A Preliminary Assessment of the Sea Turtles and Sea Turtle Habitats of Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE SEA TURTLES AND SEA TURTLE HABITATS OF SAIPAN, COMMONWEALTH OF THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS

A Report Prepared for the National Marine Fisheries Service, Honolulu, Hawaii

November 1999

Steven P. Kolinski Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology I Department of Zoology, University ofHawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii

Denise Parker Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Honolulu, Hawaii

Larry Itibus llo Division ofFish and Wildlife, Saipan, CNMI

Joseph K. Ruak Division of Fish and Wildlife, Saipan, CNt\-fl CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 1

1. IN'TRODUCTION...... 2

2. ~1L1J])1{ ~~)l...... 2

3. 1VI~1rll()])~ .•.•.•.....•.....•.....•....•••..•..•••.•••.•.•••••••.•.•••••.•••.•.•••..•••...• 4 3.1 Terrestrial Sur-veys ...... 4 3.2 Aquatic Surv-eys ...... 4 3.2.1 Sea Turtle Assessments ...... 4 3.2.2 Tag and Release Efforts ...... 5 3.2.3 Assessment of Potential Sea Turtle Forage...... 5

4. ~~1J~1r5;...... 6 4.1 Sea Turtle Nesting Activity...... 6 4.2 Sea Turtles in Nearshore Environments...... 6 4.3 Tag and Release Efforts in Nearshore Environments...... 8 4.4 Potential Sea Turtle Forage in Nearshore Environments...... 9

5. DISCUSSION...... 9 5.1 Nesting Grounds - Breeding Population...... 9 5.2 Nearshore Environments- Resident Population...... 9 5.3 Recommendations...... 13

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... 14

~~ltlE~<:~es;...... l!i

AJ»J»~NDIC:~5;...... 19

Appendix 1. Site Descriptions, Accessibility, Sources of Information, And Raw Data...... 19 Pun tan Laggua to Pun tan Makpe, North Saipan...... 20 Banzai Cliff, North Saipan...... 23 Grotto, Puntan I Maddok, East Saipan...... •...... 25 Bird Island (Isleta Maigo Fahang), East Saipan...... 27 Kingfisher Golf Course, Sabanan Fiiang, East Saipan...... 29 Forbidden Island, Unai Hakmang and Puntan Hakmang, East Sai pan...... 32 Laulau Bay Golf Course, Laulau Bay, East Saipan...... 35 Unai Laulau, Laulau Bay, ~ast Saipan...... 37 North Naftan, East Saipan...... 38 Central Naftan, East Saipan...... 41 Pun tan Agingan, South Saipan...... 44 Agingan to Puntan Naftan, South Saipan...... 46 Coral Ocean Point Golf Course, Agingan, South Saipan ...... · 48 Coral Ocean Point Golf Course, Proximal Puntan Obyan, South S:.1ipan...... 50 Puntan Naftan, South Saipan...... 52 Puntan Makpe to Tanapag Lagoon Entrance, West Saipan...... 54 Tanapag Lagoon Seagrass Pastures, West Saipan...... 56 Tanapag Lagoon Entrance Towards Puntan Flores, West Saipan...... 57 Red Buoy No. 10 and Charlie Dock, West Saipan...... 59 Puntan Muchot Patch Reefs, Garapan, West Saipan...... 61 Preliminary Survey, Outer ReefMatix, Balisa Area, Garapan West Saipan...... •• . . ...•...... 62 Outer Reef Matrix, Balisa Area, Garapan, West Saipan...... 64 Chalan Kanoa to San Antonio, Outer Reef, West Saipan...... 67 Pun tan Susupi to Puntan Afetna, Outer Platform Chalan Kanoa, West Saipan...... 69

Appendix 2. Maps of Turtle Distributions...... 70 Map I: Saipan Geographic Divisions...... 71 Map 2: Distribution of North Saipan Turtle Observations...... 72 Map 3: Distribution of East Saipan Turtle Observations ... ~..... 73 Map 4: Distribution of South Saipan Turtle Observations...... 74 Map 5: Distribution of West Saipan Turtle Observations...... 75

TABLES

Table 1: Known Turtle Nesting Activity on Saipan Beaches During the 1999 Nesting Season...... 6 Table 2: Observations of Green Turtles, Chelonia mydas.. •.. ..•...... ••...... 7 Table 3: Turtle Capture Attempts in Selected West Saipan Feeding and Resting Areas...... 8 Table 4: Morphometric Measurements of Immature Chelonia mydas...... 8 Table 5: Saipan Marine Plants and Algae which are Listed by Hirth (1997) as Green Turtle Forage...... 10

FIGURES

Figure 1: Map of Saipan, CNMI...... 3 Figure 2: Estimate Number of Green Turtles Observed Categorized by Size and Location...... 8

ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A preliminary assessment of the sea turtles and sea turtle habitats in nearshore environments of Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, was conducted from 15 to 29 August 1999. A total of 169 individual Chelonia mydas were estimated to have been observed via 238 sightings over 28 surveys covering roughly 54% of Saipan's outer reef and· shoreline perimeter. No other sea turtle species were observed. Sixty percent of the turtles were classified as juveniles, 22% as juvenile/adults, and 12% appeared to be of adult size. A disproportionate number ofturtles (60%) were located along relatively uninhabited east coast sites where access to humans is limited, but topographically complex benthos and a variety of food resources is apparent. Two species of seagrass and at least 26 species of algae noted as turtle forage in other regions of the world were identified at Saipan in this and previous. surveys.· Two turtles were captured, tagged and released. Turtle nest activity was ·limited, ·with 15· ·crawls and 6 nests recorded throughout the 1999 nesting season. · J ~d. !T ' ",

Continued monitoring of both resident and breeding sea turtles is essential to determining the status and dynamics of these populations. Four east coast and one·wesf·survey:sites stood out as candidate areas for capturing and tagging large numbers ofturtles'giveh appropriate methods and oceanic conditions. Additional sites in west lagoon seagrass feediri'g• pastures are noted for potential use of tangle net methods in tag and release efforts. lt'isltecommended that visual surveys continue, and that a tag and release program, focusing on both research and management, be initiated, incorporating community . involvement• aS. a.':. nieans? to extend a conservation ethic regarding sea turtles within this region. ·· · · ,.. ·• ·· : :1 · !H' '

,:i' ' 1. INTRODUCTION

Four species of sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata, Dermochelys coriacea, and Lepidochelys olivacea have been reported to inhabit or transverse nearshore waters of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) (National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1998a, 1998b and 1998c, Pritchard 1982). All four are listed as Endangered worldwide by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Groombridge 1982), and appear on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). As the Northern Mariana Islands are politically a Commonwealth of the United States, these species gain protective status under the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973. Unfortunately, however, there is a near absence of documentation which adequately reflects past or present sea turtle numbers and activities within the region (Pritchard 1977, 1982, Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. 1984, Johannes 1986, Wiles et al. 1989, Rodda et al. 1991, Eckert 1993, McCoy 1997, but see Pultz et al. In Press), thus it is impossible to gauge the status and reaction of turtle populations relative to human activities in the area and the protection purportedly provided by domestic and international law.

Recent interest in renewing traditional practices involving sea turtles as a means of expressing and maintaining Carolinian culture (McCoy 1997, see also McCoy 1974, 1982, Lessa 1983, and Alkire 1989), in combination with an almost complete absence of documented information reflecting sea turtle population size and status, created the need for a rapid assessment of sea turtle numbers, sizes, activities, locations and habitat characteristics along the shores of Saipan. Although the main focus of this assessment was to provide preliminary information on likely areas for further, more intense, scrutiny, a tremendous amount of data was collected which can serve as a baseline for comparative studies.

2. STUDY AREA

Saipan (15°05'N, 145°50'E) is one of 16 islands comprising the Mariana Archipelago. Its nearest neighbor to the south is Tinian (5 km) and to the north is Farallon de Medinilla (117 km). Western waters belong to the Philippine Sea, and those to the east to the Pacific Ocean. Saipan is a high (474 m) volcanic island with raised limestone terraces, and a land area of approximately 122 km2 (Wells and Jenkins 1988). Limited reef development occurs along the windward north, east, and leeward south sides of the island (Eldredge and Randall 1980). An extensive shallow lagoon and barrier reef system runs contiguous along 75 % of the leeward west coast (Figure 1). Roughly 26 beaches of varying composites exist along the island perimeter and range from extensive medium to coarse grained calcareous sand shoreline along the protected west coast (9 defined but more or less integrated beaches) to coarse grain sand, gravel and rubble which dominates in less frequent, isolated pockets along the north, east and southern coasts (Cloud 1959, Eldredge and Randall 1980). A relatively large portion of the north, east and south shoreline consists of precipitous limestone cliffs, caverns and narrow intertidal benches. Human development is focused mainly along the west coast, with tourism and garment manufacturing as the primary economic industries. Roughly 55,000 residents inhabited the island as of 1995 (McCoy 1997).

2 + 15°18"N 145.41"E

Puntan Makpe Pun tan .,v.~4' L.aggua ..;)~~

Puntan Muchot Balls~Area g 0 Cl ~. ~

Laulau Bay

Puntan Naftan Figure 1: Map of Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

3 A number of physical and biological surveys have been conducted in Saipan for a variety of reasons, and can be referred to for additional descriptive information. Information regarding the geology of Saipan can be found in Cloud et al. (1956), terrestrial vegetation in Falanruw et al. (1989), shoreline characteristics, submarine topography and shoal-water ecology in Cloud (1959), Clayshults (1977), Doty and Marsh (1977), Eldredge and Randall (1980), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1981), Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984), and Randall et al. (1988), reef corals in Goreau et al. (1972), Gawel (1974), Doty et al. (1977), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1981), Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984), and Randall (1988), and marine plants and or algae in Cloud (1959), Tsuda et at. (1977), Tobias (1977), Eldredge and RandaJI (1980), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1981), Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984), Wilkins (1988), and Wilkins and Meyer (undated).

3.METHODS

3.1 Terrestrial Surveys

Representatives of the Saipan Division of Fish and Wildlife (DFW), with the assistance of local community members, monitored beaches on an infrequent basis throughout the summer nesting season (April through August). Crawl and nest activity were documented. Although occasionaJiy encountered by community members, nesting females were not directly observed by DFW staff, thus tagging and measuring of these turtles did not occur.

3.2 Aquatic Surveys

3.2.1 Sea Turtle Assessments

A survey of nearshore environments was conducted from 15 to 29 August 1999 by agents of the University of Hawaii, the Honolulu based National Marine Fisheries Service, and the Saipan Division of Fish and Wildlife. Various members of the community, including Division of Fish and Wildlife representatives, local fishermen, turtle poachers, dive shop personnel and other local observers, provided information regarding notable sea turtle habitat believed worthy of investigation. Roughly 54 % of the island's outer reef and shoreline perimeter was examined using one or more ofthe following three methods:

1. Tow surveys were conducted along the north, south and west shorelines as permitted by oceanic conditions. Two people were towed along the sides of a 27 ft. whaler. When a turtle was sighted the boat was stopped and the species, size, activity, time, depth and habitat characteristics were relayed to a recorder on the boat. Latitude and longitude were noted at the location where each turtle was encountered using a GPS unit. In addition, boat observers searched the waters' surface for turtle ascents.

2. In snorkeling surveys, anywhere from two to seven observers swam an imaginary transect along a barrier or fringing reef slope maintaining observer distances of approximately 10 m in a straight line perpendicular to the transect. Turtle species, size, activity, time, depth and habitat characteristics were relayed to and recorded by a single person on underwater writing

4 paper. Latitude and longitude at the beginning and end of the transects were measured using a GPS unit.

3. Shoreline surveys were conducted mainly along the east coast which, with the exception of Bahia Laulau, was inaccessible to the water-based methods. Observers sketched the shoreline and prominent submerged benthic features within their range of visibility. When a turtle was sighted on the surface or swimming subsurface, the time was noted and binoculars were used to identify species and estimate size. Features such as tail length and any identifying marks were recorded when observed. The estimated surface time and behavior of each turtle was noted when possible, and the location and or route of each turtle was plotted on the map sketch and numbered. The location of each observer was measured using a Garmin hand-held GPS unit. Environmental conditions and location factors deemed relevant were recorded.

Visual observations, in combination with location and time factors, allowed for estimates to be made regarding the actual number of turtles observed.

3.2.2 Tag and Release Efforts

In an effort to assess the feasibility for tag and recapture efforts, three attempts were made to track and capture turtles by hand. Two local Tanapag fishermen (Ismael M. Magofna and Edward Norita, Jr.) volunteered their skills, small boat, equipment and time to conduct this effort. Captured turtles were brought to the boat and the following measurements were made using a flexible 1.5 m measuring tape: curved carapace length (CCL, measured from the most forward edge of the precentral scute at carapace midline to the posterior margin of the postcentrals), curved carapace width (CCW, distance across the widest part of the shell, perpendicular to the longitudinal body axis), total tail length from the plastron (posterior margin of plastron to tip of tail), and tail length to the cloaca (posterior margin of plastron to cloaca). Turtles were inspected for external evidence of lesions or damage. Small clips of skin were removed from the trailing edge of the hindflippers for DNA analysis and stored in a salt preservative. Two 2.8 em inconel tags were applied, one to the trailing edge of each foreflipper I proximal to the large scales close to the axillary part of the flipper, leaving a 0.6 em space between the flipper edge and the curved tag end. The time and activity of each turtle was recorded and the location of capture was measured using a handheld Garmin GPS unit. All turtles were released at their respective sites of capture.

3.2.3 Assessment of Potential Sea Turtle Forage

Algae and seagrass samples were collected as a means to identify potential green sea turtle forage along seven established west lagoon transects and from various areas along the north and east coasts where assessable. All specimens were identified by Dennis J. Russell, Ph.D., University of Alaska Southeast. In addition, a literature review was conducted, and a species list of potential green turtle forage was compiled, along with locations and references, utilizing Hirth ( 1997) as a guideline for listing only those species identified as turtle forage in other parts of the world. Potential food resources of other turtle species were not surveyed.

5 4. RESULTS

4.1 Sea Turtle Nesting Activity

A minimum of 15 green turtle nest attempts were made between April and August 1999 (fable 1). Evidence of nest attempts by other turtle species was not found. Forty percent of identified crawls resulted in turtle nests, with the greatest proportion of nests and activity occurring along the south side of the island. Turtle Hatchings were first encountered in late June. A single nest laid at Unai Obyan in July hatched 63 days later.

Table 1: Known turtle nestmg activity on Saipan beaches during the 1999 nesting season. Number of Number of Known Recorded Beach Known Nests False Crawls Observer Visits Unai Fanonchuluyan (Bird Island Beach) 1 - 3 Unai Halaihai (fang Beach) 1 1 7 Unai Laulau Kattan (Marine Beach) - - 1 Unai Baput - - 2 Unai Obyan 4 7 35 Unai Peo (Ladder Beach) -- 3 Unai Agingan (Sisters Beach) - 1 5 Unai Makpe (Wing Beach) - - 2 Total 6 9 58

4.2 Sea Turtles in Nearshore Environments

Habitat descriptions, notes on accessibility, sources of informatio~ raw data on turtle observations, and conclusions and recommendations for each transected location are presented in Appendix 2. A total of 169 individual Chelonia mydas were estimated to have been observed via 238 sightings over 28 surveys covering roughly 51 km of coast and barrier reef (Table 2). No other turtle species were encountered. Sixty percent (101 turtles) of the turtles were juveniles, 22% (3 7 turtles) were categorized as juvenile/adult, and 12% (21 turtles) appeared to be of adult size. Size determinations could not be made for 10 of the turtles (6%). Sixty percent of the turtles (101 turtles) were observed along relatively uninhabited east coast sites, even though this side of the island had the lowest total area surveyed (Table 2). Eighteen percent (30 turtles) where noted along the west coast, 14% (23 turtles) along the north coast, and 9% (15 turtles) along the south coast. Numbers of turtles categorized by size and general location are shown in Figure 2. Immature turtles predominated along all coastlines. The proportion of adults to other turtles was greatest along the north coast.

The highest concentrations of turtles were located along the east coast at Central Naftan, Forbidden Island (north of isthmus), North Naftan, and the Kingfisher Golf Course (Table 2). The Balisa Area (west coast) also had a relatively high concentration of sea turtles, with the transect length actually reflecting the combined lengths of parallel transects. These five locations show the greatest potential for capturing and tagging large numbers of turtles given appropriate oceanic conditions.

6 . ·- ---- ·--·- -· ---· ·-.. ·-··- -· ~·--·· ·-···--· ··-·-···- ··•r---. ··-···--·- ··-· ···-·---- ...... --··· - ····-· ··--- ... Max. Transect Number of Observations Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Time Length Juv./ Juv./ Site Date (hrs:mins Method (km) Adult Adult Juv. Unknown Total Adult Adult Juv. Unknown Total North Saipan Puntan Laggua to Puntan Makpe 8/20/99 1:39 Tow 5.80 3 3 12 0 18 3 3 11 0 17 Banzai Cliff 8/17/99 1:00 Shoreline 0.75 5 0 1 0 6 5 0 1 0 6 Subtotal: 2:39 6.55 8 3 13 0 24 8 3 12 0 23 East Saipan Grotto, Puntan I Maddok 8/21/99 1:15 Shoreline 0.38 0 0 7 0 7 0 0 6 0 6 Bird Island (Isleta Maigo Fahang) 8/18/99 0:41 Shoreline 0.60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8/22/99 1:18 Shoreline *0.60 0 1 7 1 9 0 1 6 0 7 Kingfisher Golf course, Sabanan Fiiang 8119/99 2:13 Shoreline 0.50 0 2 12 1 15 0 2 10 0 12 Forbidden Island, North of Isthmus 8/25/99 1:02 Shoreline 0.63 0 1 26 0 27 0 1 18 0 19 Forbidden Island, South of Isthmus 8/25/99 0:22 Shoreline 0.33 0 1 1 0 2 0 1 1 0 2 Laulau Bay Golf Course, Bahia Laulau 8/20/99 1:40 Shoreline 0.37 0 0 7 1 8 o. 0 6 1 7 Unai Laulau Reef Slope 8/19/99 0:31 Snorkel 0.80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 North Naftan 8/19/99 1:12 Shoreline 0.48 6 5 1 7 19 5 5 1 6 17 Central Naftan 8/23/99 1:15 Shoreline 0.50 2 21 18 1 42 2 16 13 0 31 Subtotal: 11:29 4.58 8 31 79 11 129 7 26 61 7 101 South Salpan Puntan Agingan 8/26/99 1:01 Shoreline 0.33 0 0 4 3 7 0 0 4 3 -.J 7 Agingan to Puntan Naftan 8/18/99 1:48 Tow 6.50 1 2 0 0 3 1 2 0 0 3 Coral Ocean Point Golf Course, 7th 8/26/99 1:00 Shoreline 0.30 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 tee and hole, Agingan Coral Ocean Point Golf Course, 14th 8/26/99 0:40 Shoreline 0.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 tee and hole, proximal Puntan Obyan Puntan Naftan 8/23/99 1:18 Shoreline 0.40 0 3 2 1 6 0 2 1 0 3 Subtotal: 5:47 7.85 1 5 8 4 18 1 4 7 3 15 West Salpan Puntan Makpe to Tanapag lagoon entrance 8/20/99 2:05 Tow 11.60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tanapag Lagoon Seagrass Pastures (night) 8/26/99 0:50 Tow/Capture 2.50 0 0 0 1 1 *0. *0 . *0 *1 *1 Tanapag Lagoon Entrance towards Puntan 8/17/99 0:54 Tow 3.10 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 ~ 0 2 Flores Red Bouy No. 10 8/17/99 0:07 Boat 0.20 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 3 0 3 Charlie Dock 8/25/99 0:30 Shoreline 0.30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Puntan Muchot Patch Reefs, Garapan (night) 8/26/99 1:00 Tow/Capture 1.30 0 0 0 5 5 *0 *0 *0 *5 *5 Outer Reef Matrix, Balisa Area, Garapan 8/16/99 1:29 Snorkel *4.00 0 4 8 0 12 *0 *4 *7 *0 *11 8/17/99 1:35 Snorkel/Tow 5.70 4 4 10 0 18 4 4 10 0 18 8/27/99 3:00 Tow/Capture *? 0 0 2 16 18 *0 *0 *2 *16 *18 Chalan Kanoa to San Antonio 8/17/99 0:57 Snorkel/Tow 4.40 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 5 0 5 Puntan Susupi to Puntan Afetna 8/18/99 0:41 Tow 2.78 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 Subtotal: 13:08 31.88 5 8 32 22 67 5 4 21 0 30 TOTALS: 33 hrs 3 min 50.85 22 47 132 37 - 2381 21 37 101 10 169 70 oJuv "0 II)Juv/Adult Q) 60 c:: Q) IliAd u It 1/) .0 50 0 OUnknown 1/) :eQ) 40 ::l 1- 30 -...0 Q) 20 .0 E z::l 1 0 0 North East south West Coastline

Figure 2: Estimated number of green turtles observed categorized by size and location

4.3 Tag and Release Efforts in Nearshore Environments

Information regarding evening and nighttime attempts to track and capture turtles for tagging is given in Table 3. Two of seven turtles pursued were captured, tagged and measured over a period involving a total of four hours. Tag identification and morphometric measurements for the two turtles is shown in Table 4. Both turtles were immature.

T a bl e 3 : T urt 1e ca :>ture attem Dts m se ecte d wes t sa1pan . fiee d.mg an d restmg areas. Tot. Time No. No. No. Location Date Time In (hrs:mins) Observed Attempts Captured Comments Tanapag lagoon Conditions for seagrasspastures 8-26-99 20:30 00:50 1 0 0 sighting turtles poor Puntan Muchot Conditions for Patch Reefs 8-26-99 2I:30 OI:OO 5 3 0 sighting turtles poor Balisa turtle Water depth II to resting area 8-27-99 I5:30 03:00 I8 4 2 12m Total: 04:50 24 7 2

T a bl e 4: M orpl h ometnc measurements o Immature ChIeomam . v.d as. CCL ccw Tail P- Tail P- Tag No. Date Time Location _{em~ jcmj_ Cjcml T(cm) Activity 1-776 LFF 1-777 RFF 8-27-99 16:08 Balisa Area 41.5 38.0 4.5 6.5 Swimming 1-778 LFF 1-779 RFF 8-27-99 I7:08 Balisa Area 70.0 61.0 9.0 I3.0 Swimming

8 4.4 Potential Sea Turtle Forage In Nearshore Environments

A compilation of data from this and previous marine plant and algae surveys suggested the presence of at least 26 species of algae which have been identified as green turtle forage in other parts of the world (Table 5). Eleven ( 42%) of these species are Chlorophytes, six (23%) are Phaeophytes, and nine (35%) are Rhodophytes. Four species of seagrass were identified, two of which have been listed as green turtle forage in other areas (Table 5). Two seagrass species (neither of which was noted as forage), nine of the Chlorophytes, five ofthe Phaeophytes and all nine Rhodophytes have been observed within east coast survey areas (82% of total noted species). Two of the Chlorophytes and one Phaeophyte were noted in a south coast survey (11% of total noted species). Eight of the Chlorophytes, five Phaeophytes, four Rhodophytes, and all four species of seagrasses were identified along the west coast (68% of total noted species). None of six species collected at north coast sites were listed by Hirth (1997) as turtle forage at the species level. Additional information regarding specific marine plant and algae presence in north Saipan nearshore areas is not known to exist.

5. DISCUSSION

5.1 Nesting Grounds- Breeding Population

Although comprehensive monitoring of all potential nesting beaches was not possible throughout the nesting season, it is believed these observations accurately reflect that very limited nesting activity occurred along the shores of Saipan in 1999. Documented assessments beginning in the 1970s, although for the most part anecdotal, tend to support the notion of low level nesting throughout the past 30 years (Pritchard 1977, 1982, Johannes 1986, McCoy 1997). The extent to which turtles utilized Saipan for nesting activities prior to the 1970s is unknown, but is also believed to be low (McCoy 1997). Limited green turtle nesting activity has also been observed on the nearby island ofTinian (Wiles et al. 1989, Pultz et al., In Press), and is suggested for Rota (Grout 1997, McCoy 1997) and Guam (National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife 1998).

The low levels of nesting limit the potential for concentrated tag and release efforts of the breeding population. Continued monitoring of the beaches is, however, essential to evaluating long-term. trends in breeding population status. Annual monitoring of breeding activity and turtle nests provides an opportunity to gain access to the genetic signature of the breeding population through tissue analysis of small clips of adult hindflippers, or hatchlings which did not survive the climb out of the nest or descent down the beach. Comparative studies on other sea turtle nesting islands within the archipelago should allow for elucidation of the geographic boundaries of the population's breeding habitat. Such information will allow for greater accuracy in assessing the status ofthe breeding population as a whole.

5.2 Nearshore Environments- Resident Population

In contrast to the number of breeding turtles, a relatively large number of resident green turtles was identified in Saipan's nearshore environment. However, given the lack of repetition and

9 r

"Tables: Saipan marine plants and algae which are listed by Hirth (1997) as turtle forage(*= seagrass species present but not listed). Classification Location Reference Chlorophyta Bryopsis pennata Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) Barrier reef slope, Balisa region & Chalan Kanoa/San Present Study Antonio, West Saipan caulerpa cupressoides Tank Beach & Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Wilkins and Meyer (undated) Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) Cauteipa lentillifera Tank Beach/Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Wilkins and Meyer (undated) ·,. csuterpa racemose Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Wilkins and Meyer (undated), Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) Muchot Point, West Saipan Cloud (1959) Chartie Bay, West Saipan Tobias (1977) San Roque, Tanapag region, Barrier reef slope Balisa Present Study region, West Saipan Caulerpa sertularioides Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Wilkins and Meyer (undated), Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) Tanapag region, West Saipan Present Study Caulerpa urvilliana Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) Muchot Point, West Saipan Cloud (1959) Dictyosphaeria cavemosa Obyan, South Saipan (6 to 8 m) Wilkins (1988) Chartie Bay & Unai Sadog Tase, West Saipan Tobias ( 1977) i"'"'{"bictyosphaeria vers/uysii Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Wilkins and Meyer (undated), Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) ,. Obyan, South Saipan (6 to 8 m) Wilkins (1988) Range Light Bay, Baker Bay, Able Dock, West Saipan Tobias (1977) ~· :;f; Garapan, West Saipan U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1981) Chalan Kanoa, Unai Afetna, West Saipan Present Study Halimeda tuna Muchot Point, Flores Point, Afetna Point, West Saipan Cloud (1959) '· ' Ulva lactuca Tank Beach/Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Wilkins and Meyer (undated) Valonia aegagropi/a Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Wilkins and Meyer (undated) Unai Makpe, West Saipan Present Study Phaeophyta Dictyota dichotoma Bird Island, (Unai Fanochuluyan), East Saipan Present Study Tanapag region, Puntan Muchot, Micro Beach, Liyang, Present Study San Jose, Unai Afetna, West Saipan Hydroclathrus clathratus Tank Beach & Bahai Laulau, East Saipan (reef flat) Wilkins and Meyer (undated) Muchot Point. Afetna Point, West Saipan Cloud (1959) Garapan, West Saipan U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1981) San Jose, West Saipan Present Study Padina australis Bird Island, (Unai Fanochuluyan), East Saipan Present Study Unai Paupau (north), San Roque, Tanapag region, Present Study Micro Beach, Liyang, West Saipan Padina commersoni Muchot Point, Flores Point, West Saipan Cloud (1959) Padina minor Tank Beach & Bahia Laulau, East Saipan (reef flat) Wilkins and Meyer (undated) Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) Turbinaria ornata Bird Island, (Unai Fanochuluyan), East Saipan Present Study Tank Beach and Bahia Laulau, East Saipan (reef flat) Wilkins and Meyer (undated) Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984), Present Study Obyan, South Saipan (6 to 8 m) Wilkins (1988) Muchot Point, West Saipan Cloud (1959) Charlie Bay, West Saipan Tobias ( 1977) Unai Makpe, Unai Paupau (north), San Roque, Present Study T anapag region, San Jose, West Saipan

10 Rhodophyta Acanthophora spicifera Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Wilkins and Meyer (undated), Pacific Basir Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) Puntan Muchot, West Saipan Cloud (1959) Unai Sadog Tase, West Saipan Tobias (1977) Chalan Kanoa, West Saipan U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1981) Unai Makpe, San Roque, Tanapag region, West Saipan Present Study Amansia glomerata Tank Beach/Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Wilkins and Meyer (undated) Centroceras c/avulatum Tank Beach/Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Wilkins and Meyer (undated) Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) Champia parvala Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) Gelidiel/a acerosa Bird Island, (Unai Fanochuluyan). East Saipan Present Study Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Wilkins and Meyer (undated), Pacific Basir Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) West Saipan U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1981) Unai Makpe, Tanapag region, Chalan Kanoa, West Present Study Saipan Hypnea cervicornis Bahia Laulau, East Saipan (reef flat) Wilkins and Meyer (undated) Leveillea jungennannioides Bird Island, (Unai Fanochuluyan), East Saipan Present Study Tank Beach/Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Wilkins and Meyer (undated) Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) Unai Makpe, San Roque, West Saipan Present Study Spyridia filamentosa Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Wilkins and Meyer (undated), Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) Echo Bay, Baker Bay, Unai Sadog Tase, West Saipan Tobias (1977) Chalan Kanoa and Garapan, West Saipan Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) Tolypioc/adia glomeru/ata Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Wilkins and Meyer (undated), Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) Anthophyta *Enhalus acoroides Bahia Laulau, East Saipan Wilkins and Meyer (undated), Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) Present Study Muchot Point. Flores Point, West Saipan Cloud (1959) Range Light Bay, Echo Bay, Unai Sadog Tase, Tobias ( 1977) WestSaipan Garapan lagoon, Tanapag Harbor, West Saipan Tsuda et al. (1977) Garapan, Memorial Park, Tanapag Harbor, West Saipan U.S. Army Corps of engineers (1981) Liyang, West Saipan Present Study Ha/odu/e uninervis Unai Sadag Tase, West Saipan Tobias ( 1977) Chalan Kanoa, Susupe, Papau Beach, Tanapag Tsuda et al. (1977) West Saipan Chalan Kanoa, Garapan, Memorial Park, Tanapag U. S. Army Corps of engineers (1981) Harbor, West Saipan Unai Paupau (north), San Roque, Tanapag region, Present Study Puntan Muchot, Micro Beach, Liyang, San Jose, Chalan Kanoa, Unai Afetna, West Saipan *Halophila minor Bird Island, (Unai Fanochuluyan), East Saipan Present Study Range Light Bay, Echo Bay, Charlie Bay, Baker Bay, Tobias (1977) Unai Sadog Tase, West Saipan Chalan Kanoa, Tanapag Harbor, Garapan Lagoon, Tsuda et al. ( 1977) West Saipan Chalan Kanoa, Garapan, Memorial Park, Tanapeg U.S. Army Corps of engineers (1981) Harbor, West Saipan San Roque, West Saipan Present Study Halophila ova/is Muchot Point, West Saipan Cloud (1959) Unai Paupau (north), Micro Beach, Liyang, San Jose, Present Study Chalan Kanoa, Unai Afetna, West Saipan

11 f

knowledge regarding variability, and the potential for turtle usage of sites not monitored, it is difficult to make a reasonable projection on the size of the total resident green turtle population surrounding the island at this time. The number presented is suggested as a minimum. Continued monitoring will be needed to confirm these findings and to assess seasonal and long-term trends.

The absence of observations of hawks bill turtles is discouraging, especially given the extent of this survey and their highly endangered world-wide status. However, hawksbill turtles have only been observed in limited numbers in the past. The Saipan Division of Fish and Wildlife possesses two hawksbill carapaces which purportedly were confiscated within the last few years. 1 · Pacific Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) recorded three hawksbill turtle observations at .. Bahia Laulau in 1982-83. Pritchard (1982) observed three stuffed hawksbills and an olive ridley ·:, (Lepidochelys olivacea) for sale in a Saipan handicraft shop in the 1970s. McCoy (1997) notes t., pre-historic (on Rota) and historic evidence for hawksbill presence and human use, but suggests rarity. Hawksbill turtles were also absent in 10 aquatic surveys along the shores of Tinian in 1995 (Pultz et al. In Press). The absence of leatherback and olive ridley turtles was expected. Non-nesting leatherbacks tend to inhabit pelagic environments, and olive ridleys in this region of the world are rare and presumed to be waifs (National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1998c and d) .

... ·The apparent domination of the resident green turtle population by juveniles may have been slightly biased by the potential absence of adults on breeding migrations. One of the dive shop owners noted a conspicuous rise in the numbers of large (presumably) adult green turtles during , the "winter" season at his most frequented dive site, the Grotto. Continuation of the visual ·• surveys around the island at various times throughout the year would be needed to confirm such suspicions, and may provide a means by which the proportion of adults leaving to breed can be determined and, given enough years, potential correlative factors examined (see Limpus and Nicholls 1988). I. ~- , The disproportionate presence of turtles at east coast sites suggestively corresponds to low levels of human accessibility throughout the majority of the year. However, it appeared that turtle resting areas also corresponded with observed and presumed topographic complexity of the benthos. Balazs et al. ( 1987) suggested that proximity of resting habitat to foraging habitat may be of importance, with green turtle resting areas in Hawaiian coastal waters typically found within 2 km of corresponding foraging habitat. Relatively large numbers of turtles where found in topographically complex areas proximal to west lagoon seagrass habitats. In addition, a variety of potential green turtle food resources is now known to exist along the east coast. The extent to which poaching and. other forms of human disturbance drives disproportionate distributions is unknown, but it should be noted that turtle poaching has been occurring in present high density turtle resting areas along the east coast for years (Pacific Environmental Consultants, Inc. 1984, DFW representatives and Saipan community members per. comm.). Perhaps a combination of factors, including access to food, preferred resting habitat, and exposure to disturbance by humans, is responsible for present turtle distributions around the island. Detailed assessments of submerged east coast turtle habitats, in combination with knowledge concerning diets, food distribution and abundance, and turtle movements, might help to elucidate the relative importance of each of these factors.

12 Tremendous opportunity exists to further our understanding of Saipan's resident turtle population and various aspects of green turtle biology. Five resting areas with relatively high concentrations of green sea turtles have been identified, and appear suitable for capture· and release efforts given appropriate oceanic conditions. The use of tangle nets (Ehrhart and Ogren 1999) in these and west coast lagoon seagrass foraging habitats should be explored as a means of increasing catch efficiency. Investigations of turtle abundance, growth rates (van Dam 1999), food consumption and preference (Forbes 1999), and food availability will allow for estimates of carrying capacity and provide various means to gauge the status of the population. The potential movements of turtles between regions of Saipan, islands within the Mariana Archipelago, and long distance migrations across political boundaries (Pultz et al. In Press) should be elucidated through tagging and genetic analysis of tissue samples (Fitzsimmons et al. 1999). Identification of habitat critical to population survival and expansion should result, and will be key to planning future island development that corresponds with appropriate sea turtle conservation and management.

5.3 Recommendations

The potential for broadening sea turtle research efforts in Saipan is immense. The resident turtle population is large and appears concentrated enough in certain habitats to allow for viable catch and release efforts. The Saipan Division of Fish and Wildlife possesses facilities, boats, some equipment, and an apparent interest necessary to initiate and support an expansion of research on turtles in this region. Given the lack of knowledge concerning turtle population status and dynamics, and the recent interest in re-initiating traditional usage of turtles as a resource, it is recommended that additional research on sea turtles be conducted in this area. More specific recommendations are listed below (note: recommendations for each transected area are located in the conclusion sections of Appendix 2).

1. Continue monitoring of nesting beaches with a focus on recording crawl activity and obtaining adult/hatchling tissue samples for genetic analysis.

2. Coordinate with agencies on green turtle nesting islands within the archipelago in an effort to collect tissue from breeding turtles/hatchlings for genetic analysis from throughout the region.

3. Continue monitoring of resident sea turtles using the methods and locations identified in this survey on at least a quarterly basis to confirm preliminary findings, determine variability, and establish peak times of abundance. Expand to other areas if possible.

4. Conduct benthic surveys along the east coast using tow, snorkel and or SCUBA methods. Describe identified sea turtle resting habitats and collect marine plant and algae samples for identification.

5. Initiate catch and release efforts at Central Naftan, Forbidden Island, North Naftan, Kingfisher Golf Course, the Balisa area, and in west lagoon seagrass areas noted as turtle feeding sites. Tangle nets should be deployed where feasible and monitored appropriately.

l3 Tremendous opportunity exists to further our understanding of Saipan' s resident turtle population and various aspects of green turtle biology. Five resting areas with relatively ~igh concentrations of green sea turtles have been identified, and appear suitable for capture and release efforts given appropriate oceanic conditions. The use of tangle nets (Ehrhart and Ogren 1999) in these and west coast lagoon seagrass foraging habitats should be explored as a means of increasing catch efficiency. Investigations of turtle abundance, growth rates (van Dam 1999), food consumption and preference (Forbes 1999), and food availability will allow for estimates of carrying capacity and provide various means to gauge the status of the population. The potential movements of turtles between regions of Saipan, islands within the Mariana Archipelago, and long distance migrations across political boundaries (Pultz et al. In Press) should be elucidated through tagging and genetic analysis of tissue samples (Fitzsimmons et al. 1999). Identification of habitat critical to population survival and expansion should result, and will be key to planning future island development that corresponds with appropriate sea turtle conservation and management.

5.3 Recommendations

1. Continue monitoring of nesting beaches with a focus on recording crawl activity and obtaining adult/hatchling tissue samples for genetic analysis.

2. Coordinate with agencies on green turtle nesting islands within the archipelago in an effort to collect tissue from breeding turtles/hatchlings for genetic analysis from throughout the regiOn.

4. Conduct benthic surveys along the east coast using tow, snorkel and or SCUBA methods. Describe identified sea turtle resting habitats and collect marine plant and algae samples for identification.

13 '0·~=------

6. In addition 'to multiple tagging and measuring, small pieces of hindfipper should be collected from captured turtles, stored in salt preservative, and sent for genetic analysis.

7. Captured turtles should be examined for lesions, and lesion biopsies taken and sent for histological analysis.

8. Attempts should be made to collect and identify ingested forage from both captured and stranded turtles.

9. On site training by individuals experienced with the equipment and techniques needed to carry out the above recommendations will be necessary.

10. Paid involvement of local fishermen and turtles poachers in catch and release efforts will allow for utilization of their water skills and an opportunity to share a conservation ethic.

11. All above efforts should be expanded to include breeding and resident sea turtle populations on Tinian, Farallon de Medinilla and other islands within the archipelago. Catch and release of turtles in neighboring island habitats will allow for elucidation of potential turtle

~ movements between islands, and regional assessments to be made. ·', 12. Technical assistance with data base establishment and maintenance is warranted.

13. Establish funding sources for long-term monitoring of sea turtles in this region. Potential funding sources include the local governments, the U.S. Federal Government, the South Pacific Regional Environmental Programme, and various private organizations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The following people participated in one or more aspects of this project: George Balazs (Honolulu, NMFS), Jacinto Taman (Saipan, DFW Fishery Officer), Tony Flores (Saipan, DFW Fishery Technician), Rudy Pangelinan (Saipan, DFW Fishery Technician), Chris Alepuyo (Saipan, DFW Fisheries Technician), Mike Tenorio (Saipan, DFW Intern), Ismael N. Magofha (Saipan, Fisherman), Edward Norita, Jr. (Saipan, Fisherman), Dr. Dennis J. Russell (University of Alaska Southeast, Biologist), Richard Seman (Saipan, DFW Director), Mike Triani (Saipan, DFW Fishery Biologist), Kathrene Miller (Saipan, DFW Natural Resource Planner), John Manglona (Saipan, DFW Enforcement Section Supervisor), James Tanaka (Saipan, DFW Enforcement Officer), Luciano Rangamar (Saipan, DFW Enforcement Officer), Cal Falig (Saipan, Upward Bound Program Director, Northern Marianas College), Jacob Iguel (Saipan, Fisherman), Simeon Odoshi (Saipan, Deputy Director, Carolinian Affairs), Pete Lisua, (Saipan, Carolinian Affairs), Ben Taitano (Saipan, Carolinian Affairs), Francis George (Saipan, Fisherman), Scott Vogt (Saipan, DFW Herpetologist), Mr. Suzuki, (Saipan, Kingfisher Golf Course Representative), Tom McKenzie (Saipan, Manager, Laulau Bay Golf Course), Lloyd Hartman (Saipan, Coral Ocean Point Golf Course Representative), Captain Ed Comfort (Saipan, Abracadabra Dive Shop), Dave Cartiu (Saipan, StingRay Divers). All American Divers (Saipan), Pro-Dive Saipan, Mike McCoy (Honolulu, Biologist and Fisheries Consultant), Dr. Evelyn Cox

14 (Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Coral Reef Ecologist), Ron Phillips (Seagrass Specialist). All are acknowledged and thanked for their contributions and assistance.

REFERENCES

Alkire, W. H. 1989. Lamotrek Atoll and Socio-Economic Ties. 2"d Edition, Waveland Press, Inc. Prospect Heights, Illinois. 180 pp.

Balazs, G. H., R. G. Forsyth, and A. K. H. Kam. 1987. Preliminary assessment of habitat utilization by Hawaiian green turtles in the resident foraging pastures. NOAA Tech. Mem. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-71. 107 pp.

Clayshults, R.N. 1977. Description of sediments. Pages 13-21 in J. E. Doty and J. A Marsh, Jr. (eds.), Marine Survey of Tanapag Harbor, Saipan: The Power Barge "Impedance". University of Guam Marine Laboratory Technical Report:No. 33.

Cloud, P. E., Jr. 1959. Geology of Saipan Mariana Islands. Part 4. Submarine topography and shoal-water ecology. Geological Survey Professional Paper 280-K: 361-345.

Cloud, P. E., Jr., R.G. Schmidt, and H.W. Burke. 1956. Geology ofSaipan Mariana Islands. Part 1. General geology. Geological Survey Professional Paper 280-A: 1-126.

Doty, J. E. and J. A Marsh Jr. (eds.) 1977. Marine survey ofTanapag Harbor, Saipan: The power barge "Impedance". University of Guam Marine Laboratory Technical Report No. 33. 147 pp.

Eckert, K. L. 1993. The biology and population status of marine turtles in the north Pacific Ocean. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-186. 156 pp.

Ehrhart, L. M. and L. H. Ogren. 1999. Studies in foraging habitats: Capturing and handling turtles. Pages 61-64 inK. L. Eckert, K. A. Bjorndal, F. A Abreu-Grobois and M. Donnelly (eds.), Research and Management Techniques for the Conservation of Sea Turtles. IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group Publication No.4. 235 pp.

Eldredge, L. G. and R. H. Randall. 1980. Atlas ofthe Reefs and Beaches ofSaipan, Tinian and Rota. Office of Coastal Resources Management ofthe Commonwealth ofthe Northern Marianas. 159 pp.

Falanruw, M. C., T. G. Cole, and A H. Ambacher. 1989. Vegetation survey ofRota, Tinian, and Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Station Resource Bulletin PSW-27. 11 pp.

FitzSimmons, N., C. Moritz, and B. W. Bowen. 1999. Population identification. Pages 72-79 in K. L. Eckert, K. A. Bjomdal, F. A. Abreu-Grobois and M. Donnelly (eds.), Research and Management Techniques for the Conservation of Sea Turtles. IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group Publication No.4. 235 pp.

15 Forbes, G. A. 1999. Diet sampling and diet component analysis. Pages 144-148 inK. L. Eckert, K. A. Bjorndal, F. A. Abreu-Grobois and M. Donnelly (eds.), Research and Management Techniques for the Conservation of Sea Turtles. IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group Publication No.4. 235 pp.

Gawel, M. J. 1974. Marine survey ofSaipan lagoon. A preliminary coral survey ofSaipan Lagoon. University of. Guam Marine Laboratory Environmental Survey Report 11. 13 pp.

Goreau, R. F., J. C. Lang, E. A. Graham, and P. D. Goreau. 1972. Structure and ecology of the Saipan reefs in relation to predation by Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus). Bulletin ofMarine Science 22: 113-152.

Groombridge, B. (Compiler). 1982. The IUCN Amphibia-Reptilia red data book. Part 1. Testudines, Crocodylia, and Rhynchocephalia. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 426 pp.

Grout, D. 1997. Summary ofUSFWS Sea Turtle Nesting Surveys. Unpublished Summary. 2 pp.

Hirth, H. F. 1997. Synopsis of the biological data on the green turtle Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus 1758). Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 97(1). 120 pp.

Johannes, R. E. 1986. A review of information on the subsistence use ofgreen and hawksbill sea turtles on islands under United States jurisdiction in the western Pacific Ocean. NMFS Southwest Region Admin. Report SWR-86-2. 41 pp . ., Lessa, W. A. 1983. Sea turtles and ritual: Conservation in the Caroline Islands. Pages 1183-1201 in B. Gunda (ed.), The Fishing Culture of the World: Studies in Ethnology, Cultural Ecology and Folklore. Volume II. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest. Pp. 589-1253.

-~ Limpus, C. J. and N. Nicholls. 1988. The southern oscillation regulates the annual numbers of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) breeding around northern Australia. Australian Journal of Wildlife Research 15: 157-161.

McCoy, M. A. 1997. The Traditional and Ceremonial Use ofthe Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) in the Northern Mariana Islands with Recommendations for its Use in Cultural Events and Education. Unpublished Report for the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council and the University ofHawaii Sea Grant College Program. 87 pp.

McCoy, M. A. 1982. Subsistence hunting of turtles in the western Pacific: the Caroline Islands. Pages 275-280 inK. A. Bjorndal (ed.), Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, D.C. 583 pp.

McCoy, M. A. 1974. Man and turtle in the Central Carolines. Micronesica 10: 207-221.

National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998a. Recovery Plan for U.S. Pacific Populations of the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas). National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, ~-

16 National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998b. Recovery Plan for U.S. Pacific Populations of the Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD.

National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998c. Recovery Plan for U.S. Pacific Populations of the Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD.

National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998d. Recovery Plan for U.S. Pacific Populations of the Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea). National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD.

Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. 1984. Biological and physical survey of Bahia Laulau. U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Coastal Zone Management, Saipan. 159 pp.

Pritchard, P. C. H. 1977. Marine Turtles ofMicronesia. Chelonia Press, San Francisco. 83 pp.

Pritchard, P. C. H. 1982. Marine turtles ofMicronesia. Pages 263-274 in K.A. Bjomdal (ed.), Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, D.C. 583 pp.

Pultz, S., D. O'Daniel, S. Krueger, H. McSharry, and G. Balazs. In Press. Marine turtle survey on Tinian, Mariana Islands. Micronesica.

Randall, R. H. 1988. Corals and description ofthe study area. Pages 22-37 in R H. Randall, S. D. Rogers, E. E. Irish, S.C. Wilkins, B. D. Smith, and S. S. Amesbury, A marine survey ofthe Obyan-Naftan reef area, Saipan, Mariana Islands. University of Guam Technical Report No. 90. 56 pp.

Randall, R. H., S. D. Rogers, E. E. Irish, S. C. Wilkins, B. D. Smith, and S. S. Amesbury. 1988. A marine survey of the Obyan-Naftan reef area, Saipan, Mariana Islands. University of Guam Technical Report No. 90. 56 pp.

Rodda, G. H., T. H. Fritts, and J.D. Reichel. 1991. The distributional patterns of reptiles and amphibians in the Mariana Islands. Micronesica 24: 195-210.

Tobias, W. J. 1977. Marine plants. Pages 68-87 in J. E. Doty and J. A. Marsh Jr. (eds.), Marine survey ofTanapag Harbor, Saipan: The power barge "Impedance". University of Guam Marine Laboratory Technical Report No. 33. 147 pp.

Tsuda, R. T., Fosberg, F. R. and M. H. Sachet. 1977. Distribution ofseagrasses in Micronesia. Micronesica 13: 191-198.

17 ---·-···---·--·---·-·

US. Army Corps of Engineers. 198 L Saipan small boat harbor, Saipan, Northern Marianas. Detailed Project Report and Environmental Statement, US Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District. 89 pp.

Van Dam, R. P. 1999. Measuring sea turtle growth. Pages 149-151 inK. L Eckert, K. A Bjorndal, F. A Abreu-Grobois and M. Donnelly (eds.), Research and Management Techniques for the Conservation of Sea Turtles. IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group Publication No. 4. 235 pp.

Wells, S.M. and M.D. Jenkins. 1988. Northern Mariana Islands. Pages 241-246 inS. M. Wells and M.D. Jenkins (eds.), Coral Reefs ofthe World. Volume 3: Central and Western Pacific. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Center and the United Nations Environmental Programme.

Wiles, G. 1., A Binion Amerson, Jr., and R. E. Beck Jr. 1989. Notes on the herpetofauna of Tinian, Mariana Islands. Micronesica 22: 107-118.

Wilkins, S.C. 1988. A quantitative assessment of marine plants. Pages 16-21 in R. H. Randall, S. D. Rogers, E. E. Irish, S. C. Wilkins, B. D. Smith, and S. S. Amesbury, A marine survey ofthe Obyan-Naftan reef area, Saipan, Mariana Islands. University of Guam Technical Report No. 90. 56 pp.

Wilkins, S.C. and K. D. Meyer. Undated. Benthic Marine Plants of Bahia Laulau and Tank Beach, Saipan. Unpublished report submitted to the Division ofFish and Wildlife, Saipan, CNMI. 13 pp.

' /

18 APPENDIX 1

SITE DESCRIPTIONS, ACCESSIDILITY, SOURCES OF INFORMATION, AND RAW DATA

19 .. ,..,. ~,.-,.3 }".I,!",?~ ~<~~.:' "'".l_.··:;: ...

Puntan Laggua to Puntan Makpe, North Saipan

Date: 8/20/99 Type: Tow Location: Puntan Laggua to Puntan Makpe, North Salpan

Site Description: The land ocean Interface is characterized overwhelmingly by high clifflines and narrow fringing intertidal benches, giving way to submerged boulders, spur and groove zones, hardpan substrate and precipitous drop-offs. Map bathymetry shows depths of approximately 10m extending 250 to 325m from shore, followed by a gradual slope to 36m depth 400 to 550 m from shore between Puntan Laggua'to Puntan Laggua Kattan (just east of the Banzai Cliff cove). Live coral cover over the area towed in this region is low, though clumps of algae were evident throughout. A ledge with resting turtles was found approximately 400 m off Puntan Laggua Kattan and is believed to be that recognized by local fishermen as a turtle resting area. The ledge is roughly 10 x 2 m and sits 2 m below a hardpan drop-off at an estimated 17 m depth. The drop-off extended beyond visual range (estimated to be 100 m). The majority of the tow In this area covered gradually sloping hardpan with relatively little topographical relief. Deep depths were transversed in the Banzai Cliff region, with cliff faces and boulder zones evident 60 plus meters below. The track along Banzai Cliff maintained a distance of approximately 475 m from shore. Ten meter depths extend 350m from shore off Puntan Sabaneta. This area is characterized by spur and groove zones, hardpan bench and various drop-offs. Live coral cover continued to be low, and various algae seemed prevalent (including Fosliel/a farinosa, Galaxaura cyfindrica, G. fasciculata, G. fastifiata, and Halimeda discoidea ). Approximately 0. 7 km southwest of the northernmost tip of the island all the way to Puntan Makpe, deep inshore depths prevail with depths of 36 plus meters 50 to 100m from shore. Again hardpan bench with low coral cover and Halimeda prevailed. Precipitous drop-offs were frequently encountered throughout this region. Water conditions throughout the day were calm with swell 0 to 0.3 m, winds light. Streams were not noted to enter anywhere along the transect. N o Access: Travel time to the start of the tow off Puntan Laggua takes approximately 30 minutes from Smiling Cove Marina (27 ft DFW boat). Access to ocean areas along the entire north coast of Saipao limited to boat. Dive boats frequent at least two northern areas, including within the Banzai Cliff cove and along a reef extension northeast of the northernmost tip of the island (Puntan Sabaneta).

Description of Methodology: Two people were towed along the sides of the DFW 27 ft boat, which maintained a distance of approximately 50 m from . shallow shoreline areas. An exception existed at Banzai cliff where distances of 450 plus meters where maintained. When a turtle was sighted the boat was stopped and the species, size, activity, time, depth and habitat characteristics were relayed to a recorder on the boat. Latitude and longitude were noted at the location where each turtle was encountered using a GPS unit. In addition, boat observers searched the waters surface for turtle ascents.

Personnel: Jacinto Taman, Joe Ruak, Tony Flores, Rudy Pangelinan, Steve Kolinski

Source of Information: This particular tow was selected by Captain Jacinto Taman based on his own personal knowledge of the area and a stated interest by Kolinski in examining the Banzai Cliff region. Joe Ruak received Information from a fisherman regarding the existence of a ledge offshore of Banzai Cliff where turtles could regularly be seen resting. All American Divers, Inc. provides a boat dive off Puntan Sabaneta (west of Banzai Cliff) where they state they usually see a few turtles. Puntan Laggua to Puntan Makpe, North Saipan

Tide: Low rising, one day past half moon (Neap) towards full. Obs. Depth Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 10:32 15°16.43 145°49.86 START: Puntan Laggua. 10:39 15°16.43 145°49.81 1 Gn Adult Swimmln 10 to 15 Hardpan Very large turtle. 2 Gn Juv Swimmin 10 to 15 Hardpan 70 em, serrated edges. 10:40 ? ? 3 Gn Juv ? 15 to 20 Hardpan, ledges, drop-offs Possibly same as Obs. 2. 10:42 15°16.65 145°49.58 4 Gn Juv Resting 15 to 20 Hardpan 10:44 15°16.84 145°49.48 5 Gn Adult Resting 15 to 20 Hardpan, algae 110 to 120 em, short tail. 10:54 15°17.16 145°49.28 6 Gn Juv ? 15 to 20 Hardpan, algae 50 to 55 em, algae samples taken. 11:00 15°17.16 145°49.35 7 Gn Juv/Adult ? 15 to 20 Hardpan, spur and groove, 80 to 90 em. lots of algae 11:06 15°17.20 145°49.17 8 Gn Juv Resting 15 to 20 Hardpan, ledge, drop-off Ledge referred to by fishermen. Drop-off > 100 m, off Puntan Laggua Kattan. " 9 Gn Juv Resting 15 to 20 Hardpan, ledge, drop-off Ledge referred to by fishermen. Drop-off > 100m, off Puntan Laggua Kattan. 11:20 15°17.45 145°48.69 10 Gn Juv ? 6 to 9 Spur and groove, sand, alga 50 to 60 em. Off Puntan Sabaneta. 11:29 15°17.40 145°48.55 11 Gn Adult ? 9 Hardpan bench with gradual Adult male 70 to 90 em. slope, 3 % coral, 40 % algae N 11:38 15°17.52 145°48.37 12 Gn Juv Swimmin 18 to 20 Hardpan bench, algae 60 to 70 em. Algae samples taken. - 11:46 15°16.94 145°48.09 13 Gn Juv Swim min 15 Spur and groove bench, cliff, 60 to 70 em. 8 % live coral, lots of algae including Halimeda, scattered sand 11:49 15°16.92 145°48.07 14 Gn Juv Swimmin 12 Hardpan bench, cliff 60 to 65 em. 11:52 15°16.87 145°48.03 15 Gn Juv Resting 15 to 20 Hardpan bench with steep 60 to 65 em. drop-off. 2 % live coral, scattered sand, lots of algae 16 Gn Juv/Adult Resting 15 to 20 Hardpan bench with steep 80 to 90 em, small tail. drop-off, 2 % live coral, scattered sand, lots of algae 11:54 ? ? 17 Gn Juv ? 24 to 27 Hardpan gradually sloped, 70 to 80 em, short tail. scattered sand, lots of algae

? ? 18 Gn Juv/Adult ? 33 Hardpan gradually sloped, 80 to 90 em, short tail. scattered sand, lots of algae 12:11 15°16.56 145°47.63 STOP: Puntan Makpe. .a-~--~- ·:t'-"2.rt-: -- ---~i.;;>IOl".,. ~--~-~-·- .<1"~.4-.-- - .-P:~;-_ -----~.~l".. -. ~-~· .c-~.L'- . ~'"'""""""~-- ... ' .•.. _,.,.. ··~ Puntan Laggua to Puntan Makpe, North Saipan

Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mlns) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:39 12 Gn Juv 11 Gn Juv 5.8 3 Gn Juv/Adult 3 Gn Juv/Adult 3 Gn Adult 3 Gn Adult 18 Gn 17 Gn

Conclusion: Although a number of turtles were observed along this tow, the distance transversed was tremendous and a good number of the observations were widely scattered. Only two areas stand out as potential sites for tag and recapture efforts: the ledge off Puntan Laggua Kattan and mid-way between Putan Sabaneta and Puntan Makpe. Capture and tagging of turtles in this region will be difficult and limited to experienced deep diving snorkelers working off a boat during calm ocean conditions. Given that much greater potential for capturing turtles exists in other areas, it is recommended that any attempts here be given non-priority status. Sporadic tows throughout the survey region should be continued as a means of better assessing turtle abundance, size distributions and behavioral characteristics.

N N Banzai Cliff, North Saipan

Date: 8/17/99 Type: Cliffline Location: Banzai Cliff, North Salpan

Site Description: Three cliffline stations were selected, with the Banzai Cliff memorial platform in the center and one station located on east and west cliff extensions. The sites are approximately 22 to 30 m above sea level at mean high tide. A partially exposed, narrow intertidal bench fringes various shoreline areas, but a good portion of the shoreline is made up of undercut caverns, rock cliff face and a few exposed boulders. A submerged boulder, spur and sand filled groove system is evident just offshore. Estimated depths of 20 plus meters exist within 50 m of shore. A tow survey on 8-20-99 located an offshore ledge noted by fishermen for resting turtles at approximately 20m depth 400 m offshore of the east cliff station. The ledge had two resting greens, and dropped precipitously beyond visible range (visibility at least 100m). The outer area surveyed consisted mainly of hardpan with low coral cover (approx. 5 percent) and various clumps of red algae (samples collected). The tow did not extend closer to shore. There are no notable stream entrances within the area. The winds were calm, swell 0.3 to 0.6 m. Surface photos of the area available.

Access: A paved road leads to Banzai Cliff, a popular tourist destination. Travel time by car from Puerto Rico estimated at 25 to 30 minutes. Cliffline views easily accessible from the memorial platform and nearby areas. Surrounding cliff edges reached by car or short walks over relatively well worn paths. Water access strictly by boat, with travel times estimated at 25 minutes from Smiling Cove Marina (DFW 27 ft. boat). Dive boats noted within the vicinity.

Description of Methodology: Cliffline observers sketched the shoreline within their range of visibility. When a turtle was sighted on the surface or swimming subsurface, the time was noted and binoculars were used to identify species and estimate size. Features N w such as tail length and any identifying marks were recorded when observed. The estimated surface time and behavior of each turtle was noted when possible, and the location and or route of each turtle was plotted on the map sketch and numbered. The location of each observer was measured using a Garmin handheld GPS unit. Environmental conditions and location factors deemed relevant were recorded. On 8-20-99 a tow of the outer Banzai Cliff area was conducted using the DFW 27 ft. boat. Results reported elsewhere.

Personnel: Larry llo, Joe Ruak, Steve Kolinski

Source of Information: This location was listed during the initial group meeting with DFW representatives. Joe Ruak had mentioned seeing a large turtle from Banzai Cliff the previous week. His interviews with fishermen suggested a small ledge existed offshore of the Banzai Cliff area where at night 7 to 8 resting turtles could typically be found. A local vender interviewed at Bird Island Lookout noted Banzai Cliff was a better place than Bird Island to view turtles from land. All American Divers, Inc. provides a boat dive off a reef extension to the west of Banzai Cliff where they usually see a few turtles.

Location: Banzai Cliff, East Side Lat. 15°17.184 Long. 145°49.018 (+/-41ft.) Observer: Joe Ruak Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Low(+) rising, 2 days prior to half moon (Neap) towards full. 6:15 START 7:15 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mlns) Obs. Species Size IEstim~ted Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:00 0 0.2 ~-~~-; .\ ~ ··'*".~~ :-~'"'~--- -· ,-"'·~·". ".t~.~ .... ::.-..:.. :.,. ....#._ . . ;·,• r~;;.~.,~: .. tt:,;,:_;(~~~---·'f ·,. :)<~t::"r ·,;~~...:~·;~~~j)."'~-;·~-- ~ ~)1:,··,-. ;'J_~: ;.~·;,.. -~. """''" .., .\ .·-~:~" ., Banzai.Ciiff, North. Saipan .

Location: Banzai Cliff, Monument Lookout Lat. 15°17.183 Long. 145°48.969 (+/-49ft.) Observer: Steve Kolinski Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Low(+) rising, 2 days prior to half moon (Neap) towards full. 6:15 START 6:25 1 Gn Adult Approx. 40 to 50 m from shore. Surface to breath, swimming east. Large turtle, tail not visible. 6:40 2 Gn Adult Approx. 35 to 40 m from shore. Large turtle, tail not visible. Swimming east. 7:15 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:00 2 Gn Adult I 2 Gn Adult 0.3 Location: Banzai Cliff, West side Lat. 15°17.277 Long. 145°48.821 (+/-75ft.) Observer: Larry llo Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Low(+) rising, 2 days prior to half moori (Neap) towards full. 6:15 START 6:50 1 Gn Adult Approx. 15 m from shore. Male turtle, long tail. 6:52 2 Gn Adult Approx. 20 m from shore. Large turtle, tail not visible. 3 Gn Adult Approx, 20 m from shore. Large turtle, tail not visible. 4 Gn Juv Approx. 20 m from shore. 7:15 STOP ~ Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:00 1 Gn Juv 1 Gn Juv 0.25 3 Gn Adult 3 Gn Adult 4 Gn 4 Gn

Summary: Max. Time Tot. Tot; Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Total Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:00 1 Gn Juv 1 Gn Juv 0.75 5 Gn Adult 5 Gn Adult 6 Gn 6 Gn

Conclusion: Limited numbers of green sea turtles are evident within this area. Additional cliffline surveys covering different hours, moon, tide phases and months are needed to confirm preliminary findings, determine variability and establish peak times of abundance. Observations should be expanded to cover other clifflines in the area. Capture and tagging of turtles in this region will be difficult and limited to experienced deep diving snorkelers working off a boat during calm ocean conditions. Given the evidence to date, the most favorable site for catching turtles in this area appears to be the offshore ledge at approximately 20 m depth noted in the tow survey. Consideration must be given to the memorial status of the area and any manipulative activities timed accordingly. - ....--

Puntan I Maddok (Grotto), East Saipan

Date: 8/21/99 Type: Cllffllne location: Grotto, Puntan I Maddok, East Salpan

Site Description: Two cliffline stations were selected, one on each side of the ocean entrance into the Grotto. Cliff heights at both sites are approximately 12 to 15m above sea level at mean high tide. An exposed, narrow intertidal bench with apparent clumps of algae fringes large portions of the shoreline and appears assessable to turtles for feeding during high tides. Beyond this a submerged boulder zone is evident, which quickly drops down to depths beyond 35m. Examination of the area using SCUBA found steep walls with various ledges and caverns, and large submerged boulders, with roughly 15 to 25 percent scleractinian coral cover and various types of algae (including Asparagopsis taxiformis, Avrainvillea /acerata, Chei/osporum cultratum, Ga/axaura apicu/ata, Halimeda discoidea, Neomeris van-bosseae, Polysiphonia sp. and Rhodomenia sp.). Sand was noted in only a few crevices/caves. One juvenile green was sighted swimming. No stream inlets were noted. Winds from east to northeast, variable. Swell 0.6 to 1.2 m. Water very choppy due to winds, swell and backwash. Dive diagram of the underwater habitat (courtesy of Abracadabra Divers) and surface photos available.

Access: A paved road leads to the Grotto. Travel time by car from Puerto Rico estimated at 25 to 30 minutes. A security guard is posted in the parking area. A ten to fifteen minute climb over sharp projecting limestone rock is necessary to gain access to the best cliffline viewing areas. A path to the left of the stairs must be taken. Water access can be gained by descending a steep stairway to the Grotto entrance ( 11 0 steps). Access to outer ocean shoreline via any of three cave exits using SCUBA. A boat trip from Smiling Cove Marina may take 30 minutes (DFW 27 ft boat). 1 N U1 Description of Methodology: Cliffline observers sketched the shoreline within their range of visibility. When a turtle was sighted on the surface or swimming subsurface, the time was noted and binoculars were used to identify species and estimate size. Features such as tail length and any identifying marks were recorded when observed. The estimated surface time and behavior of each turtle was noted when possible, and the location and or route of each turtle was plotted on the map sketch and numbered. The location of each observer was measured using a Garmin handheld GPS unit. Environmental conditions and location factors deemed relevant were recorded. An assessment of the underwater habitat was conducted on 8/24/99 utilizing SCUBA. Algae samples were collected.

Personnel: Denise Parker, Steve Kolinski

Source of Information: This location was listed during the initial group meeting with DFW representatives. All dive operators and personnel interviewed noted Grotto as their best site for observing sea turtles. Capt. Ed Comfort, owner of Abracadabra Dive Shop, noted up to 18 turtles could be observed during early morning and or night dives. Ed suggested seasonal abundance, with greater abundance and larger turtles observed during the winter months (perhaps those returning from nesting migrations). A dive guide, Brian, with Abracadabra mentioned turtles at times rested within one of the Grotto caverns and were approached by divers and held for tourists wanting photographs (note: all indications suggested Abracadabra personnel are not involved in such activities). Dave Cartiu of StingRay Divers suggested night dives provided the best chance for seeing turtles at Grotto. Dave has observed up to five turtles, with two being fairly large and the others juveniles. Pro-Dive Saipan mentioned up to 10 turtles observed in the early morning hours, and All American Divers suggested "numerous" turtles in the early morning hours. :• .,~ '~:'" ._.,_; · ...... :( "'·.-0.1 .. ,..,t;J\~f: ••• ,.. .;:.;;· ..: ...;•L; -J_:~r- ·--~.J"i-.: . .-~Tio..i;!t~J'l~I:" .. ~..:.J..::;;..::lf.~~~"ll:t-J~·I{u....,~~"'1'J-c,., ...... ·"!~·.,f· -•• ::·,.;.-:-. .. ~,,- ',· ......

Puntan I Maddok (Grotto), East Saipan

Location: Cliff edge, Grotto Dive Site, Puntan I Maddok Lat. 15°15.536 Long. 145°49.467 (+/-71ft.) Observer: Denise Parker Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: High rising, 2 days after half moon (Neap) towards full 14:28 START 15:24 1 Gn Juv Approx. 60 to 70 em. Surface time 1 min, two breaths noted. Divers in area. 2 Gn Juv Approx. 50 to 60 em. Surface time 15 sees, one breath noted. 15:28 3 Gn Juv Swimming subsurface. 15:28 4 Gn Juv Approx. 50 em. Surface time 1.5 min, six breaths noted. Probably# 3 turtle. 15:43 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size 'Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:15 4 Gn Juv 3 Gn Juv 0.2

Location: Cliff edge, Grotto Dive Site, Puntan I Maddok Lat. 15°15.529 Long. 145°49.434 (+/-102ft.) Observer: Steve Kolinski Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: High rising, 2 days after half moon (Neap) towards full 14:40 START 14:48 1 Gn Juv Approx. 120 m distant. Surface time 40 sees. Swims straight down. 14:53 2 Gn Juv Approx. 30m distant. Observed for only 10 to 15 sees. In very choppy water. N 0"1 15:21 3 Gn Juv Approx. 5 m from cliff edge. Immature green approx. 50 em. Surface time 30 sees. 15:40 STOP Tot. Time Tot. Transect (hrs:mlns) Obs. Species Size 'Total Eitlmated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:00 3 Gn Juv 3 Gn Juv 0.175

Summary: Max. Time Tot. Tot. Transect (hrs:mlns) Obs. Species Size 'Total Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:15 7 Gn Juv 6 Gn Juv 0.375

Conclusion: Green turtle abundance in this area is apparently variable with a potential seasonal component. Additional cliffline surveys covering different hours, moon, tide phases and months are needed to confirm preliminary findings and establish peak times of abundance. Observations should be expanded to cover other clifflines in the area. Capture and tagging of turtles in this region will be difficult and limited to experienced deep diving snorkelers working off a boat during calm ocean conditions. Any manipulative activities should be coordinated with the various dive operators to ensure proper consideration of their operations and as a means of extending a conservation ethic. Consideration should be given to training interested dive operators in recording pertinent Information regarding their own turtle observations.

0 Isleta Maigo Fahang (Bird Island), East Saipan

Date: 8/18/99 and 8/22/99 Type: Cllffline Location: Bird Island (Isleta Maigo Fahang), East Saipan

Site Description: Two to three observers were stationed within 20 m of each other upon the paved lookout platform bordering the southern side of the inlet. Cliff heights are estimated at 60 plus m above mean high tide. The relevant view from the lookout extends to Bird Island, roughly 450 m distant, and up to 300 m southeast. The inlet is approximately 1.28 km across and 0.62 km in width. Sand/rubble green turtle nesting beach borders approximately 750 m of the inlet. Shallow reef flat (algae samples collected) extends up to 350 m from shore and surrounds Bird Island. A coral spur and sand filled groove zone slopes gradually to depths of 10 to 12m. Shallow algae covered benches are evident along steep clifflines bordering the inlet. large submerged boulders intermix with the spur and groove region. Map bathymetry suggests depths of less than 11 m throughout much of the inlet. Off the cliffline site, the benthos descends to depths of 36 m and beyond roughly 0.65 km from shore. Two stream entrances occur along Bird Island Beach. Winds were 5 to 10 knots, swell at 0.6 to 1 m, water slightly choppy, visibility good. Photos available.

Access: The majority of the road to the cliffllne lookout is paved. Travel time by car from Puerto Rico estimated at 25 minutes. Paved steps and sidewalk lead to lightly fenced off cliffline platforms. The lower viewpoint provides the best view. Water access via Bird Island Beach (Unai Fanonchuluyan) possible. 4WD necessary to take back road towards beach. A seven minute hike along a well tended path leads to the beach. Extensive reef flat would need to be crossed to access observed turtle sites. Access by boat is possible during calm periods, with an estimated travel time from Smiling Cove Marina around north at 35 to 40 min (DFW 27 ft. boat). Water work is most feasible during May when calm conditions prevail...... ,N Description of Methodology: Cliffline observers sketched the shoreline within their range of visibility. When a turtle was sighted on the surface or swimming subsurface, the time was noted and binoculars were used to identify species and estimate size. Features such as tail length and any Identifying marks were recorded when observed. The estimated surface time and behavior of each turtle was noted when possible, and the location and or route of each turtle was plotted on the map sketch and numbered. The location of each observer was measured using a Garmin handheld GPS unit. Environmental conditions and location factors deemed relevant were recorded.

Personnel: Larry llo, Joe Ruak, Steve Kolinski, Denise Parker

Source of Information: This location was suggested in the initial group meeting with DFW representatives. Noted by Larry llo and Joe Ruak as a current poaching area (mainly small turtles). Local vender overlooking the area noted infrequent slghtings of turtles (one to two a month).

Date: 8/18/99 Location: Cliff edge, Bird Island Lookout Lat. 15°15.329 Long. 145°48.623 (+/-62ft.) Observer: Larry llo, Joe Ruak, Steve Kolinski Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Low tide(+) rising, day before half moon (Neap) towards full. 6:20 START 7:01 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size IEstim~ted Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 0:41 0 0.6 --- ...... : '.~"':':~ ·:.~: ·~'·'·.:',;;<> "'""~~- ~ ..:.•i.f".~-- ..--:.!.)~..-.. ""'"J;~~ A •, ... i'; ., Isleta Maigo Fahang (Bird island), East Saipan

Date: 8/22/99 Location: Cliff edge, Bird Island Lookout Lat. 15°15.329 Long. 145°48.623 (+/-62ft.) Observer: Denise Parker, Steve Kolinski Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Low tide(+) rising, 3rd day past half moon (Neap) towards full. 10:07 START 10:07 1 Gn Juv Approx. 70 em. Off large submerged boulder. 10:20 2 Gn Juv Approx. 60 to 70 em. Pink coralline algae on rear of carapace. Up for 1 min, 4 to 5 breaths, swam straight down into deep spur and groove habitat approx. 120 m from cliff site. 10:32 3 Gn Juv Approx. 50 em. Lightly colored. Up for 1 min, 5 to 6 breaths, dove straight down into coral boulder habitat. 10:39 4 ? ? Potential turtle just off Bird Island. Possibly residual foam. 10:42 5 Gn Juv Near same boulder as obs. 1 but smaller and brighter shell. Surface time short. 10:51 6 Gn Juv/Adult Presumed green. Very distant from cliff site. 10:57 7 Gn Juv Approx. 50 to 60 em. Over same boulder as obs. 5. Believed to be turtle 5 based on color and size. 11:20 8 Gn Juv Small, short surface time, dove straight to coral boulder habitat close to shore. 11:21 9 Gn Juv Surface time 2 min. Above spur and groove habitat 200 m from reef edge. Depth est. 40 to 60 ft. 11:25 STOP Tot. Time Transect N Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) co (hrs:mins) Obs. 1:18 7 Gn Juv 6 Gn Juv 0.6 1 Gn Juv/Aduit 1 Gn Juv/Adult 1 ? ? 8 Gn 7 Gn 1 ?

Conclusion: Green turtles do occur in this area, but the sighting of turtles is evidently variable. Additional cliffline surveys covering different hours, moon, tide phases and months are needed to confirm preliminary findings, determine variability and establish peak times of abundance. Observations should be expanded to cover other clifflines in the area. Snorkel and or SCUBA surveys are recommended to assess benthic habitat, turtle activity and the potential for catch and release efforts. Interviews about area and turtle characteristics with suspected poachers recommended. ··-=_:......

Kingfisher Golf Course, Sabanan Fiiang, East Saipan

Date: 8119/99 Type: Cliffline Location: Kingfisher Golf Course, Sabanan Fliang, East Saipan

Site Description: Two cliffline stations were selected, one off the 14th tee rest house near Jefferies beach (Unai Talufofo) and one further north off the 16th hole. Cliff heights at both sites are approximately 12 to 1S m above mean sea level. An exposed, mostly narrow intertidal bench with apparent clumps of algae (noted as Sargassum sp by Denise Parker) fringes large portions of the shoreline and appears assessable to turtles for feeding during high tides. Beyond this a submerged boulder and spur and groove zone is evident, which quickly drops down to deeper depths. Map bathymetry suggests a gradually sloping 20 m deep bench extending out beyond the reef edge/boulder zone approximately 80 to 100m from shore, followed by significant slopes to greater depths (depths of 36 m are noted 120 to 160m offshore). The shoreline is pocketed with numerous inlets and three apparent entrances for stream water (including Jefferies Beach). The Jefferies Beach inlet (within the visual range of the 14th tee rest house cliffline station) runs approximately 163m across and 200m in length. A small sandy beach fringes the inner-most shoreline. Winds were variable, swell 0.6 to 1.2 m. Turtles were mainly observed off the 14th tee rest house cliffline station and appeared to be resting. Photos available.

Access: A paved road leads to the Kingfisher Golf course. Travel time by car from Puerto Rico estimated at 20 to 25 minutes. Course representative is Mr. Suzuki. Golf carts made available for the survey. Ten to fifteen minute climb over sharp projecting limestone rock necessary to gain access to the best cliffline viewing areas. Potential access to water near the 14th tee rest house via Jefferies Beach (Unai Talufofo; not examined). Access to the beach is just outside the golf course entrance, with a path leading through forest. The swim to the 14th tee rest house turtle area is approximately 200 m. Currents in the area are suggestively strong. Access by boat possible during calm periods, with an estimated travel time from Smiling Cove N Marina at 40 to 45 min (DFW 27 ft. boat). Water work is most feasible in May when calm conditions prevail. 1.0

Description of Methodology: Clitfline observers sketched the shoreline within their range of visibility. When a turtle was sighted on the surface or swimming subsurface, the time was noted and binoculars were used to identify species and estimate size. Features such as tail length and any identifying marks were recorded when observed. The estimated surface time and behavior of each turtle was noted when possible, and the location and or route of each turtle was plotted on the map sketch and numbered. The location of each observer was measured using a Garmin handheld GPS unit. Environmental conditions and location factors deemed relevant were recorded.

Personnel: Steve Kolinski, Joe Ruak

Source of Information: This location was suggested In McCoy (1997), who interviewe.d Tony Satur, a previous assistant manager at the Kingfisher Golf Course. Satur noted turtles could be observed between 7:00 and 10:00 am off the 14th tee rest house, 15th hole green and 16th tee off area. The site was also listed during the initial group meeting with DFW representatives. Upon arrival at the course, course representative Mr. Suzuki and other staff members verified these areas, in particular the 14th tee rest house, as the most likely spots to sight turtles.

Location: Cliff edge 14th tee house off Unai Talufofo Lat. 15°12.937 Long. 145°46.983 (+/-51 ft.) Observer: Steve Kolinski Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Low tide(+) falling, day of half moon (Neap) towards full. 6:32 START 6:32 Gn Juv Approx. 60 m offshore, floating, scoping, dove straight down. Approx. 50 to 60 em. Surface time approx. 4 min. ... :.r<~ ...... - ·~~~. ~·.·.Jr .. - ·~ Kingfisher Golf Course, Sabanan Fiiang, East Saipan

Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes 2 Gn Juv Approx. 60 m offshore, floating, scoping, dove straight down. Approx 55 to 65 em. Surface time approx. 4 min. 6:33 3 Gn Juv Surface off point approx. 70 m offshore, floating, seeping, dove straight down. Approx. 50 to 65 em. 4 Gn Juv Surface off point approx. 60 m offshore, floating, scoping, dove straight down. Approx. 50 to 65 em. 6:52 5 Gn Juv Surface north of point approx. 75 m offshore. Surface time 2 min. 6:56 6 Gn Juv Surface 80 m off point for 1 min. 7:00 7 Gn Juv/Adult Surface 80 m off point for 20 sec. Approx. 70 to 80 em, no tail visible. 7:03 8 Gn Juv Surface for 1 min approx. 30 m off point. 45 to 50 em, distinguishing scrape on carapace. 7:11 9 Gn Juv Bright colored and approx. 45 to 50 em. Surface and swim offshore center of beach inlet. 7:19 10 Gn Juv Surface 30 m off point for 20 sec. Approx. 50 to 55 em. 7:32 11 Gn Juv Turtle 8 distinguished by marked carapace surfaces in same area for 1 min. 7:39 12 Gn Juv Highly curved carapace, believed to be turtle 6, surfaces same area. Approx. 60 to 70 em. 7:59 13 Gn Juv Surface 80 m .off point. Approx 50 to 65 em. 8:03 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:31 12 Gn Juv 10 Gn Juv 0.25 1 Gn Juv/Adult 1 Gn Juv/Adult 13 Gn 11 Gn w Location: Cliff edge off 16th hole Lat. 15°13.115 Long. 145°47 .. 114 (+/-195ft.) 0 Observer: Joe Ruak Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Low tide(+) falling, day of half moon (Neap) towards full. 6:06 START 6:30 1 Gn Juv/Adult Surface for air close to shore. 7:30 2 Gn ? Swimming subsurface in same area as turtle 1 in southwest direction. Did not surface. 8:19 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 2:13 1 Gn Juv/Adult 1 Gn Juv/Adult 0.25 1 Gn ? 2 Gn 1 Gn

Summary: Max. Time Tot. Tot. Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Total Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 2:13 12 Gn Juv 10 Gn Juv 0.5 2 Gn Juv/Adult 2 Gn Juv/Adult 1 Gn ? 15 Gn 12 Gn Kingfisher Golf Course, Sabanan Fiiang, East Saipan

Conclusion: The evidence to date suggests the 14th tee rest house region supports a reasonably large number of presumably resting turtles. Additional cliffline surveys covering different hours, moon, tide phases and months are needed to confirm preliminary findings, determine variability and establish peak times of abundance. Observations should be expanded to cover other clifflines in the area. Snorkel and or SCUBA surveys of the area are strongly recommended to assess benthic habitat, turtle activity and the potential for catch and release efforts.

...... w : ~ .~1! ....,,,~ ~...,- ;~~: :....- ~,,.,._ -~:/ .~$~·· ""'"· "' 'w""- -~ Forbidden Island, Unai Hakmang and Puntan Hakmang, East Saipan

Date: 8/25/99 Type: Cliffllne Location: Forbidden Island (Isleta Maigo Luao), Unai Hakmang, Puntan Hakmang, East Saipan

Site Description: One cliffline station was selected overfooking the large inlet (bay) on the north side of the Forbidden Island Isthmus, approximately 80 m above mean sea level. The inlet is roughly 0.62 km in length and 0..4 km in width. An exposed, narrow intertidal bench with apparent clumps of algae fringes the majority of the shoreline. A live coral spur and sand filled groove zone slopes gradually to an apparent sand bottom at roughly 15 to 20m depth. Map bathymetry suggests significant drop-offs outside the inlet, with a 20m maximum within for those areas surveyed. There are a few exposed limestone outcrops in the reef slope area, and an exposed but isolated fingerlike bench and rock running from 100 to 180m offshore. Adjacent to this bench on the southern side is an extensive groove/channel where 25 of the 27 turtle observations occurred. The area appears to be turtle resting habitat, with submerged boulders and ledges and sand bottom evident. Steep cliffline is present along the ends of the inlet, and a rock beach exists along the northeast side (Unai Hakmang). South of the isthmus, the shoreline is bordered by 10m cliffs and limited benches with algae. Exposed rocks, submerged boulders and a spur and sand filled groove zone appear evident. Winds were light, the water was choppy and significant surge was noted inshore. Water visibility was approximately 12m. Photos of area available.

Access: Paved road leads to an off-road trail accessible only to 4WD vehicles. A fairly steep downhill hiking path (heavily used) leads to the cliff lookout, and continues on to the lower bench area, cliffs on the south side of the isthmus, and Forbidden Island. The drive takes 25 minutes from Puerto Rico (DFW), and the hike to the lookout approximately 20 min. Water access from the shoreline is possible, but will be rigorous and difficult (location where poachers launch Kayaks not presently known). Access by boat seems the best option, with estimated travel time (DFW 27 ft boat) from w N Smiling Cove Marina at 45 to 50 min. Water work is most feasible in May when calm water conditions prevail.

Description of Methodology: Cliffline observers sketched the shoreline within their range of visibility. When a turtle was sighted on the surface or swimming subsurface, the time was noted and binoculars were used to identify species and estimate size. Features such as tail length and any identifying marks were recorded when observed. The estimated surface time and behavior of each turtle was noted when possible, and the location and or route of each turtle was plotted on the map sketch and numbered. The location of each observer was measured using a Garmin handheld GPS unit. Environmental conditions and location factors deemed relevant were recorded. A short hike was made to the south side of the isthmus to investigate observed turtle activity.

Personnel: Joe Ruak, Denise Parker, Steve Kolinski

Source of Information: This location was suggested in the initial group meeting with DFW representatives. Joe Ruak had recently been to the island and noted seeing one turtle. Capt. Ed Comfort, owner of Abracadabra Dive Shop, noted meeting a turtle poacher who claimed to get up to 10 turtles a night from the Forbidden Island area. The poacher claimed it was the only sight remaining on Saipan with large enough numbers of turtles to support consistent catches. The poachers purportedly use kayaks in the area to hunt. Pacific Basin Environmental consultants, Inc. (1984) reported two green and one hawksbill turtles observed on the surface from a vantage point similar to that used in the south isthmus survey. • ::@?'~_;::;;::=:: ._... .. --··· -· ----· ._.,.. ~ ••-:'"::.._<2- IH '·'!' .. il __·_-· r------. ;"____ ;:.

Forbidden Island, Unai Hakmang and Puntan Hakmang, East Saipan

Location: Cliff edge mid-bay above Unal Hakmang, North of Isthmus Lat. 15°09.226 Long. 145°47.30 (+/-66ft.) Observer: Joe Ruak, Denise Parker, Steve Kolinski Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Med rising, 2 days prior to full moon (Spring). 16:31 START 16:31 1 Gn Juv Surface and Swim in deep groove beside isolated exposed bench 140m from shore. Stayed up with 2 and 3. 16:32 2 Gn Juv Surface and Swim in deep groove beside isolated exposed bench 140m from shore. Stayed up with 1 and 3. 16:35 3 Gn Juv Surface and Swim in deep groove beside isolated exposed bench 140m from shore. Stayed up with 1 and 3 for 2 min. 16:40 4 Gn Juv Possible turtle swimming beyond exposed bench approx. 170 m from shore. ? 5 Gn Juv Surface for 15 sec in deep groove beside isolated exposed bench 140m from shore. 16:49 6 Gn Juv Swimming over deep water area north of exposed bench approx. 160 m from shore. 16:50 7 Gn Juv Surfaced to breath inshore edge of deep groove approx. 130m from shore. 8 Gn Juv Swimming over inshore edge of deep groove approx. 130 m from shore. 16:55 9 Gn Juv Surface on outside entrance to deep groove approx. 150 m from shore. 10 Gn Juv Surface on outside entrance to deep groove approx. 150m from shore. 11 Gn Juv Swim and surface in deep groove beside isolated bench 140m from shore. 12 Gn Juv Surface In deep groove beside isolated bench 140m from shore. 13 Gn Juv Swimming near outside entrance to deep groove approx. 150 m from shore. 16:56 Five turtles still on surface. 16:58 14 Gn Juv Surface in deep groove beside isolated bench 140m from shore. Very close to bench. w w 17:00 Three turtles still on surface. 17:03 Five turtles on surface. 17:04 15 Gn Juv Surface in deep groove beside isolated bench 140m from shore. Six turtles on surface. 17:05 16 Gn Juv Surface near small rock Islet next to exposed bench approx. 150 m from shore. 17:06 17 Gn Juv Over Inshore edge of deep groove approx. 130m from shore. Four turtles on surface. 17:08 18 Gn Juv/Adult · Surfaced for short time over deep water approx. 200 m from shore. 17:10 19 Gn Juv Surface and dove in deep groove beside isolated bench 140m from shore. 17:11 20 Gn Juv Surfaced to breath and dove in deep groove beside isolated bench 140m from shore. 21 Gn Juv Surfaced to breath and dove in deep groove beside isolated bench 140m from shore. No turtles on surface. 17:24 22 Gn Juv Surface to breath in deep groove beside isolated bench 140m from shore. 23 Gn Juv Surface to breath in deep groove beside isolated bench 140m from shore. 24 Gn Juv Surface to breath in deep groove beside isolated bench 140m from shore. 17:28 25 Gn Juv Small turtle surfaced, dove, swimming in deep groove beside isolated bench 140m from shore. 17:29 26 Gn Juv Surfaced and dove in deep groove beside isolated bench 140 m from shore. 27 Gn Juv Surfaced and dove in deep groove beside isolated bench 140m from shore. 17:33 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:02 26 Gn Juv 18 Gn Juv 0.625 1 Gn Juv/Adult 1 Gn Juv/Adult 27 Gn 19 Gn

":"' •' '~.. '1 '"''""' :~:'"''i"-l,'f.··.7~;<-'":~~-~~110'!f'll'l:~~.:...~..::-~~'l!:f',;,~~~"·t.>:·;.,oe,.;: .•• , •.•.••.•. "'!:JI.. ... f, '!"'~;.'~ ~,. : ·• ·~.... ·..:':.C:'Io7·1;: ...;...;;. .... ! .. Joi"~:l ~~~__;, ~···i': "" -)'£, ...... ,"'": .., Forbidden Island, Unai Hakmang and Puntan Hakmang, East Saipan

Location: Cliff edge , Puntan Hakmang, South of Isthmus Lat. 15°09.039 Long. 145°47.272 (+/-58 ft.) Observer: Steve Kolinski Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Med rising, 2 days prior to full moon (Spring). 16:43 START: Inadvertent start with turtle seen from North isthmus site. 16:43 1 Gn Juv Turtle surface slowly swimming, seeping. Seen from North isthmus location. 16:52 2 Gn JuvfAdult Surface to breath, seeping, swimming slowly. 17:05 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 0:22 1 Gn Juv 1 Gn Juv 0.325 1 Gn Juv/Adult 1 Gn Juv/Adult 2 Gn 2 Gn

Conclusion: This region supports relatively large numbers of presumably resting green turtles in a small area bordered on three sides by shallow water. Snorkel and or SCUBA surveys of the area are strongly recommended to assess benthic habitat, turtle activity and the potential for catch and release efforts. Tag and release by snorkelers is recommended. The use of tangle nets should be explored. Efforts should initially be launched by boat during the appropriate season. Additional cliffline surveys at various hours, moon, tide phases and months are needed to confirm preliminary findings, determine variability and establish peak times of abundance. w ~ Laulau Bay Golf Course, Laulau Bay, East Saipan

Date: 8/20/99 Type: Cliffline Location: Laulau Bay Golf Course, Laulau Bay, East Saipan

Site Description: Two cliffline stations were selected off the 6th and 7th tees on the west course of the Laulau Bay Golf Course. Limestone cliffs abruptly drop approximately 20 to 30 m to small intertidal benches with obvious algae growth. A submerged coral/rock boulder zone with apparent sand filled grooves descends to estimated depths of 15 plus meters, beyond which benthic features cannot be seen. Map bathymetry suggests a 10 to 15m deep platform extending roughly 140m offshore, followed by a small ledge (26m depth) and substantial drop-off. A secondary slope descends from 50 to 183m before dropping dramatically 560 m from shore. Cliffline visibility was limited for some of the small inlets within 10m of shore. Swell was 0.3 m, winds light and variable. The sky was partially cloudy and the water clarity estimated at 10 to 15 m plus close to shore. Photos available.

Access: A paved road leads to the Laulau Bay Golf course. Travel time by car from Puerto Rico estimated at 25 to 30 minutes. Course manager is Tom McKenzie. Golf carts made available for the survey. Short paths lead to the cliff edge viewing areas. Potential access to water by path to small beach near Number 5 Tee Ground (not examined). Travel time by boat (DFW 27ft.) estimated to take 40 to 45 minutes from Smiling Cove Marina.

Description of Methodology: Cliffline observers sketched the shoreline within their range of visibility. When a turtle was sighted on the surface or swimming subsurface, the time was noted and binoculars were used to identify species and estimate size. Features such as tail length and any identifying marks were recorded when observed. The estimated surface time and behavior of each turtle was noted when possible, and the location and or route of each turtle was plotted on the area map sketch and w numbered. The location of each observer was measured using a Garmin handheld GPS unit. Environmental conditions U1 and location factors deemed relevant were recorded.

Personnel: Joe Ruak, Steve Kolinski

Source of Information: This location was suggested in the initial group meeting with DFW representatives. Upon arrival at the course, both the manager, Tom McKenzie, and grounds keepers directed us to the 5th, 6th and 7th tees on the west course as the best turtle sighting areas (estimated at 1 to 3 turtles). Tom .noted recently observing three turtles in a small cliff inlet between the 6th and 7th tees being washed up and down the narrow intertidal bench (the bench was covered with algae so perhaps the turtles were feeding). The course Sheriff noted seeing three to four turtles off the small beach near the 5th tee. Tom's employer (not interviewed) informed him of a very large turtle (presumably green) resting out of the water (basking?) on an exposed bench finger under the cliff near the 5th tee just a few weeks back. Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) reported observing two green and one hawksbill turtles off a viewing station to the east of the course, in addition to other sightings in Laulau Bay.

Location: Number 7 Tee, West Course, Laulau Bay Golf Course Lat. 15°09.189 Long. 145°46.350 (+/-44ft.) Observer: Joe Ruak Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Low(+) falling, 1 day past half moon (Neap) towards full. 6:20 START 6:24 1 Gn Juv Surface time approx. 1 min. 7:01 2 Gn Juv Took two breaths of air and descended. 7:34 3 Gn Juv Surfaced in same region as descent of turtle 2. Swam in westerly direction and descended. Possibly turtle 2. ___...,.,~ ~: .... "'f'rt .,;,;oioii;o ~ _, ...... -· .... Laulau Bay Golf Course, Laulau Bay, East Saipan

Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes 7:49 4 Gn Juv Surfaced in same region as turtle 3. Swam in easterly direction and descended. Possibly turtle 2 and or 3, or turtle displaced by turtle 3. 8:00 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size IEstimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:40 4 Gn Juv 3 Gn Juv 0.187

Location: Number 6 Tee, West Course, Laulau Bay Golf Course Lat. 15°09.157 Long. 145°46.428 (+/-76ft.) Observer: Steve Kolinski Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Low(+) falling, 1 day past half moon (Neap) towards full. 6:30 START 6:45 1 Gn Juv Surface time approx. 1 min. Dove straight down. 7:21 2 Gn Juv Approx. 60 em. Surface time 25 to 30 sees. Dove straight down. 7:31 3 Gn ? Swimming west submerged, did not surface. Unable to deduce whether Juv or adult. 7:49 4 Gn Juv Small turtle surfaced swimming west out of Bay. 8:04 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) w 0'1 1:34 3 Gn Juv 3 Gn Juv 0.187 1 Gn ? 1 Gn ? 4 Gn 4 Gn

Summary: Max Time Tot. Tot. Transect (hrs:mlns) Obs. Species Size Total Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:40 7 Gn Juv 6 Gn Juv 0.374 1 Gn ? 1 Gn ? 8 Gn 7 Gn

Conclusion: Green turtles do occur in this area. Those that are present appear to be resting near and or under rock outcrops or passing through. Further cliffline surveys are recommended to confirm preliminary findings and local observations. The benthic habitat should be assessed utilizing tow, snorkel and or SCUBA survey methods. Attempts should be made to tag and release any turtles encountered. Unai Laulau, Laulau Bay, East Saipan

Date: 8/19/99 Type: Snorkel Location: Unal Laulau reef slope, Laulau Beach Dive Site, Laulau Bay, East Saipan

Site Description: Sand beach leads to a shallow reef flat supporting patches of Enha/us acoroides and various species of algae. The flat extends approximately 70 m offshore, and then slopes anywhere from 45 to 70 degrees to an extensive sand and rubble platform at five to eight meters. The reef slope is a topographically complex area with definite spur and groove zones and up to 50 % live coral cover. There are numerous areas within the slope where turtles could rest. An unidentified species of algae was collected from the edge of the sand rubble platform. The sand rubble area slopes gradually beyond the range of visibility, and at places supports large coral/rock outcrops. Map bathymetry suggests accelerated sloping and drop-offs 500 m from shore, with depths of 50 m increasing to 183 m over a km from shore. Winds were light from the northeast. Calm water conditions prevailed. Divers were present further offshore.

Access: The site is easily accessible by car. The drive from Puerto Rico takes approximately 25 minutes. Shoreline parking is available, with a security guard present in the area. Water access by boat is feasible, and may take 40 or so minutes (DFW 27 ft. boat) from Smiling Cove Marina depending on water conditions.

Description of Methodology: Two snorkelers surveyed the fringing reef slope habitat beginning from the first exposed pipe north of the established dive buoy south to a position perpendicular to the end of the beach. Grooves and crevices were examined for resting turtles, and algae was collected when encountered. Samples of algae and seagrass found while walking across the shallow reef flat were also collected. The location of entry for divers (perpendicular to approximate center of area w -...J surveyed) was measured using a Garmin handheld GPS unit. Note: the area termed "Turtle City" by All American Divers, Inc. was not examined.

Personnel: Joe Ruak, Steve Kolinski

Source of Information: A Japanese dive guide on site suggested seeing one to two turtles on an infrequent basis, with larger turtles being further out over sand especially during the day. StingRay Divers and Pro-Dive Saipan reported seeing turtles on an infrequent basis. All American Divers, Inc. named an area in the vicinity "Turtle City'', which reportedly can be reached by following a submerged pipe out to "approximately the center of the bay". The site is to the west of the pipe at 18 m when~ "2 to 3" turtles can "usually" be seen. Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc. (1984) reported a single observation of a hawksbill turtle within the vicinity.

Tide: Med rising, neap (half moon) towards full. Obs. Depth Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 11:30 15°09.790 145°45.769 START 12:01 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mlns) Obs. Species Size IEsti~ated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 0:31 0 0.8

Conclusion: Evidence to date suggests this region of the bay supports limited numbers of turtles. Further evaluation of deeper offshore areas using tow surveys may be warranted.

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Date: 8/19/99 ·' Type: Cliffllne Location: North Naftan, East Saipan

Site Description: Two stations were selected along the northeast coast of the Naftan region, East Saipan. Limestone cliffs abruptly drop roughly 21 meters to narrow intertidal benches with obvious algae growth. A coral/rock boulder zone with apparent spurs and sand filled grooves quickly descends to estimated depths of 15 plus meters, beyond which benthic features cannot be seen. Map bathymetry suggests a 50 m reef extension followed by a dramatic drop-off reaching depths of 37m approximately 110m from shore. The majority of the shoreline area was visible. No notable streams enter the vicinity. Swell approx. 0.6 to 1.2 m. Photos available.

Access: Paved road leads to the general Naftan area, but a winding unpaved road must be taken through dense jungle to reach the cliffline. Cliffline access is by 4WO only. The trip from Puerto Rico takes approximately 40 to 45 minutes. Water access by boat is feasible during calm periods (May). Such a trip might take 40 minutes (DFW 27 ft. boat) from Smiling Cove Marina.

Description of Methodology: Cliffline observers sketched the shoreline and visible benthic features within their range of visibility. When a turtle was sighted on the surface or swimming subsurface, the time was noted and binoculars were used to identify species and estimate size. Features such as tail length and any identifying marks were recorded when observed. The estimated surface time and behavior of each turtle was noted when possible, and the location and or route of each turtle was plotted on the area map sketch and numbered. The location of each observer was measured using a Garmin handheld GPS unit. Environmental conditions and location factors deemed relevant were recorded. w co Personnel: Joe Ruak, Steve Kolinski

Source of Information: Tony Flores (Fisheries Technician, OFW) frequents this area and suggested a fair number of turtles could be observed within a short time period.

Location: North Naftan, southern observation point Lat. 15°06.565 Long. 145°45.327 (+/-84ft.) Observer: Joe Ruak Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: High falling, half moon (Neap) towards full. 15:48 START 15:48 1 Gn Juv/Adult At surface seeping when we arrived, descended straight down in apparently deep water. 15:53 2 Gn Adult Turtle seemed very large. Tail not visible. Approx. 100m from shore. Swam north and then inshore before descending under an apparent coral/boulder ledge. 3 Gn Adult Turtle seemed very large. Tail not visible. Approx. 100m from shore. Swam inshore for a few minutes before descending. 15:55 4 Gn ? 16:00 5 Gn Adult Surfaced to breath. 16:04 6 Gn ? 16:05 7 Gn Juv/Adult Remained on the surface for some time. 8 Gn Adult Remained on the surface for some time close to turtle 7. 16:08 9 Gn Juv Began feeding on floating debris which appears to be decaying seagrass. Remained afloat for approx. 20 min. North Naftan, East Saipan

Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes 16:24 10 Gn Adult Adult male turtle (noted long fat tail). Began feeding on floating debris which appears to be decaying seagrass. Remained afloat for approx. 20 min. Same as Turtle # 8. 17:00 STOP Tot. Time Transect {hrs;mins) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length {km) 1:12 1 Gn Juv 1 Gn Juv 0.25 2 Gn Juv/Adult 2 Gn Juv/Adult 5 Gn Adult 4 Gn Adult 2 Gn ? 2 Gn ? 10 Gn 9 Gn

Location: North Naftan, northern observation point Lat. 15°06.617 Long. 145°45.321 {+/-63ft.) Observer: Steve Kolinski Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: High failing, half moon (Neap) towards full. 15:58 START 16:04 1 Gn Adult Large turtle swimming away from shore. 16:06 2 Gn Juv/Adult Approx. 70 m offshore of submerged boulder over apparently deep water. 3 Gn Juv/Adult Approx. 70 m offshore of submerged boulder over apparently deep water. Swims inshore and descends under sam'e ledge as Joe's turtle 1. ..., 16:09 4 Gn ? Approx. 200 m from shore. 0 II 5 Gn ? Approx, 200 m from shore. 16:13 6 Gn ? Swims for 12 mins first Inshore, then offshore and north before descending s_ome 100m offshore. 16:24 7 Gn ? Surfaces for only a few seconds to breath and then quickly descends. 16:33 8 Gn ? Surfaces for maybe 10 sees before descending and swimming underwater. 17:06 9 Gn Juv/Adult Swimming underwater. 17:06 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length {km) 1:08 3 Gn Juv/Adult 3 Gn Juv/Adult 0.225 1 Gn Adult 1 Gn Adult 5 Gn 7 4 Gn 7 9 Gn 8 Gn ' '

Summary: Max. Time Tot. Tot. Transect (hrs:mlns) Obs. Species Size Total Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:12 1 Gn Juv 1 Gn Juv 0.475 5 Gn Juv/Adult 5 Gn Juv/Adult 6 Gn Adult 5 Gn Adult 7 Gn ? 6 Gn ? 19 Gn 17 Gn Conclusion: Turtles appear to be abundant in this area. The region presumably is used mainly for resting, although opportunistic feeding was observed. Additional cliffline surveys at various hours, moon, tide phases and months are needed to confirm preliminary findings, determine variability and establish peak times of abundance. Tow, snorkel and or SCUBA surveys of the area are highly recommended to assess benthic habitat, turtle activity and the potential tor tag and release efforts. Tag and release by snorkelers is recommended. Efforts should be launched by boat during the appropriate season. Central Naftan, East Saipan

Date: 8/23/99 Type: Cllffllne Location: Central Naftan, East Saipan

Site Description: One station was selected along the central coast of the Naftan area, Southeast Saipan. An unpaved road leads down to a WWII Japanese bunker and cannon. The site is located about 0.9 km north of the cannon. Scrubbrush leads to a short grassy plain towards the edge of the cliff. Limestone cliff abruptly drops off approximately 42 meters to narrow intertidal benches with obvious algae growth. Within the southern range of visibility the shoreline juts in and more extensive bench formation exists. A coral/rock boulder zone with apparent spurs and sand filled grooves quickly descends to estimated depths of 15 plus meters, beyond which benthic features cannot be seen. Map bathymetry indicates 75 m of reef extension leading to a dramatic drop-off of 18 plus meters. Depths of 37m are reached within 150m of shore. The majority of the shoreline area was visible. No notable streams enter the area. Northeast winds were brisk at approx. 15 mph. Swell estimated at 0.6 to 1.2 m. Photo available.

Access: Cliffline access is by 4WD only. The trip from Puerto Rico takes approximately 30 to 40 minutes by road. A reliable path does not exist, although a makeshift path was created off the side of the road at N15°05.943, E145°44.947 (+/-55ft.). The hike through the brush may take up to 20 minutes depending on the condition of any path. Water access by boat is feasible during calm periods (May). Such a trip might take 35 minutes from Smiling Cove Marina (DFW 27 ft. boat).

Description of Methodology: Cliffline observers sketched the shoreline and visible benthic features within their range of visibility. When a turtle was sighted on the surface or swimming subsurface, the time was noted and binoculars were used to identify speCies and estimate size. .,.,_. Features such as tail length and any identifying marks were recorded when observed. The estimated surface time and behavior of each turtle was noted when possible, and the location and or route of each turtle was plotted on the area map sketch and numbered. The location of each observer was measured using a Garmin handheld GPS unit. Environmental conditions and location factors deemed relevant were recorded. Due to the high number of turtle observations and only a single pair of binoculars, both observers remained at the same location with only a brief 10 minute southward hike being made by Steve to examine shoreline within the southern range of site visibility.

Personnel: Joe Ruak, Steve Kolinski

Source of Information: Tony Flores (Fisheries Technician, DFW) frequents this area and estimated 20 to 30 individual observations of turtles within a half hour period.

Observer: Joe Ruak and Steve Kolinski Lat. 15°05.94 Long. 145°45.137 (+/-44ft.) . Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Low(+) failing then rising, 4 days past half moon (Neap) towards full. 10:50 START 10:50 1 Gn Ju~/Adult Approx. 50 m beyond submerged boulder E over apparently deeper water. Breathed and "seeped", then swam straight down. 10:51 2 Gn Juv Approx. 50 m offshore of submerged boulder A over apparently deeper water. 3 Gn Juv Approx. 50 m offshore of submerged A boulder over apparently deeper water. 4 Gn Juv/Adult Approx. 50 m offshore of submerged boulder A over apparently deeper water. 10:52 5 Gn Juv Over sand swimming towards submerged boulders F. -· ·-··• ---· --·r-·

Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes 10:54 6 Gn Juv Approx. 60 m offshore of submerged boulder A over apparently deeper water. 10:57 7 Gn Juv/Adult Just off outer edge of submerged boulder C. 11:00 8 Gn Juv/Adult 200 m north and offshore of submerged boulder A over apparently deeper water. 9 Gn Juv/Adult Just off outer edge of submerged boulder C. 10 Gn Juv/Adult Just off outer edge of submerged boulder C. 11:05 11 Gn Juv Over boulder C. 12 Gn Juv Over southern edge of submerged boulder D. 11:07 13 Gn Juv/Adult 200 m north and offshore of boulder A over apparently deeper water. 11:08 14 Gn Juv/Adult Just off outer edge of submerged boulder C. 11:09 15 Gn Adult Most likely an adult as quite large. Tail could not be examined due to angle. Approx. 40 m beyond submerged boulder E over apparently deeper water. 16 Gn Juv/Adult Approx. 100-m offshore of exposed boulders Y and Z. Swam southwest towards boulder Z then south past submerged boulder E. Remained in sight for approximately 10 minutes. 17 Gn Juv/Adult Approx. 100m offshore of exposed boulders Y and Z. Swam inshore towards emerged boulder Y. 11:15 18 Gn Juv/Adult Just off outer edge of submerged boulder C. 19 Gn Juv/Adult Approx. 70 m offshore of submerged boulder A over apparently deeper water. 11:16 20 Gn Juv/Adult Approx. 70 m offshore of submerged boulder A over apparently deeper water. Up at same time as18 and 19. 11:18 21 Gn Juv Small turtle. Came up and went down on inshore side of submerged boulder 0, close to emerged boulder X. 11:27 22 Gn Juv/Adult Large turtle above edge of submerged boulder G over apparent sand seen on short walk south by Steve. +=> 11:30 23 Gn Juv Small turtle approx. 250 m offshore of submerged boulder C over apparently deep water. N 11:32 24 Gn Juv Swam up next to shoreline rocks in surge zone and quickly descended (submerged boulder E). 11:34 25 Gn Juv/Adult Difficult to distinguish size. Turtle swimming, breathing, then descending straight down approximately 100m from shore south of range of Joe's visibility during Steve's walk south. 26 Gn Juv/Adult Approx. 50 m offshore of submerged boulder A over apparently deeper water. Possibly turtle 2, 3, 4 or 6. 27 Gn Juv/Adult 100 m north and offshore of boulder A over apparently deeper water. 11:35 28 Gn Juv/Adult Approx. 100m offshore of submerged boulder E over apparently deeper water. 29 Gn Juv/Adult Approx. 70 m beyond submerged boulder E over apparently deeper water. Possibly turtle 1. 11:37 30 Gn Juv Small turtle approx. 200 m north and offshore of submerged boulder A over apparently deep water. 11:44 31 Gn Juv Between emerged boulder Z and submerged boulder E. Possibly turtle 5. 11:45 32 Gn Juv Approx. 200 m offshore of submerged boulder A over apparently deep water. 11:49 33 Gn ,Juv Close to edge of submerged boulder E. 11:50 34 Gn Juv Few meters north of submerged boulder c. 11:52 35 Gn Juv Approx. 100 m offshore of submerged boulder 0 over apparently deeper water. 11:53 36 Gn Juv Approx. 20 m offshore of emerged boulder Y. Swam Inshore, then north before seeping and descending. 37 Gn Juv/Adult Approx. 60 m offshore of submerged boulder A over apparently deeper water. 38 Gn Juv/Adult Approx. 60 m offshore of submerged boulder A over apparently deeper water. 39 Gn Adult Approx. 60 m offshore of submerged boulder A over apparently deeper water. Large turtle presumed to be adult. Tail could not be seen. 11:56 40 Gn Juv Close to edge of submerged boulder E. Possibly turtle 31? 11:59 41 Gn ? Over sand In vicinity of submerged boulder F. Possibly turtle 5 and or 29. Central Naftan, East Saipan

Time Oba, No. Species Size Notes 12:05 42 Gn Juv Approx. 60 m offshore of submerged boulder A over apparently deeper water. 12:05 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:15 18 Gn Juv 13 Gn Juv 0.5 21 Gn Juv/Adult 16 Gn Juv/Adult 2 Gn Adult 2 Gn Adult 1 Gn ? 42 Gn 31 Gn

Conclusion: This region supports relatively large numbers of presumably resting green turtles. Tow, snorkel and or SCUBA surveys of the area are strongly recommended to assess benthic habitat, turtle activity and the potential for catch and release efforts. Tag and release by snorkelers is recommended. The use of tangle nets should be explored. Efforts should be launched by boat during the appropriate season. Additional cliffline surveys at various hours, moon, tide phases and months are needed to confirm preliminary findings, determine variability and establish peak times of abundance.

)::....., Date: 8/26/99 Type: Cllffline Location: Puntan Aglngan, South Salpan

Site Description: Two cliffline stations were selected at the tip of Puntan Agingan so as to cover both north and south facing nearshore waters. The shoreline area consists of convoluted limestone which drops three to five meters to a narrow intertidal bench covered with filamentous green and an orange colored branching algae. The northern lookout visually encompassed the southernmost portion of the west barrier reef (enclosing Chalan Kanoa Lagoon) to the tip of Puntan Agingan. Visible benthic features were. not described but map bathymetry suggests a low sloping area with depths approaching 5 to 6 meters extending from the bottom of the outer barrier reef to roughly the tip of Agingan Point. The southern tip off Agingan features nearshore depths approaching 36 m with an apparent hardpan substrate with spur and sand tilled groove formation. Proximity to known seagrass lagoon areas is estimated at 0.4 to 0.5 km Both recorders noted seeing driftlines of seagrass within their respective areas. No stream entrances were noted in the region. A sewage treatment facility releases raw/primary treated sewage off the point, making water access in the- area medically and culturally unfeasible. Swell approximately 0.6 m.

Access: A paved road leads to Puntan Aging an and the pump station. Travel time by car from Puerto Rico estimated at 10 to 15 minutes. A short hike over convoluted limestone is necessary to reach area cliff edges. Water access from nearby beach areas possible, in addition to access via low level cliffs. Travel time by boat (DFW 27ft.) estimated to take 15 to 20 minutes from Smiling Cove Marina. Time from Sugar Dock launch estimated at 5 minutes. The pump station releases raw/primary treated sewage directly into nearshore waters, thus water entry not recommended.

:f;: Description of Methodology: Cliffline observers sketched the shoreline within their range of visibility. When a turtle was sighted on the surface or swimming subsurface, the time was noted and binoculars were used to identity species and estimate size. Features such as tail length and any identifying marks were recorded when observed. The estimated surface time and behavior of each turtle was noted when possible, and the location and or route of each turtle was plotted on the area map sketch and numbered. The location of each observer was measured using a Garmin handheld GPS unit. Environmental conditions and location factors deemed relevant were recorded.

Personnel: Joe Ruak and Denise Parker

Source of Information: This location was suggested in the initial group meeting with DFW representatives. A security guard at the Agingan Pump Station noted seeing a large turtle during the previous month in the area between 16:00 and 17:00.

Location: Puntan Agingan, Lagoon Side Lat. 15°07.?30 Long. 145°41.380 (+/-34ft.) Observer: Joe Ruak Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: High falling, 1 day before full moon (Spring} 6:59 START 7:15 Gn? ? Swimming in easterly direction. B:OO STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size 'Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:01 1 Gn? ? 1 Gn? ? 0.15 t'Untan Agmgan, south Saipan

Location: Puntan Aglngan, South Side (towards Tinlan) Lat. 15°07.181 Long. 145°41.401 (+/-?ft.) Observer: Denise Parker Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: High falling, 1 day before full moon (Spring) 7:00 START 7:00 1 Gn Juv Approx. 50 em. Surfaced approx. 50 m from shore. Dove straight down. 7:02 2 Gn Juv Approx. 50 em. Surfaced, submerged slowly. 7:07 3 Gn ? Surfaced. 4 Gn ? Swimming underwater. 7:38 5 Gn Juv Approx. 60 em. Surfaced, swam towards shore then descended. 7:54 6 Gn Juv Surfaced and dove. 8:01 STOP: Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:01 4 Gn Juv 4 Gn Juv 0.175 2 Gn ? 2 Gn ? 6 Gn 6 Gn

Summary: Max. Time Tot. Tot. Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Total Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:01 4 Gn Juv 4 Gn Juv 0.325 3 Gn ? 3 Gn 1 7 Gn 7 Gn

----1 uate: 8/18/99 Type: Tow Location: Aglngan to Puntan Naftan, South Salpan

Site Description: The land ocean interface is characterized by clifflines of varying heights, narrow fringing intertidal benches, and extensive coarse grain sand and rubble beaches giving way to submerged boulders, spur and groove zones, near Obyan extensive living coral cover, and throughout steeply sloping hardpan substrate. Depth of the tow transect from Unai Agingan to Una I Peo ranged from approximately 15 to 43 m. The substrate was overwhelmingly hardpan with sand filled grooves and very little relief. Coral cover throughout remained seemingly well below 15%. It was difficult to make out small benthic characteristics due to depth. Algae outcrops were visualized but could not be confirmed. They presumably exist, especially Halimeda sp. which is a likely supplier of sand. The depth and benthic characteristics persisted between Unai Peo and Puntan Naftan with the exception of Obyan 2nd Reef, where depth decreased to 12 m and a topographically complex reef formation emerged with 80 to 90% live coral cover. Additional low depth reefs were observed, and a few large coral/rock outcrops and sand dominated systems were encountered. The area was calm up to Naftan Point, where wave conditions forced discontinuance of the tow. The reefs throughout most of this area are small and fringing, and quickly drop off to considerable depths. Various species of algae identified as green turtle forage in other parts of the world have been documented in a survey of the Puntan Obyan to Puntan Naftan region (Wilkins 1988). No notable streams enter within the area transacted.

Access: Travel time to the start of the tow off Unai Dikike Agingan takes approximately 20 minutes from Smiling Cove Marina, and perhaps 7 minutes from Sugar Dock (27 ft. DFW boat). Access via land from any of the beach areas including Unai Agingan, Unai Peo and Unai Obyan.

Description of Methodology: Two people were towed along the sides of the DFW 27 ft. boat, which maintained a distance of approximately 50 m from .+:;. 0'1 shallow reef or shoreline areas. When a turtle was sighted the boat was stopped and the species, size, activity, time, depth and habitat characteristics were relayed to a recorder on the boat. Latitude and longitude were noted at the location where each turtle was encountered using a GPS unit. In addition, boat observers searched the waters surface for turtle ascents. The boat was st_opped to eat lunch between 14:00 and 14:15. Wave conditions and remaining time forced discontinuance of the tow at Puntan Naftan.

Personnel: Jacinto Taman, Joe Ruak, Tony Flores, Rudy Pangelinan, Steve Kolinski

Source of Information: The southern end of the island is not well noted for turtles. Personnel at Abracadabra Dive Shop reported seeing 2 turtles on 8-17-99 at Obyan 2nd Reef (one of four popular dive sites), and have observed the same turtle (juv.) on Obyan 2nd Reef over the past few years (Identified by small holes in the marginal scutes). StingRay Divers reported occasional observations of a few turtles on Obyan 1st Reef in the early morning hours. Pro-Dive Saipan reported infrequent sightings of a few turtles off Obyan.

Tide: High falling, 1 day before halt moon towards full. Cbs. Depth Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 12:59 15°07.04 145°41.60 START: Unai Dikike Agingan. 13:28 15°06.28 145°42.48 Gn Adult Swimming 24 to 27 90% low lying coral 100-110cm, small tail. rock/pavement, 10% sand. Potentially small tufts of algae present. Agingan to Puntan Naftan, South Saipan Obs. Depth Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 13:35 15°06.29 145°42.55 Gn 1 Juv/Adult Swimming 24 to 27 90% low lying coral 70-BOcm, small tail. rock/pavement, 10% sand. Potentially small tufts of algae present. 14:00 15°06.30 145°42.39 STOP: Lunch off Unai Peo. 14:15 15°06.30 145°42.39 START: Off Unai Peo. 14:30 15°06.19 145°44.21 Gn 1 Juv/Adult Swimming 30 100% sand. Algae, 90-100cm, small tail. seagrass or garden eels present in sand. 14:22 15°06.22 145°44.11 Shallow coral reef zone, Obyan 2nd Reef. 15:02 15°05.54 145°44.79 STOP. Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:48 2 Gn Juv/Adult 2 Gn Juv/Adult 6.5 1 Gn Adult 1 Gn Adult 3 Gn 3 Gn

Conclusion: Very few turtles were evident along this transect. With the exception of Obyan 2nd reef, topographical complexity is limited. Further tows would be .j::a necessary to confirm preliminary findings, but should not be given priority status. Extensive nearshore depths and a general lack of complex ...... topography limit the overall potential for successful tagging and recapture efforts in this area.

·---·- ----~ ------·-.....J Date: 8/26/99 Type: Cllffllne Location: Coral Ocean Point Golf Course, Aglngan, South Salpan

Site Description: Two cliffline stations were selected off the 7th tee and hole. The shoreline consists of numerous convoluted limestone inlets with cliff heights ranging from 3 to 10 meters. A narrow, low lying intertidal bench gives way to apparent spur and groove habitat which, according to map bathymetry, approaches depths of 18m, 100m from shore. Depths of 36m are reached within 300m off shore. The area surveyed was inshore of the south Saipan tow transect. Distance to west lagoon seagrass is approximately 0.5 km. No stream entrances were noted in the area. Tourist and private boat traffic is evident in the region. Swell approximately 0.6 m.

Access: A paved road leads to Coral Ocean Point Golf Course. Travel time by car from Puerto Rico estimated at 10 to 15 minutes. A golf cart was made available for the survey. Short hike over limestone from the course necessary to gain access to cliff edge viewing areas. Potenti~l access to water from low lying cliffs. Travel time by boat (DFW 27ft.) estimated at 15 to 20 minutes from Smiling Cove Marina, and 10 minutes from Sugar Dock.

Description of Methodology: Cliffline observers sketched the shoreline within their range of visibility. When a turtle was sighted on the surface or swimming subsurface, the time was noted and binoculars were used to identify species and estimate size. Features such as tail length and any identifying marks were recorded when observed. The estimated surface time and behavior of each turtle was noted when possible, and the location and or route of each turtle was plotted on the area map sketch and numbered. The location of each observer was measured using a Garmin handheld GPS unit. Environmental .+::> conditions and location factors deemed relevant were recorded . co Personnel: Joe Ruak and Denise Parker

Source of Information: This location is proximal to Puntan Agingan, which was suggested in the initial group meeting with DFW representatives. A course representative (Petras) noted seeing up to five large turties off hole number 7, with small turtles infrequently observed. Hole number 14 was also noted as a likely area to observe turtles.

Location: 7th hole, Coral Ocean Pt. Golf Course Lat. 15°07.134 Long. 145°41.545 (+/-51 ft.) Observer: Joe Ruak Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Med falling, 1 day before full moon (Spring) 8:40 START 9:40 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size IEstl~ated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:00 0 0.15

Location: 7th tee, Coral Ocean Pt. Golf Course Lat. 15°07.147 Long.145°41.489 (+/-37ft.) Observer: Denise Parker Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Med falling, 1 day before full moon (Spring) 8:37 START '"'u'c:t' vcean ,....ornt Golf course, Agingan, South Saipan

Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes 8:58 Tourist boat passes through survey area. 9:00 1 Gn Juv Approx. 60 em. Surfaced approx. 200 m from shore. Swimming, breathing. Dove straight down. " 2 Gn Juv Approx. 60 em. Surfaced approx. 200 m from shore. Swimming, breathing. Dove straight down. 9:18 Boat traffic in survey area. 9:37 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size !Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:00 2 Gn Juv 2 Gn Juv 0.15

Summary: Max. Time Tot. Tot. Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size ITotal Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:00 2 Gn Juv 2 Gn Juv 0.3

Conclusion: limited numbers of green sea turtles are evident within this area. Additional cliffline surveys covering different hours, moon, tide phases and months are needed to confirm preliminary findings, determine variability and establish peak times of abundance. A suggestive absence of submarine topographical complexity in combination with extensive nearshore depths limit the overall potential for successful tagging and recapture efforts in

~ this area. Monitoring of turtles will most likely be limited to cliffline surveys. .0 f -··

Date: 8/26/99 Type: Cllffllne Location: Coral Ocean Point Golf Course, proximal Puntan Obyan, South Sal pan

Site Description: Two clitfline stations were selected off the 14th tee and hole. The site is bordered on the west by Unai Denikuio Agingan (Agingan Beach) and to the southeast by Puntan Obyan. The shoreline consists of numerous convoluted limestone inlets with cliff heights ranging from 5 to 10 meters. A narrow, low lying intertidal bench gives way to coral reef and a submerged boulder and spur and groove habitat which, according to map bathymetry, approaches depths of 18 m, 250 m from shore. Depths of 36 mare reached within 0.5 km off shore. The area surveyed was inshore of the south Saipan tow transect. Distance to west lagoon seagrass is approximately 2.6 km. No stream entrances were noted in the area. Swell approximately 0.6 m.

Access: A paved road leads to Coral Ocean Point Golf Course. Travel time by car from Puerto Rico estimated at 10 to 15 minutes. A golf cart was made available for the survey. Short hike over limestone from the course necessary to gain access to cliff edge viewing areas. Potential access to water from low lying cliffs or Unai Denikuio Agingan (Agingan Beach). Travel time by boat (DFW 27ft.) estimated at 20 to 25 minutes from Smiling Cove Marina, and 10 to 15 minutes from Sugar Dock.

Description of Methodology: Clitfline observers sketched the shoreline within their range of visibility. When a turtle was sighted on the surface or swimming subsurface, the time was noted and binoculars were used to identify species and estimate size. Features such as tail length and any identifying marks were recorded when observed. The estimated surface time and behavior of each turtle was noted when possible, and the location and or route of each turtle was plotted on the area map sketch J1 and numbered. The location of each observer was measured using a Garmin handheld GPS unit. Environmental :::::> conditions and location factors deemed relevant were recorded.

Personnel: Joe Ruak and Denise Parker

Source of Information: A Coral Ocean Point Golf course representative noted the 14th hole and 7th hole areas as likely places from which to observe turtles.

Location: 14th tee, Coral Ocean Point Golf Course Lat. 15°06.442 Long. 145°42.426 (+/-49ft.) Observer: Joe Ruak Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Med falling, 1 day before full moon (Spring) 9:55 START 9:56 Spear fisherman enters survey area. 10:35 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size 'Esti~ated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 0:40 0 0.125 Coral Ocean Point Golf Course, Proximal Puntan Obyan, South Saipan

Location: 14th hole, Coral Ocean Point Golf Course Lat. 15°06.462 Long. 145°42.437 (+/-47ft.) Observer: Denise Parker Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Med falling, 1 day before full moon (Spring) 10:03 START 10:16 Spear fisherman enters area. 10:32 STOP: fisherman did not scare any turtles out from ledge area so presumably none were present. Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size IEsti~ated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 0:29 0 0.2

Summary: Max. Time Tot. Tot. Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size 'Tot~ Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 0:40 0 0.325

Conclusion: This limited survey could not confirm local reports of turtles off the 14th hole. Additional cliffline surveys covering different hours, moon and tide phases, and months are needed to establish the extent to which turtles may utilize this area.

.....J1

I' I j Date: 8/23/99 Type: Cliffline Location: Puntan Naftan, South Saipan

Site Description: Two stations were selected along the southeast coast of Naftan Point, South Saipan. Limestone cliffs abruptly drop 40 plus meters to narrow intertidal benches with obvious algae growth. A coral/rock boulder zone with apparent spurs and sand filled grooves quickly descends to estimated depths of 15 plus meters, beyond which benthic features cannot be seen. Map bathymetry suggests extremely limited reef extension and a dramatic drop-off close to shore, with depths of 18 m reached within 75 m offshore of Uliu Place, and 37 m, 200 m from shore of Uliu Place and 250 m off the southern tip. Cliffline visibility of the Uliu area was limited to beyond 10 m from the shoreline in most places. At the southernmost tip, only the eastern side of Naftan Point was surveyed, and the majority of shoreline area was visible. No notable streams enter in the vicinity. Swell and chop evident, with a northeast breeze estimated at 15 mph.

Access: An unpaved road leads down to a WWII Japanese bunker and cannon, and paths lead to the clifflines. Cliffline access is by 4WO only. The trip from Puerto Rico takes approximately 30 to 40 minutes by road and path. Water access by boat is feasible during calm periods (May). Such a trip might . take 30 minutes from Smiling Cove Marina (DFW 27 ft. boat).

Description of Methodology: Cliffline observers sketched the shoreline and visible benthic features within their range of visibility. When a turtle was sighted on the surface or swimming subsurface, the time was noted and binoculars were used to identify species and estimate size. Features such as tail length and any identifying marks were recorded when observed. The estimated surface time and behavio of each turtle was noted when possible, and the location and or route of each turtle was plotted on the area map sketch and , numbered. The location of each observer was measured using a Garmin handheld GPS unit. Environmental conditions and .) location factors deemed relevant were recorded .

Personnel: Larry llo, Denise Parker

Source of Information: The southern end of the island is not well noted tor turtles. However, Tony Flores (Fisheries Technician, DFW) noted consistently seeing one to three turtles at the southe~st tip of Naftan.

Location: Puntan Naftan, southernmost point of Saipan Lat. 15°05.519 Long. 145°44.869 (+/-47ft.) Observer: Larry llo Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Low(+) falling, 4 days past half moon (Neap) towards full. 10:03 . START 11:18 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mlns) Obs. Species Size IEsti~ated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:15 0 0.15

Location: Uliu Place, Puntan Naftan Lat. 15°05.27 Long. 145°44.970 (+/-46ft.) Observer: Denise Parker Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Low(+) falling, 4 days past half moon (Neap) towards full. 10:12 START Puntan Naftan, South Saipan

Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes 10:12 1 Gn Juv/Adult Approx. 70 em plus, light shell, surface time 1 min, took 5 breaths, dove straight down to rock outcrop. Probable hard bottom with sand and coral/limestone outcropping. 10:42 2 Gn Juv Approx. 60 to 70 em. Surface time approx. 1 min. Dove towards large coral head. 10:56 3 Gn Juv/Adult 70 em. Surface time 1 min. Took 6 breaths and dove straight down after "seeping". Probably same turtle as that In Obs. No.1. Observed ascending from rock. 11:03 4 ? ? Possible turtle swimming 2 to 3 m below surface. 11:07 5 Gn Juv Surface time approx. 1 min. Took 5 to 6 breaths and dove straight down. Possibly same turtle as that In Obs. No. 2. 11:24 6 Gn Juv/Adult Large, swimming slowly at surface. Unable to see tail. Dove straight down at end of track. School of large silvery fish appear to be cleaning turtle. 11:30 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:18 2 Gn Juv 1 Gn Juv 0.25 3 Gn Juv/Adult 2 Gn Juv/Adult 1 ? ? 6 Gn I 3 Gn summary: Max. Time Tot. Tot. Transect (hrs:mins) Cbs. Species Size Total Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:18 2 Gn Juv 1 Gn Juv 0.4 3 Gn Juv/Adult 2 Gn Juv/Adult 1 ? ? 6 Gn 3 Gn

Conclusion: Turtles do not appear to be abundant in this area. Those that are present appear to be resting near and or under rock outcrops or passing through. Limited cliffiine and or tow surveys recommended to confirm preliminary findings and local observations. lagoon entrance, West Saipan

Date: 8/20/99 Type: Tow Location: Puntan Makpe to Tanapag Lagoon Entrance, West Saipan

Site Description: The vast majority of shoreline within this area is beach with village, hotel and port development. Extension of the barrier reef begins t"'· just south of Puntan Makpe, and reaches distances of 0.6 km off San Roque, up to 2.3 km off Tanapag, 3.6 km off Puerto Rico and 2. 75 km off Puntan Muchot in Garapan. Lagoon depths range from 2 to 10 m. The lagoon contains numerous types of algae and at least three species of seagrass, and is noted by fishermen as a green turtle feeding area. This tow along the outer barrier reef edge covered depths of 10 to 18m. Hardpan substrate with low coral cover, 5% sand and various patches of unidentified algae predominated. Spur and sand filled grooves were noted in shallower areas, and only a few scattered boulders were seen. Unlike the southwest outer barrier reef platform, this region had few rock outcrops and limited topographical complexity and thus did not typify habitat generally considered conducive to turtle resting. Three streams enter into the northern section of the lagoon. Winds were light, swell 0 to 0.3 m.

Access: Travel time to the start of the tow off Puntan Makpe takes approximately 18 minutes from Smiling Cove Marina (27ft. DFW boat). The entire survey area is easily accessible by boat. The northernmost portion of the barrier reef is accessible by land, with a limited number of small passes said to exist which may ease egress from the lagoon. Access to ocean sites outside the lagoon south of Tanapag to the main channel entrance is best made via boat as distances from shore approach 3.5 km and boat traffic in the area is heavy. Boats traveling to the outer reef area must exit through the main channel, but can be launched from a variety of ramps or shoreline areas within the west coast lagoon.

Description of Methodology: Two people were towed along the sides of the DFW 27 ft boat, which maintained a distance of approximately 50 to 100m from shallow shoreline or barrier reef areas. When a turtle was sighted the boat was stopped and the species, size, activity, time, depth and habitat characteristics were relayed to a recorder on the boat. Latitude and longitude were noted at the location where each turtle was encountered using a GPS unit. In addition, boat observers searched the waters surface for turtle ascents. Snorkel surveys along the outer barrier reef edge were not conducted due to time and personnel constraints.

Personnel: Jacinto Taman, Joe Ruak, Tony Flores, Rudy Pangelinan, Steve Kolinski

Source of Information: Captain Jacinto Taman related that the area outside the northwestern lagoon is not noted for turtles, although occasionally one or two may be observed. The entire area has been surveyed by DFW for trochus and holothuroidians in the past, with few turtles seen. Jacinto mentioned a number of small passes exist along the northern barrier reef section where turtles may enter the lagoon to feed. McCoy (1997) mentions turtle activity in the northern lagoon. lsmael N. Magofna (Tanapag fishermen) identified a number of sea grass patches off Tanapag in the mid and outer lagoon regions approximately 1 km and 2.5 to 3 km offshore where he consistently sees turtles feeding at night.

Tide: Med rising, one day past half moon (Neap) towards full. Obs. Depth Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 12:50 15°16.56 145°47.63 START: Puntan Makpe. 14:55 15°14.23 145°41.76 STOP: West lagoon main channel entrance. Puntan Makpe to Tanapag lagoon entrance, West Saipan

Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size 'Esti~ated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 2:05 0 11.6

Conclusion: The evidence to date suggests that limited numbers of turtles utilize the deeper outer northwest barrier reef area. The outer reef slope was not examined tor smaller resting turtles, and this should be done, perhaps in concert with future surveys for tro.chus. Various sources suggest that turtles do teed in the adjacent lagoon which has ample green turtle food resources. Further interviews and observations in the area might focus on locating lagoon entrance areas for turtles. Map bathymetry suggests no notable passes through the reef in this region with the exception of the main reef opening outside of Garapan/Tanapag. However, one resident stated a number of small passes exist. Identification· of such areas will be key to tag and recapture efforts in this region as it invites the opportunity to utilize capturing strategies involving tangle nets. Other efforts might focus on nighttime captures of turtles within their lagoon feeding areas. Date: 8/26/99 Type: Tow/Capture Location: Tanapag Lagoon Seagrass Pastures, West Saipan

Site Description: The vast majority of shoreline within this area is beach with village, hotel and port development. Extension of the barrier reef reaches to 2.3 km off Tanapag village, 3.6 km off Puerto Rico and 2. 75 km off Puntan Muchot in Garapan. Lagoon depths range from 2 to 10m., although a 3m counter was followed. Managaha Island is just south of the beginning of the transect. This small island is utilized heavily for tourist activities and is surrounded by sand beach. The lagoon contains numerous types of algae and four types of seagrass and is noted by fishermen as a green turtle feeding area. There are few apparent passes through the barrier reef in this region with the exception of the main channel entrance to the south. The survey was conducted at night. Conditions were not appropriate for sighting turtles, as the moon low on the horizon and winds created chop and suspended particulates, lowering visibility.

Access: Travel time to the start of the tow off Managaha Island takes approximately 5 minutes from Smiling Cove Marina (27 ft. DFW boat). The entire survey area is easily accessible by boat from any of the western launch areas. Swimming or snorkeling from land is possible but is not recommended.

Description of Methodology: The intent of this effort was to actually capture turtles, thus protocols utilized at other sites were not followed. One person was towed by a small13 ft. open fiberglass boat. When a turtle was sighted the boat was stopped and a decision was made on whether capture was likely. If deemed likely, turtles would be pursued by tow and or snorkel. Coordinates were estimated from a map. lT1 0'\ Personnel: lsmael N. Magofna, Edward Norita, Jr., Joe Ruak, Denise Parker

Source of Information: lsmael N. Magofna frequents this area to fish and consistently observes turtles feeding at night in this region.

Tide: High rising, 1 day before full moon (Spring). Obs. Depth Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 20:30 14.32° 142.3° START: North of Managaha Island. Gn ? 3 Seagrass, algae 21:20 14.32° 143.05° STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mlns) Obs. Species Size !Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 0:50 1 Gn ? 1 Gn ? 2.5

Conclusion: Further nighttime evaluations are needed in this region. ·-··-r-~ --~--

Date: 8/17/99 Type: Tow Location: Main Tanapag lagoon entrance towards Puntan Flores, West Saipan Lagoon

Site Description: The shoreline within this area is fairly developed with at least three port facilities, a memorial and various beach parks. The tow began approximately 2.3 km off Puntan Muchot just inside of the northern barrier reef extension which encloses Tanapag Lagoon. Depths in this outer lagoon region ranged from 10 to 15m. There are a number of rock outcrops with low coral cover and various levels of sand. Approximately three quarters of the way into the lagoon depths become shallower (6 to 10m) and lobate Porites colonies are dominant. Very little algae was observed along this tow, other than a long hairlike chlorophyta similar to that collected off Sugar Dock (Sugar Dock sample identified as Bryopsis pennata). The tow ended roughly 1.2 km off Puntan Flores. This area is just south of noted nocturnal green turtle feeding grounds further north in Tanapag Lagoon. One stream enters in the vicinity of this tow. Visibility varied throughout the transect, although the bottom could always be seen. Winds were light, no swell was noted.

Access: Travel time to the start of the tow off the northern section of the lagoon entrance takes approximately 5 minutes from Smiling Cove Marina (27 ft. DFW boat). The entire survey area is easily accessible by boat from any of the western launch areas. Swimming or snorkeling from land is possible but is not recommended due to heavy boat traffic within the area.

Description of Methodology: Two people were towed along the sides of the DFW 27 ft boat. When a turtle was sighted the boat was stopped and the species, size, activity, time, depth and habitat characteristics were relayed to a recorder on the boat. Latitude and longitude were noted at the location where each turtle was encountered using a GPS unit. In addition, boat observers searched the waters surface for turtle ascents. Snorkel surveys were not conducted due to time and personnel constraints, and heavy boat traffic in the area.

Personnel: Jacinto Taman, Larry llo, Joe Ruak, Tony Flores, Rudy Pangelinan, Chris Alepuyo, Mike Tenorio, Mike Triani, Kathrene Miller, Steve Kolinski

Source of Information: Captain Jacinto Taman related that turtles are frequently seen in the shallow seagrass areas off the channel in Tanapag lagoon, though typically at night. McCoy (1997) mentions turtle activity in the northern lagoon. lsmael N. Magofna (Tanapag fishermen) identified a number of sea grass patches off Tanapag in the mid and outer lagoon regions approximately 1 km and 2.5 to 3 km offshore where he consistently sees turtles feeding at night. Larry llo related seeing turtles from Charlie Dock at night, and Joe Ruak mentioned turtle observations from lower base during the day. Earlier in the day, three turtles ascended close to the boat near Charlie Dock as we ate lunch (see Red Buoy no. 10 and Charlie Dock datasheet). Given observations of nocturnal turtle feeding in more shallow northern areas of Tanapag lagoon, and reports/direct observations of turtles in daytime over dredged inshore areas, this deeper adjacent area was examined as a potential resting site for turtles during the day.

Tide: Med falling, two days before half moon (Neap) towards full Cbs. Depth Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 14:54 15°13.88 145°41.78 START: Barrier reef edge, main lagoon entrance. 15°13.74 145°42.23 Turn 60 degrees NE (near buoy 2).

4 Tanapag Lagoon Entrance Towards Puntan Flores, West Saipan -. - - -- · - -·r -· •

Obs. Depth I Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 15:33 15°13.91 145°43.2 1 Gn Juv Resting 6 Lobate Porites zone, Approx. 45 em. low level rock, 90 % sand. 15:40 15°14.03 145°43.3 2 Gn Juv Swimmin 6 Lobate Porites zone, Approx. 50 to 55 em. 70 % scattered rock 15:48 15°13.85 145°43.39 STOP: Roughly 1.2 km off Puntan Flores. Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size !Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 0:54 2 Gn Juv 2 Gn Juv 3.1

Conclusion: Substrate characteristics along the channel into Tanapag lagoon appear conducive to turtle resting, however very few turtles were encountered. Extensive boat traffic within this region may be a factor. Although continued monitoring at different times may be warranted to confirm preliminary findings, this transect area does not appear to be very amenable to capturing and tagging large numbers of turtles.

~~ Red Buoy No. 10 and Charlie Dock, West Saipan

Date: 8/17/99 and 8/25/99 Type: Boat and Dock Location: No. 10 red buoy, main channel and Charlie Dock, West Salpan

Site Description: The lower base and Charlie Dock areas are port/harbor facilities. The majority of the substrate in this region has been dredged to depths of approximately 10 to 15m. Visibility is limited, thus benthic characteristics were not observed. Doty and Marsh (1977) provide a dated description of the marine benthos and water characteristics of the harbor area. Shallower shoals and debris were noted to have limited live coral (Doty et al. 1997). Substrate In the inshore region was variable with a terrigenous and oceanic mix of clays, muds, silts, sands and rubble (Ciayshults 1977). Tobias (1977) identified at least six species of algae and one seagrass (Halodu/e uninervis) which are listed by Hirth (1997) as representative turtl~ forage. Enhalus acoroides and Halophila minor were also noted in the area (Tobias 1977, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1981 ), however the extent to which turtles utilize these seagrass species as forage is unknown. Eldredge and Randall (1980) diagram seagrass (species not identified) penetrating into shallow areas from Delta Dock to Puntan Flores. A single stream enters near Charlie Dock.

Access: Red buoy no. 10 is accessible by boat and sits roughly 120m offshore. It can be reached from any of the western launch areas. The road to Charlie Dock is paved. It appeared that all the dock areas had open access. Snorkeling or swimming from land is possible, but this is a heavy boat traffic area and visibility is extremely limited.

Description of Methodology: The 27ft. DFW boat was tied up to red buoy no. 10 for a lunch break. Just after lunch three turtles ascended close by. Species identification and size estimates where made and the latitude and longitude were recorded using a GPS located on the boat. At Charlie Dock, three personnel examined the surrounding water from shore at night for ascending turtles.

Personnel: Jacinto Taman, Larry llo, Joe Ruak, Tony Flores, Rudy Pangelinan, Chris Alepuyo, Mike Tenorio, Steve Kolinski (~ed Buoy no. 10) Joe Ruak, Denise Parker, Steve Kolinski (Charlie Dock) ·

Source of Information: Joe Ruak mentioned turtle observations from lower base during the day, and Larry llo related seeing turtles from Charlie Dock at night.

Date: 8/17/99 Location: Red Buoy no. 10, West Salpan Lat. 15°13.7~ Long. 145°44.13? Observer: Noted above Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: High falling, 2 days before half moon (Neap) towards full. 12:23 START 12:23 1 Gn Juv Small turtle ascends over dredged area. Water turbid. 12:26 2 Gn Juv Small turtle ascends over dredged area. Water turbid. 3 Gn Juv Small turtle ascends over dredged area. Water turbid. 12:30 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mlns) Obs. Species Size 'Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 0:07 3 Gn Juv 3 Gn Juv 0.2 - -··r -·· I Date: 8/25/99 Location: Charlie Dock, West Saipan Lat. 15°13.640 Long. 145°44.19 (+/-45ft.) Observer: Noted above Time Obs. No. Species Size Notes Tide: Med falling, 2 days before full moon (Spring) 21:55 START 22:25 STOP: Discontinued due to poor visibility. Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size IEsti~ated Number of Turtles Observed length (km) 0:30 0 0.3

Conclusion: Green turtles do appear to inhabit some of these nearshore turbid dredged areas. It is presumed the turtles are feeding, but this needs to be verified. Further monitoring of the area to estimate turtle numbers and establish times of peak turtle abundance seems warranted. If estimates suggest large numbers of turtles utilize the area, benthic surveys should be undertaken to elucidate turtle activities and the potential for tag and recapture efforts. Puntan Muchot Patch Reefs, Garapan, West Saipan

Date: 8/26/99 Type: Tow/Capture Location: Puntan Muchot Patch Reefs, Garapan, West Sal pan

Site Description: The site is located approximately 0. 7 km off Pun tan Muchot in Garapan. The vast majority of shoreline within this area is beach with village, hotel and port development. No notable streams enter within the vicinity. The barrier reef is fragmented by numerous and various sized passes. Depths of 1 m border the lagoon side of this site, but reach 6 m on the ocean side of the reef. The lagoon contains numerous types of algae and four types of seagrass, and is noted as a green turtle feeding area by local fishermen. Turtles utilize the deeper reef area for resting. The survey was conducted at night. Conditions were not appropriate for sighting turtles, as the moon low on the horizon and winds created chop and suspended particulates, lowering visibility.

Access: Travel time to the start of the tow takes approximately 5 minutes from Smiling Cove Marina (27 ft. DFW boat). The entire survey area is easily accessible by boat from any of the western launch areas. Swimming or snorkeling from land is possible.

Personnel: lsmael N. Magofna, Edward Norita, Jr., Joe Ruak, Denise Parker T\... Source of Information: lsmael N. Magofna frequents this area to fish and consistently observes turtles feeding at night in this region.

Tide: High falling, 1 day before full moon (Spring). Obs. Depth Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 21:30 13.3° 142.1° START: 1 to 5 Gn ? 3 Seagrass, algae Three turtles chased, none captured. 22:30 13.0° 142.3° STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size IEstimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:00 5 Gn ? 5 Gn ? 1.3

Conclusion: This area is evidently used by green turtles for resting. Although none ofthe turtles pursued were captured, the potential for successful capture and release exists and should be attempted again given appropriate environmental conditions. The feasibility of catching turtles using tangle nets placed in the reef passes should explored. ·

------·-··-···-· Date: 8/16/99 Type: Snorkel Location: Outer Reef Matrix, Balisa Area, Garapan, West Salpan

Site Description: The majority of shoreline within this area Is coarse and fine grain sand beach with commercial development. Garapan lagoon extends approximately 0.8 km off Micro Beach at the northern end of the transect, 1 km off Garapan, and 1 km to the abandoned lighthouse at the southern end of the transect. The lagoon contains numerous types of algae and at least three species of seagrass, and is noted by fishermen as a green turtle feeding area. The barrier reef in this area is broken up into numerous passes, which appear conducive to the use of tangle nets. Rock outcrops up to 4 m in height make up a fair proportion of the benthic substrate, and add complex topography suitable for turtle resting. The outer barrier reef slope ranges in depth from 1 to 12m. Various tufts of green algae were noted. No notable streams enter the region. The entire area was calm with negligible current.

Access: Access to the site by boat takes approximately 10 minutes from Smiling Cove Marina (DFW 27ft. boat). Access from land is possible but would require swimming approximately 1 km from shore into water 17 to 20 m deep.

Description of Methodology: Initial trial of methods. Seven Snorklers entered the water and swam in a southerly direction. The groups eventually split up into two, a more inshore and offshore group. The Snorkelers searched for turtles, noting the species, size, activity, time, depth, and habitat characteristics. One person recorded observations on underwater writing paper.

Personnel: Jacinto Taman, Larry llo, Joe Ruak, Tony Flores, Rudy Pangelinan, Chris Alepuyo, Mike Tenorio, Steve Kolinski, T\ v Source of Information: This site was highlighted in the initial meeting with DFW representatives. Jacinto Taman, Joe Ruak, and Larry llo suggested the place was well known as a turtle resting area. Even the security guard at Laulau Bay Golf Course mentioned the area as a likely place to find turtles. Two follow-up examinations found 18 green turtles each, two of which were captured, tagged and released.

Observers: Tony Flores, Rudy Pangelinan, Steve Kolinski Location: Offshore Group Tide: High falling, 3 days before half moon (Neap), towards full. Obs. Depth Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 13:35 15°12.70 145°42.03 START 13:59 1 Gn Juv Swimming 13 Highly probable sighted by the inshore group. 14:00 2 Gn Juv/Adult Swimming 13 14:29 3 Gn Juv Swimming 13 14:35 4 Gn Juv/Adult Swimming 13 20% rock coral outcrops, rest sand 14:39 5 Gn Juv/Adult Swimming 13 Just within range of visibility. 14:48 6 Gn Juv Swimming 13 14:59 15°11.85 145°42.10 STOP: Outside Garapan lighthouse. Preliminary Survey, Outer Reef Matrix, Balisa Area, Garapan, West Saipan

Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mlns) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:24 3 Gn Juv 3 Gn Juv 2.0 3 Gn Juv/Adult 3 Gn Juv/Adult 6 Gn 6 Gn

Observers: Joe Ruak, Larry llo, Chris Alepuyo, Mike Tenorio Location: Inshore Group Tide: High falling, 3 days before half moon (Neap), towards full. Obs. Depth Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 13:35 15°12.70 145°42.03 START 1 Gn Juv Resting 11 Under limestone/ coral on sand 2 Gn Juv Resting 11 3 Gn Juv Resting 11 4 Gn Juv Resting 11 5 Gn Juv Surface 11 Believed to have been spotted by other group. 5 Gn Juv/Adult swimming 11 15:04 15°11.85 145°42.10 STOP: Outside Garapan lighthouse. :n w Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:29 5 Gn Juv 5 Gn Juv 2.0 1 Gn Juv/Adult 1 Gn Juv/Adult 6 Gn 6 Gn

Summary: Max. Time Tot. Tot. Transect (hrs:mlns) Obs. Species Size Total Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:29 8 Gn Juv 7 Gn Juv 4.0 4 Gn Juv/Adult 4 Gn Juv/Adult 12 Gn 11 Gn

Conclusion: This preliminary survey showed this area to be actively used for resting by green turtles, and allowed us to work out survey methodology. An additional survey, followed by turtle tag and release efforts, support the the above findings. It is highly recommended that tag and release efforts be initiated at this location, and that night surveys be conducted utilizing tangle nets in the barrier reef passes. Such efforts will need to be launched by boat.

'a1 - -·-· • , __ , ow•- .. ••••• --··-- ... --· --· -r-··· ... --· --·r-··

Date: 8/17/99 Type: Snorkel and Tow Location: Outer Reef Matrix, Ballsa Area, Garapan, West Saipan

Site Description: The majority of shoreline within this area is coarse and fine grain sand beach with commercial development. Garapan lagoon extends approximately 0.8 km off Micro Beach at the northern end of the transect, 1 km off Garapan, and 1 km to the abandoned lighthouse at the southern end of the transect. The lagoon contains numerous types of algae and at least three species of seagrass, and is noted by fishermen as a green turtle feeding area. The barrier reef in this area is broken up into numerous passes, which appear conducive to the use of tangle nets. Rock outcrops up to 4 m in height make up a fair proportion of the benthic substrate, and add complex topography suitable for turtle resting. The outer barrier reef slope ranges in depth from 1 to 12m. Various tufts of green algae were noted. No notable streams enter the region. The entire area was calm with negligible current.

Description of Methodology: A group of four snorkelers was dropped off close to the outer barrier reef edge to conduct a snorkeling transect. Swimming in a southerly direction and maintaining observer distances of approximately 10m in a straight line, the snorkelers searched for turtles, noting the species, size, activity, time, depth, and habitat characteristics. One person recorded observations on underwater writing paper. In addition, two people were towed along the sides of the DFW 27 ft. boat over deeper water. When a turtle was sighted the boat was stopped and the species, size, activity, time, depth and habitat characteristics were relayed to a recorder on the boat. Latitude and longitude were noted at the location where each turtle was encountered using a GPS unit. In addition, boat observers searched the waters surface for turtle ascents.

Personnel: Jacinto Taman, Larry llo, Joe Ruak, Tony Flores, Rudy Pangelinan, Chris Alepuyo, Mike Tenorio, Steve Kolinski,

Source of Information: This site was highlighted in the initial meeting with DFW representatives. Jacinto Taman, Joe Ruak, and larry llo suggested the place was well known as a turtle resting area. Even the security guard at laulau Bay Golf Course mentioned the area as a likely place to find turtles. A preliminary examination of the area found 11 green turtles. A follow-up examination found 18 green turtles, two of which were captured, tagged and released.

Type: Tow Observers: Tony Flores, Rudy Pangelinan, Steve Kolinski Location: Outer Reef Platform, Ballsa Area Tide: Med rising, 2 days before half moon (Neap) towards full. Obs. Depth Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 10:05 15°12.82 145°42.30 START 10:15 15°12.84 145°42.20 1 Gn Juv 12 10% rock outcrops, 90% sand 50 em. 10:24 15°12.77 145°41.85 2 Gn Adult Swimming 17 - 20 90% rock/coral, 10% sand Close to buoy. Turn to head south. 10:26 15°12.75 145°41.84 3 Gn Juv Swimming 17 - 20 90% rock outcrops, 10 % sand Approx. 50 em. 10:29 15°12.74 145°41.83 4 Gn Adult Swimming 17 - 20 90% rock outcrops, 10 % sand 10:38 15°12.53 145°41.85 5 Gn Juv/Adult 17 20% Rubble, 80% sand Approx. 90 em. Outer Reef Matrix, Balisa Area, Garapan, West Saipan

Obs. Depth Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 10:55 15°12.28 145°41.94 6 Gn Juv Swimming 65% rocky outcrops, 35% sand Approx. 55 em. 11:00 15°12.26 145°41.95 7 Gn Adult Resting 17 - 20 50% Rock outcrop, 50% sand Approx. 100 em. On sand under rock. 11:07 15°12.09 145°41.96 8 Gn Juv Resting 17 - 20 70% rock outcrop, 30 % sand Approx. 40 - 45 em. 15°12.09 145°41.96 9 Gn Adult Resting 17 - 20 70% rock outcrop, 30 % sand Approx. 95 plus em. 15°11.66 145°41.93 Begin heading east. 11:20 15°11.62 145°42.03 70 to 80% live coral 11:27 15°11.70 145°42.10 17 Scattered seagrass and sand 11:29 15°11.88 145°42.19 10 Gn Juv/Adult swimming 17- 20 40% rocky outcrops, 60% sand Approx. 70- 80 em. 11:30 15°11.88 145°42.19 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:25 4 Gn Juv 4 Gn Juv 3.7 2 Gn Juv/Adult 2 Gn Juv/Adult 4 Gn Adult 4 Gn Adult 10 Gn 10 Gn

Type: Snorkel 8:: Observers: Larry llo, Joe Ruak, Chris Alepuyo, Mike Tenorio Location: Barrier Reef Slope, Balls a Area Tide: Med rising, 2 days before half moon (Neap) towards full. Obs. Depth Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 10:05 15°12.82 145°42.30 START 10:45 1 Gn Juv Swimming 5 reef slope 11:12 2 Gn Juv Resting 8 reef slope On sand puka under coral. " 3 Gn Juv Resting 8 reef slope On sand puka under coral. 11:13 4 Gn Juv Swimming 8 reef slope 5 Gn Juv Swimming 8 reef slope 11:25 ' 6 Gn Juv/Aduit Swimming 10 reef slope 7 Gn Juv/Adult Swimming 10 reef slope 11:~5 8 Gn Juv Swimming 12 reef slope Tail small. 11:40 15°11.88 145°42.19 STOP: Note small algae patches in area. Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:35 6 Gn Juv 6 Gn Juv 2.0 2 Gn Juv/Adult 2 Gn Juv/Adult 8 Gn 8 Gn . · · --- --·r-··

Summary: Max. Time Tot. Tot. Transect (hrs:mlns) Obs. Species Size Total Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 1:35 10 Gn Juv 10 Gn Juv 5.7 4 Gn Juv/Adult 4 Gn Juv/Adult 4 Gn Adult 4 Gn Adult 18 Gn 18 Gn

Conclusion: A total of three surveys (including a preliminary and follow-up) have been conducted in the Balisa area. All three confirm this location as a frequented green turtle resting area. It is highly recommended that tag and release efforts be initiated at this location, and that night surveys be conducted utilizing tangle nets in the barrier reef passes. Such efforts will need to be launched by boat.

0"1 0"1 Chalan Kanoa to San Antonio, Outer Reef, West Saipan

Date: 8/17/99 Type: Snorkel and Tow Location: Chalan Kanoa to San Antonio, Outer Reef, West Sal pan

Site Description: The majority of shoreline within this area is coarse and fine grain sand beach with commercial development. Chalan Kanoa lagoon extends approximately 0.53 km off Sugar Dock, Chalan Kanoa, 0.53 km off San Antonio, and 0.7 km off Puntan Afetna. The lagoon contains numerous types of algae and at least three species of seagrass, and is noted by fishermen as a green turtle feeding area. A 12m deep sand platform extends up to 0.6 km beyond the barrier reef. Isolated limestone outcrops, reaching 1 to 2m above the substrate, are present. The outer reef slope of the barrier reef is topographically complex with high and diverse live coral cover (up to 60 %), numerous sand pukas and occasional tufts of the algae Bryopsis pennata. The barrier reef edge ranges in depth from 1 to 12m, where it meets the outer sand covered platform. No notable streams enter the region, although an inland lake and extensive inland marsh are present. The entire area was calm with negligible current.

Access: The area is easily accessible by boat with travel time from Smiling Cove Marina at 15 minutes and from Sugar Dock estimated at 5 minutes (DFW 27 ft. boat). Access from land Is also possible with ample parking along the beach and an estimated swim of 0.6 km.

Description of Methodology: A group of five snorkelers was dropped off close to the outer barrier reef edge to conduct a snorkeling transect. Swimming in a southerly direction and maintaining observer distances of approximately 10m in a straight line, the snorkelers searched for turtles, noting the species, size, activity, time, depth, and habitat characteristics. One person recorded observations on underwater writing paper. In addition, two people were towed along the sides of the DFW 27 ft. boat over deeper water. When a. 8 turtle was sighted the boat was stopped and the species, size, activity, time, depth and habitat characteristics were relayed to 8 recorder on the boat. Latitude and longitude were noted at the location where each turtle was encountered using a GPS unit. In addition, boat observers searched the waters surface for turtle ascents.

Personnel: Jacinto Taman, Larry llo, Joe Ruak, Tony Flores, Rudy Pangelinan, Chris Alepuyo, Mike Tenorio, Mike Triani, Kathrene Miller, Steve Kolinski,

Source of Information: Jacinto Taman highlighted this region as a turtle resting area known to most fishermen. '•

Type: Tow Observers: Joe Ruak, Rudy Pangelinan, Mike Tenorio, Mike Triani Location: Outer reef platform, Chalan Kanoa Tide: High falling, 2 days before half moon (Neap) towards full. Obs. Depth Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 13:35 15°08.84 145°41.65 12 START 13:44 15°08.68 145°41.39 12 Whole area south is sand. Turn south. 15°08.62 145°41.41 12 15% rock outcrops, 85% san Continue south. 13:54 15°08.33 145°41.24 12 85% rock outcrop, 15% sand. 13:54 15°08.05 145°40.95 12 Turning southeast. 14:03 15°07.97 145°40.00 12 10% small rock, 90% sand. Turn northeast. 0.8 miles from reef slope. Chalan Kanoa to San Antonio, Outer Reef, West ~a1pan

Cbs. Depth , Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 14:13 15°08.31 145°41.30 12 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Cbs. Species Size IEstl~ated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 0:38 0 2.95

Type: Snorkel Observers: Larry llo, Tony Flores, Chris Alepuyo, Kathrene Miller, Steve Kolinski, Location: Barrier Reef Slope, Chalan Kanoa · Tide: High falling, 2 days before half moon (Neap) towards full. Cbs. Depth Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 13:35 15°08.83 145°41.68 START 13:48 1 Gn Juv Resting 10 50% live coral/rock, 50 % san 40 - 45 em. Under ledge. Swam when approached, 14:02 2 Gn Juv Resting 10 70% live coral/rock, 30% san 40 - 45 em. Under rock on sand. Swam when approached. 14:06 3 Gn Juv Swimming 10 Reef edge Possibly Turtle # 2 14:15 4 Gn Juv Swimming 11 100% sand 35-40 em. 14:20 5 Gn Juv Swimming 10 40-50 em. 14:30 6 Gn Juv Swimming 10 80% live coral/rock, 20 % san 35 em. 14:32 15°08.09 145°41.34 STOP Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mins) Cbs. Species Size I Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 0:57 6 Gn Juv 5 Gn Juv 1.45

Summary: Max. Time 'rot. Tot. Transect (hrs:mins) Cbs. Species Size !Total Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 0:57 6 Gn Juv 5 Gn Juv 4.4

Conclusion: Our survey of the outer platform could not confirm local observations of this area as a frequented resting area by sea turtles. Additional tows covering different times, months, tide and moon phases should be conducted on an opportunistic basis to determine the extent to which turtles utilize this area. Tag and release efforts, however, should be attempted along the reef slope of the outer barrier reef. Snorkeling surveys along the outer barrier reef edge should also be conducted further north. Puntan Susupi to Puntan Afetna, Outer Platform, West Saipan

Date: 8/18/99 Type: Tow Location: Puntan Susupl to Puntan Afetna, Outer Platform Chalan Kanoa, West Sal pan

Site Description: The majority of shoreline within this area is coarse and fine grain sand beach with commercial development. Chalan Kanoa lagoon extends approximately 0. 7 km from shore at Puntan Susupi, 0.53 km off Sugar Dock, and 0. 7 km off Puntan Afetna. The lagoon contains numerous types of algae and at least three species of seagrass, and is noted by fishermen as a green turtle feeding area. A 12m deep sand platform extends up to 0.6 km beyond the barrier reef. Isolated limestone outcrops, reaching 1 to 2m above the substrate, are present. No notable food sources were encountered other that floating bits of sea grass presumably from the lagoon. The two turtles encountered were found in the Susupi area, which had not previously been transacted. No notable streams enter the region although an inland lake and extensive Inland marsh are present. The entire area was calm and the current negligible.

Access: The entire area is easily accessible by boat with travel time ffom Smiling Cove Marina at 15 minutes and from Sugar Dock estimated at 5 minutes (DFW 27ft. boat). Access from land is also possible with ample parking along the beach and an estimated swim of 0.9 km.

Description of Methodology: Two people were towed along the sides of the DFW 27ft. boat. When a turtle was sighted the boat was stopped and the species, size, activity, time, depth and habitat characteristics were relayed to a recorder on the boat. Latitude and longitude were noted at the location where each turtle was encountered using a GPS unit. In addition, boat observers searched the waters surface for turtle ascents.

Personnel: Jacinto Taman, Joe Ruak, Tony Flores, Rudy Pangelinan, Steve Kolinski

Source of Information: Jacinto Taman highlighted this region as a turtle resting area known to most fishermen.

Tide: High rising, 1 day before half moon (Neap) towards full Obs. Depth Time Lat. Long. No. Species Size Activity (m) Habitat Notes 11:50 15°09.19 145°41.40 START 11:59 1sD09.05 145°41.38 1 Gn Adult Resting 12 50% coral/rock outcrop Swam away as we approached. 95-105cm, 50% sand small tail. " " 2 Gn Juv Swimming 12 50% coral/rock outcrop 50-60cm. 50% sand 12:31 15°07.60 145°41.12 STOP: Due west of Pacific Islands Club at sewer outfall. Tot. Time Transect (hrs:mlns) Obs. Species Size Estimated Number of Turtles Observed Length (km) 0:41 1 Gn Juv 1 Gn Juv 2.775 1 Gn Adult 1 Gn Adult 2 Gn 2 Gn

Conclusion: The two turtles were encountered on a platform not previously surveyed which, according to map bathymetry extends a few kms to the north. This particular platform seems suitable for resting turtles and should be further explored using tow and snorkeling survey methods. Tag and release efforts in combination with such surveys are highly recommended. APPENDIX2

MAPS OF TURTLE DISTRIBUTIONS

70 SA IPAN

15° 18'N NORTH

15° 15'N

WEST•

15° 12'N EAST

15° 09'N

15° 06'N

5km

145° 42'E 145° 45'E 145° 48'E 145° 51'E

MAP I. Saipan Geographic Divisions 71 -I. -I. -1. (]1 01 01 0 0 0 -I...... 0] 0! co c.v ~ 0 0>,. co 0 z z• z•

...... ··- . z ~ U1 0 ~0 ~ 0 ~ 0 I mII en ··~ . -)> 1\) ;11\ ~ 3 z

...a. ~ 01 ~0 CQ ...... N m=

-1. ~ (}lo (J1 C) ~------1\.) ~ MAP 2. Distribution of North Saipan Turtle Observations (Dots represent m turtle locations along tow transects) EAST SAIPAN

15° 15'N

;1·

15° 12'N

slghtings 15° 09'N

2km 15° 06'N sightings

145° 45'E 145° 48'E

MAP 3. Distribution of East Saipan Turtle Observations

73 ~ ~ ...... 0'1 0'1 0'1 d 00 00 ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ...... co 0 1\) z• z• z• ...... ~ 0'1 .tf Q co~ m•

...... ~ 0'1 ~0 rq 1\) 0 3 0 " m• (/J 0 c ...... ~ -f 0'1 :c ~ ~ (/J ...... )> 1\) • - m ~ z

MAP 4. Distribution of South Saipan Turtle Observations (Dots represent turtle locations along tow transects) 74 WEST SAIPAN,

15°15'N 1 turtle sig'htect

15° 09'N

2km

MAP 5. Distribution of West Saipan Turtle Observations (Dots represent turtle locations along tow and snorkel transects) 75