Funds 16 Hedge funds –a separate asset class? History, definition and characteristics of hedge funds Risks, returns, correlations Benchmarks and long term return outlook Hedge funds in the context of a traditional investment portfolio Conclusions Introduction to Hedge Funds 17 Harcourt strategyclassification framework Fixed Income Equities Commodities Relative Value Fixed Relative Value Equity Relative Value Commodity Income Strategies: Strategies: Strategies: 1. Multi-Strategy Fixed Income 9. Multi-Strategy Equity 22. Multi-Strategy Commodity Relative 2. Fixed Income Arbitrage 10. Event Driven Equity 23. Relative Value Energy Value 3. ABS & MBS 11. Convertible & Volatility Arbitrage 4. Asset-Based Lending 12. Structured Equity Linked 13. Statistical Arbitrage 14. Market Neutral Equity Directional Fixed Income Directional Equity Strategies: Directional Commodity Strategies: 15. Long/Short Global Equity Strategies: 5. Long/Short Rates 16. Long/Short US Equity 24. Metals Trading 6. Long/Short Credit 17. Long/Short European Equity 25. Agricultural Trading 7. Distressed Securities 18. Long/Short Japanese Equity 26. Energy Trading Directional 8. Emerging Markets Debt 19. Long/Short EM Equity 27. Power & Emissions Trading 20. Long/Short Sectors 21.Short-Biased Equity Directional Multi-Asset Class Strategies: 28.LT Trend-Following CTAs 29.ST Systematic Trading CTAs 30. Global Macro 31. Insurance-Linked Introduction to Hedge Funds 18 Long/short equity is the most popular hedge fund strategy Hedge fund strategies (by # of funds) Hedge fund strategies (by AUM) CTAs & Macro 14% CTAs & Macro Directional 22% Fixed Income Long/Short 6% Equity 39% Relative Value Long/Short Fixed Income Equity 6% 48% Directional Fixed Income 8% Relative Value Equity 26% Relative Value Relative Value Fixed Income Equity 5% 26% Data: HFR, Harcourtestimates Introduction to Hedge Funds 19 Mostimportant hedgefundrisks Marketrisks: Stockmarket beta,interestrateduration,credit spreads, FX movements Strategy risks: Supply/demandineach strategy eg inefficiencies,spreads, capacity;trends/market patterns; specificstrategy risks eg mergerdealbreaks,mortgage prepayments,realized and impliedvolatilities Leverage: Amplificationeffect,funding/margincall risk Liquidity risks: Bid-askspread risk,investor redemptionrisk Valuation risks: Mark-to-market risk, independent valuations Companyrisks: Growthof AUM, style drift, ‘keypeople‘risk, backoffice risk, legal risk Introduction to Hedge Funds 20 Leverage: many hedge fund strategies are not or only moderately leveraged No leverage (0 -1.0 : 1) Some long/short equity funds Distressed securities Short-biased equity Low leverage (1.1 -2.0 : 1) Most long/short equity funds Most long/short credit funds Merger arbitrage Moderate leverage (2.0 -7.0 : 1) Convertible arbitrage Statistical arbitrage CTAs Mortgage-backed securities arbitrage High leverage (8.0 -20.0 : 1) Fixed income arbitrage Introduction to Hedge Funds 21 Leverage vs. market exposure: are hedge funds riskier than traditional mutual funds? Swiss Stocks Mutual Fund: 95% long stocks, 5% cash => net long exposure of 95% => leverage of 0.95:1 Long/Short US Equity Hedge Fund: 85% long stocks, 45% short stocks => net long exposure of 40% => leverage of 1.3:1 US Convertible Arbitrage Fund: 300% long convertibles, short delta stocks, short interest rates, short credit => net long exposure of 0% => leverage of 6.0:1 Fixed Income Arbitrage Fund: 800% long bonds, 800% short bonds => net long exposure of 0% => leverage of 16.0:1 CTA: 20% margin in long and short futures positions => long exposure 200%, short exposure 200% => leverage of 4.0:1 => Conclusion: leverage should always be considered in connection with actual market risk exposure, as well as basis risk and other risks Introduction to Hedge Funds 22 Hedge funds have performed similar to stocks and bonds over the last ten years 16% Sector 14% L/S Equity Distressed 12% Hedge Fund Index EM Merger Arb 10% Macro CV Arb MBS pa n r 8% MN Equity u Fund of Funds t FI HY e MSCI World R JPM 6% FI Arb CTAs 4% 2% Short 0% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Standard deviation pa Data: HFRHF, Barclay CTAIndices 1994 -Aug 2007 Introduction to Hedge Funds 23 All hedge fund strategies have outperformed stocks since January 2000 250 200 150 100 50 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - r- r- r- r- r- r- r- r- n n n n n n n n c c c c c c c c p p p p p p p p a a a a a a a a u u u u u u u u e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e J J J J J J J J M M M M M M M M D S D S D S D S D S D S D S D S MSCI World $ HFR HF Index CV arb Distressed Eq hedge FI arb MBS Merger arb Sector Short-selling CTAs Funds of funds Data:HFR, Barclay Introduction to Hedge Funds 24 Each strategyhas a differentrisk/return profile 2007 July YTD Ret pa Ret pa Stdev pa Corr MSCI Est.