Paralympic Administration Manual

• npc infrastructure • communication and outreach • fair play • sports events and programmes

CHAPTER 1: TECHNOLOGY IN SPORT 3.9 CHAPTER 1: UNDERSTANDING FAIR PLAY 3.57 A. Telecommunications 3.10 A. Introduction 3.58 B. Information Technology 3.10 B. The Rules 3.59 C. Computer Technology 3.11 C. The Sporting Spirit 3.60 D. Facilities 3.11 E. The Internet 3.12 D. Theory into Practice 3.61 E. Promoting Fair Play 3.61 CHAPTER 2: FACILITIES MANAGEMENT 3.17 F. The Basis for Ethical Behaviour in Sport 3.64 A. Introduction 3.18 B. Design Considerations 3.18 CHAPTER 2: CLASSIFICATION 3.67 C. Building Considerations 3.19 A. What is Classification? 3.68 D. Operational Considerations 3.19 B. The Role of the NPC in Classification 3.70 E. Programme Considerations 3.21 C. Classification at theG ames 3.72 CHAPTER 3: ACCESSIBILITY 3.23 D. Classifiers’T raining and Development 3.73 A. Introduction 3.24 E. Questions 3.73 B. Accessible Paths 3.24 C. Main Design Standards for Accessibility CHAPTER 3: DOPING CONTROL 3.75 in a Sport Facility 3.24 A. What is Doping? 3.76 B. The Fight against Doping 3.78 MODULE 6 C. Therapeutic Use Exemptions 3.82 NPC COMMUNICATION AND OUTREACH 3.29 D. Prevention/Education 3.82 E. Step-by-Step Guide for Doping Control at the CHAPTER 1: COMMUNICATION 3.31 Paralympic Games 3.83 A. Introduction 3.32 F. Questions 3.85 B. Barriers to Effective Communication 3.32 C. Communications Network 3.32 CHAPTER 4: VIOLENCE & Harassment 3.87 D. Types of Communication 3.33 CHAPTER 5: ARBITRATION AND E. Methods of Communication 3.33 DISPUTE RESOLUTION 3.95 F. The Press Release 3.36 G. The Media Conference 3.44 H. Tips on Short Speeches 3.45 I. Tips on Letters 3.46 J. Publications 3.47 K. Questions 3.47

CHAPTER 2: SEEKING GOVERNMENT SUPPORT 3.49 A. The Relationship between Government and Sport 3.50 B. The IPC’s Relationship with Governments and international Organizations 3.51

Image credits: Lieven Coudenys (cover image)

Some of the contents of this document have been prepared using information contained in International Olympic Committee (IOC) publications, where applicable and PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL 3.3 with the permission of IOC. We thank the IOC, as the owner of copyright for this material, for their assistance and co-operation.

© Copyright International Paralympic Committee 2010 CHAPTER 5: THE COACH DEVELOPMENT MODULE 8 PROGRAMME 3.143 SPORT EVENTS AND PROGRAMMES 3.103 A. The Need for Trained Coaches 3.144 B. Challenges Facing Coaches 3.144 CHAPTER 1: ORGANIZING AN EVENT 3.105 C. How to Organize a Coaches Development A. Before Applying for or Taking on an Event 3.106 Programme 3.145 B. Having Been Awarded the Event 3.106 D. Hiring Foreign Coaches 3.146 C. Creating a Flow Chart 3.108 E. Should Coaches be Paid? 3.147 D. The Extras 3.109 F. Relationships Between Coaches and Others 3.147 E. Helpful Hints 3.109 G. Values and Ethics for Coaches 3.149 F. Information to and from Participants 3.111 G. Best Practices for Organizing a Paralympic Day 3.111 H. Best Practices for Organizing a Paralympic MODULE 9 school Day 3.113 ANNEX 3.151

CHAPTER 2: PLANNING A SPORTS TRIP 3.115 A. Index 3.152 A. Introduction 3.116 B. Glossary of Terms 3.153 B. Start Planning 3.116 C. Links 3.154 C. Travel Arrangements 3.119 D. What Else to Take 3.122 E. The Trip 3.123 F. Upon Your Return 3.124

CHAPTER 3: SPORT SCIENCE 3.127 A. Introduction 3.128 B. How Important is Sport Science to Paralympic Athletes? 3.128 C. Sports Counselling 3.129 D. What Role can a NPC play? 3.131 E. Questions 3.131

CHAPTER 4: SPORT MEDICINE 3.133 A. Introduction 3.134 B. The Role of the NPC 3.136 C. Medical Services at Home 3.136 D. Medical Services when Travelling 3.136 E. Your Situation 3.141

3.4 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 2 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 2 3.5 MODULE 5: NPC INFRASTRUCTURE5

PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL 3.7 CHAPTER 1: TECHNOLOGY IN SPORT

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 5 3.9 A. Telecommunications In terms of media, about 5,600 rep- The Games Results Systems and booking and scheduling tasks, and resentatives were in Beijing for the services are very complicated; they run interactive multi-media applica- Telecommunication and broadcast Paralympic Games. must provide information on compe- tions on many sports activities and tition schedules, Paralympic entries, topics. technologies are important keys in Further information about all past qualification systems, start lists, offi- bringing the Paralympic Movement Games can be found at http://www. cial results and other Games statistics The development of operating paralympic.org/ P a r a l y m p i c _ into the homes of people around to the media, the Games Family, tele- systems with sophisticated user Games/Past_Games/. the world. With these technologies vision viewers and the general public. interfaces and faster hardware has people can watch and admire the The continuing growth of telecommu- Also provided are the commenta- enabled easy-to-use application soft- strength and spirit of competitors in nications networks, new technologies tors’ information system, and an ware to evolve. Developments for the Paralympic Games. The footage and services throughout the world information system that enables all sport use include virtual reality. With helps to spread understanding of the means that more people than ever media personnel, the Games Family, virtual reality systems, users utilize Games. can share the excitement of sporting the general public and Internet surf- helmets with visual systems to view events like the Paralympic Games. ers to access general and historical 3-D simulations of the sporting envi- The Tokyo 1964 Paralympic Games information about the Games, includ- Sport and telecommunication have ronment and equipment. Athletes ing real-time results, medal standings, were covered extensively by one important feature in common. can watch their techniques and per- and press updates. Japanese radio and television. Since They both foster greater communica- formances in 3-D. then, interest in the Games, from tion among the people of the world, The Internet itself contains thousands Multi-media systems are also now both broadcasters and spectators, breaking down the barriers of race, of references to sport, and hundreds more readily available. For example, has grown tremendously. More than culture and geographical distance. of World Wide Web (www) pages for a Wheelchair Basketball coach could 3,100 media representatives attend- different organizations, including the capture on video a game as an elec- ed the Athens 2004 Paralympic IPC, most International Federations B. Information Technology tronic digital record. This allows the Games, and 617 hours of footage and many NPCs. [See Section E below.] coach to recall, instantaneously, all were broadcasted to 25 countries The Paralympic Games have spurred the plays of any player during the and Pan Europe. Although the live the development of technologies game. broadcast of the Opening Ceremony and their integration to meet today’s C. Computer Technology occurred in the middle of the night in demands for highly-integrated information at several remote locations some parts of the world, about 10 Computer technology advances D. Facilities simultaneously. Virtually every aspect million Chinese and 8 million Japanese have opened up many extraordinary of the Paralympic Games depends enjoyed the event. opportunities. Computer speeds and Facility design has been developing on the use of proven state-of-the-art applications increase enormously quickly, including floor and field- sur technologies. For the Beijing 2008 Paralympic every few months, and fortunately faces, lighting, structural engineering, Games a total of 64 rightsholders There have been enormous improve- costs decrease just as quickly. There and spectator and technology ser- covered more than 80 countries ments in hardware systems (e.g., are over 1,000 computer-assisted vices. Artificial snow surfaces permit worldwide, from all regions (Africa, scoreboards, timing systems, comput- learning tools and software applica- year-round skiing, and roller skates America, Asia, Europe and Oceania). ers), software applications, operating tions for coaches, athletes, sport and skis allow athletes to train on The Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games systems, integration technologies administrators, teachers and others roadways. There are now several and software that permit systems to available from downloadable soft- had the largest number of rightshold- indoor stadiums with removable function together. ware, DVD, CD Rom, or the Internet. ing broadcasters in the history of the roofs so sport can be played “out- Paralympic Games. The broadcaster For example, numerous Paralympic Other software can analyze human doors” when the weather is good, and indoors at other times. Spectator with the most number of hours was Games information systems must be movements, read text on a com- established and integrated to include conveniences and services at new China’s CCTV and BTV, with more puter screen for people with a accreditation, ticketing, VIP man- stadiums have advanced enormous- than 22 hours of Paralympic Games visual impairment, create individual- agement, management of staff and ized fitness programmes (such as ly; quality seating, improved private daily on different channels. This volunteers, transportation, planning, nutritional analysis and counselling, boxes, quality sound systems and included live programming, as well inventory of assets, and many other flexibility exercises, aerobic condition- better food concessions are keeping as news. functions. ing, strength conditioning), control spectators coming back.

3.10 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 5 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 5 3.11 E. The Internet The busiest days for the Beijing 2008 Uses of the Internet 5. learning by searching for Paralympics were 8 and 9 September something you want to know What are the primary uses of the with more than 30,000 visits per day about, or by finding something In 1994, the advent of HTML cre- Internet? ated the World Wide Web standard (see graphic below). unexpected by accident. 1. marketing to the whole world, that allowed the sharing, linking, and Most popular URLs on the IPC viewing of information on many com- Creating a Home Page website include the links to the 2. communication via e-mail and puters. A number of independent Paralympic Results section, the chat groups to anyone anywhere Home pages are set up to com- networks were linked to create the Paralympic Games section, and the in the world who is connected to municate or to do business on the Internet. News section. the Net, Internet. The IPC has a home page Estimating how many Internet users that lists information about its various During the Beijing 2008 Paralympics, 3. exploration of places and ideas are online around the world is an inex- programmes and publications. the President’s Blog drew the atten- online, act art at best. tion of 8,848 visitors with 56,899 hits 4. discovery of just about anything During the Sydney 2000 Paralympic during Games time. This means that since everything is connected to Games, the official website record- the visitors went through the fea- everything else on the Internet, ed more than 300 million hits. The tures of the website very carefully official website of the IPC gets and read several entries while visit- about 430,000 hits per month. ing. An entry about the Games from During the Beijing 2008 Paralympic the perspective of the IPC President Games (6-17 September 2008), Sir Philip Craven was written per 248,515 visits and 10,552,147 day. More than 40 very positive and hits were counted for the IPC web- supporting comments were made on site www.paralympic.org and over the different blog entries and in the 2,094,420 pages were viewed. guestbook, which shows the interest Compared to the Athens 2004 in and the support of the President’s Paralympic Games, the number of vis- Blog. Reading the comments from its to the website went up by almost all over the world one could tell that 100,000 as during those Games the people really got involved with the IPC website had 159,094 visits with President’s Blog. about 1,000,000 pages being viewed.

Daily usage for September 2008 Hits 1502655 Files Pages Visits 53226 Sites 10590912 KBytes

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

3.12 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 5 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 5 3.13 Bid Cities for the Olympic and Web Accessibility Paralympic Games and Organizing Web accessibility is another important Committees have information on issue. The World Wide Web has grown their home pages to help the media quickly every year since it was estab- and others know more about their lished, and now affects almost every projects. A home page can contain part of people’s lives. Therefore, the links to other organization’s pages or Web must be accessible to provide other documents, along with pictures, equal access and equal opportunity to video and audio. Some home pages people with a disability. An accessible have text-only versions so users can Web will help people with disabilities access information faster, although it more actively participate in society. usually isn’t as pretty as material that In the past few years, accessibility takes longer to download. of the Web has increased and is still For complete instructions on increasing with the development of creating your own home page, new technologies. search the internet. There are [For more information on Web various website with tips and Accessibility, please see the W3C guidelines. Many software tools, Guidelines at www.w3c.org.] such as Microsoft’s FrontPage or Macromedia Dreamweaver, can be used to create a home page]

3.14 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 5 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUALImage credit: | L MODULEieven Coudenys 2 3.15 CHAPTER 2: FACILITIES MANAGEMENT

Image credit: IPC PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 5 3.17 A. Introduction storage will be needed and 5. figure out what resources are where should it be? What are available and how they might The availability of suitable facilities is fundamental to providing the dressing room and teaching affect the design. space requirements? opportunities for athletes with a disability to train and perform, 6. Be sure you understand IPSF and for people with a disability to watch sporting events. 6. all groups must consider the requirements, if you want on-going operational costs, and the facilities to be used for The facilities should be built and operated so they can be used plan accordingly. How should the international competitions for by all athletes and spectators, regardless of the degree of their facility be designed to reduce athletes with a disability. disability. Facilities implemented with barrier-free design solu- as much as possible operating tions should be suitable for the widest range of potential users, costs? For example, how can it provide for better services and ultimately customer satisfaction. be designed so that the least D. Operational Considerations possible number of employees can run it? 1. visualize how the building will be Four main parameters should be the actual accessibility needs of 7. how will spectators, users and operated at the beginning of the considered to ensure a sporting facil- the users of the facility, such as service people be transported design phase. What personnel ity is effectively managed: designed athletes and spectators with a to the facility, and what features will be required? Where will efficiently for the purpose of the disability. are needed in these vehicles they work? What will the facility, constructed with the proper operating costs be for utilities, 3. a proactive effort must be (cars, buses, train, etc.)? Are building materials, efficiently oper- maintenance, security etc.? What made to provide the architects there parking spaces for people ated to meet clients’ expectations, with a disability and accessible will the operating hours be? and programmed according to users’ and engineers with information and to educate them about the routes linking to the venue profiles and needs. 2. figure out what other activities, requirements of the Paralympic areas? aside from sport activities, the sport(s) concerned so they facility should accommodate fully understand the activities B. Design Considerations (e.g., receptions, meetings, and their requirements. For C. Building Considerations crafts, library, community health example, they should know the clinic, nursery)? Several needs and considerations accessibility requirements, the 1. try to design and build with a go into the design and operation of floor surface needs, the lighting long-term view. It may cost more a facility. 3. Keep the facility up-to-date requirements, the sound system initially, but may save a lot in the to meet community needs requirements, the multi-use 1. What are the needs of the long run. and ensure quality equipment, nature of each room, etc. user groups? Were the needs 2. remember building a barrier-free programmes, services, determined from direct 4. the facility operators should structure from the beginning will cleanliness and attractiveness. surveying of the user groups? do extensive planning and not cost more. Features and What do you have already? What 4. operate the facility as a determine how the facility installations for accessibility that can be repaired? Are you aware business. Create policies and will be operated, maintained, may be needed later can be of International Federation charge rates that will generate cleaned, serviced for parking, pricey. requirements? Are you aware of garbage removal, etc. What the resources needed to requirements for athletes with a will the expected flows within 3. Purchase quality, durable operate the facility. Even if there disability? the facility be for those with a equipment. It may not be the is a large Government subsidy physical disability, what is the cheapest option initially, but it will to operate the facility, try to 2. architects and engineers need usage of various areas, etc.? save you on maintenance and save on costs and to expand to be extremely sensitive to What capacity and services will replacement costs, and should revenues. the needs of the user groups be required for spectators? be much more reliable. and to the efficient operations 5. ensure that there is a staffing of the facility once completed, 5. Programme operators must 4. save 10% of the finishing plan in place, that excellent rather than just wanting to do clearly envision what the facility materials after construction for workers are recruited and they the project their way. Often they will need. What kind of floor future replacement use. For are well trained. Staffing costs will take into account building surfaces, sound system, privacy example, save some flooring in will probably be the largest code provisions, while ignoring or lighting requirements? What case a part of it wears out. on-going expense.

3.18 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 5 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 5 3.19 6. determine the best revenue- any obstacles, hazards etc, that generating activities that could could prevent effective and be run from the facility. independent use.

7. determine how to promote the 12. If possible, inspect a similar facility and its programmes to facility and ask the management the community (e.g., newsletters, about the advantages and bulletin boards at the entrance disadvantages of the design. of the facility, local media Find out how the facility is advertisements, etc.) managed and maintained, and at what cost. Look for similarities 8. have detailed operations and differences in your own manuals and use them and circumstances, and determine revise them when needed. They how much can be applied to should outline the operating your facility. policies and be accessible to all employees. These manuals should include items such as job E. Programme Considerations descriptions, floor plans, event protocols, sport equipment policies and inventory, machinery 1. Who are the user-groups? and general equipment policies Consider people with a disability and inventory, general staff as an integral part of any user- duties, emergency response group you identify. protocols and administration 2. What are the needs of the requirements (e.g., time sheets, user groups (activities, hours how to handle cash, various of operation, etc)? What level policies). of services do they need, such 9. ensure good business practices, as parking proximity, decor and such as proper financial controls personal services? and reporting, insurance, 3. What design, operating and emergency protocols, well- other considerations are there trained staff, a policy manual, a if the facility is to be primarily facilities operations manual, etc. for high-performance athletes 10. Establish a replacement fund as and coaches? For example, part of on-going operation costs, will governments subsidize the so that resources are available if facilities to cover the costs for major improvements are needed elite athletes? or new equipment needs to be purchased (e.g., scoreboards, 4. if the facility is to be used by timing systems, computers, many different skill levels and the roof of the facility, air sports, can programmes be conditioning or other equipment) implemented that will generate funds from various sources 11. Visualize the use of the facility (e.g., schools, the public users, from the perspective of people spectators, governments, sport with a disability, and identify federations)?

3.20Image credit:PA RLievenALY CMoudenysPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 2 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 5 3.21 CHAPTER 3: ACCESSIBILITY

Image credit: IPC PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 5 3.23 A. Introduction Parking Circulation Areas Adequate space should be reserved All principal pathways along with those Accessibility is a basic human right, enabling all people to have a for accessible vehicles in car parking used by a large number of people fair and equal opportunity to participate fully in community life. lots. As a general principle, the park- should be a minimum of 180 cm wide ing space for an accessible vehicle to allow two wheelchairs to pass. A is 1.5 times larger than the size of a This section includes underlying concepts about accessibility maximum 5% inclination should apply parking space for a standard vehicle and inclusion, as well as the main strategies and approaches to in such areas (i.e., a path that is 100 (i.e., 3 standard parking spaces can achieving equitable access for all potential users of a sporting metres long should have a rise of no facility in a manner that is both dignified and functional. accommodate two accessible parking spaces). Parking spaces should more than 5 metres). be at least 3.30 metres wide. Any obstructions on footpaths and While accessibility is a fundamental contravenes other codes or standards In car parking areas for spectators, a in circulation areas, such as waste requirement for people with a disabil- or impose an “unjustifiable hardship” minimum of 3% of car spaces should bins and telephones, should have a ity, it is also an important element for as determined on a case-by-case be reserved for people with a disabil- maximum ground clearance of 300 any user group. An accessible facility basis by considering the following: ity. These spaces should be located mm at the front edge, to allow them benefits not only people with adis- at the most convenient point for the to be detected by a person using a ability, but also other members of the • The benefits and/or detriments users, given their proximity to: long cane. If this is not possible, haz- community who may be disadvan- to any persons concerned, • pedestrian entries and exits, ard indicators should be used to allow taged in terms of access. This may • The effect on the disability of detection. include: the person concerned, and • lifts and ramps, • Seniors, • The financial cost. • accessible toilets, and Ramps • People who may have a • pay stations. Ramps shall have a maximum length In addition, consider the following temporary disability through of 60 metres, although walkways may accident or illness, factors: Site Entry be longer if necessary. Such ramps • Small children who have • Technical limits, All spectator entry and exit points should not be inclined any more than difficulty climbing steps or should be accessible. One gate 5%. A 5% (1:20) ramp should be no • Topographical restrictions, and understanding information. should be at least 100 cm wide at all longer than 10 metres without a land- • Safety, design and construction spectator entry points. If not all entry ing for resting. A good design should seamlessly issues. and exit points are accessible, those provide access for all, rather than that are accessible should be clearly If it is not possible to provide a ramp or creating problems at a later date. Universal Design indicated with the international sym- lift, step ramps or kerb ramps should bol for access and be visible from a be provided at a maximum grade of The notion of universal design means distance. 10%. Short ramps (up to six metres) any facility or service needs to be B. Accessible Paths may be inclined up to 8%). designed so that it can be used by At ticket box offices, provisions should be made for people with An accessible path is required to allow the widest range of potential users. Where ramps are provided, adjacent limited reach and dexterity. The coun- users to move uninterrupted to all stairs should also be provided for ters, or part of them – at least 500 places within outdoor or indoor facili- millimetres – should be a maximum of those who have difficulty walking up ties. These paths should not contain C. Main Design Standards for 850mm ± 20mm above the floor. No or down ramps. All ramps and walk- any barrier that would prevent them Accessibility in a Sport Facility step or other obstacle should prevent ways shall have a minimum width of from being safely and confidently a wheelchair user from approaching 1,800 mm to allow at least two wheel negotiated by people with a disability. the counter. chairs to pass. The paths must serve the needs of Transport users with intellectual, physical, sen- Public transport stops and drop-offs sory and mobility impairments, as well points should exist as close as possi- as other potential beneficiaries. ble to the facility to minimize travelling A continuous accessible walkway or distances. Loading and unloading path should extend to all amenities zones should be in areas with zero or and levels in a facility, unless doing so low inclination.

3.24 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 5 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 5 3.25 Stairways Emergency Provisions Service Counters Event Experience and Communication The steps in stairways should not be Either accessible emergency exits or Preferably all counters should be higher than 180 mm. The best height a fire evacuation area should be avail- accessible. If this is not possible or A hearing augmentation system could is 150 mm. If there are two or more able in every area of the facility. Fire practical, at least 500 mm of the coun- be available in public areas so that steps, there should be a handrail on evacuation areas shall be either: ter should be accessible. Accessible people with a hearing impairment are both sides. The handrail should be counters should be at 850mm ± 20mm, able to equally enjoy the event and • Located by an exit, provided on each side of the stair- above the floor. its presentation, and to participate ways at a height of between 865 mm • Adjacent to a path of travel to in all activities. The system should be available to people in seats in all and 900 mm. A second lower rail is an exit, Signage optional. ticket price categories. • External to a building, or All accessibility-related signage should Every bank of telephones should • In open space on the roof of a be clear and legible and incorporate Surfaces contain at least one telephone that is building. the appropriate international symbol wheelchair accessible, and is clearly Surfaces should be even and slip and pictograms, in addition to words. identified by the international symbol. resistant. Reflective surfaces should A suitable visual system should be in Directional signs shall be provided at place in major areas to allow people So a wheelchair can face the acces- be used as little as possible, as they regular intervals and at least at every who are deaf/hearing impaired to sible telephone, there should be at may disorient people with a visual major change of direction. The colour respond to emergencies. This can least 300 mm of unobstructed space impairment. of signs and lettering shall be cho- include the use of scoreboards or on each side. sen to enhance legibility, and have a Tactile ground surface indicators can video screens when provided. minimum of 30% luminance contrast. help people with a visual impairment Staff Awareness and Training find their way from the main trans- All public exit signs shall clearly show Toilets the directions to public transport and Facility staff should be trained and port access points to at least one major destinations. made aware of how to communicate, public entrance of the facility, prefer- Accessible toilets should be provided socialize and work with persons with ably the principal entrance. But since in a ratio of a minimum of 1% of the disabilities to ensure the benefits they can inconvenience other people, facility’s gross spectator capacity. Seating There should be at least one acces- of an accessible design are not lost keep their use to a minimum. In all Wheelchair accessible seating for sible toilet in every group of toilets; it because of ignorance or mishandling. cases, the remaining width of a path spectators should be made at an should be unisex. If this provision is after installing the tactile surface indi- overall rate of not less than 1% of a Key elements in this regard are met, any additional accessible toilets cators should be minimum 150 cm. facility’s net capacity. Accessible seat- awareness training and suitable use can be in gender specific areas. Otherwise, the use of such indicators ing positions should be provided in all of language when referring to people is not recommended. For a washroom to be considered different ticket price categories. with a disability. accessible, it must meet the following Companion seating should be provid- Doors and Lifts minimum criteria: ed next to or immediately adjacent to All doors should be able to be opened • Include a circulation space of at the accessible seating positions in a and closed independently, except if it least 1,200 mm x 1,200 mm (or rate of not less than 1% of a facility’s conflicts with building codes or fire diameter 1,200 mm). The best net capacity and equal to the rate of regulations. The width of the doors practice is 1,800 mm x 1,800 mm wheelchair accessible seating. should be at least 85 cm (best prac- (or diameter 1,800 mm), tice 90 cm measured from inside The sightlines from the accessible the door frame) to allow wheelchair • Include a transfer space of at seating should be the same as sight- least 750 mm next to the toilet access. lines for people in front when standing. lid. The best practice is 950 mm Comparable sightlines should gen- The minimum area required for lifts or wider, erally be provided to all wheelchair positions. is 900 mm x 1,200 mm. The best prac- • Have a seat that is a minimum tice is greater than that at 1,100 mm 450 mm high. The best practice x 1,400 mm. The lift controls should is 500 mm, be able to be reached by a person in a wheelchair and have tactile num- • Have toilet lids that are fitted, bers. The controls should be located and can be supported between between 900 mm to 1,400 mm from 10º and 15º beyond vertical to the floor.T he doors should preferably act as a backrest, be automatic. An audible indicator • Contain taps that are all should be included to inform a per- operated by levers to enable son with visual impairment where the people with limited dexterity to lift is. use them.

3.26 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 5 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 5 3.27 MODULE 6: NPC COMMUNICATION6 AND OUTREACH

PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL 3.29 CHAPTER 1: communication

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 3.31 A. Introduction this group provides a wider or pertinent to the reader or base of support for individual listener, programmes of the association. Effective communication is a prime contributor to the success • There is no way of knowing if of any organization. It is especially important in an amateur 4. regional (provincial): this the information was received sports organization because of the number and types of people includes regional government or interpreted in the intended affected by the association. ministries, provincial governing manner. bodies, amateur sports bodies, coaching and officiating 2. Two-way Communication federations, departments of Communication is basically a trans- inadequacy, An example of two-way communica- mission of information by any means youth and recreation and media. • Style of participation, which may tion is an administrator sending out to influence or affect others. In the be considered too much, too 5. national: this includes federal information, but requesting or requiring world of sports, communication loud, too little, or irrelevant by government agencies, national immediate feedback. Communications among athlete, coach and administra- some, sport governing bodies, national in this category include face-to-face tor is essential if excellence is to be coaching and officiating bodies, contact (i.e., meetings and confer- • Condescension, or a patronizing achieved. professional bodies. ences), and written communiqués manner of speaking from requesting reactions. The advantages Effective communication is an art, “above” everyone else, 6. international federations and of these types of communication are: a discipline that everyone can learn. • Defensiveness, or remaining organizations. The growth and success of the orga- • Misunderstood issues can be nization depends to a large extent on protective or adamant about some ideas even though they The type and amount of appropri- cleared up immediately, how well the communication systems ate communication can change with may be obsolete in light of new • The administrator is able to give work. each level. Effective communication data, as little or as much information as channels must be established and is required and can adjust this on • Arrogance, haughtiness and maintained with each of these groups an individual basis, B. Barriers to Effective presumptuousness. either directly or through the hierar- Communication chical network. • Facial and body language may clarify and/or enhance C. Communications Network A number of factors can hamper the message. This same effective communication, including: D. Types of Communication body language may serve to It is important to recognize who you create misinterpretation. The • Technology, such as not having are communicating with to improve communicator must be careful a computer, no or too slow an your efficiency and effectiveness. 1. one-way Communication to convey body language that is Internet connection, a lack of The following broad groups should An example of one-way communica- consistent with the verbal and software or hardware, or a lack be taken into consideration: tion would be an administrator giving written communication. of know-how, 1. immediates: this includes information or directions, and imme- • Physical variables, such as noise your association, the athletes, diate feedback is not requested or E. Methods of Communication distractions, coaches, teachers, spectators required. Communications in this category include announcements, press • Language, or jargon, technical and the media. Most communication will be targeted releases, programme information, etc. terms, clichés that aren’t 1. written at this group. One-way communication has a num- understood by everyone, ber of characteristics and limitations: This form of communication is the • Anxiety, threat, fear, suspicion 2. community: this includes most accessible and effective in or uncertainty, which can cause recreation departments, sports • The message must be conveyed terms of resources and the groups to communication to break down, club administrators, community in simple, clear language, be reached. club supervisors and media, • Status, power, authority, and • It must be short, concise and a) memos are normally confined which should be advised of the yet clearly convey the ideas rank, which can influence how to the office or at least those association’s ongoing activities. presented, well messages are received, intimately involved with the 3. district: this includes district workings of the association. • Personal hostilities and needs, • The information must be sports associations, private or Memos should follow the such as old feuds and long-time understandable, easily business sponsors, universities interpreted, and be of interest following guidelines: unwavering positions on issues, or colleges and media. • Shyness and/or feelings of Effective communication with

3.32 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 3.33 i) State the receiver, sender e) using electronic mail (e-mail) or and date, a fax can distribute written and visual material quickly to a broad ii) Indicate whether a response is audience, and with a sense of requested, urgency.

iii) State in detail the message, 2. Visual Presentation outlining responsibilities and authority or tasks specifically This is an extremely effective means outlined. The sequence of of communicating, but requires a execution may also be included great deal more time or resources to if appropriate. implement.

b) letters are used to Visual types of presentations communicate on a more include: personal, or formal, basis outside a) Posters/postcards, which the office environment. are relatively inexpensive but i) Business letters are used for effective, official communiqués or when b) demonstrations, which require the receiver is a stranger. These planning and personnel but are should include the address and generally very effective, position of the receiver. A formal address and closing c) PowerPoint and a projector, are required unless the which require some time to correspondents are familiar. The create a presentation, but the message/problem/proposition impact of a slide show with text should be stated clearly and and images, sometimes with concisely within the first few video, can be very useful; it is lines of the letter. Essential inexpensive to use and is very supporting information should portable on a laptop computer, follow as briefly as possible.T he d) tv, video, webcast or movie name, position and full address presentations, which require a of the sender must also be great deal of resources, both included. human, technical and financial,

ii) Friendly (personal) letters e) cds/DVDs, which are very are used between familiar useful data storage devices correspondents. The formality for transporting or saving large of the business letter is quantities of text and visual eliminated. The issue should still material, be stated clearly. Supporting information is usually informally f) Websites, which require planning stated. Personal references are and personnel, but are generally acceptable. very effective. The website should be built in accordance c) Bulletins, newsletters, etc., to the W3C guidelines (www. are used to get information w3c.org) to ensure accessibility simultaneously to a large target group. They should be for all users. The structure and well designed and interesting layout are important to address to catch the attention of the the user and communicate recipients. Issues should be information. The website should presented clearly and concisely. be eye-catching with photos, Language should be simple. graphics, etc., but at the same d) Press releases are used to time well structured and easy to present information to the navigate. Up-to-date information media (see the section on news and regular maintenance are key releases). to a good quality website.

3.34Image credit:PA RLievenALY CMoudenysPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 2 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 3.35 3. Face to Face easier. Erroneous, misdirected or irrelevant material in a media release can Communication in this fashion is preferred to other methods because of create more work for a journalist, and the instant feedback, and the ability negative feelings toward the sender. to clarify or explain issues or proce- A successful press release will attract dures. Face-to-face communication the media’s attention to an event or can be broadly categorized into: development, and give background. a) meetings, which are basically a It must contain material that can be gathering of two or more people used immediately and is newsworthy. to discuss or explain a variety The guidelines below will help you of issues. The purposes of create effective media releases. meetings are: 1. organization i) To give a personal touch to a declaration or explanation of an The most important part of the news issue, story should be at the beginning. The lead paragraph contains the essence ii) To allow each member to of the story. It should answer the six participate in the process, questions of a news item: the five W’s iii) To give the administrator and the H. instant feedback and/or • Who is involved? reactions on issues. • What is happening? b) conferences, workshops or seminars, which have an • When is the event? educational or instructional • Where does the action take aspect to them. The leader’s place? function is to present a topic or problem. The participants • Why is the event taking place? are then encouraged to • How did or will it happen? become involved in the issue Image credit: Lieven Coudenys either through a question The lead should be as concise as pos- period, or group participation. sible. One sentence is preferred, and Feedback is achieved in this two paragraphs are the maximum. interaction stage. Improving c) avoid “dead” and “wasted” 3. Style communications is the quickest Once the lead is written, clarify the words, and instead be simple Style does not refer to writing style, and surest way to improve the and explicit, relevant details in descending order but to rules regarding spelling, punctu- success or effectiveness of of importance. This allows the editor the association. An ongoing d) avoid obscure jargon, and ation, capitalization, forms of address to cut the story to fit space limitations and so on. It is best to research the evaluation of communication and the reader to absorb the essence explain or write out any sports lingo that must be included. style of the targeted publication and methods should be a priority for of the story by reading as little as the The ordinary citizen may not follow it. all associations. first paragraph. know that “IM” means “individual medley” in swimming. Jargon 4. Terminology F. The Press Release 2. News Writing that is not understood will hinder Not everyone has experience in communication, Once the lead is written, the rest of reporting on people or athletes with The press release is, in essence, a the story should support and clarify a disability. Here are some guidelines news story written by a publicist or e) use lists, charts or tables any it. Follow these guidelines: to keep in mind when writing, speak- media relations specialist, rather than time there is a large block of ing, interviewing or socializing with a a journalist. It informs the media of similar data or statistics, a) Know the objective of the story person or an athlete with a disability: what is about to happen, is happen- from the start and keep the f) Keep the paragraphs short as ing or has happened. Press releases story focused on it, they are more restful to the eye • Always identify the person are viewed by media representatives and easier to read, first and then the disability. both positively and negatively. A real b) use simple active sentences Sometimes it may not be news story sent through a press by consistently using the active g) add quotes from relevant necessary or relevant to release makes the media’s job a lot voice, persons. mention the disability, so don’t

3.36 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 3.37 feel obliged to do so. When it is person extra time to speak if relevant, just mention what the they are using a communication disability is and then move on. aid or have a learning disability. Avoid Use • Avoid using emotional wording • Ask people with a disability to like “tragic”, “afflicted”, “victim”, repeat themselves if you do not Disabled athlete/person Athlete/person with a disability or or “confined to a wheelchair”. understand them. Handicapped athlete/person Paralympian Emphasize the ability and not Athlete/person with disabilities the limitation, i.e., by saying that • Act naturally and do not monitor (A Paralympian describes an athlete someone “uses a wheelchair” every word and action. Don’t who has competed at Paralympic Games) rather than “is confined to” or “is be embarrassed if you use common expressions like “see wheelchair-bound”. Place the athlete or person first you later” (to a person with a rather than referring to his/her • Avoid portraying people with visual impairment) or “I’d better disability. a disability who succeed as run along” (to someone who uses The handicapped People with a physical disability “extraordinary” or “superhuman”. a wheelchair). For example, overstating the The physically handicapped • Respect the person’s personal achievements of athletes with a Normal athletes Able-bodied athletes disability inadvertently suggests space and remember that a the original expectations were wheelchair is part of a person’s not high. personal space. A paraplegic, paraplegics A person with paraplegia • Portray the person as he/she • When greeting a person, if you A quadriplegic, quadriplegics A person with quadriplegia is in real life. For example, a normally shake hands, then offer person with a disability might be the same gesture, even if the an athlete but he/she may also person has limited use of his/ The blind Persons with a visual impairment/ be a parent, a civil engineer, a her hands or wears prosthesis. blindness doctor, a business manager or a The person will let you know if a A retard/the retarded A person with an intellectual journalist. certain action is appropriate or disability • People do not want to be not. Spastic A person with cerebral palsy recipients of charity or pity. • Do not assume that a person Remember that a person with with a physical disability also has Abnormal, subnormal, defective, Specify the disability a disability isn’t necessarily a hearing disability or that his/her deformed chronically sick or unhealthy. mental capacity is diminished in These are negative terms that imply • Always ask a person with a any way. Speak in a normal tone failure to reach personal perfection disability if he/she would like and do not use language that is Afflicted with Say the person has… (the disability) assistance before rushing in. condescending. Most people with a disability do not Your help may not be needed. see themselves as afflicted [Further guidelines can be However, it is all right to offer Confined to a wheelchair Say uses a wheelchair help. If your assistance is found in the IPC Style Guide on A wheelchair provides mobility and is needed, then listen or ask for http://www.paralympic.org/IPC/ not confining instructions. Reference_Documents/] Cripple or crippled Say with a physical disability • When talking with a person who These words convey a negative has a disability, speak directly Appropriate Words and Phrases image of a twisted ugly body to that person rather than a Words can project images that are Disease (when used as equal to dis- Say disability companion or interpreter. inaccurate and may hurt a person. ability) • Do not forget that people with Below is a list of preferred terminol- Many disabilities, such as cerebral palsy and spinal injuries, are not a disability may need your ogy and appropriate wording to use caused by any illness or disease patience and sufficient time when referring to athletes or people to act independently. Give the with a disability in general. Stumps Say amputation This has the connotation that the person’s limbs were cut off like a tree Suffers from, sufferer Say is/has… (the disability) People with a disability do not necessarily suffer Victim Say is/has… (the disability) People with a disability are not necessarily victims and usually prefer not to be perceived as such

3.38 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 3.39 In general, it is helpful to remember b) type media releases on one side that a disability is a characteristic only, and triple space, or at least or a situation of life, but does not double space, each line, replace life itself. Life very often proves to be stronger than any kind c) send good copies, not carbon of disability. copies,

d) staple the pages together, 5. objectivity and Attribution because paper-clipped pages The news story is supposedly an can become separated and lost, objective report. Opinion in news writing is the prerogative of the editors, e) follow these rules for layout: not the reporters. A certain degree i) Each page of a press release of subjectivity is inevitable. Deciding should end with a complete what gets reported is obviously paragraph, subjective. Beyond that however, the report must be as objective as ii) If the release is more than one possible. page, write “continue” at the a) opinion as Fact bottom. Each statement in a news story, unless it is a fact, must be To e-mail a media release: attributed to some source. If not, a) include the text of the media the reader can assume it is the release directly in the e-mail. Do opinion of the reporter. There are several ways of attributing not use attachments with the opinion: text unless absolutely necessary.

i) Use of “according to ….”, etc., General information:

ii) Use of an indirect a) release dates: quotation, i.e., the person said approximately those words or i) Include a release date (and meant them, time if necessary) to provide a reference for terms like “today”, iii) Use of a direct quote. ii) Study the various deadlines to b) loaded Words ensure optimum delivery. They can compromise a reporter’s objectivity. Be aware b) layout: of the connotations of words. i) A one-line “deadline” or c) opinionated Modifiers summary of the content of the Avoid modifiers such as “worst media release should appear possible”, “beautiful”, “perfect”, above the body of the release to etc., that tend to diminish journalistic objectivity. Let help draw the editor’s attention the reader draw his/her own to the story; conclusions from your objective ii) Indicate the end of the media observations. release;

6. The Mechanics of the Media iii) At the bottom of the media Release release include a reference or a person whom the journalist can Hardcopy: contact for further information. a) use standard paper, and Include the contact’s title, letterhead for the first page, if organization, address, phone available, number, and website.

3.40Image credit:PA RLievenALY CMoudenysPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 2 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 3.41 An example of Media Release

4 September 2009 Founded on 22 September 1989, The IPC is the global governing body of the Paralympic Movement and international non-profit organization Media Release formed and run by 162 National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) from five regions and four disability specific international sports federations THE IPC Celebrates 20 Years Today (IOSDs).

Bonn, Germany – The International Paralympic Committee (The IPC) is For more information about The IPC and its history, please visit the offi- officially celebrating its 20Y ear Anniversary today in Bonn, Germany. cial website at www.paralympic.org. For highlights of the day, please visit www.ParalympicSport.TV. With a total of about 350 guests, personalities from the world of sport, economics and politics, as well as members of the Paralympic Movement ______are taking part in the celebration. At the same time The IPC is also cel- Notes to the Editor: ebrating its 10 Year Anniversary of its Bonn Headquarters. The International Paralympic Committee (The IPC) is the global govern- The inspiring celebration of these two milestones for The IPC is currently ing body of the Paralympic Movement. The IPC organizes the Summer taking place at the World Conference Centre in Bonn, Germany. Official and Winter Paralympic Games, and serves as the International Federation speeches of welcome are being given by Federal Minister of the Interior for nine sports, for which it supervises and co-ordinates the World Dr. Wolfgang Schaeuble, Special Advisor to the UN Secretary General on Championships and other competitions. The IPC is committed to enabling Sport for Development and Peace Wilfried Lemke, International Olympic Paralympic athletes to achieve sporting excellence and to developing Committee (IOC) Vice President Dr. Thomas Bach, HSH Prince Albert II. of sport opportunities for all persons with a disability from the beginner to Monaco, Lord Mayor of Bonn Baerbel Dieckmann and The IPC President elite level. In addition, The IPC aims to promote the Paralympic values, Sir Philip Craven. which include courage, determination, inspiration and equality.

The full programme today also includes panel discussions on themes Founded on 22 September 1989, The IPC is an international non-profit “The Paralympic Movement – A History of Change” and “The Paralympic organization formed and run by 161 National Paralympic Committees Games – From Challenger to Frontrunner”. The first discussion is being (NPCs) from five regions and four disability specific international sports lead by Mr. Lemke and holds the theme “Paralympic Sport – A Catalyst federations (IOSDs). The IPC Headquarters and its management team for the implementation of the UN Convention on Rights for Persons with are located in Bonn, Germany. a Disability” and include The IPC Honorary Board Member Hassan Ali Bin Ali, Deputy Secretary General of the National Paralympic Committee of For further information, please contact Steffi Klein,T he IPC Media and China Guozhong Zhang, President and CEO of the Sochi 2014 Organizing Communication Senior Manager on e-mail: [email protected] or Committee Dmitry Chernyshenko, Former The IPC President Dr. Robert go to www.paralympic.org or www.paralympicsport.tv. Steadward, and Former Athletes’ Council Chairperson Ljiljana Ljubisic.

The second discussion is being lead by the Chairman of the London 2012 Organizing Committee Lord Sebastian Coe and holds the topic “The London 2012 Paralympic Games Approach”. Those taking part in the dis- 7. Follow-up is made that a press conference in cussion include The IPC President Sir Philip Craven, IOC Olympic Games regards to the issue is taking place a) make sure the important media Executive Director Gilbert Felli, Head of ABC TV Sport and Events Justin very soon (add location, date and time) have received your release by Holdforth, Chief Marketing Officer Otto Bock Healthcare Dr. Helmut or that the responsible spokesperson calling at a slow news time. Pfuhl, and British Paralympian Danielle Brown. is available for questions via phone. The IPC President Sir Philip Craven has been welcoming the many guests The information should be kept as rel- today and said that the gathering reflects positively on the countless 8. press Release for a Crisis/ evant and easy to understand. There achievements over the last two decades. Emergency should be no chance for misinterpre- It uses the same principles (see “This is a chance to recognize the growth of both the organization and the tation of the information through the Paralympic Movement,” Sir Philip said. “Whether we look to the develop- above) when communicating a crisis/ media. ment of the Paralympic Games or Paralympic Sport in general, the global emergency to the media via a press There should be always a number audience has become more aware about athletes with a disability. This release. and email address of the responsible has always been our aim, and will continue to inspire us further.” The release should inform the media communications manager/spokes- of what has happened and what the person attached in case media have further steps are. Normally a remark more questions.

3.42 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 3.43 G. The Media Conference Find out the press and electronic 5. Audio Visual Aids 9. Dealing with Difficult Media media deadlines, before setting a time Make sure audio visual aids are avail- Try to work positively with all media, for the conference. The best time is able and functioning properly. Audio usually around noon. no matter how biased, opinionated or “The main advantages of a press visual materials can certainly help cynical they may be. Provide infor- conference from a newspaper’s If possible and if needed, offer your promote a message, but generally do mation accurately, honestly, on time not take the place of personalities. point of view (which is all that key speakers media training. and be helpful in giving them useful should be considered) are that it material. Providing access to athletes permits each publication to devel- 2. Invitations 6. duration and good stories will also strengthen op an individual story, facilitates questioning, and releases a news Mail out invitations to a media con- Keep introductions and speeches trust and solidify your relationships opportunity to all at the same time.” ference two weeks in advance, if to a minimum. Allow the media to with reporters. If a particular media possible. Follow up the invitations with ask questions. When the questions source or reporter is unfairly critical, begin to wane or become repeti- Marston, The Nature of Public a telephone call two to three days then speak directly to him/her about tive, conclude the formal part of the Relations prior to the media conference. The your concerns. written invitations should follow the press conference. Allow one-on-one format of a press release, and include interviews after the formal press 10. Thank You Attending a media conference is com- travel directions to the press confer- conference. mon for the working media. Unless ence site. Say thank you to everyone who the story is newsworthy, a media 7. refreshments helped and to those who came. conference is a waste of time for the 3. Facilities Refreshments are a good idea espe- journalist. Use media conferences cially at a lunchtime conference. In sparingly. If you have any doubt about Consider the electrical requirements of television. Ensure there is enough some countries, refreshments during H. Tips on Short Speeches whether to call a media conference, space for photographers, camera- media conferences are an obligation. do not hold one. men and radio equipment. Create a It may not be necessary to provide A short speech is often harder to physical set-up that allows all media alcoholic beverages, and is inappro- write than a long one. To be effective, 1. when to Call a Media Conference access to the authority or personality. priate when the guests of honour are short talks need careful refining so underage. Media conferences should be called A head table before a seated audi- that every word counts. The speaker ence is a good format. only for extraordinary events. Routine must keep in mind the occasion, the announcements are best handled by 8. Show Some Flair audience being addressed, the group media releases. 4. Media Kits Be imaginative and catch the media’s for whom he/she is speaking, the It is a good idea to provide media attention by giving them something facts that need to be given, and the There are two basic types of they want to report. time allotted. media conferences: those called to kits for any major announcement or event. The folder can be as plain or as announce some special news, and fancy as you can afford. What is really those that give the media access to important is that it provides useful particularly newsworthy personali- information, including: ties. The publicist’s job in both these cases is to facilitate communication • The text of any prepared between a primary source, an author- speeches, ity on the topic of the announcement • A press release summarizing the or a personality, and the media. highlights of the speech, The size of the community determines • A fact sheet that includes to a great extent what is big news and biographical data on all featured worthy of a press conference. persons or events, A media conference should be • Photographs of personalities or called: action shots,

• The day before a light news • A schedule of events and their day if your main target is locations, newspapers, • The identity and involvement of any sponsor, • On a light news day if the main target is television. • General information. Image credit: Lieven Coudenys

3.44 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 3.45 Here are some tips for short To accept a gift: letters are like old newspapers, • Make your point the subject of speeches: because once the “prime time” the sentence, • Express thanks for yourself, for responding to the letter • Say it is important, To make an announcement: or on behalf of the group you is past, its impact is reduced represent, considerably. Try to answer all • Repeat it, • Give all the necessary details, mail within a one-week period, • Mention in an appropriate • Tie it in with the reader’s name. • Be precise about time, place and way the debt owed by you or • Organize your thoughts into any requirements, your group to those who are point form wherever possible. If • Allow the audience time to presenting the gift. you are writing a letter dealing J. Publications absorb and remember, with organizational details, it To propose a toast: • Avoid confusing the facts with is much easier to read and As many organizations within the irrelevant detail, • Refer to the significance of the understand if the information is Paralympic Movement deal with a occasion, clearly outlined in lists, variety of athletes, it is important to • Avoid unnecessary wordiness. give equal coverage to all constitu- • Use the appropriate salutation. • Pay a suitable tribute, ents to avoid bias. To introduce a speaker: If you do not know someone • Speak on behalf of the well, do not use their first name When planning a publication, consider • Mention the subject of the audience, in the salutation, all: address, and why it has been • Be sure to have the audience’s • Convey your feelings about chosen, • Disability groups (spinal injuries, full attention for the proposal of your subject in a professional cerebral palsy, amputee, visual • Say why the topic is important the toast. and sincere manner with an impairment, intellectual disability to this particular audience, enthusiastic writing style, To answer a toast: and ‘les autres’), • Say why this speaker has been • Save all your letter writing for • Genders, chosen, • Say “thank you”, one or two days during the week when you can sit down and • Sports, • Give the speaker’s name • Share something of yourself concentrate specifically on doing and describe briefly his/her that is appropriate. • Regions (if your organization is a good job, background, multi-national). To nominate a candidate for office: • Save time by dictating several • Leave the topic itself to the letters into a dictaphone, if you Include in the publication a vari- speaker. • Name the candidate, have one, ety of photos, stories, profiles and interviews. To thank a speaker: • Describe the office to be filled, • Be clear about your • Give the qualifications of the expectations as a result of the • Offer thanks on behalf of the candidate, letter. If you want a reply, or K. Questions audience, not yourself, some work repeated, state it • Move formal nomination, • Thank the speaker for sharing clearly in the letter and name 1. does your organization have information along with his/ • Respect the time and the a date when you will be calling a communications/PR person? her ideas, entertainment and requirements of the proceedings or writing further or expecting Should you have one? inspirational values, (it is easy to overdo a good thing something in return. here). 2. What can your association do • Thank him/her for any personal When writing or dictating a letter, you to improve its public and media sacrifices made to be there, may want to emphasize a specific relations? • Refrain from repeating the I. Tips on Letters point. Here are some ways you can speech and from expressing make that point stand out and grasp 3. how can you ensure better the reader’s attention: your personal appreciation or Even the most experienced letter media coverage of your athletes’ views. performances when they are writer can take a few hours to cre- • Write it in a simple sentence, ate the right tone in a difficult letter. abroad? To present a gift: • Put it in the active voice, Below are some tips for effective and 4. do you offer media training to • Refer to the occasion, efficient letter writing: • Describe it in a one-sentence key management and athletes? paragraph, • Remind the audience of the • Make a letter shorter rather than 5. Will you appoint a media officer/ • Begin the letter with your point achievements of the recipient, longer. Remember Abraham press attaché as part of your Lincoln, who apologized for and end with it, • Express goodwill on behalf of next Paralympic Team? Why or writing a long letter to his friend the audience, • Use specific, concrete nouns, why not? because he did not have the • Present the gift. time to write a short one. Old

3.46 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 3.47 CHAPTER 2: SEEKING GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 3.49 A. The Relationship Between • Develop school sport Deteriorating or poor relationships UN Office of Sport for Development Government and Sport programmes, between government and sport are and Peace (since 2005) signalled by: • Provide access to infrastructure Objectives: In most countries, the state’s attitude and thus contribute to • Poor communication and limited • To support International Year of to sport plays a major role in the consultation, Sport and Physical Education development of Paralympic Sport. sport development through government agencies or • Each group working 2005 (IYSPE), Sport is important to government departments, such as the independently of the other, • To raise awareness of the because it can: Military, Health and Welfare, • Limited funding, Paralympic Movement and its activities within the United • Encourage youth to take part in Labour, Communication, Public • Insensitivity to each other’s Nations. socially valuable activities, Services, Education and Youth. needs, • Contribute to health promotion, The jurisdiction of national or fed- • Sport associations stating “Give UNESCO (since 2005) • Lead to educational eral governments normally includes us the money and leave us Objectives: improvement, personal growth responsibility for national and inter- alone”, • To enhance leadership of girls and the development national organizations and affairs. • Limited knowledge of each other and women through Paralympic of participants of all ages, or each other’s aspirations. Regional and municipal governments Sport, • Extend social and cultural mores are generally limited in their respon- • To promote the International in a public arena, sibilities to regional or local affairs. B. The IPC’s Relationship with Convention Against Doping in • Result in national and Whatever their jurisdiction, govern- Governments and International Sport, international prestige, ments should treat sport bodies in Organizations • To promote awareness about • Support the concepts of the same manner as other voluntary people with a disability in formal excellence and fair play, organizations, such as professional The IPC works in co-operation with education systems through the bodies as well as social and service external organizations with expertise IPC Paralympic School Day • Provide opportunities for and resources to enhance and sup- (PSD) Programme. international exchange. clubs. port the Paralympic Movement, and assist the IPC in achieving the IPC World Health Organization Government is important to sport A healthy relationship between gov- Strategic Plan. The IPC has partnered (since 2006) because it can: ernment and sport includes: with agencies of the United Nations, Objectives: • Finance sport and provide • Frequent communication International Sport Federations, facilities and services, between officials, such as the International Olympic • To ensure Paralympic Sport is Committee, and non-governmental recognized as a key component • Train sport leaders, coaches and • Mutual respect, organizations focusing on sport and/ of health and rehabilitation teachers, or persons with a disability. The IPC internationally. • Co-operation, • Help ensure adequate training strongly encourages NPCs to partner systems and services for • Clarification of the roles and with government. International Inspiration conjoint athletes, responsibilities of each in the project of LOCOG, UK Sport, British The objectives of each partnership as Council and UNICEF with the IPC’s development of sport, • Help organize competitions, of December 2009, are listed below: endorsement (since 2009), courses and fundraising, • Financial support from the Objectives: • Help promote sport and healthy government, Economic and Social Council by the lifestyles through the media, United Nations (since 2008) • To “inspire children and young • Sport associations being people around the world to take • Help promote spectator Objectives: financially and technically part and excel in sport”, involvement in the Games, responsible and accountable, • To provide consultation • To involve NPCs in the • Provide support, both through attendance of relevant • The needs of both the participating countries in the administrative international conferences process so they may profit government and sport being and financial, for sport medicine, convened by the United Nations from the project to further science and safety, mutually respected and met. and meetings of the preparatory develop and raise awareness for bodies of the said conferences. Paralympic Sports and athletes,

3.50 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 3.51 • To train and develop teachers, Rehabilitation International and coaches and volunteers in Landmine Survivors Network delivering high quality and (since 2004) inclusive physical education for Objectives: children, • To increase the recognition of • To promote and raise awareness sport being an effective tool about the Right to Sport, for learning, empowerment • To identify and train leaders and enjoyment with the effect from the Paralympic Movement of Governments adapting to be global messengers on respective policies and the Right to Sport and work approaches. with governments to ensure implementation, Commonwealth Games Association • To create global awareness of Canada (since 2006) of the key role of Paralympic Objectives: Sport in implementing the UN Convention and specifically the • To strengthen the capacity Right to Sport (Article 30). of targeted NPCs in Africa to deliver sustainable programmes. Right To Play (since 2005)

Handicap International (since 2005) Objectives: Objectives: • To widen the reach of the Paralympic Movement in • To enhance knowledge of sport countries where Right To Play for people with a disability in and NPCs exist, countries where Handicap International and NPCs exist, • To increase awareness of people with a disability among • To exchange visions for sport governments, to contribute to development by region, the mainstreaming of sport for • To develop collaborative development into government projects at the field level and policies and programmes, co-seek funding from external and to raise the profile of the donors, Paralympic Movement with governments. • To collaborate and co-ordinate initiatives to raise awareness UK Sport (since 2005) for the rights and abilities of persons with a disability. Objectives:

• To enhance leadership capacity Motivation a UK based charity with the NPCs with an emphasis organization (since 2007) on girls and women, Objectives: • To strengthen the capacity • To increase the availability of targeted NPCs in Africa to of wheelchairs to allow more deliver sustainable programmes. athletes in low-income countries to practice their sport and to compete, • To achieve synergies between Motivation, ITF and ITTF in terms of design, research and distribution of the wheelchairs.

3.52 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 6 Image credit: Lieven Coudenys MODULE 7: 7FAIR PLAY

KEY MESSAGE TO THE NPC

The NPC is responsible for ensuring its athletes and officials are fully informed of the content, and abide by the following the IPC Codes that outline the basic values, rules and regulations to guarantee equitable competition:

• The IPC Code of Ethics, • The IPC Anti-doping Code, • The IPC Classification Code.

PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL 3.55 CHAPTER 1: UNDERSTANDING FAIR PLAY

Image credit: Rob Prezioso PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.57 A. Introduction The oaths, however, are not just during evaluation and/or intention- administrative devices. They are ally misrepresent their skills and/or At the Opening Ceremony of the Paralympic Games, one athlete solemn promises, and they place abilities during athlete evaluation will responsibility for abiding by the be subject to sanctioning, ranging takes an oath on behalf of all the athletes. The athlete, from rules on athletes and officials, from disqualification for a particular the team of the nation that is organizing the Paralympic Games, because throughout human history Competition, over being ineligible to holds a corner of the Paralympic flag, while repeating this oath: keeping a promise has been accept- compete for specific periods to a ed as a duty even if and when there complete ban from the Paralympic “In the name of all the competitors, I promise that we shall take might be an immediate advantage in Games and major competitions. part in these Paralympic Games, respecting and abiding by the not keeping it. rules which govern them, in the true spirit of sportsmanship for The IPC has established the IPC the glory of sport and the honour of our teams, committing our- Anti-Doping Code, in compliance with B. The Rules the World Anti-Doping Code (WADA selves to a sport without doping and without drugs’’. Code), expecting it will in the spirit of sport lead the fight against doping A sport in which the rules are fre- in sport for athletes with a disability. quently broken will disintegrate and An official, also from theH ost Nation, true competitive spirit is lost, and no The IPC is, and wants to be, a key be abandoned. It is, therefore, in the takes the following oath: purpose for sport remains. stakeholder in the fight against dop- interests of every athlete that rules ing and the promotion of drug-free Fair play means adhering to written be kept and enforced, with penalties sport. Athletes that break the rules rules, having the right spirit by which “In the name of all the judges and when they are broken. In Paralympic as outlined in the IPC Anti-Doping athletes conduct themselves, show- officials,I promise that we shall offici- Sport, two sets of rules apply: sports Code (Article 2) will be subject to an ing respect for each other, respecting ate in these Paralympic Games with rules and classification rules, which initial review, expedited hearing and/ complete impartiality, respecting and each other’s freedom, and not caus- are both equally important to follow. ing anyone bodily or psychological or sanctioning in accordance with the abiding by the rules which govern them principles, rules and regulations out- in the true spirit of sportsmanship. harm. Fairness involves trying to put Although there have been a yourself in the place of another, and few instances of cheating in the lined in the IPC Anti-Doping Code. It acting accordingly. Fair play is first of Paralympic Games, efficient classi- is important to bring to the athlete’s attention Article 2.1.1 of the IPC These oaths bind the athletes and all a matter of an individual’s personal fication, judging and officiating can Anti-Doping Code: officials to abide by the rules that commitment. and does prevent most cheating dur- govern the Games “in the true spirit of ing competition. Athletes and athlete Sports federations at regional, support personnel should be aware sportsmanship”. There are two parts “It is each athlete’s personal duty to national and international levels con- that a serious and intentional breach to the Paralympic oaths: observing ensure that no prohibited substance tribute to the fair play environment of a rule in the Paralympic Movement the rules, and behaving in a sporting enters his or her body. Athletes are through rules and regulations, and the will result in disqualification. spirit. The term “fair play” covers training of coaches, referees, judges, responsible for any prohibited sub- both of these elements, although medical officers, classifiers and other Some players deliberately break a stance or its metabolites or markers sometimes it refers more to keeping officials. rule and accept the penalty, because found to be present in their samples. the rules, and at other times it applies it is more advantageous in certain cir- Accordingly, it is not necessary that more to showing a sporting spirit. The governments, and especially cumstances. For instance, it might be intent, fault, negligence or knowing public and private educational institu- use on the athlete’s part be dem- The oath, originally written by Pierre better to touch the ball in a football tions, are also responsible for raising onstrated in order to establish an de Coubertin, was first taken by game and have a free kick awarded awareness and helping form attitudes anti-doping rule violation under Article a Paralympic athlete at the 1980 to the other team than to allow the about fair play. The educational pro- 2.1 (the presence of a prohibited Paralympic Games in Arnhem, the play to go on. Some players might cess should not only address active substance or its metabolites or mark- Netherlands. The first judge’s oath argue that this is allowed by the rules, participants in sport, but also the con- ers in an Athlete’s bodily specimen)”. was taken at the same Paralympics. sumer, the spectator. Parents play a and is thus an approved part of the vital role in instilling a spirit of fair play game. But a deliberate attempt to Fair play demonstrates attitudes and in children. break certain rules, even if a penalty behaviours in sport consistent with the is readily accepted, is contrary to the Unfair Judging belief that sport is an ethical pursuit. Spectators and the mass media also Paralympic Oath. It does not include acts of violence, have a role in promoting fair play. Not Sometimes mistakes are made in cheating (e.g., in competition, or clas- only good examples, but also bad Particular to Paralympic Sport is fair judging. Occasionally, a judge may sification), drug abuse, or any form of examples in sports have a strong play in classification.A thletes that fail not be impartial, but instead favour exploitation in an effort to win. When effect on the socialization of human to attend evaluation, do not cooperate competitors from a particular country, these elements are introduced, the beings.

3.58 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.59 23-foot Sonar and drove from Cork, sport aware of what fair play is should Ireland, to Athens, Greece, reaching encourage them to practice fair play. the sailing venue just hours before measurement closed. The boat was Fair play messages will make measured, and the Irish team was everyone aware that integrity, sports- able to compete. manship and honesty are still the most important elements of any sport. During the Nagano 1998 Paralympic Many advertising, promotional and Winter Games, Irek Mannanov loaned educational initiatives will ask for the a ski to German Verena Bentele, who co-operation of everyone involved in had broken one of her skis. As a sport. result, she not only finished the race, but won the silver medal. Athlete Code of Ethics

These three incidents have nothing to All athletes agree to participate in do with the rules, but they exemplify Paralympic events, competitions and activities in the true spirit of fair play the second part of the Paralympic for the glory of sport. oath, which is “the true spirit of sportsmanship”. In these instances, All athletes should respect the per- competitors treated each other not as formance of their fellow competitors enemies, but as friendly rivals. Striving and not cause any illegal obstruction, to win must go alongside respect for damage or bodily harm to them. and friendship with opponents. All athletes shall respect their coaches and team officials and not follow D. Theory into Practice any illegal advice that would violate the Paralympic ideals of fair play. Throughout life, we recognize what is All athletes must respect the IPC good, but we do not always realize it. Classification Code and process, We know what we ought to do, but we and participate fully in it. They must do not always do it. In this respect, respect the final decision of classifi- sport is no different from the rest of ers and officials and understand that Image credit: Lieven Coudenys life. This unit outlines some of the val- failure to do so would jeopardize their ues of the sporting spirit. ability to participate in IPC events One powerful force against the display and competitions. Athletes and team group of countries, continent or ethnic entering the arena for the Individual of these values is the poor example of officials will only lodge a protest when group. Such favouritism, if confirmed, Dressage Competition, the event that others. If athletes believe that most there is genuine doubt about the clas- would quickly cause the event to no Pearson won. His gesture prompted of their fellow athletes retaliate, take sification of an athlete. longer be a Paralympic competition. an emotional reaction from the crowd drugs, intimidate opponents or offi- Impartial rule administration is a major at the ceremony, and it received inter- All athletes must respect the IPC Anti- cials, or accept illegal rewards, it may Doping Code. It is recognized that duty of all officials, and is included in national media attention. be more difficult for contrary values the oath for all judges and officials. athletes may have significant medical to dominate. Some athletes may even It is also an elementary principle of Paul McCarthy (IRL) competed for conditions that require treatment, but abandon their values because of such justice in any civilized society. four years in hopes of represent- the use of any technique or medica- attitudes as “everyone does it”, “you ing Ireland in sailing at the 2004 tion whose sole purpose is sport have to do it to win” or “nice guys Paralympic Games. But his team was performance enhancement while finish last”. However, such attitudes pipped at the post by John Twomey, being detrimental or potentially detri- C. The Sporting Spirit are not indicative of what is truly right Seanie McGrath and Brian O’Mahony, mental to health will not be tolerated. and wrong, or good and bad in sport. Use of medications in this situation At the Athens 2004 Paralympic and he was not selected. When the will be evaluated based on whether Games, Lee Pearson of Great Britain, Irish team arrived in Athens, it discov- the medication gives an unfair advan- after receiving a gold medal and ered its boat had technical problems E. Promoting Fair Play tage, whether it is essential to the flowers in the Paralympic Equestrian and was not sailable. Just days before athlete’s health in everyday life not Medal Ceremony, dismounted from his the team’s equipment was to be mea- Fair play needs to be promoted com- just sport, and whether an alternative horse and presented his bouquet of sured for the Games, it turned to its prehensively to all citizens. Changing medication can be found. Everything flowers to Valerie Salles. The French rivals for help. McCarthy jumped in his behaviours starts with education. possible shall be done to contribute rider’s horse had tragically died, while car, picked up his shore crew and his Making people who enjoy competitive to the creation of a drug free sport

3.60 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.61 environment for all Paralympic ath- Coaches and team officials must Classifiers must not abuse their Sports technical officials must declare letes in conjunction with the World respect the classification process positions or capacity to obtain advan- any potential conflicts of interest. Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). and ensure that their athletes per- tages or benefits. form honestly and make protests only Recommendations for technical offi- Athletes must not support or assist when there is genuine doubt about Classifiers must respect athletes and cials to follow: other athletes to gain illegal or unfair the classification of a competitor. coaches and be sure that there is a advantage and must report this to courteous attitude during the classi- • Maintain good relations with players and coaches, responsible officials. Recommendations for coaches and fication process.T hey must maintain team officials to follow: confidentiality of athlete informa- • Be knowledgeable about the Athlete autonomy will be respected tion and respect the dignity of the rules of the game, as long as it does not violate fair com- • Set an example for players and athletes. petition and the Paralympic ethos. spectators, • Match officiating to players’ Recommendations for classifiers to level, • Teach the values of Recommendations for athletes to follow: follow: sportsmanship, practise them, • Enforce penalties against players and coaches, and expect players to respect • Be knowledgeable about the • Co-operate with team-mates, those values, rules of the game, • Maintain the fitness level coaches, officials and opponents necessary to properly officiate • Be knowledgeable about your • Treat athletes and athlete and treat them with respect, the sport. sport by attending clinics to support personnel with • Realize that without opponents, keep up to date with new understanding, patience, and there would not be a game, developments, dignity, Code of Ethics for Sports Leaders and Administrators • Strive for excellence, have fun • Never argue with officials and • Perform, as member of and develop your skills while Sports leaders and administrators coaches in front of players or a classification panel, accepting your limitations, must make all decisions with absolute spectators, classification duties and related impartiality in the best interest of the • Do not try to gain an unfair responsibilities in accordance • Maintain and follow the letter athletes and the sport. advantage over opponents, and spirit of the rules, and with the IPC Classification Code and related International • Know the rules of the game, and reprimand rule offenders, All elected sports leaders and admin- Standards, in a courteous, play by the letter and the spirit istrators must respect the democratic • Respect and treat participants honest and impartial way of the rules, election process and not offer any as individuals, recognizing their regardless of team affiliation or material benefits, directly or indirectly, • Accept the decisions of officials, different levels of ability, national origin, to the voting constituencies to influ- who are there to interpret the • Use only constructive criticism ence the results of an election. rules for you, • Publicly and privately respect and encourage players to be the decisions and decision No material benefits should be offered • Do not use coarse language or disciplined and honest, making process of fellow to any voting constituent member to insult opponents, coaches or • Discourage a “win at all costs” classifiers, games officials and influence the voting on any policies spectators. attitude. technical advisors, within the IPC. • Continuously self-improve Code of Ethics for Coaches and All sports leaders and administrators Code of Conduct for Classifiers through update of theoretical, Team Officials must declare any potential conflicts technical and practical The role of classifiers is to act as of interest and not act in association Coaches and team officials must knowledge and skills related impartial evaluators in determining an with any national or vested interest. comply with the Paralympic ideals in to both the sport and the athlete’s sport class and sport class the spirit of fair play. assessment methods applicable status. The integrity of classification All sports leaders and administra- in athlete evaluation. tors must not abuse their positions Coaches and team officials must in the Paralympic Movement rests on or capacity to obtain advantages or never compromise true sportsman- the professional conduct and behav- Code of Ethics for Sports Technical benefits. ship or the Paralympic code to iour of each individual classifier as set Officials obtain personal, team or national forth in the IPC Classification Code Sports leaders and administra- advantage. (International Standard for Classifier Sports technical officials must apply tors should not associate with any Training and Certification). the respective rules consistently for agencies or persons who have prin- Coaches and team officials must all athletes and ensure fair play at all ciples that are inconsistent with the observe and follow the IPC Anti- Classifiers must perform their duties times. Paralympic Movement and its ideals. Doping Code, the IPC Classification courteously, competently, consis- Code and all the classification and tently, and objectively for all athletes Sports technical officials must make The IPC sports leaders, adminis- competition rules. regardless of team or national origin. all decisions with absolute impartiality trators, and elected officers shall and objectivity. promote the IPC Code of Ethics by

3.62 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.63 role modelling, peer monitoring, and Recommendations for the media to at risk their nation and their sport, • Racism, active peer support. follow: and that they compete in the spirit • Discrimination, of sport. Recommendation for sports leaders • Inform the general public about • Integration of athletes with and administrators to follow: classification and anti-doping, its disabilities, rules and how it leads to equality 4. Human Rights: • Develop programmes to • Harassment, in competition, This code spells out basic human emphasize fun and skill rights, as well as the absence of • Safety, development, • Report on fair play issues and exploitation, respect for dignity and fair play situations, • Drug-free sport. • Ensure there are programmes worth of human beings, self-determi- that provide equitable • Condemn problems in sport such nation and privacy. opportunities for all players, as violence, unethical strategies, 9. Quality Control System: regardless of age, sex, physical “good fouls”, abusive language 5. Principles of Natural Justice: size or skill level, and the use of drugs that make Internal quality control of ethical it possible to gain an unfair The presence of policies and proce- actions could include: • Ensure that the proper advantage over competitors, dures that is consistent with natural equipment and safe facilities are • Policy review of what policies/ justice (due process), including such available, • Support the rulings of officials, procedures exist, including and emphasize the calibre of things as informed consent, absence their clarity and thoroughness, • Include education on play rather than sensationalizing of bias, absence of conflicts of inter- specific steps needed to redress sportsmanship and fair play in the violence. est and rights of appeal. problems, specific targets and coaching courses, monitoring systems, 6. duty of Care: • Make it clear that violence • Process review of how policy on the playing surface and F. The Basis for Ethical Behaviour in Sport The pursuit of excellence is guided and programmes are developed unsportsmanlike conduct are by values, policies and practices that and implemented, unacceptable, emphasize the responsibility of care • Programme review to determine What is the basis for fair and ethical for one’s self and others. Relevant • Establish a fair play award, if values/ethics are incorporated conduct in sport? issues might include forms of disci- • Condemn all violence by into the decision making and pline, athletes’ health, handling minors, advertising your facility as a fair delivery of programmes. 1. IPC Code of Ethics: anorexic young females, travel condi- play area. tions, physical risks and so on. During the Paralympic Games, the External quality control requires feed- Code of Ethics for Paralympic IPC Code of Ethics is applicable to all back from those affected by the Partners and Supporters participants, including individual and 7. business Practices: policies/programmes. This might be obtained from: team competitors, officials, leaders This encompasses unethical and/ All relationships and activities with and other members of any delega- partners, supporters, and sponsors or illegal business practices, includ- • Focus group research, tion, judges and jury members, and all ing false or misleading information, must be done in the spirit of promoting other accredited people. • Surveys, Paralympic athletes and IPC sports in misrepresentation (e.g., qualifica- the true spirit of fair play and in keep- tions), misappropriation of property • Indicators (awards, ing with Paralympic ideals. 2. IPC Classification Code: (including such things as membership partnerships), lists, sponsorship proposals), mar- Acceptance and adherence to the Recommendations for sponsors to keting practices, athlete contracts, • Audits (values audit, ethical IPC Classification Code provide a follow: employment agreements (coaches), audits). framework for robust, transparent fraudulent solicitations, material dis- and fair rules and regulations for ath- • Request that the principles of closure, inducements (e.g., insurance The IPC Code of Ethics, the IPC lete evaluation that form the basis for fair play be respected, as a policies on athletic performances). Classification Code, the IPC Anti- sponsor of a sporting event, equitable competition. Doping Code, the IPC Position team or athlete at any level, Statement on Human rights and the 8. Area Specific: IPC Position Statement on Sexual • Resist the temptation, as an 3. IPC Anti-doping Code: There are policies and practices on Harassment & Abuse in Sport are advertiser, to resort to themes or Acceptance and adherence to the such things as: part of the IPC Handbook which images based on sport violence IPC Anti-doping Code ensure that no can be retrieved from the IPC to promote products. athletes endanger their own health • Gender equity, website (section IPC). by taking prohibited substances, put • Multiculturalism,

3.64 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.65 CHAPTER 2: classification

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.67 A. What is Classification? sports (see IPC Classification Code), Some sports have an “open class” [All related documents are found consisting of two important compo- system in which all athletes who are on the IPC website (www.paralympic. Classification provides a structure nents. These components are the found eligible compete in one single org/sport/classification). for competition. Classification is determination of eligibility to com- class. Other sports opt for a further undertaken to ensure that an ath- pete, and the grouping of athletes for subdividing of athletes in “classes” The Code shall apply to the lete’s impairment is relevant to sport competition. based on differences in activity Paralympic Games and all sports performance, and to ensure that limitations. In the latter case, the par- within the Paralympic Movement. It is The sports certify individuals to ticular class typically is indicated with the athlete competes equitably with classify athletes. These officials are the role and responsibility of the IPC a letter-number combination, with other athletes. known as classifiers. to ensure that all competitions are lower numbers referring to athletes conducted in a manner that complies Traditionally, athletes in the Paralympic with lower functional abilities related with the Code. Movement belong to six different dis- Eligibility to that particular sport. ability groups: cerebral palsy, spinal The threshold on what types and The implementation date of the IPC injuries, amputees, visually impaired, An overview of all classes in the dif- degrees of impairment are relevant to Classification Code is effective for intellectual disability, and “Les Autres” ferent sports can be found on the a sport is called the eligibility criterion. the Vancouver 2010 Paralympic (includes all athletes with a mobility IPC website in the sports section. To be eligible to compete, an athlete impairment not included in the above Winter Games. must have an impairment that leads [Refer: www.paralympic.org/Sport/ groups). to a permanent and verifiable activity Classification] Principles Applied to Formulating The early classification systems limitation for a particular sport. The Classification Systems specific tasks required to compete in were based on medical diagnoses, IPC Classification Code such as the location of a spinal each sport form the basis of the eligi- An efficient classification system cord injury or amputation. From the bility criteria. Consequently, a person In 2003, the IPC developed a must: early 1990s onwards, classification must not only have an impairment, Classification Strategy with the • Enable fair and equitable in some sports changed to a more but it must also significantly impact overall objective of supporting and co- sport-specific approach based on the sport performance. The eligibility ordinating the ongoing development competition, criteria will differ from sport to sport. an athlete’s ability to perform basic of accurate, reliable, consistent and • Give each athlete with a As a consequence, an athlete may credible classification systems on the movements and sport specific tasks. disability an equal opportunity to meet the eligibility criteria for one basis of a sport-specific approach. This lead to the existence of two compete at all levels, models from which classification sport, but may not be eligible to com- Such an approach should guarantee systems were developed within the pete in another sport. accountability and principles of fair • Measure only activity limitations play and further protect the rights Paralympic Movement: sport specific Each International Federation has to caused by the impairment, of all athletes to ensure fairness of and medical. set eligibility criteria for the classifica- competition. • Be as simple as possible so that With sport specific classification, tion of athletes participating in the it can be used in a consistent athletes are evaluated and assessed sports under their governance. A direct result of the recommenda- way in every participating by how well they can do the specific tions made in this strategy was the country, movements and tasks required to Grouping Athletes for Competition development of the IPC Classification compete in each sport (i.e. wheelchair Code (the Code), which was approved • Be sport specific. Once the eligibility criteria have been propulsion). Athletes from many dis- by the IPC General Assembly in set, athletes will be grouped for ability groups may compete together 2007. The Code is supplemented by The following should NOT under any competition to minimize the impact in the same sport class. international standards that provide circumstances affect an athlete’s of impairment and to ensure that the technical and operational require- class in any sport: competitive success is determined With medical classification, athletes ments for classification. The Code by the strategies, skills and talent of are evaluated and assessed accord- establishes a consistent policy on • Sporting skills or natural talent, the athletes. The grouping of athletes ing to the type, level and degree of classification, common to all sports, is called sport class allocation. Sport • Genetic superiority or inferiority, impairment (i.e., amount of visual acu- specifically as it relates to the evalua- classes are determined by a variety ity). Athletes from the same disability tion of athletes from a sport-specific • Body size or type, i.e., height, of factors that may include a physical group compete against each other. strength, length of arms, etc., and technical assessment and obser- perspective, the allocation of sport classes and sport class status, pro- From 2007 on, classification in the vation in and out of competition. The • Gender, Paralympic Movement turned toward sport classes are defined by each test and appeal procedures, and a sport-specific approach for all sport and form part of the sport rules. classifier training and certification. • Training affect.

3.68 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.69 The Classification Process during the classification process they may appeal to an Appeal body. The following forms part of the clas- The IPC has a Board of Appeal of sification process: Classification AC(B ) which resolves classification-related disputes for all Eligibility IPC sports and for classification-relat- The threshold on what types and ed disputes at the Paralympic Games degrees of impairment are relevant to and IPC Sanctioned Competitions. a sport is called the eligibility criterion. To be eligible to compete, an athlete must have an impairment that leads B. The Role of the NPC in to a permanent and verifiable activity Classification limitation for a particular sport. 1. a NPC should take an active Athlete Evaluation role in the development of an understanding in classification The athlete evaluation is the process in its nation. For a NPC to by which an athlete is assessed fol- understand how competitive lowing a classification system. This its athletes are and, therefore, may take the form of an assess- their suitability for international ment (physical and/or technical) and/ competition, a NPC must have or observation while training and/or a clear idea of what sport class competing. each athlete belongs in. Without this, NPCs may waste resources Sport Class and Sport Class Status (both human and financial) in Allocation supporting an athlete who is ultimately not competitive. This Following the athlete evaluation, each is also unfair to the athlete who athlete is assigned a sport class and believes he/she is competitive, sport class status. A sport class is a but after being classified finds category defined by each IF in which athletes are categorized in reference out that he/she is not. to an activity limitation resulting from 2. the NPC is likely to be the first impairment. The sport class provides contact point an athlete has the framework for a sport’s compe- with classification.T herefore, tition format. A sport class status is NPCs should have expertise in allocated to each athlete to indicate this area so that advice can be further evaluation requirement (i.e., provided to encourage athletes whether they need to be reviewed in to complete the classification the future) or protest opportunities. process. The following If the NPC and athlete believe the information should be provided sport class allocation is not correct, to each athlete: they can lodge a protest on the • Information on the eligibility decision of the classification panel. criteria and the sport classes in The protest must follow the pro- the respective sport, test procedures identified by the IF. After the re-evaluation, the athlete • An indication of the sport will again be allocated a sport class. class to which the athlete likely If the NPC and the athlete believe belongs. In the first instance, the sport class is still wrong, there it is better to err on the side are no further grounds for a protest, of caution and allocate a sport and the sport class allocation is final. class that the athlete definitely However, if the NPC and the athlete belongs to rather than one that believe a procedure was breached they might belong to,

3.70 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUALImage credit: | MODULE Getty Images 2 3.71 • Information on the evaluation level of pre-Games classification an NPC representative to their D. Classifiers’T raining and procedures that the IF uses to opportunities. classification evaluation session. Development allocate a sport class, This provides support to the • The NPC should try to athlete and allows the NPC to • Information on how the ensure that all the athletes Because classification is a critical have a clear understanding of athlete may be classified at eligible to compete in the component of Paralympic Sport, an the process and the decision. international level. Paralympic Games are essential requirement in developing classified appropriately prior elite-level athletes is the availability This expertise may be provided to the Paralympic Games. The What can a NPC do to Prepare for of certified classifiers. NPCs, in co- by the NPC Medical Officer and/ NPC, therefore, facilitates the Classification at a Games Mission? operation with the IFs, play a key or classifiers residing in the country participation of its athletes in • Be familiar with the IPC role in the development of training who are certified by the International international competitions where Classification Code and Games- programmes for classifiers. Whereas Federation. classification panels are present. specific Classification Guide the IF is responsible for the content of the classifier training programme, • The year prior to the Paralympic (policies and procedures) 3. the NPC should support the NPCs and event organizers can facili- Games, the respective IFs development of classification • Know where to access each IF’s tate this work by ensuring practical, compile the Classification in its nation e.g., through the classification system and rules. logistical and/or financial support. provision of training workshops, Master List. It is a list by nation Have an up-to-date copy at the the recruitment of potential of athletes with a sport class Games; NPCs can also detect potential classifiers, and through liaising recognized by the respective IF. • Ensure an adequate education classifiers and facilitate the training with each sport to ensure that On receipt of the Classification and guidance programme for programme. suitable services (classification Master List, each NPC must the athletes, coaches and sessions) and classifiers check whether its athletes are team managers is in place and (classifier training seminars) are in the correct sport class and reviewed with the athletes prior E. Questions available to athletes. sport class status, as previously to the Games; identified by theIF . If this is 1. does your NPC have a 4. the NPC should be familiar not the case the NPC should • Identify any “borderline” with all protest and appeal clearly defined classification contact the IPC and/or IF to athletes and check classification programme? procedures so they can support resolve the matter. This alleviates opportunities for those athletes their athletes and minimize such unnecessary administrative prior to the Games 2. how would you develop one? distractions when an athlete issues on arrival at the Games, is competing. The NPC must • Ensure that the Chef de Mission 3. do you have a pre-Games and ensures the NPC’s athletes has all available documentation adhere to the procedures are in the correct sport class. education programme in place in place in a timely and (athlete files, as well as for your athletes and athlete professional manner. • Only athletes with an classification rules) in case support personnel? international sport class status an athlete has to present for 5. if athletes have access to R (review) or C (Confirmed) classification; certified classifiers early in their are eligible to qualify for the • Ensure proper communication careers, they can focus on their Paralympic Games, except with both the athletes who are training and performance based for the conditions stipulated assigned a different class and on records, rankings and other in the IPC Classification Code, the home country media and information in their own sport International Standard for supporters. class. The NPCs should thus be Athlete Evaluation, section 13.2. able to have more success in identifying talent and ensuring • The Classification Schedule is that classification is a minor a list by sport of athletes who distraction for athletes. need to be evaluated on arrival at the Games. On receipt of the Classification Schedule, C. Classification at the Games each NPC must ensure that its athletes are available at the time stated and attend the • Classification at the Paralympic classification session in a timely Games should be reduced to manner and with all equipment the absolute minimum to allow and documentation requested for athletes to focus 100% on by the IF. preparation for competition. To achieve this goal, the IPC • The NPC should ensure that its and IFs commit to an increased athletes are accompanied by

3.72 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.73 CHAPTER 3: doping control

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.75 A. What is Doping? substance that is prohibited What drugs should be allowed or for- to them and penalize those who do not. out of competition, or assisting, bidden is both a moral and a medical This principle has resulted in the ban- The World Anti-Doping Code defines encouraging, aiding, abetting, problem. ning of certain medical methods, even covering up or any other type those which are not known to cause doping as the occurrence of one or The List of Prohibited Substances of complicity involving an anti- any negative health consequences more of the anti-doping rule violations. and Prohibited Methods are defined doping rule violation or any if properly carried out, such as auto- The following constitute anti-doping by WADA. It is under constant review attempted anti-doping rule transfusion of one’s own blood (blood rule violations under the World Anti- (mostly on annual basis) and is avail- violation. doping). Doping Code 2009: able through the WADA, IPC, NPCs, It is each athlete’s personal IFs and NADOs. • The presence of a prohibited 3. the Games are for the Athletes responsibility to ensure that no pro- substance or its metabolites or [The most current WADA hibited substances enter his/her body. The third principle follows up on the marker in an athlete’s sample, Prohibited List can be retrieved Athletes are responsible for any pro- second. The use of some methods from http://www.wada-ama.org.] • Use or attempted use by hibited substance or its metabolites and some drugs could and does lead an athlete of a prohibited or markers found in their samples. It is important to be informed that to a situation in which athletes can- substance or a prohibited Accordingly, it is not necessary that dietary supplements and food prod- not succeed however hard they try method, intent, fault, negligence or knowing ucts may not have their ingredients or train or however skilful they have • Refusing, or failing without use on the athlete’s part be demon- fully or correctly identified on their become, unless they use the method compelling justification to strated to establish an anti-doping labels. Therefore, athletes must be or substance. submit to sample collection violation. extremely careful to ensure that The intent of an anti-doping pro- after notification as authorized anything they take is free of prohib- Athletes can be subject to doping in applicable anti-doping rules ited substances. Athletes must seek gramme is to monitor the status of control testing at any moment in time, or otherwise evading sample advice and guidance from knowledge- athletes with respect to the use of independent of participation in a com- collection, able sources. As mentioned before, prohibited substances and prohibited petition or event. it is each athlete’s personal duty to methods in sport, and to serve as • Violation of applicable ensure that no prohibited substance a deterrent against the use of such requirements regarding athlete Why is Doping Prohibited? enters his/her body. substances or methods. The detec- availability for out-of-competition tion of a prohibited substance or Doping is prohibited because its pres- testing, including failure to prohibited method means there has provide required whereabouts ence undermines the intrinsic value of Principles Applied to Formulating been an anti-doping rule violation. information and missed tests sport, often referred to as “the spirit Anti-Doping Rules which are declared based on of sport”, and the collective pursuit The following three principles have An anti-doping rule violation results of human and sporting excellence. rules which comply with the been applied to making regulations in national and/or international sport Doping is also prohibited to protect International Standard for on medical and pharmacological- sanctions. For example, athletes can the athletes from: Testing, enhanced performances: lose their eligibility to participate in • Tampering, or attempting to • The possible harmful side sport for certain periods of time up tamper with any part of doping effects that some substances or 1. athlete Welfare to and including ineligibility for life, as well as the loss of financial support. control, methods can produce; The first principle is the welfare of • Possession of prohibited • The unfair advantage that the athlete. A ban on use is consid- It is essential that an athlete testing substances and methods, may be gained by athletes ered justified if the effect of using positive be protected from additional a drug or a method seriously impairs • Trafficking or attempted who use prohibited substances actions or inactions by others, which or methods to enhance the health or physique of an athlete are considered unacceptable accord- trafficking in any prohibited (i.e., by causing disease, increasing performance. ing to the standards of natural justice substance or prohibited method, the risk of disease or even distorting and fundamental human rights. • Administration or attempted In addition to the ethical and health normal growth and development). administration to any athlete consequences surrounding doping, Should a situation arise where a posi- in-competition of a prohibited there are also potential legal impli- 2. equity tive case creates a concern for human substance or prohibited cations. The distribution of many The second principle is that of equity. rights, each case should be assessed method, or administration or prohibited substances (e.g., anabolic If certain sophisticated scientific on its own merit, which may require attempted administration to any agents), if not for a medically justi- methods or substances do enhance action or measures outside of the athlete out-of-competition of a fied reason, may be illegal in many performance, they obviously give an normal national and/or international prohibited method or prohibited countries. advantage to those who have access anti-doping rules.

3.76 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.77 How Does a NPC Promote Doping- personal information and advice. Tokyo, Japan; Cape Town, South prevention strategies and Free Sport? Such educational approaches Africa; and Montevideo, Uruguay. education; assisting stakeholders should include familiarization in their implementation of anti- 1. test and develop a rationale for with doping control and TUE WADA’s core activities focus on seven doping education programmes, doping-free sport and a national application procedures. areas emanating from the respon- anti-doping programme with the sibilities given to the Agency by the • Athlete Outreach: educating stakeholders concerned (the 6. assign an athlete ombudsperson Code and reflect the importance of a athletes at major international main partner to an NPC is the who can provide athletes comprehensive approach to the fight and multi-sport events through National Anti-Doping Agency). with advice if they are being against doping in sport: direct one-on-one interaction The intention is to progressively pressured into doping by others. with anti-doping experts, refine the language and content • Code Adoption, Implementation answering their questions about of the doping-free sport 7. liaise with the National Anti- & Compliance: facilitating sport the dangers and consequences consensus, and to build grass- Doping Agency to retrieve and government acceptance of doping; empowering roots and practitioner support accurate information and set of the World Anti-Doping stakeholders to implement for the positive messages about up comprehensive educational Code (Code) and its principles high-impact athlete outreach sport that are at the heart of the programmes. to ensure a harmonized programmes, doping-free programme. approach to anti-doping in all sports and all countries; • Out-of-competition Testing: through the involvement of B. The Fight Against Doping monitoring implementation contracting with stakeholders stakeholders and partners, of and compliance with the to help them fulfil their produce an anti-doping Code; working for the proper responsibility of no-notice out-of- programme that is relevant to The World Anti-Doping Agency adjudication of results, competition. those who are most affected. The sport community’s After the events that shook the world • Science & Medicine: promoting • The WADA Foundation Board promotion of an ethical rationale of cycling in the summer of 1998, global research to identify and is WADA’s chief decision- for doping-free sport will pave the International Olympic Committee detect doping substances making body. It is composed the way for information tailored (IOC) brought together all parties and methods; developing and equally of representatives from to particular needs. For instance, involved in the fight against doping to maintaining the annual List of the Olympic Movement and include athlete education, lesson a World Conference on Doping. Prohibited Substances and governments, as is WADA’s Methods; accrediting anti- plans for school use and so on in The World Conference on Doping Executive Committee. The coaching handbooks. doping laboratories worldwide; WADA’s working committees in Sport held in Lausanne on 2-4 monitoring Therapeutic Use February 1999 produced the act as advisory committees 2. in doping-free promotional Exemptions granted by and provide guidance for the messages, the positive side Lausanne Declaration on Doping in stakeholders, organization’s main programmes. of sport should be stressed, Sport. It called for the creation of an • Anti-doping Coordination: such as the mastery of skill and independent international anti-doping developing and maintaining The committees are: the joy of fair and excellent agency to be fully operational for the Sydney 2000 Games. the Anti-doping Development competition. The task is to • The Education Committee, Management System (ADAMS), promote both an appreciation Pursuant to the terms of the Lausanne the Web-based database of the values of sport (probably • The Finance and Administration Declaration, the World Anti-Doping management system to help the very things that motivated Committee, Agency (WADA) was established on stakeholders coordinate anti- young athletes to start • The Health, Medical and 10 November 1999 in Lausanne to doping activities and comply practising a sport in the first Research Committee (and sub- promote and co-ordinate the fight with the Code, place) and its place in life. against doping in sport internationally. committees), • Anti-Doping Development: 3. Promulgate clear supportive The WADA was set up as a founda- • The Athletes’ Committee. tion under the initiative of the IOC facilitating the coordination doping-free statements from of Regional Anti-Doping with the support and participation The committees are set up with sports leaders. Athletes need Organizations by bringing of intergovernmental organizations, experts from the WADA’s stakehold- to know that, in their rejection together countries in regions of doping, they have the governments, public authorities ers, including the IPC. and other public and private bodies where there are no or limited wholehearted support of those anti-doping activities so that they who care about sport. fighting against doping in sport. The agency consists of equal representa- can pool resources to implement World Anti-Doping Code doping control and anti-doping 4. minimize the intrusion caused by tion from the Olympic Movement and The World Anti-Doping Code education, testing. public authorities. (Code) was approved at the World • Education: leading and Conference on Doping in Sport, held 5. create, a widely publicized The WADA’s headquarters are locat- coordinating effective doping from 3-5 March 2003, in Copenhagen, information-line to provide ed in Montreal, Canada. It has regional athletes with timely, direct and offices in Lausanne, Switzerland;

3.78 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.79 Denmark. In November 2007, the • The roles and responsibilities of WADA Foundation Board approved stakeholders, the revised World Anti-Doping code, • Information and education, after an open and transparent consultation process with all relevant • Doping control (including stakeholders. The new Code is effec- violations, sanctions, hearings tive as of January 1, 2009. and appeals).

All major international sport orga- Signatories of the Code must nizations and national anti-doping ensure their own rules and policies organizations agreed on the Code, comply with the mandatory articles which is a package of universal, and other principles of the Code. mandatory anti-doping rules and pro- All International Federations of cedures that will be phased in for all Olympic and Paralympic sports, the countries and Olympic, Paralympic International Olympic Committee, the and other sports in the coming International Paralympic Committee, years. all National Olympic Committees, all National Paralympic Committees To promote a level international play- and many other sports organizations ing field, the ADAW initiated a World implemented the Code prior to the Anti-Doping Programme in 2000. The Athens 2004 Olympic Games. programme has three levels: As a WADA stakeholder, the IPC has • Level 1: The World Anti-Doping established the IPC Anti-Doping Code Code, which ensures global in compliance with the general prin- harmonization of anti-doping ciples of the World Anti-Doping Code, efforts by providing consistent expecting that, in the spirit of sport, policies, rules and regulations it will lead the fight against doping in across all sport organizations sport for athletes with a disability. and national authorities. • Level 2: International Standards, [The current IPC anti-Doping Code which are mandatory operational (which is part of the IPC standards, such as the list Handbook) reflects the 2009W orld of prohibited substances, Anti-Doping Code.] standards for laboratory A mandatory requirement of mem- accreditation, and therapeutic bership in the IPC is that: use exemptions. • Level 3: Models of Best • National Paralympic Committees Practice, which are voluntary (NPCs) in the Paralympic practices that provide Movement comply with the benchmark solutions for many Code. aspects of anti-doping. • All other member organizations (e.g., International Organizations The Code deals with such basic ele- of Sport for the Disabled ments as: (IOSD), International Paralympic Sports Federations (IPSFs) • The fundamental rationale and International Federations for the World Anti-Doping responsible for athletes with Programme, a disability) are expected to • The definition of doping and of establish anti-doping regulations doping violations, in accordance with the Code.

3.80Image credit:PA RGettyALY ImagesMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 2 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.81 The IPC Anti-Doping Code shall apply For more information about the con- Many NPCs have developed and Details on the rules and regulations to the Paralympic Games and to all vention, go to the UNESCO website distributed educational materials to for testing are outlined in the World competitions sanctioned by the IPC at http://portal.unesco.org. their athletes and coaches. Those Anti-Doping Code International and to all sports practised within the NPCs that have not should do so Standard for Testing (WADC IST). Paralympic Movement, including dur- or gain access to materials already This document is a mandatory part ing preparation for competition. C. Therapeutic Use developed. The World Anti-Doping of the World Anti-Doping Code, as well as of the IPC Anti-Doping Code. Only sports and organizations adopt- Exemptions Agency’s website (www.wada-ama. ing and implementing anti-doping org) contains such information. rules and regulations that are compli- Athletes, like others, may have ill- 1. off-Site Testing in the Lead-Up It is highly re commended that NPCs ant with the World Anti-Doping Code nesses or conditions that require to the Paralympic Games liaise with the National Anti-Doping can be included and remain in the IPC them to take particular medications. Agency (NADO) to set up compre- Sport Programme and the Paralympic If the substance they are required What does the NPC do when hensive educational programmes and Games. to take to treat their condition hap- informed that an athlete needs to familiarize athletes with all facets of pens to fall under the Prohibited List, present for doping control? Anti-doping rules, like competition a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) an anti-doping programme. The con- • The athlete needs to present rules, are sport rules governing the may give an athlete the authorization tact details for the NADOs can be for doping control immediately conditions under which sport is to take the needed medication. retrieved from http://www.wada-ama. after being notified hereto by an played. All participants (athletes and org – section ‘anti-doping community. authorized doping control officer. athlete support personnel) accept Under the World Anti-Doping Code, Such notification for testing can these rules as a condition of par- the WADA has issued an International be at no-advance notice and ticipation and are presumed to have Standard for TUEs. The stan- E. Step-by-Step Guide does not necessarily need to agreed to comply with the Code. dard states that all International for Doping Control at the be related to participation in a Federations must have a process Paralympic Games particular competition or event. UNESCO International Convention in place whereby athletes with Refusal or failure to deliver against Doping in Sport documented medical conditions can a sample after notification The IPC Anti-Doping Committee is request a TUE, and have such a constitutes an anti-doping rule Until 2005, many governments responsible for all anti-doping regu- request appropriately reviewed by violation, could not be legally bound by a non- lations applicable to the Paralympic a panel of independent physicians governmental document such as the Games. It oversees and establishes • Identify the athlete support called a Therapeutic Use Exemption World Anti-Doping Code, which is the with the Organizing Committees of personnel to accompany the Committee (TUEC). International document harmonizing regulations the Paralympic Games all the practi- athlete to the doping control Federations and National Anti-Doping regarding anti-doping in all sports and cal aspects of the collection, sealing station, Agencies through their TUECs are all countries of the world. Governments and numbering of tests to be carried accordingly drafted the International then responsible for granting or • Ensure that both the athlete out. The committee also oversees all Convention under the auspices of declining such requests. as well as the support staff aspects of the results management UNESCO to enable them to align their is familiar with the rules and process during the Games. domestic legislation with the Code and Athletes and athlete support per- procedures, sonnel should consult with the IPC thereby harmonize sport and public • Ensure an adequate education website (www.paralympic.org – anti- The rules and regulations for the legislation in the fight against doping and guidance programme is in doping) for the most up-to-date Games anti-doping programme, as in sport. place for the athletes, coaches information on the TUE application well as information on the opera- and team managers. It should On 19 October 2005, the WADA process, including the use of forms tions and procedures, are reflected be reviewed with your athletes welcomed the unanimous adoption in the Games Doping Control Guide and the correct addresses of the prior to the Games. The Chief of the first International Convention that will be issued by the Organizing respective IF to which the TUE appli- Medical Officer should interview against Doping in Sport by the Committee no later than 6 months cation should be submitted. each athlete to determine what General Conference of UNESCO, prior to the Games. substances he/she are using, at its plenary session. The adop- In addition to the Paralympic Games tion of the convention by UNESCO D. Prevention/Education • Some athletes may be included is considered a strong signal of the Doping Control Programme, testing in a Registered Testing Pool from commitment of the governments of for prohibited substances and meth- their national or international WADA regularly publishes doping- the world to fight doping in sport. ods can occur in the lead-up to the federation. These athletes are related information which needs to Games and could be conducted by required to comply with Athlete The UNESCO Convention came into be known by the NPCs, International a number of organizations, including Whereabouts Requirements. effect in February 2007 when the and National Federations and those the IPC, International Federations, Details on these procedures quorum of 30 countries needed to working with athletes, such as medical the WADA, National Anti-Doping are stipulated in the WADC IST ratify the convention was reached. staff and coaches. Agencies or National Federations. section 11.

3.82 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.83 What does the NPC do when • There is a need to keep an Also a representative of the WADA 4. Legal Issues informed of a possible anti-doping accurate diary of events, Independent Observer Team, if pres- rule violation? with times. This could prove ent at the Event, is invited to attend Legal and Procedural Issues invaluable if asked to recall the Hearing. There are IPC rules, WADA rules, NPC Consult the Rules incidents at a later date. rules, IF rules and sport-specific rules • Be absolutely sure you are Dealing with the Media governing a doping incident. There are familiar with the various rules 2. Testing at the Games detailed procedures to be followed, and procedures, The media are trained to find out information, wherever or whomever and very tight timelines. Therefore, it • Know the athlete’s rights as he/ What does the NPC/Chef de Mission the source, and to report it. The NPC is imperative that the team manager, she has the right of redress in do when informed of a possible anti- has a number of responsibilities. One team medical officer and legal advi- a court of law or through the doping rule violation? of the most important is protecting sor (if available), at the very least, Court of Arbitration (CAS), are extremely clear on all these vari- Inform the confidentiality of both the athlete • Seek legal help, if available, and the issue until the IPC Anti-Doping ous rules and procedures. The law of The NPC should inform the athlete Committee and the IPC Governing natural justice must prevail, including • Be clear when any suspension involved, the Deputy Chef de Mission Board have determined the conse- having informed representation at begins. (if any), the NPC legal team (if avail- quences of the situation. proceedings and at appeals. able), the Chief Medical Officer of the Inform the Athlete delegation, the president of the NPC, Court of Arbitration for Sport • The athlete has to know what the IPC representative in your coun- 3. What Can a NPC do to Prepare If found guilty of an anti-doping rule has happened, try, the press officer, and the team for an Anti-Doping Rule Violation manager (give him/her a copy of the during a Games Mission? violation by the IPC Governing Board, • Advise the athlete of the rules IPC letter and inform him/her of the an athlete can file an appeal with and procedures, his/her rights, • Be familiar with the Paralympic proposed plan of action to include an the Court of Arbitration for Sport, media issues and the options Games Anti-Doping Programme. interview with the athlete). which will then designate a panel of now open to him/her. Have a copy of the relevant arbitrators. Paralympic Games Doping The Chef de Mission should arrange Control Guide, Establish Clear Communication for the “B” sample testing, if required; within the National Body agree to a strategy for dealing with • Ensure you know where to F. Questions • So the issue of what happens the media; make arrangements for access your International next to the athlete can be responses to the IPC Anti-Doping Federation’s Regulations. Have 1. does your NPC have a clearly confirmed, Committee; prepare for the Hearing, an up-to-date copy at the stated doping-control policy? • The media can be dealt with if applicable; and make provisional Games, arrangements for the athlete to 2. how would you develop one? jointly by the athlete and the • Ensure the athletes are familiar leave the village and return home, if NPC. with the testing procedures, 3. do you have a pre-Games applicable. education outreach programme Inform Your Relevant National • Identify the NPC medical, media in place for your athletes and Federation and legal advisors a priori, Prepare for the submission of athlete support personnel? • Ensure everyone that needs to additional evidence or supportive • Ensure your governing body know has been advised, documentation to the IPC Anti- has put in place a procedure to 4. are you familiar with the TUE Doping Committee (if applicable) • Ensure everyone follows correct decide on what will be done and Application Process? The IPC may be willing to agree to a who will inform the athlete, procedure, 5. What is the most important reduction or elimination of any period • Have a media plan ready in measure that can be taken to • Ensure the media is addressed of ineligibility if the athlete can satisfy with one voice. advance. eliminate misuse of drugs? the requirements of exceptional circumstances or provide substantial Remember the Rest of the Squad assistance in discovering or establish- and Why You Are There ing anti-doping rule violations. • A positive test can have a devastating effect on the rest of Prepare for the Hearing of the IPC the delegation, Anti-Doping Committee (if applicable) • Ensure plans have been worked This meeting will be attended by NPC out to help the team carry on in representatives, the athlete, the ath- the competition, lete’s representative or legal counsel, • Advise them how delicate the an interpreter (if necessary), a repre- situation is, and of the need for sentative from the sport and the IPC confidentiality. Anti-Doping Committee.

3.84 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.85 CHAPTER 4: violence & harassment

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.87 Most sport is non-violent. Every day in every country in the Sport is not something we simply do Whether it be physical, psychological world, thousands of athletic contests take place and thousands for ourselves; it is not created for or sexual abuse, harassment is not of games are played without violence. However, when violence our own private interests. There is an only a breach of personal trust and a form of personal harm, it also harms does occur, it is a threat to sport and to the Paralympic Movement. ethical obligation within sport not to our society. The harm caused to the Of course, violence has news value. The occurrence of violence harm each other, but also to do good institution of sport goes directly to must be treated seriously. to each other. what it is we are trying to achieve

The risk of injury is always present contact. Again, however, only the in any physical activity. It is increased players can ensure they have made when athletes push themselves to an effort to avoid violent contact in the limit as they must do if they want keeping with the sporting spirit. to reach the pinnacle of their performance and if they want to be medal Coaches, the mass media and teach- contenders. Acting in the interests of ers are probably the ones who can do their members, IFs have forbidden the most to keep violence in check. some exercises or feats because they They are not directly involved in acts have been deemed too dangerous. of violence, and they sometimes too readily encourage athletes to commit Generally speaking, the athletes are such acts. Athletes will tend to do left to make their own decisions on as their coach tells them even when what risks to take. Some have died they have moral doubts about what as a result of their decisions; others they are instructed to do. Coaches have suffered long-term disability, and teachers, therefore, have a grave but the hazards of self-inflicted injury responsibility to eliminate violence have generally been accepted as reasonable. What is unreasonable is from the Paralympic Movement. for coaches and teachers, anxious Equally, spectator violence against to enhance their own reputations, to each other, the players and/or the ref- encourage athletes to risk life or limb erees is a dramatic violation of ethics against their better judgement. in sport, and challenges the existence In games and sports where body con- of competition with audiences. Such tact is not supposed to occur, as in behaviour can easily ruin young and track racing, violent contact may nev- old people’s interest in sport. ertheless happen. Judges then have to decide who was responsible, and Sport in our society is a major con- whether it was deliberate and inten- tributor to the physical and moral tional. Judging “intent” is perhaps the development of youth. We desire most difficult task that an official respect for all people, especially must perform. Only the athlete really for those who are vulnerable (e.g., knows whether he/she was compet- because of age, race, gender or ing in a sporting spirit. disability).

Games such as basketball and hand- Sport has an obligation to protect its ball are, in theory, non-contact sports members. Sport puts people in situ- but in practice, contact is unavoidable. ations of care, custody and control There are penalties and the officials that brings an overwhelming duty to try to limit incidents to accidental not harm anyone.

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys

3.88 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.89 through sport – the physical and in sport, such interventions will only Collective Response • Understand jurisdictions and moral development of individuals. be of use to those who recognize and issues related to harmonizing Given that harassment in sport is rele- Harassment destroys the very pur- act on their obligations and duties of policies within sport, vant to issues of broad public interest pose of sport. care and trust. (e.g., the physical and moral develop- • Determine an approach for Sport must thus care for its mem- ment of youth, protecting children, transferring sanctions within a bers by adopting a mandate to aid Sport, Power and Silence preventing violence and harassment), sport and among sports, the public inherently expects sport to the physical and moral development It may be that sport lends itself to • Know what to do when someone be concerned with the problem and of youth, exercising an ethic of care, this sort of abuse. There is a strong who has been convicted of a to address it. and embracing an obligation to pro- power relationship between coaches related crime and has served tect the vulnerable. their time, wants to coach in and athletes. Coaches are often The sport community, therefore, sport again, highly respected. Often young and needs to be able to define the issue Sport and the Ethic of Care constantly responding to the coach’s for public debate. • Be more knowledgeable about demands, athletes can be particularly An ethic of care ensures the protec- wrongful accusations. This vulnerable. Travelling in sport and Sport must also consider where col- tion and well-being of those involved information should outline the dressing and undressing from sport lective action is appropriate, and in sport. Consequently, when such risks and safeguards in the clothing can further create opportuni- where individual action is appropriate. system, duty is not fulfilled, or when such trust ty for abuse. Sport involves touching An example of a collective response is breached, we must be concerned • Respond appropriately to and massage. There is also loyalty to harassment would be for govern- with the best interests of those who innuendo and rumour. The in sport, which is reinforced through ment and non-government agencies are harmed by this failure of care. to work together to establish shared handbook would outline what teamwork, that may discourage an the club’s/organization’s We should ask, and respond to, three solutions to common problems. basic questions: athlete from exposing a colleague or responsibilities are with respect a coach. to responding to rumours, 1. is sport properly discharging its NPC Response including step-by-step, follow-up If the only way to prevent abuse ethic of care for its members? actions to take, in sport is to not be involved at all, The following are a list of objectives 2. What support is available for then the choices are much tougher that a national sport body or National • Develop a clear set of guidelines victims of abuse? to take, and a decision not to partici- Paralympic Committee could support around boundaries. What are pate is ultimately harmful to both the and implement to minimize harass- the physical boundaries [what 3. What measures are available individual and sport itself. Not unlike ment in sport. physical touching, for example, to respond to situations when harassment in the workplace, such during coaching and including this ethic of care is not properly situations create certain challenges Objective 1 massage, is appropriate?], discharged? social boundaries, and sexual in the monitoring, preventing or con- Publish a user-friendly handbook boundaries? Should coaches fronting of unethical behaviours. that will better enable organizations share rooms with athletes? Be Sport and Sexual Abuse and clubs to understand, address, prepared to provide an effective and manage the complex issues sur- Those responsible for overseeing Prevention and Empowerment first response to a potential sport must ensure the sport system rounding harassment in sport. The If we accept that it will always be complainant. is vigilant, safe and secure along with handbook should include practical possible for dangerous people to slip being supportive and effective in pre- guidelines, and tools and information through the net and/or that a sport Objective 2 venting, minimizing and dealing with to help sport organizations and clubs member’s trust may be violated, the Train sport organizations and clubs sexual abuse. to: key will be to give the athletes the so they can provide an effective first Sexual abuse is one of the most tools and support they need to pro- • Know when to turn a complaint response to a potential complainant. abhorrent forms of harassment tect themselves. over to an outside agency, because of the vulnerability of ath- Objective 3 Knowledge of what programmes • Distinguish between boorish/ letes, the psychological damage, and Provide sport organizations and exist or what services are available is obnoxious/crude behaviour and the violation of trust. clubs with the necessary knowledge important information for those seek- actions that constitute actual harassment, and tools to respond to complaints in Sexual abuse is not only immoral, it is ing to discharge their ethic of care. a manner that is consistent with the illegal in most societies. But the law Athletes and others must be confident • Distinguish between the intense principles of natural justice. only becomes involved when it is too in their ability to spot unacceptable demands of high performance behaviour, and confident also in being late. Prevention is obviously the fore- training and actions which Objective 4 most goal. While there may be good able to safely get support and help in constitute actual harassment, tools and interventions available to dealing with unacceptable behaviour Give sport organizations and clubs • Understand and act upon their access to external investigators and prevent or control sexual exploitation and/or its consequences. legal and social obligations to fact finders, including the mechanism their members, to have an independent hearing.

3.90 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.91 Objective 5 Objective 8 Develop information that describes Develop a compendium of good-qual- the various options available to a ity resource materials on the topic, victim and what the upsides and keep a list of external agencies that downsides of each option are from a complainant’s perspective (i.e., sport can refer people to, and main- making an informal complaint, filing tain an up-to-date inventory of what a formal complaint, filing a human services, programmes, and resources rights complaint, going to the police, exist in the sport community. etc.). Ensure there is a mechanism for athletes to file a complaint or to Objective 9 receive advice and support in a protected environment. Develop a Harassment in Sport website. Objective 6 Facilitate the sharing of educational Objective 10 resource materials, and develop new Research the causes of harassment materials as needed. and learn how athletes cope with, resist and challenge harassment in Objective 7 their daily lives. Conduct educational workshops, speeches and presentations to raise the sport organization’s comfort level and awareness around the issue.

3.92 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 Image credit: Lieven Coudenys CHAPTER 5: ARBITRATION AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.95 Arbitration in General The new structure envisaged for the pronouncing arbitral awards that CAS was presented for the first time have the same enforceability as The state legal system does not give state courts a monopoly at the International “Law and Sport” judgements of ordinary courts. It can over settling disputes. It is accepted that, within certain limits, Conference, held at the Olympic also help parties solve their disputes the parties in a dispute may, by means of a contract, entrust the Museum in Lausanne in September on an amicable basis through media- task of settling their private law dispute to non-state bodies or 1993. It was based on the creation of tion, when this procedure is allowed. the “International Council of Arbitration In addition, the CAS gives advisory “arbitral tribunals” created for this purpose. for Sport” (ICAS), which supervises opinions on legal questions related to the CAS and looks after its funding, sport. Lastly, the CAS sets up non- thereby taking the place of the IOC. permanent tribunals, which it does for If their independence is guaranteed, that such courts have the the Olympic Games, the Paralympic these tribunals may intervene within jurisdiction necessary to deal The CAS, which is overseen by the Games, the Commonwealth Games the limits of their competence, there- with the issue, ICAS, is split into two divisions: or other similar major events. To take by excluding recourse by the parties • They can submit their dispute to into account the circumstances of to state courts. Arbitral awards have • An ordinary arbitration division, arbitration. which resolves disputes, such events, special procedural rules the same binding force as the judge- are established on each occasion. ments of state courts in civil matters. submitted to the ordinary Using the tribunals of sport federa- procedure, tions doesn’t prevent the unsatisfied Where is the CAS Based? Settling Sports-Related Disputes party from later turning to the state • An appeals arbitration division, courts. However, arbitration results which resolves disputes The CAS head office is in Lausanne, The problems posed by applying the concerning the decisions Switzerland, but it has two sub- law to the sports world are becoming in a final decision, against which the possibilities of appeal are extremely of disciplinary tribunals or offices, one in Sydney, Australia, the increasingly complex, because of the similar bodies of federations, other in New York, United States. profound change sports have under- limited. Thus, arbitration can be a good solution for resolving sports- associations or other sports Their addresses are found at the end gone. Today, sport influences ever bodies. of this section. larger areas of our society through related disputes. its commercialization, media impact There are arbitral jurisdictions within What Kinds of Dispute can be What is the Court of Arbitration for and internationalization. This evolu- the sports federations. However, lack- Submitted to the CAS? tion has unavoidably brought with it Sport? ing necessary independence, these Any disputes, directly or indirectly, an increase in the number of disputes The Court of Arbitration for Sport “internal” arbitral tribunals cannot linked to sport may be submitted to connected with sports activities. (CAS) is an institution independent of constitute real arbitration courts in the CAS. These may be disputes of any sports organization that provides The parties, including clubs, sports the legal sense of the term. Because a commercial nature (e.g., a sponsor- services to facilitate the settlement organizations and associations, their powers are no greater than that ship contract), or of a disciplinary of sports-related disputes through athletes, sponsors, suppliers and tele- of the other bodies of these federa- nature following a decision by a sports arbitration or mediation following vision companies, involved in a dispute tions, their decisions do not have the organization (e.g., a doping case). procedural rules adapted to the spe- generally have four possible ways of same scope as arbitral awards. On the other hand, the Court of Arbitration cific needs of the sports world. The resolving their dispute: Who can Refer a Case to the CAS? for Sport (CAS) satisfies the essen- CAS was created in 1984 and falls • The two parties can work with a tial conditions of independence and under the administrative and financial Any individual or legal entity with conciliator to try to resolve the objectivity, and can thus pronounce authority of the International Council capacity to act may have recourse matter, awards equivalent to the judgements of Arbitration for Sport (ICAS). The to the services of the CAS. These CAS has more than 150 arbitrators include athletes, clubs, sport fed- • They can turn to the bodies of state courts. from 55 countries, chosen for their erations, sport event organizers, set up by the National or CAS arbitration offers its users a specialist knowledge of arbitration sponsors and television companies. International Federations, or number of advantages: The arbitra- and sports law. Around 50 cases are even the National Paralympic tors are specialists in sports law, the registered by the CAS every year. Committees, when the rules of Under what Conditions will the procedure is flexible and is limited to a these bodies so permit, CAS Intervene? single body, the decision is confidential What is the Function of the CAS? For a dispute to be submitted to arbi- • They can take their dispute to because the hearings are not public, The CAS is responsible for resolv- tration by the CAS, the parties must the ordinary courts, provided and it is not expensive. ing legal disputes in the field of sport agree to it in writing. Such agreement through arbitration. It does this by may be on a one-off basis or appear

3.96 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 3.97 in a contract or the statutes or regu- at the CAS hearings by a person of lations of a sports organization. The their choice, not necessarily a lawyer. parties may agree in advance to submit any future dispute to arbitration How are the Arbitrators Chosen? by the CAS, or they can agree to seek recourse from the CAS after a Generally speaking, the arbitration is dispute has arisen. submitted to a panel of three arbitrators. Under the ordinary procedure, each party chooses one arbitra- What are the Working Languages of tor from the CAS list, then the two the CAS? designated arbitrators agree on who The procedures are conducted in will be the president of the panel. French or English. Under certain Failing such agreement, the president conditions, another language may be of the Ordinary Arbitration Division used. makes this selection instead of the two arbitrators. Under the appeals What are Procedures of the CAS? procedure, each party chooses an arbitrator, and the president of the For disputes resulting from contrac- panel is selected by the president tual relations or torts, the ordinary of the Appeals Arbitration Division. arbitration procedure or the media- If the parties agree, or if the CAS tion procedure is applicable. For deems this appropriate, a sole arbi- disputes resulting from decisions trator may be appointed, depending taken by the internal bodies of sports on the nature and importance of the organizations, the appeals arbitration case. The arbitrators must be inde- procedure is applicable. Lastly, there pendent, which means they have no is a consultation procedure that allows connection to any of the parties, and certain organizations to request an must not have played any role in the advisory opinion from the CAS, in case in question. the absence of any dispute, on any legal issue concerning the practice or development of sport or any activity How Does the CAS Arbitration relating to sport. The advisory opin- Procedure Work? ion does not constitute an award and Once the arbitration request or state- is not binding. ment of appeal is filed, the respondent submits a reply to the CAS. After any How is Arbitration Set in Motion? additional exchange of statements of case, the parties are summoned to a The party wishing to submit a dis- hearing to produce evidence and to pute to the CAS must send the CAS argue their case. The final award is Court Office a request for arbitration communicated to the parties some (ordinary procedure) or a statement weeks later, unless it is pronounced of appeal (appeals procedure). on the same day (under the appeals The contents are specified by the procedure). Code of Sports-Related Arbitration. In the case of the appeals proce- What Law do the Arbitrators Apply? dure, a party may lodge an appeal only if it has exhausted all the internal In the context of ordinary arbitration, remedies of the sports organization the parties are free to agree on the concerned. law applicable to the merits of the dispute. If the parties are unable to come to an agreement, the Swiss law Can a Complainant be Represented applies. In the context of the appeals During the Proceedings? procedure, the arbitrators rule on The parties may appear alone, or the basis of the regulations of the they may be represented or assisted body concerned by the appeal and,

3.98 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 7 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUALImage credit: | MODULE Getty Images 7 3.99 in accordance with the New York to the dispute on either party. If suc- Convention on the recognition and cessful, the mediation is terminated enforcement of arbitral awards, by the signing of a settlement by the which more than 125 countries have parties. signed. CAS Head Office: Is it Possible to Appeal Against a Château de Béthusy CAS Award? Avenue de Beaumont 2 Judicial recourse to the Swiss Federal CH-1012 Lausanne Switzerland Tribunal is allowed on a very limited Tel (41 21) 613 5000 number of grounds, such as lack of Fax (41 21) 613 5001 jurisdiction, violation of elementary Email: [email protected] procedural rules (e.g., violation of the Internet: www.tas-cas.org right to a fair hearing) or incompatibil- Secretary General: Mr. Matthieu ity with public policy. Reeb

What is CAS Mediation? Decentralized Courts: Mediation is a non-binding and Oceania: informal procedure, based on a medi- Level 28, Deutsche Bank Place ation agreement in which each party Cnr Hunter & Phillip streets undertakes to attempt in good faith Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia to negotiate with the other party, Tel: (61 2) 92 30 4444 and with the assistance of a CAS Fax: (61 2) 92 30 5333 Image credit: Lieven Coudenys mediator, with a view to settling a sports-related dispute. Permanent Secretary: Mr. Jim Dwyer

How Does CAS Mediation Work? subsidiary, the law of the country in the execution of a decision appealed North America: which the body is located. The pro- against. The party wishing to institute media- American Arbitration Association cedure itself is governed by the Code tion proceedings sends a request 335 Madison Avenue of Sports-Related Arbitration. in writing to the CAS Court Office. New York, NY10017-4605, USA Are the Arbitration Proceedings Then, a mediator is appointed by the Tel: (1 212) 716 3931 Confidential? parties from among the list of CAS Fax : (1 212) 716 5901 How Much Does the Arbitration The ordinary arbitration procedure is mediators or, in the absence of any Cost? confidential. The parties, arbitrators agreement, by the CAS president Permanent Secretary: The ordinary procedure involves pay- and the CAS staff are obliged not to after consultation with the parties. Mr. Richard W. Naimark ing the relatively modest costs and disclose any information connected The mediation procedure is con- fees of the arbitrators, calculated on with the dispute. In principle, awards ducted in the manner agreed to by Publications: the basis of a fixed scale of charg- are not published. The appeals arbi- the parties. If agreement cannot be es, plus a share of the costs of the tration procedure does not specify reached, the mediator determines the • Code of Sports-elated CAS. The appeals procedure is free, particular rules of confidentiality, but manner in which the mediation will be Arbitration and Mediation Rules except for an initial Court Office fee the arbitrators and the CAS staff conducted. The mediator promotes • Rules for the Resolution of of CHF 500. have a similar duty of confidential- the settlement of the issues in dispute Disputes Arising During the ity during the proceedings. Generally in any way that he/she believes to be Olympic Games speaking, unless the parties agree appropriate. To achieve this, he/she How Long Does CAS Arbitration • Guide to Arbitration (French/ otherwise, the award may be pub- will propose solutions. However, the Last? English/Spanish/German) lished by the CAS. mediator may not impose a solution The ordinary procedure lasts between six and twelve months. For the What is the Scope of an Award appeals procedure, an award must Pronounced by the CAS? be pronounced within four months of filing the statement of appeal. In An award pronounced by the CAS urgent cases and upon request, the is final and binding on the parties CAS may, within a very short time, from the moment it is communicated. order interim measures or suspend It may, in particular, be enforced

3.100 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 2 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 2 3.101 MODULE 8: SPORTS EVENTS8 & PROGRAMMES

PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL 3.103 CHAPTER 1: oRGANIZING AN EVENT

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.105 A. Before Applying for or 6 is hosting this event part of a • Post event clean-up, evaluation combined will depend upon the size Taking on an Event broader strategy to promote and reports. of the event and the amount of time sport and the Paralympic the helpers have at their disposal. Movement at home, or will For minor events, it is possible for Enthusiasm counts for a great deal, Pre-Event Considerations: it divert resources for other one person to do more than one but beware of over-enthusiasm. projects with uncertain benefits? 1. is my organization capable of of the functions. It is feasible, for You may wish to use the following handling the event? Do we have example, for the accommodation and sample form to organize the major the following: B. Having Been Awarded the transportation functions to be com- tasks for which each person is bined. Determining which areas are responsible. • The facilities or are facilities Event available, 1. appoint someone who will be • The finances to carry the the main person responsible project through, for organizing the event. This Project Planning • The necessary manpower, person may be appointed president of the Organizing Event: • The necessary willpower, Committee, secretary (with • The necessary expertise, a big-name president, who may not be involved in the Areas of Responsibility and Designated Chairpersons: • The necessary time, detailed organization), project • A favourable climate or chairperson or tournament environment? convener. Area: chairperson:

2. location of the event 2. create an Organizing Committee Responsibility Completion Date Resources to begin the planning process (Who) (When) (How) • Are the local people interested in and oversee the major this sport? operational areas. These areas could be: • Are they likely to be supportive

of the event? • Facilities and equipment;

• Will the local media be • Technical aspects (referees, interested? umpires, training, draw, schedule of events, etc.), 3. Past history of the event • Liaison with local authorities, • What other events like this have • Liaison with sports bodies Area #1: been hosted? and participants (entry forms, To be Done: • How successful were they? information sheets, registration forms, eligibility, etc.), • What factors contributed to their Area #2: success? • Transportation, To be Done: • Can those factors be repeated • Accommodation, or improved if we move ahead • Catering, with the event? • Press and publicity, 4. is my organization in favour • Protocol for ceremonies and of organizing the event? Are VIPs, there any personalities or other • Hosting, problems within my organization that would hinder the success of • Security, the event? • Finance and financial control, 5. is the government’s sports • Medical, department aware that we have • Social programme, applied to bid for the event, and will they support it if we are • Volunteer recruitment and successful? training,

3.106 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.107 Two Months Prior to Event towards adding something “extra” to a sporting event. Tasks: 1. think about your particular • Meet with all committee country or region. What local, chairpersons to share progress, national or special cultural • Send out entry and/or aspects could be linked to registration forms, etc., special events related to sport? • Begin weekly meetings with 2. Which of the above would be chairpersons. financially feasible to include in a special event? One Week Prior to Event 3. What special age groups would you like to direct your special Tasks: events towards? Why this group • Review all flow charts to be sure in particular? all work is on track, 4. think of special people in • Discuss emerging problems and your country who are linked to how to deal with them, sport through cultural activities • Co-ordinate a final meeting e.g., media personalities, among the various chairpersons. photographers, caterers, etc. Would it be feasible to have any After the Event of these individuals involved in your programme? If so, who Tasks: might attend? Image credit: Lieven Coudenys • Return equipment and facilities 5. think about people who have to their proper order, and write played a role in your country’s thank you letters, Paralympic sport history. Who or Five Months Prior to Event how might they be involved in C. Creating a Flow Chart • Hold a meeting to present final your programme? reports, discuss problem areas, Tasks: When the areas to be covered have distribute thank-you notes and 6. What other ideas or special been identified and chairpersons are • Review all committee budgets review recommendations. presentations, come to mind in place, it is time to do the actual and consolidate them into one, when considering how you planning. Set up timelines using a In all this planning, the committee might add a few “extras” to this • Have each committee flow chart that outlines activities and chairperson’s role is to act as a co- special event? meetings. The following sample flow chairperson present a flow chart ordinator focused on problem solving chart covers general timelines prior to outlining the tasks to be done, and crisis management, rather than national Championships. who will do them and by when, being involved as a worker. E. Helpful Hints • Book facilities and equipment as Timelines required, 1. set up a schedule with the D. The Extras names and phone numbers of Six Months Prior to the Event • Begin promotional plans, the principal people involved in Special events by themselves are preparing the event. • Set up registration procedures Tasks: often only interesting to those who four months prior to the event, are directly involved in or have a spe- 2. set up your flow chart and stick • Meet with the convener and as cial commitment to the event itself. to it. Allow enough time to handle many committee chairpersons • Set up bi-weekly meetings with all aspects. For example, some However, if you add some “extras”, as possible, each chairperson to check the facilities must be booked early. progress of his/her planning, you may broaden the appeal and, • Have the chairpersons therefore, get more people to partici- 3. set up a detailed agreement bring a list of their areas of • Make sure to complete all pate in the event. Each country has of duties and expectations for responsibility, aspects of the event that its own unique cultural attributes that each committee chairperson. • Get each chairperson to set a require lead time e.g., promotion, can make sporting events special for The event director uses the preliminary budget by the next printing, financing, volunteer large groups of people. Whether it is agreement to co-ordinate work meeting. recruitment. photography, music, dance, the visual with individual chairpersons arts, food, clothing etc., your country and the entire committee of or community can contribute a lot chairpersons.

3.108 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.109 Below is a sample form: 16. Try to get “special” people, • The standard of the such as celebrities, officials or participants’ play (if required for athletes, to present the awards. seeding), Working Agreement 17. Make sure that award • The participants’ signatures, Event: ceremonies are strategically indicating they agree to abide by located and timed so that the terms of competition, Area of Responsibility: everyone can hear, see and • The name of the team, club, attend, if they wish. Person Responsible: individual contact with address and business and home 18. Prepare specific written Tasks Agreed To: telephone numbers, guidelines for how to record expenses, receipts, invoices, etc. • Any entry fees. Checkpoint Times finishing Times 19. Use clear registration forms that n.B. Ensure the entries are legible by asking that they be are easily organized and filed. written in block capitals or 20. Be optimistic and realistic. Stay typed. calm no matter what happens. 3. the event hosts should greet their guests. Try to make the

F. Information to and from arrivals and departures at the Date: signatures: Participants airport easy for visitors. Meet the visitors. Have information Each club, team or participant, kiosks that are readily visible, depending upon the type of event, and are staffed by friendly, 4. each committee should have a 9. continually thank and support all should be sent: helpful volunteers. Assist visitors checklist of all the tasks to be volunteers. with customs and immigration, if possible. Ensure transportation completed by them. They should 1. an information sheet that 10. Maintain consistent and frequent details: options are clear, and help be checked off as they are communication between the visitors get to and from the completed. event director and various • The exact title of the event, airport the easiest way possible. committees. 5. consider spectator needs as • Who is organizing it, with a name, address and telephone number, well as participant requirements. 11. Consider safety first and G. Best Practices for implement a risk management • The exact location and details of Organizing a Paralympic Day 6. meet regularly to monitor plan. how to get there, progress. Have a rehearsal early enough so that there is time 12. Ask for feedback from those • The exact dates and timing of A Paralympic Day is a great oppor- the events, to rectify any unanticipated involved. tunity to showcase Paralympic Sport and its athletes. It gives people the problems. • The conditions for entry, 13. Prepare more extensive chance to experience Paralympic checklists relating to procedures, • The deadlines for entry and how 7. the follow-up is as crucial as Sport and see how it unites people, necessary personnel, to enter, while learning about the opportunities the pre-planning and the actual co-operative arrangements • Where to send the entries that exist for people with a disability. event. The following format with other committees, and and information required from The Paralympic Day is a multi-sport could be used for the final necessary equipment and participants, event comprising exhibitions of report: supplies. Review these various Paralympic sports and a checklists so that every detail • Any other information e.g., the social programme, focusing on the • History of the Project is covered. format of the competition, the Paralympic Movement. • Committee Structure prizes, entry fees, etc. 14. Set up three types of awards: Throughout the day, various sports • Programme Outline sport participation, competition, 2. each team should be required are demonstrated by Paralympic and appreciation. to complete the entry form and athletes, and the spectators are • Results send it back by the appropriate 15. Have all your awards (medals, encouraged to try the sports as well. date. This entry form should • Recommendations ribbons, certificates, etc.) Also, the athletes offer training tips, include: procured at least three weeks give interviews and participate in fun 8. delegate as much responsibility matches with spectators. prior to the event to give you • The names of participants, as you can without the quality enough time to organize them falling. for distribution.

3.110 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.111 Event Goals H. Best Practices for The goals of the Paralympic Day Organizing a Paralympic are: School Day

• To raise public awareness and The Paralympic School Day (PSD) is visibility of Paralympic Sport a non-formal educational programme within the region, and on an initiated by the IPC. The aim of the international level, programme is to create awareness • To promote the integration of and understanding about people with people with a disability through a disability. individual experiences, The PSD Programme consists of a • To showcase the variety and set of activities that educate youth excellence of Paralympic Sport about Paralympic Sport, individual dif- and to strengthen the image of ferences and disability issues in a fun the Paralympic Movement and and playful environment. In general, its athletes, these activities are organized during • To enable people with a disability a normal school day and target an to be regarded as athletes who audience of young students between achieve the same or even better the ages of 6 to 15. Nevertheless, results than able-bodied athletes, there are multiple ways to implement a PSD and many possible locations • To raise interest and recruit where a PSD can be organized. potential athletes, In 2004, the IPC, in close collabora- • To attract sponsors and tion with the European Paralympic partners. Committee (EPC), initiated a two-year PSD pilot project in Europe through a The Paralympic Day is targeted at the grant from the European Union (EU). broad public, including people of all The overall aim of this pilot project ages and those without a disability. was to create materials, including educational and vocational manuals Planning a Paralympic Day used throughout the project. These Before planning a Paralympic Day, you materials are a tool for youth orga- should set parameters for the event nizations in Europe to implement the and evaluate the existing opportuni- PSD Programme independently. The ties and limitations. This includes the PSD Resource Kit consists of three possible locations, budget and sports components: involved. For example, evaluate 1. PSD manual, which sports could be showcased and what equipment will be needed. 2. activity cards, The relevant sport equipment should be secured from suppliers before 3. PSD DVD. the athletes are contacted. The concept or idea for the Paralympic Day These three elements contain a should begin to be discussed about wealth of information and materials 12 months before the scheduled to assist teachers and others to pre- event. The event concept should be pare, implement and reflect on the reflected in a motto and logo for the PSD. Using these materials, teachers Paralympic Day. and interested persons can apply their own creativity and adaptations (Please refer to the IPC Paralympic to implement a PSD. Day Manual for more information). [Additional information can be found on the education section of the IPC website at: http://www. paralympic.org/Science_Education/ Education/Paralympic_School_Day/]

3.112Image credit:PA RLievenALY CMoudenysPIC A D(top),MINIST PreziosoR ATI(bottom)ON MANUAL | MODULE 2 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.113 CHAPTER 2: PLANNING A SPORTS TRIP

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.115 A. Introduction country to tell you what you need Accommodation to know. The position of Paralympic • Where is it located? Travel can be an inspiring, enjoyable and educational experience. attaché was established to meet such needs. • Who will be accommodated, i.e., It allows athletes to meet and compete with other athletes, and athletes, trainers, coaches and for coaches and trainers to share ideas. You will want to ask about food, managers? accommodation, facilities, transporta- • How many per room? However, competing away from home can also be an upsetting tion, training, competition schedules, experience if the participants are not prepared for all the adjust- facilities, accessibility, certain cus- • Are the rooms all together in one ments that they might need to make. Therefore, it is important to toms and laws of the country, the unit? geography, language, exchange rates, plan ahead. Try to anticipate any problems and eliminate them, • How does the room allocation banking, medical services and so on. so that there is as little as possible disruption to the athletes so process work? What are they can perform at their best. the criteria and the relevant 3. Questions to Ask deadlines? • What accessible facilities are Food Most aspects of a sports road trip to minimize problems (at least in available? can be organized and planned for players’ minds), • What kind of food will be • When should requirements in advance, especially if you start served? • Acting as a liaison between the for accessible rooms be well in advance. However, there will Organizing Committee and the • How will it be served? In the communicated? always be unexpected occurrences, sports team, main dining room, cafeteria, and many things will be learned only buffet, sit-down? • Is there a common meeting through experience. It is important to • Heading the team delegation room? remain calm when things do go wrong. and fulfilling all protocol • How accessible is the dining • Are toilets and showers shared Use all your resources and above all functions, while on tour. facility and the food serving or private? else, maintain a sense of humour. process? In the words of one manager: • Will there be adequate food? • Are office space and equipment The following recommendations are “Coaches coach, players play, and available? applicable to most international tour- the managers do everything else”. • When will the food be available? naments and championships in which Is it available at appropriate • Is there space for medical and your athletes may participate. times for training and physiotherapy? Will there be 2. what to Expect competition? doctors and physiotherapists To find out what to expect, consult all available to visiting teams? At • Are meals served only at one what cost? B. Start Planning available sources, including: centre (i.e., the hotel?) • Are there equipment storage • Teams or individuals who have • Can boxed lunches be obtained? areas? Where? Can you lock travelled overseas, or travelled 1. Chef de Mission • Are snacks available? What them? to the country you are going to, When organizing a sports trip, one of will these be? Where can you • What are the arrangements to the first things to do is appoint a team • The external affairs department arrange for them? receive and send mail? of your national government, manager or Chef de Mission, who will • Are any special meals available, be responsible for planning and lead- • Who pays for what? What • Books and resources in the i.e., for diabetics, vegetarians? are the prices of the various ing the tour. You must ensure that the library, person selected has the experience, • What type of fluids are available services? leadership and organizational skills • Your country’s consulate or (water, juice, carbonated drinks, • Is accommodation available for for the job. embassy in that country or area. tea)? Are the beverages safe to family and friends? drink? Where can you find them The duties of the Chef de Mission If the competition you are entering is (in the rooms, accommodation, • What services are offered for include: significant, and the country you are competition site)? When are guide dogs? travelling to has major cultural and drinks available? • Supervising the co-ordination of climatic differences from your own clothing, equipment, finances, country, your athletes’ performances • What are the arrangements transportation and scheduling, may be affected. It might be an idea for paying for meals? What is included or excluded in the • Co-ordinating all efforts to to send one person on a pre-visit to price? meet the needs of the athletes, review the situation. Alternatively, coaching staff and trainers and contact a reliable person in that

3.116 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.117 Geography • What are the exchange rates? • What will the climate be? When is What is the best way to the wet and dry season? exchange money? • What will be the range of • Do you have to make advance temperatures and humidity? arrangements to use foreign banks? • Will there be a problem with altitude? Leisure Time • Are there time zone • What leisure activities can you considerations? plan for your team? • Are there sight-seeing tours, or Language cultural events? • What are the spoken languages? • Are such activities/tours/events • In what language will the also accessible to people with sporting event be conducted? disabilities? • Will an interpreter be provided, • Can you arrange team meals or does one have to be away from your hotel? arranged? At what cost? Image credit: Lieven Coudenys Volunteers Local Customs • Are volunteers available for each • What are the major religions? delegation? How many? Can the religious needs of your Competition and Training Facilities dedicated or on demand? team be fulfilled? • What can volunteers do? What is • Where is it in relation to the • If there are dedicated vehicles, their availability? accommodation? • Are there any political issues are drivers provided and what is or sensitivities that should be • Are there any concerns for their availability? known? C. Travel Arrangements security? • What are the estimated travel • What are the acceptable dress • Are practice facilities available? times to various facilities? customs? Where? When are they available? 1. Airline Travel • How does one get from the • What are the “common courtesy” How do you get to them? Contact a reliable travel agency or airport to the accommodation? or acceptable social customs deal directly with an international air- • Is there transportation to the Will the team be met by (i.e., tipping)? competition site? When? Is it someone from the Organizing line. It’s a good idea to find the flights flexible enough to accommodate Committee? • Will there be cultural events that best suit your needs at the best that your team will observe or available rates. To do this, you should any specific needs? • How does one get from the participate in? know: • Are there change room facilities accommodation to the practice for each team, or are they and competition facilities? Laws • The size of your group (athletes, shared? • Is transport available for leisure- • Are you aware of the applicable coaches, trainers, medical personnel, managers), • Are there medical services time activities i.e., buses, cars, laws of the country dealing available? What’s included? subways, taxis? with drugs, alcohol, offensive • Your airfare budget, behaviour? • Where is the press room • What costs will be incurred for • Whether the organizing located? transportation? • Where is your country’s committee provides any subsidy consulate or embassy located? for travel, and if so how much, • What are the playing surfaces? Competition Do you have their phone on what basis and under what • What food and drink are • What are the schedules and number? Are they aware of timelines, available at the training and venues for the competitions? your arrival? • The dates of departure and competition facilities? • Is there an organizational • Whom do you contact in case of return (remember to account meeting scheduled for all teams trouble? for acclimatization and jet lag) Transportation to inform them of how the • Can your medical staff practise and the location of the nearest • What kind of transportation is competition will be run? airport to where you are staying, available i.e., charter buses, in the foreign country? personal vans, taxis, rent-a-car? • How will communication • The number of members of your occur between the Organizing Banking group that require accessible • What types of accessible Committee and each team? • How will you pay your seating (airlines generally have transport are available? Are they expenses? a specific number of seats for

3.118 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.119 passengers in wheelchairs, but if Entrance Visa the number is too high the group • Some foreign countries require may have to be split between an entrance visa. Check with Full Name: Surname Given Names – 1st, 2nd, etc. flights unless arrangements are your travel agent, Foreign made in advance), Affairs Department or your Present Address: • Whether there are accessible embassy in that country to see facilities at the airport departure, if a visa is required, Home Address: transit and arrival points, • Find out how long the visa is (If different from above) • If the airline has a policy for the good for, and if it will allow you Phone Number: home: Work: transportation of guide dogs, to bring in any medication or drugs required for the team and • The baggage limits (i.e. weight all your special equipment, Date of Birth: (tick one) Male Female restrictions, number allowed per person, extra baggage charges), • Find out whether the Organizing Committee can provide you with Birth certificate # : • If there are special arrangements any documentation to support/ for equipment that is to be expedite your visa request. Country born in: citizenship: shipped separately, including how long it will take, how much it Insurance Passport #: will cost, where it will be picked • Check what the airline policy up, when and how it will be covers and add what extra Date of Issue: date of Expiration: transported, what arrangements coverage you will need while need to be made with customs, away. It is a good idea to have and if changing the dates of extra insurance for valuables National Identity #: Player ID Card #: departure or return will result in such as cameras and special a financial penalty, and if so, how equipment. Medical Information: much?

Accreditation Name and address of insurance coverage: 2. documents • Where applicable, ensure that

all applications for accreditation Policy Number: eye Glass Prescription: Passport are submitted correctly and on • To enter most foreign countries, time to the organizers and that each person will need a current all relevant rules and policies are Specific Medical Instructions (i.e., diabetic requiring regular medication) passport. Contact your travel clear to you, agent, international airline, • Where applicable, accreditation foreign affairs or the passport List any medications the athlete is currently on (use generic names): passes received prior to office to find out about how to travelling to the event should be apply for a passport, if you don’t carefully checked for accuracy. have one, List any allergies: • Leave plenty of time for 3. Vaccinations passport approval (Five to six • Vaccinations may be required months), List any medical considerations (i.e., asthma, diabetes): when entering or returning • The manager should record all from the country to which you passport numbers and names travelled, and keep them separate from • Find out what is necessary and Emergency Contact: Name two people and include their addresses and contact the passports, what is recommended (taking numbers where they can be reached should there be an emergency. • Should a passport be lost or into account the effect on your stolen, contact your embassy athletes), and plan to have 1. Name: immediately, vaccinations given to all those address: travelling in plenty of time for • Be sure to establish where your them to adjust and recover, Phone Number: Work: home: nearest embassy is, who to 2. name: contact, and let them know you • Find out if there are any are coming before you leave quarantine laws that may affect address: your country. the importation of guide dogs. Phone Number: Work: home:

3.120 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.121 4. Customs Regulations • A complete travel itinerary, • Long extension cord, time zone, climate, altitude, food and water, insects, animals, • The country you are travelling to • A complete schedule of events • Gifts, medical, etc., may restrict what you can bring with times, • Your country’s flag and tape into the country. Find out what • The expected code of conduct, • Any medical prescription, recording of national anthem, restrictions are present. Also, covering sportsmanship, including the full amount find out what restrictions exist in • International driver’s licence, friendship, kindness and the required for use during trip, bringing back items, fact you are representing your typed document showing the • Maps of city and area, country, • Be sure to register with the full generic name, the doctor’s • Extra non-perishable food. customs office the serial certificate describing the drug • Any security precautions, numbers of all equipment and and its purpose and dosage, as including the safety of personal valuables, such as cameras, well as being sure to register 4. Finances belongings, you have before or as you are the medication with officials • Find out the exchange rate and • Any team rules, including curfew. leaving so when you return with in charge of competition and set up a liaison with a bank in Explain how discipline will be them, you will have proof that getting medical clearance to the country you will be visiting, handled, you left with them, bring drugs into the country, if • Take money in traveller’s necessary. Refer to chapter • For good public relations, learn • Do not take letters or gifts of cheques, and keep a separate on Sport Medicine for more a few phrases in the language unknown contents for “friends” record of all the numbers in case information. of the Host Nation, dress in wanting to deliver something of loss or theft, neat attire, respect the Host to other people in the country • Take some small currency for Nation’s laws and customs, and you are visiting. You will be held 2. Clothing and Equipment use on arrival for taxis, tipping be discreet in expressing and responsible for the contents, • A full medical kit should be etc., exchanging political, economic and should they be illegal in that packed, and religious views, country, you will be punished • Have an internationally accordingly. • Team uniforms, including playing, recognized credit card for use in • For press interviews, identify warm up and formal, emergencies, questions to expect and how to • Ensure medical attestations and respond to the media, check for import clearance for • Practice gear, including for • Be aware that some states will the minimal supply of medication different types of weather, not allow you to purchase their • Any technical matters and hygiene needs (e.g. diapers, • Leisure and formal wear currency until you are in the concerning training and catethers, ..) that is included in that complies with the dress country and will not allow you to competition that should be athlete’s of Team Physician’s standards of the Host Nation, take their currency out of that known before arrival. hand luggage country. Currency dealings with • Nylon laundry bag for each private citizens could result in 2. equipment and Baggage person, 5. Athlete Information arrest. • Each piece of baggage should • Personal supplies to last the • It is useful to collect some key be clearly marked with identical, entire trip, information about each athlete E. The Trip large, colourful tags, to ease from your delegation, which can • Your own special equipment baggage collection, be handy when dealing with the because you cannot assume it • Be sure you know how many organizers and local authorities, will be provided, 1. briefing pieces were checked, and in emergencies. The list • Video equipment for recording Before you go, brief your athletes on the previous page contains • All equipment can be labelled team and athlete performances, and coaches. Explain the following: some recommended information with non-removable ink, • An extra pair of sunglasses for that could be collected prior to • Itinerary, • Camera and film should be the event. those who wear them. • Accommodation and food carried in hand luggage so the expectations, film is not harmed by x-ray 3. Useful Extras machines, D. What Else to Take • Event rules and regulations that • Official letterhead, carbons, • Ensure that arrangements papers and pens, affect the athletes directly (such as accreditation rules), have been made for the 1. documents • Masking tape and markers, transportation of baggage as • Host Nation customs, including • List of all members on the trip well as the team, • International adaptors for the religious, political and and their passport numbers. electric appliances, economic situation, and the • Double-check that nothing is left This is often required by hotels general attitude toward disability, behind when you go, and leave etc., so the manager should • Non-electric alarm clock, a forwarding address with the have three or four copies, • Mobile phone, • Adjustments, such as another hotel.

3.122 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.123 3. Media • Standardize routines before competition so the athletes have • Organize an opportunity for the some familiarity and security media to interview the team prior even in a foreign country, to departure, • Try to learn a few key phrases in • Have a team handbook ready the country you are in, because with data and photos of each you may need an interpreter, but athlete, one may not always be available. • Prepare press releases as People in the host country will required, likely be more responsive, if you have made an effort. Do not let • Have media contact telephone or the language barrier dampen telex numbers to transmit results. your positive attitude. 4. protocol • Attend all meetings, receptions F. Upon Your Return and ceremonies given in your honour, • Prepare a media release or establish an interview • Remember you are representing opportunity for the media to do your country. an overview of your trip,

5. Helpful Hints • Write thank-you notes to everyone who helped you • Be a good sport and remain so make sure to obtain their gracious if you lose and be non- addresses before you return patronizing if you’ve easily won, home, • Expect to be self-reliant, and • Have the coaches, managers plan that way, and possibly the athletes • Realize that other countries may evaluate the trip, operate at a faster or slower • Write a report for your sport pace of life, governing body. • Keep your sense of humour, be forewarned and attempt to adapt, • Remember everyone is there to help the athletes, • Have shared goals so you can focus on the objectives of the trip rather than its distracting elements,

3.124 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUALImage credit: | L MODULEieven Coudenys 2 3.125 CHAPTER 3: SPORT SCIENCE

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.127 A. Introduction The results of spectator surveys performance. Sport-specific counsel- stress the importance of the IPC to ling implies a multi-disciplinary process Already in the 1970s, professional researchers were showing an continuing its efforts in the develop- involving sport scientists from a vari- ment of programmes to educate ety of disciplines such as exercise interest in the further development of sport for, and including, youth about Paralympic Sport, indi- physiology, biomechanics, psychol- persons with a disability. Sport science, the scientific discipline vidual differences and similarities, ogy, nutrition and sports medicine. A that studies human movement with the aim of improving sport- thus creating awareness and under- major problem with sport counselling ing performance, found applications in disability sport. However, standing in schools about all persons of athletes with a disability today is both from a disciplinary as well as a cross-interdisciplinary in society. that few experts from able-bodied perspective, research needed to be further developed to reach sports transfer their knowledge to [The “Paralympic School Day sports for the disabled. its full potential. Scientific dialogue and communication were Resource Kit”, is currently available considered increasingly critical for the further development of on the IPC website (www. Nonetheless, basic methods to disability sport. paralympic.org ->Education). ] assess metabolic responses to exercise, and to advise athletes on how to adjust their training regimen are In 1993, at the VISTA 1993 sport scientific challenges in the C. Sports Counselling quite easily transferable to elite ath- Conference, the International Paralympic Movement probably are: letes with a disability. These basic Paralympic Committee established Sports counselling is an interactive methods include both laboratory and • The development of an a Sport Science Committee as process among sport scientists, train- field tests. Laboratory procedures to evidence-based sport-specific an example of its commitment to ers/coaches and elite athletes that is assess the physical fitness level of classification system, the advancement of knowledge aimed at optimizing the sport poten- disabled individuals are well-estab- of Paralympic Sport. Since then, • The implementation of tial of the athlete to maximize his/her lished (e.g., motor-driven treadmill, research has become a prominent a comprehensive sports feature on the agenda of the IPC. counselling system, To strengthen the feature and ensure • The understanding of athlete dissemination of knowledge, the IPC specific responses to exercise created partnerships with leading and the impact on training sports science organizations, includ- strategies, ing the International Council of Sport • The understanding of the causal Science and Physical Education mechanisms of sport injuries, (ICSSPE), the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the • The use of advanced technical International Federation of Sports equipment by athletes such Medicine (FIMS), and successfully as wheelchairs made of organized VISTA conferences in 1993, light materials and bionical 1999, 2003 and 2006. prostheses. However, the scope of sport science B. How Important is Sport in the Paralympic Movement should not be limited to the investigation of Science to Paralympic “sporting excellence” from a biomedi- Athletes? cal perspective. Paralympic Sport is the outcome of dreams, and what In achieving sporting excellence by people make of their dreams. A coun- athletes with disabilities, sport sci- try’s size, welfare and population are entists are challenged from multiple known predictors of Paralympic suc- directions, including physiology, psy- cess. However, other determinants chology, biomechanics, performance such as religion, attitude towards dis- analysis, nutrition and sports tech- ability, and public awareness should nology. Some of the most important be the subject of further investigation.

Image credit: Lieven Coudenys

3.128 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.129 roller ergometer, Avantronic electro- coaches to address an umbrella of magnetic brake record trainer, etc., subjects, such as nutrition, injury pre- but require specific equipment and/or vention and mental training. As such, high budgets). Field tests might pro- sports counselling functions as an vide valid alternatives. Based on the oracle for the athletes and coaches, principles of field-testing in healthy but is not responsible for nor does it individuals, several attempts have interfere in the selection process of been made to develop protocols to athletes for major competitive events. evaluate the metabolic responses to exercise of wheelchair sportsmen. Examples of such “test-sport” com- D. What Role can a NPC play? binations are shuttle run tests and progressive field tests to predict the The NPCs are invited to liaise with cardio-respiratory capacity of wheel- sports scientists and research cen- chair users, and skill performance tres to organize a sport counselling tests in, for example, wheelchair bas- process, including regular assessment ketball and football. of (elite) athletes. An example of good Trainers and coaches can easily take practice is to set-up an elite sport into account the different results department within the NPC structure. obtained through field tests in their This department is preferably a joint training programmes, on condition operation among the NPC, the differ- they consider the limitations of such ent sports federations, in particular, field tests. For example, with aerobic those with integrated sports oppor- capacity tests, environmental condi- tunities for both able-bodied and tions, such as temperature or the Paralympic athletes, and sport scien- track/field surface, can influence the tists from different universities. The results obtained. Notwithstanding department organizes, co-ordinates, some limitations, field tests do provide and reinforces interaction among benefits in assessing the individual athletes, trainers/coaches, and sport- progress of athletes if the experimen- specific experts and is responsible for tal conditions (both environmental knowledge workshops. as well as equipment-user interface related) are standardized. E. Questions Sports counselling will only be successful when, besides testing, the knowledge from research findings is • Do your athletes and coaches transferred to the trainers, coaches consult with sports scientists to and sport technical officers from the help enhance their performance? NPC, and when complemented with • Does the NPC have an elite- athlete personality and psychology sport department and/or a sport counselling. counselling service? On a regular basis, scientific pre- • Can you liaise with sports sentations should be put in layman’s scientists at universities/ language for the athletes and trainers/ research centres?

3.130Image credit:PA RYvesAL YVanlandewijckMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 2 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.131 CHAPTER 4: sports medicine

Image credit: Getty Images PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.133 A. Introduction the requirements of his/her sport. time. Many potential gold medal win- So, when the stress of daily training ners have not performed to their true Fitness and good health are terms that are readily associated leads to indications of chronic fatigue potential due to an injury received either near the date of competition, with sport. Recreational sport can contribute to good health and or overtraining, flus, or colds, lethargy or other symptoms, the physician can or when it seriously disrupted their fitness, and the association between the sport, health andfit- work with the coach and other health training and preparation. ness can do much to persuade governments to provide sport care professionals to try to maximize facilities. Creating a training regime where pre- the medical services to keep the ath- vention of injury is fully factored is a lete training effectively. necessary first step. When an injury, For the top-level and competitive them at all times. Athletes themselves muscle soreness or pain, a possible sportsman and woman, it is vital have the responsibility to pass on 2. Services Following an Injury muscle tear, back pain or other symp- that the body is healthy and in peak appropriate medical (and technical) tom arises, early diagnosis by, for working order despite the extra work information to coaches, event orga- Inevitably, competitors and sports example, a soft tissue injury specialist and stress that is placed upon it. nizers and the like upon request. people become injured either through and a proper programme of treat- Therefore, the involvement of the traumatic incidents, or through stress ment and rehabilitation are critical. medical profession in the prepa- An awareness of the risks of com- placed on the body due to the inten- Bringing the competitor back to full ration for competition is of vital mon medical problems experienced sity and frequency of the training or fitness, following an injury, is amat- by Paralympic athletes is essential importance. competition. It is vital for the competi- ter of collaboration among the doctor, to prevent from the development tor after being injured to be properly the physiotherapist, the coach and The medical programme for athlete and progression of the unfortunate rehabilitated in the shortest possible the competitor. care should be consistent with that condition(s), and important for care provided to Olympic athletes. staff to identify the possible medical problems the athletes might face. The conditions that are most often Issues such as the extent of muscle observed in Paralympic athletes are and joint involvement, muscle tone cerebral palsy, paralysis, amputa- and coordination, sensory loss, heat/ tions, visual impairments, and certain cold intolerance, susceptibility to intellectual disabilities. It is important fractures, dangers of exacerbation, for a medical team to understand or the likelihood of progression of that treating elite athletes with these disease symptoms are all important disabilities can be very different from considerations. providing treatment to patients in typical physical medicine and reha- Though it is expected that Paralympic bilitation or physiatrist practices. The athletes should practice routine pre- athletes are often experts on their ventive measures to achieve and disabilities and how they manage maintain optimal health to achieve their health, so they should be active maximal performance, research has participants in determining treatment shown that Paralympic athletes often options. do not seek medical consultation for problems they consider inherent The requirements of sports medicine to their impairment. Consequently, by high-level sport can be summa- they too often try to “work through” rized as follows: an illness or disease. Unfortunately, this “self-management” sometimes 1. The Monitoring of General Health prevents proper assessment of the problem and appropriate medical care As with able-bodied athletes, at an early stage in its development. Paralympic athletes should be ‘cleared’ for sport and checked Fortunately, more and more fre- that they do not have medical com- quently, top-level Paralympic athletes plications that may limit or prohibit have access to designated and involvement in (competitive) sport. trained sport medicine physicians, Team physicians should have a medi- who provide regular monitoring, and cal history report on all athletes with who get to know the athlete and Image credit: Lieven Coudenys

3.134 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.135 Thanks to sustained efforts in the the health and safety for the Each team travelling abroad should • Transportation, including past, particularly during Winter athlete, consult a physician to assist with the availability and accessibility Paralympic Games, the IPC has planning of the trip, even if no physi- since it may not be possible to • Monitoring IPC policies and gained knowledge of different inju- cian will be travelling with the team. hire vehicles in some countries, procedures specific to the ries that occur in Paralympic athletes. The physician should be able to give medical aspects of athletic • Sports facilities, A systematic injury survey is avail- advice on adapting to the climate, the performance e.g., doping, gender able through the IPC Medical and frequency and timing of Games, the • Accessibility for athletes with a testing, and medical services at Scientific Department. time required for acclimatization to disability, the Games altitude and different time zones, the • Communication, including required immunizations, the health 3. educational and Information whether mobile phones can be precautions, and the medical services Services C. Medical Services at Home used within the country and and facilities in the country to be vis- where local SIM cards can be It is important that in the process ited. One can obtain this information purchased, of training and fine tuning a com- Athletes must receive regular medi- during a pre-visit, or by searching for petitor that the coach and the cal attention from specialists who medical information, possibly through • First aid knowledge and training competitor develop good healthy understand the stresses associated the country’s embassy or consular for staff if no medical staff are habits. Frequently, the doctor, physio- with training and competition, and office in your country. accompanying the team, therapist and other medical personnel have the know-how to return a sick • A risk assessment of the play a vital role in safeguarding against or injured athlete to a healthy state as Furthermore, it is important to medical conditions of travelling injury and poor health. The doctor can quickly as possible, and the skill and address the particularities of travel- staff and athletes should be advise on correct habits of hygiene, experience to diagnose and prescribe ling with Paralympic athletes, such as made e.g., for diabetes, asthma sleep, awareness of travel associated treatment accurately. medical care/supervision during long and epilepsy. problems, and on the significance of hauls, including looking after such One can find medical services in most symptoms (imagined or otherwise) things as pressure sores, dehydration, communities by investigating: and what to do about them. The toilet use, etc., and travel logistics, 2. Travel Tips such as transfers in and out of cars, physiotherapist can advise on the • Local hospitals, importance of warm-up exercises, of planes, buses and the accessibility of a) general stretching and of good posture and • Local physicians who appear to facilities. • It may not be easy to find the mechanics of motion, and the dieti- show an interest in sport, necessary medications when travelling so be sure to take cian on good and bad eating habits. • Local medical schools or health 1. before the Trip (i.e., team man- what you need. Pack some in professional training centres, ager research relevant medical info Educating athletes and coaches – hospitals, pharmacies, etc) your hand luggage in case your about doping in sport, and advising • Government or military health checked baggage does not them on what medications and supple- clinics or agencies, Factors that can be researched prior arrive. ments are safe to use are important. to the team travelling are: • Sport associations or teams who The chapter on Doping Control • Determine immunization have used medical services, (Module 7, Chapter 3) elaborates fur- • Ambient temperature/weather needs for the team. Ensure vaccinations are current, ther on this issue. • Professional associations, conditions by the competition including polio and tetanus. You such as medical, dental, site, may require vaccines for yellow physiotherapy, dietetic, sports • Diet and preparation of meals, fever, cholera, and typhoid. B. The Role of the NPC medicine, etc., • General hygienic conditions, If prevention of malaria is a • Schools or voluntary medical aid concern, you must take anti- • Travel time from home to the The role of the NPC involves: services. malarial drugs prior to your country of competition, village to departure, during the trip, • Providing educational venue, and upon return. The cholera experiences in D. Medical Services when sport to a variety of physicians • Immunization requirements of vaccine gives you only partial wanting Travelling the Host Nation, protection against the disease and proper hygiene is necessary to specialize in sport medicine, • The availability of medications, When a team travels, it needs the to prevent the disease. • Providing encouragement for the same medical support services as it • Health insurance requirements, Gamma globulin provides some development of knowledge and has at home. Travelling poses great- including repatriation, protection against hepatitis A. the required professional skills er difficulties in providing medical All inoculations and vaccinations for practitioners, • General living conditions, care, but the advantages of hav- including accommodation, should be completed before • Encouraging the existence and ing a physician and/or nursing staff departure. delivery of co-ordinated medical/ accompanying the team should be • Special allocation for NPC medical services, • Have each athlete carry a paramedical/scientific services considered to ensure a continuation medical “passport” with his/ that maintain a strong focus on of daily medical supervision.

3.136 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.137 obtain assistance and determine • Checking the player’s weight the location of the nearest daily indicates whether the pharmacy. quantity of food, the caloric • The team physician should or fluid intake needs to be establish a specific time each increased, day for visits by injured or sick • Snacks and fluids probably team members, and should visit should be taken from the hotel each player in the evening to to the competition venue for inquire about his/her health. The refreshment after training or physician should be available at competition. Do not rely on all times for emergency cover finding adequate snacks at the and, therefore, should ensure stadiums, everyone knows where to contact him/her. • The athletes should be careful not to miss meals, and to get b) diarrhea enough fluids. • This condition is faced by every d) travel Fatigue and Jet Lag traveller, but is particularly important to travelling athletes • Air travel creates certain since it causes large salt and problems, such as dehydration fluid losses from the body and from travelling at altitude, depletes energy resources. changes in body rhythms (jet lag), lack of mobility (stiffness). • Travellers suffering from mild For long plane trips, drink at least diarrhea should try a fluid a cup of fluid every hour, avoid diet. In the case of severe alcohol, stretch and walk in the diarrhea additional liquid intake plane. Try to prevent athletes under medical supervision is from travelling tired and do not recommended. stress them excessively once c) diet Considerations they arrive. These stresses on the body may occur simply due Image credit: Lieven Coudenys • All uncooked food is a potential to waiting times whilst travelling source of disease, even when time zones are not • A change in diet can cause crossed, her medical details about • If team members embark on intestinal disturbances, • Time zone changes create special medical problems, such casual sexual relationships • Tomato juice is an excellent added stresses. The symptoms as asthma, diabetes, injuries, when travelling, condoms source of electrolytes, of jet lag are fatigue, distortion medication, vaccinations, and or diaphragms are a wise of the senses, upset stomach, allergies. Consider arranging precaution, as is careful washing • Salt should be taken with food, constipation or diarrhea, and the medical insurance for your trip. after intercourse. If a member is • Carbohydrate input should be inability to sleep. The cause of The policy should cover medical suspected to have contracted a high, and carbohydrate-rich this is that the body cycles are services in the country you are sexually transmitted disease, a snacks such as candy should be out of synchrony with the new visiting and also the cost of physician must be consulted. available, environment. The situation can flying you home if you are in an be improved by arriving in the accident or contract a serious • Reduce the risk of insect bites • A carbohydrate-rich and evening. illness. by wearing trousers, shirts with easily digestible meal three long sleeves, and by avoiding hours before a competition is • Extended sleep (i.e., 12 hours) • Your team should have a medical wet, shady areas. recommended, following a long plane flight can kit that includes dressings for make up for sleep lost. However, cuts, abrasions and blisters, • Upon arrival, the physician or • With adequate meals, extra a night’s rest will not bring the antiseptics, simple painkillers, manager should visit or obtain vitamins are not needed. body’s biological rhythms into insect-repellent, sunscreen information about the local However, if fruits and salads are synch with local time. It usually lotion, an oral rehydration hospital and its admission excluded from the diet, vitamins mixture (packages of glucose/ procedures and physiotherapy should be taken, particularly takes a day for each time zone salt mixtures to add to fluid) for services, and should contact a vitamin C, and iron can also be crossed before the adjustment treatment of diarrhea. local physician or team doctor to considered, is complete.

3.138 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.139 • Maximum oxygen consumption, in early morning hours when the maximum strength and power, temperature does not exceed maximum co-ordination and 27 degrees C (80 degrees F). mental skills are all affected by • Athletes should wear light biological rhythms. One cannot athletic clothing and have expect peak performance sunscreen lotion and hats to until the biological clock has protect against sunburn. been adjusted. Usually peak performances are achieved • Particularly spinal cord injured during the afternoon or athletes and athletes with lack early evening. It appears of muscle coordination function that significant performance (e.g. Cerebral Palsy) may have declines are greater when impaired abilities to regulate their travelling eastbound rather than body temperature, particularly westbound. during exercise and specialist advice should be sought. • Remember that air travel involves long periods of waiting f) re-hydration Strategies around. Even when travelling without passing time zones, • Monitor body weight and travelling will still be tiring. attempt to restore any fluid weight lost, e) heat • Drink plenty of fluids with meals, • Significant heat injury may occur • Drink water, juices, or isotonic at all temperatures 20 degrees mixtures, C (69 degrees F) and above. • Monitor your urine frequency • The body temperature may and colour to ensure it is passed rise to 38 – 39 degrees C regularly at a light straw colour, (102 – 103 degrees F) during rather than infrequently at a steady exercise and repeated strong yellow, intermittent sprint exercise in the heat. • Thirst is a poor indicator of the need for fluid.Y ou need fluids • The average 68 kg male may before you become thirsty. lose 1.5 to 2.0 litres of sweat per hour. Frequent fluid intake during training/competition is E. Your Situation necessary. • Heat can cause muscle cramps, • How is sport medicine set up in joint pains, blisters, fatigue. your country? The symptoms of heat stress • What are the strengths and are headache, dizziness, weaknesses of your approach? disorientation, nausea, decrease in sweat rate, pale cold skin or • Who are the qualified sport feeling chilly. medicine specialists in your country? • Distance runners, football players and others who work • What recommendations for continuously over long periods of change do you have that would time are particularly susceptible improve your situation? to heat stress. Equipment may • What specific programmes or limit effective heat dissipation. activities can your association • Distance races (greater than 16 undertake to improve medical km or 10 miles) should be held services for your athletes?

3.140 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUALImage credit: | MODULE Getty Images 8 3.141 CHAPTER 5: THE COACH devELOPMENT PROGRAMME

Image credit: Getty Images PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.143 A. The Need for Trained adequate time to allow them Full-time, properly supported coach- • Can government or school Coaches to completely concentrate es who work with a small number leaders help train your on their athletes, to have a of athletes should result in the win- prospective coaches? “normal” family life, and to ning formula of helping maximize the World-class coaches are one of the have a “career” that provides potential of the athletes. 4. What are the characteristics of a most essential factors needed to reasonable security, and benefits coaches’ training programme? develop top-level athletes. and incentive for continuing. C. How to Organize a Coaches • Most comprehensive programmes recognize that A coach who is highly knowledge- 3. Providing both adequate Development Programme training must be provided for able, motivated, intense, sensitive to compensation and enough time individual needs, and successful in usually two to four levels of for coaches to coach and plan 1. To start, the sport must identify its experience. The first level may solving problems can create a train- may be the most important specific needs. be very basic, and be oriented ing environment that helps athletes. issues to address. If coaches towards encouraging individuals • What level of expertise is are poorly paid, and do not have to become involved, and to If the coach has poor technical or needed? World-class? National first-rate working conditions, be reasonably competent in theoretical knowledge, lacks experi- calibre? Local? they either will quit, or they working with beginners. ence in working with athletes with will not be able to do their job • How many coaches are required • Coaches’ training must relate a disability, is unable to direct a at each level over the next five appropriately. to three needs: sport-specific comprehensive programme, is not years? motivated, or cannot spend the nec- 4. support must be given for technical knowledge, coaching • What resources/facilities/ essary time, an athlete will not reach theory and practical experience. personal coaches to travel with teachers are available to train his/her potential. their athletes to competitions them? Are there existing training • Sport-specific knowledge prior to the Paralympic Games. includes subjects such as It is often extraordinarily difficult for plans available in your sport that These coaches should also you can consider using? technique, strategy and training sports in developing countries to cre- be supported to attend the plans. ate a system to develop top-level • Who are the quality coaches or Paralympic Games. • Theoretical knowledge includes coaches, especially for Paralympic teachers in your area? Can they help you plan your programme? subjects such as psychology, sports. However, this challenge must 5. most successful coaches have physiology, biomechanics, be faced because failure to do so only a few athletes whom they • Are there other sports bodies principles of training, athletic means limiting the programme to a are responsible for, so they are who have successfully injuries, diet, etc. lower level. Just as there are athlete able to give more attention to implemented coaches training development programmes, there them. plans? • Awarding certification for accomplishing a certain level is must be development programmes • Can the NPC count on support/ important in motivating coaches In summary, coaches face the follow- for coaches. expertise from similar initiatives to continue to train and in ing challenges: on the NOC side? identifying accomplishments. B. Challenges Facing Coaches • Personal financial limitations, 2. When you have established your • Coaching programmes should • A lack of long-term security, needs, and have some idea of encourage the development your resources, you can begin of more coaches and better Surveys of coaches of medallists in • Pressure from family, to establish a plan that will coaches. elite sports events have demonstrat- • Dealing with federation or club guide your efforts in meeting ed that: your goals. Training coaches is 5. review these possible politics and administration, a long-term project requiring opportunities for training 1. there appears to be very • A minimum number of talented a systematic approach. The coaches: considerable stress on coaches, athletes, plan must also be flexible and many of whom are working sensitive to the ever-changing • Sport specific clinics, involving under senseless conditions • Limited commitments from needs of the coaches. national or international calibre (long hours, little pay, sacrificing athletes, coaches or technical experts, 3. you must consider the available personal and family life, and not • Limited facilities, • Coaching theory clinics (i.e., resources. having adequate resources). sport physiology, biomechanics, • Limited programme resources, and training theory), 2. coaches require a significant • Can IPSFs/IOSDs provide • Limited training partners, opportunities? increase in financial support to • Apprenticeship programmes even modest levels, and • Little support from others. • Can Organizational Development where a promising junior coach Initiative funds from the IPC help works and trains with a senior establish a regular programme? level coach,

3.144 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.145 • Physical education training at a • The necessary time, It is very important to have a domes- provide an honorarium or salary to university or college, tic coach shadow the foreign coach your coaches. • Practical, problem-solving skills, coach to learn from him/her. • Practical experiences in training • Ideally, training in physical Ask your coaches what are the and organizing athletes, education or extensive greatest difficulties or frustrations • Access to coaching literature, experience in disability sport, E. Should Coaches be Paid? they face when developing their pro- films, sport research, grammes. Do they mention the need • Integrity. publications, for a salary, or the conflict that their The coach probably has the most coaching has with their work, or their • Monthly seminars on specific 8. determine how you can keep demanding role in sport, even when family? Feedback from coach to sport topics, inviting coaches to meet coaches involved, and working considering the athlete, administrator, administrator is essential and requires with specialists (i.e., medical), hard, over a long period of time. official or judge. Some would argue frank and open communication. To or to discuss specific topics that coaching is the most lonely and create a flourishing environment, the (i.e., how to motivate athletes, intensive role in sport, and requires coach should always have a voice strength training, diet). D. Hiring Foreign Coaches the greatest degree of knowledge when decisions affecting him/her are and skill. Most would agree that it made. 6. establish your plan takes several years of experience Often, the quickest way to achieve to develop a world-class coach, and In countries where a salary or an quality coaching is to import the exper- • Determine the amount and type that it is essential to develop such honorarium may not be possible, are tise. This may provide the desired of knowledge required at each coaches to develop quality athletes. there other financial incentives? For result, but, sometimes the results can level and the time required to example, will an employer give an be disappointing. Again, it is essential relay it to participants. This Therefore, sport administrators must employee some time to coach, without to know exactly what is needed, and will ensure some consistent consider the training and support of decreasing his/her salary? Be cre- to develop a wise plan. knowledge in the background of coaches. ative. Consider solutions such as job each coaching candidate. The advantages of hiring foreign While it is true that world-class ath- sharing, which is particularly effective • Resources must be established coaches include: letes can be developed by both when the sharing is with an individual for each level. volunteer and paid coaches, the in a field related to coaching, such as • Expertise is immediately demands of international sport today teaching and sport administration. • Set up a training programme to available, develop competent instructors make it more and more difficult to Are there forms of recognition or for each level, or locate • Possible indirect positive effects achieve international success without reward that compensate for the lack instructors who are already include establishing a role full-time, qualified coaches. of financial support? Are your volun- model for younger coaches, capable of teaching each level. Such world-class coaches, whether teer coaches recognized and really establishing training programmes appreciated by your sport? How do • Set up a structure to offer the paid for their coaching or not, have and/or instilling an attitude of you express this support? One simple, courses. This should be directed a number of common characteristics, excellence, free, and effective method is to name from a central agency, possibly such as the ability to work long hours, the coach and his/her role in an ath- the NPC, but, should encourage • There often is a dramatic being strongly motivated, being highly lete’s success in every news release. involvement from sports improvement in the programme. knowledgeable, and being able to Consider recognition schemes such governing bodies. establish an effective athlete-coach The disadvantages of hiring foreign relationship. as “Coach of the Year”. Athletes, • Recognize coaches who coaches include: parents, and Mission staff could nom- successfully complete a Do coaches need to be paid? Some inate coaches who display “a special specific level by some form of • It may be costly, in terms of do. Some need to work full or part- brand of care and concern for young certification. Different levels of salary, travel and support, time at coaching and, therefore, must people”. competition require different have support. Some appreciate or • There may be culture shock for calibre coaches. Coaches are motivated by being paid. then should be encouraged to the coach, and his family, that F. Relationships Between detracts from his/her ability to progress through those levels. On the other hand, some coaches Coaches and Others perform, have other means of support or 7. the coaching candidates • There may be language another career, and are motivated not At most levels of sport development, you choose to train should difficulties, by money, but by their affiliation with possess most of the following sport, with supporting talented young the coach often finds himself/her- characteristics: • His/her stay may be limited, men and women with disabilities to self doing practically everything that needs to be done, from recruiting, • Often there is no real residual achieve their goals, with travel and • Intelligent, highly motivated, training athletes, organizing competi- expertise left when the coach with the numerous challenges involved tions, fundraising, counselling athletes, leaves. in trying to improve athletes. • Interest in long-term involvement administering the programme and so with sport, As you review the strengths and on. As the level of training becomes Could the funds spent on importing • Teaching skills, weaknesses of your coaches, or increasingly more comprehensive, a foreign coaches be better spent on your coaches’ training programme, coach will need more and more assis- • Excellent interpersonal establishing an ongoing local training ask yourself how important it is to tance so he/she can concentrate relationships, programme?

3.146 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.147 more fully on coaching. This means performance? The ability to develop performance. dependency; that the coach must work with others the talent, teach the skills, and nur- • Explain the behaviour expected who can support his/her efforts with ture the mental toughness essential 9. recognize individual differences of parents. For instance, make the athletes. to high performance attracts media in athletes and always think it clear that they are expected interest in and of itself. The coach of the athlete’s long-term best to respect the officials and that Who are these other people the coach who works well with the media has interests; they are not to yell instructions must interact with? They include learned to appreciate its reach and to players. 10. Aim for excellence based upon administrators, athletes, their parents, understands it can even improve an realistic goals and the athlete’s fundraisers, club officials, medical athlete’s performance. • Recognize the need for regular growth and development; and other experts, and federation and open communication officials. A coach’s relationship with Unfortunately, too often coaches with parents to avoid 11. Lead by example, be sport administrators, the media, and and athletes are apprehensive when misunderstandings. co-operative, and have self- parents are particularly important. confronted by the media, perhaps viewing the reporter as an adversary • Be positive and open about discipline, respect for officials who is interested only in digging for feedback because this will and opponents, and the proper Coaches and Sport Administrators sensational or negative stories rather build parents’ trust in the coach attitudes in language, dress and There are two important principles than focusing on the performances and lead to an even better deportment; of the athletes or the team or the programme. for sports administrators to consider. 12. Make sport challenging and results of the day. The interview pro- The first is that the athlete-coach fun. Skills and techniques need cess does not have to be a dreaded relationship is the most important in not be learned painfully. Be the development of the athlete. The experience, but can be an exciting G. Values and Ethics for honest and consistent with second is that sport administrators opportunity. Coaches athletes because they normally exist to support the athletes and appreciate knowing where they coaches, and to develop their sport. The coach should: Coaches and Parents stand; The more sports administrators can 1. act with integrity in performing 13. Be prepared to interact with the nourish and develop the training all duties owed to athletes, the “The success of a sport programme media, league officials and environment, the more likely they are sport, other members of the depends primarily on the quality of parents because they too have to be successful in performing their coaching profession and the adult leadership. Teachers, coaches, important roles to play in sport; essential tasks. officials, spectators, and parents all public; affect the experience and determine to 14. Ensure that no harassment of If administrators and club officials can 2. strive to be well prepared and a large extent whether it will be positive.” any form exists in the sport provide good facilities and equipment, current so all his/her duties in the environment. organize good competitions, raise “However, of all the adults involved, respective discipline are fulfilled funds, secure assistance or expertise parents and coaches are perhaps the with competence; In conclusion, a sport administrator and assist in promoting success, then should look for the attributes listed most important. It’s their attitudes, 3. act in the best interest of the they are contributing to the athletes below in coaches, and remember the beliefs, and behaviours that undoubt- athlete’s development as a and coaches. relationship between the coach and edly affect the child the most.” * whole person; sport administrator is essential to ath- The coach must constantly strive to letic success: work co-operatively with parents, club 4. accept both the letter and the In some countries, tradition discourag- officials and so on. Often establish- spirit of the rules that define and es parental involvement in children’s • Able to understand the ing good and productive relationships govern sport; sport. However, where coach-par- training standards required for requires a considerable amount of ent relationships are the norm, the 5. accept the role of officials in international performance; effort, patience and cooperation. coach’s goal should be to develop providing judgement to ensure • Willing to do the required work; What ties all these groups together positive and meaningful interactions that competitions are conducted • Passionate; are the common goals of providing with participants’ parents. The follow- fairly; good experiences for youngsters in ing few simple steps can be helpful: • Able to convince athletes to 6. express courtesy, good faith and sport. follow; • Ask the sport administrator to respect to the officials and other organize a meeting with parents coaches; • Organized and focused; Coaches and the Media to discuss the programme’s • Practical problem solver; objectives and the approach to 7. maintain the highest standards Although most coaches prefer the coaching that will be practised. of personal conduct and support • Sport expert; spotlight to be shone on their ath- the principles of fair play; letes, they too are often the focus • Describe in detail the behaviour • Able to retain total control; of media attention. Who better to the coach will be enforcing, such 8. Be a resource person able to • Confident in his/her actions; analyze and evaluate an athlete’s as rewarding effort rather than assist the athlete to develop his/ her athletic potential and self- • Experienced in tactics.

3.148 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 8 3.149 MODULE 9: 9annex

PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL 3.151 A. Index B. Glossary of Terms

Accreditation, 1.52, 3.10, 3.120 Media, 1.50. 2.109, 2.111, 3.10, 3.36 AmericasPC Americas Paralympic IOC International Olympic Press, 1.53, 1.54 At the Games, 1.51 Committee Committee Conference, 3.44 Anti-doping, 1.34, 3.59, 3.64, 3.76 AsianPC Asian Paralympic Council IOSD International Organizations of Release, 3.42 Sport for the Disabled Code, 3.79 ASCOD African Sports NPC Role, 3.83 NPC, 1.21, 1.47, 1.53 Confederation for Disabled IPC International Paralympic WADA, 3.78 Planning, 2.46 Committee BAC Board of Appeal of Role, 1.21 Budget, 2.18, 2.27, 2.39, 2.60, 2.63, 2.74, Classification IPD International Paralympic Day 2.106, 2.107, 2.113, 2.114 Suppliers, 2.116 BOCOG Beijing 2008 Organizing IPSF International Paralympic Sport Government support, 2.8, 2.90, 2.106, Organisation, 3.106 Committee Federation 3.50 Planning, 1.35, 1.60, 2.24, 2.46, 2.50, 2.87, CAS Court of Arbitration for Sport ISMWSF International Stoke Mandeville CAS, 3.84, 3.85, 3.98 2.92, 3.18, 3.35, 3.116 Wheelchair Sports Federation CISS International Committee of Events, 3.113 Ceremony, 1.10, 1.18, 1.52, 1.53, 3.10, 3.58, Sports for the Deaf ISOD International Sports 3.60 Programmes, 2.47, 3.50, 3.51 Organization for the Disabled CPISRA Cerebral Palsy International Classification, 1.10, 1.19, 1.36, 1.47, 1.52, Administration, 3.63 Sports and Recreation ITF International Tennis Federation 3.58, 3.59, 3.60, 3.61 Coaches, 3.144 Association IWAS International Wheelchair and At the Games, 3.72 Education, 1.56 EBU European Broadcasting Union Amputee Sports Federation IPC Code, 1.24, 3.64, 3.69 Evaluation, 2.84 NPC Role, 3.70 Women, 1.42 EPC European Paralympic IWBF International Wheelchair Committee Basketball Federation Communication, 1.20, 2.25, 2.80, 2.87, 3.32, Resources, 2.25, 2.27, 2.47, 2.50, 2.56, 3.50, 3.73, 3.84, 3.110, 3.118, 3.137 2.70, 2.78 FEI International Equestrian LOC Local Organizing Committee Federation Events, 3.106 Evaluation, 2.90 London 2012 London 2012 Organizing FESPIC Far East and South Pacific Committee Sciences, 3.128 Facilities, 1.33, 1, 35, 1.49, 1. 51, 2.85, 2.86, Games for the Disabled 2.91, 2.95, 3.11, 3.18, 3.118 Library, 1.57 NOC National Olympic Committee At the Games, 1.51 Training, 3.136 FOP Field of Play NPC National Paralympic Fair Play, 3.58 Sponsorship, 1.23, 2.90, 2.104, 2.111 GA General Assembly Committee Negotiation, 2.116 Games, 1.10, 1.21, 1.25, 1.29, 1.32, 2.94 GAISF General Association OCOG Organizing Committee for the of International Sports Olympic Games Bid, 1.33 Sport, 1.24, 1.39 Federations Organisation, 1.35 ODI Organizational Development Technology, 3.10 Participation, 1.42 HQ Headquarters – Initiative TV, 1.54 Bonn, Germany Headquarter, 1.12 OGKS Olympic Games Knowledge IBSA International Blind Sports Service IPC, 1.18 Volunteer, 1.47, 2.69, 2.86, 2.98, 3.119 Federation OPC Oceania Paralympic Marketing, 1.18, 2.11, 2.116 ICAS International Council of Committee Committee, 2.27, 2.104 Arbitration for Sport NPC Rights, 1.21 PG Paralympic Games ICSSPE International Council of Sport Science and Physical POC Paralympic Organizing Education Committee

IF International Federation PRIS Paralympic Results Information Systems IFDS International Association for Disabled Sailing PSD Paralympic School Day

INAS FID International Sports PWG Paralympic Winter Games Federation for Persons with RC Regional Championships an Intellectual Disability

3.152 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 9 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 9 3.153 RO Regional Organization TOP Olympic Partner Programme

SF Sports Forum UCI International Cycling Union

SAEC Sports Assembly Executive VIK Value in Kind Committee VANOC Vancouver 2010 Organizing SC Sports Council Committee

SCMC Sports Council Management WADA World Anti-Doping Agency Committee WADC World Anti-Doping Code SOI Special Olympics International WC World Championships SSC Sport Science Committee WCF World Curling Federation TD Technical Delegate WOVD World Organization Volleyball TO Technical Official for Disabled

TOK Transfer of Knowledge

C. Links

Upcoming Paralympic Games International Organizations Sport for Disabled (IOSD) Vancouver 2010 Paralympic Winter Games IOSDs www.vancouver2010.com www.paralympic.org/IPC/Contacts/ IOSDs/index.html London 2012 Paralympic Games www.london2012.com Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association Sochi 2014 Paralympic (CPISRA) Winter Games www.cpisra.org www.sochi2014.com International Blind Sports Federation Rio 2016 Paralympic Games (IBSA) www.rio2016.com www.ibsa.es

International Sports Federation for National Paralympic Committees Persons with an Intellectual Disability National Paralympic Committees (INAS-FID) www.paralympic.org/IPC/Contacts/ www.inas-fid.org NPCs/index.html International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS) Regional Paralympic Committees www.iwasf.com African Sport Confederation for Disabled (ASCOD) International Sports Organizations www.ascod.org (IF) Americas Paralympic Committee IFs www.americasparalympic.org www.paralympic.org/IPC/Contacts/ Image credit: Lieven Coudenys IFs/index.html European Paralympic Committee www.europaralympic.org

3.154 PARALYMPIC ADMINISTRATION MANUAL | MODULE 9 Edited and Published by The IPC Academy and the World Academy of Sport

International Paralympic Committee: phone +49 228 2097200 email [email protected] web www.paralympic.org