Is the Main Law on Drug Classification in the UK. It Classifies Drugs B

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Is the Main Law on Drug Classification in the UK. It Classifies Drugs B Misuse of Drugs Act (1971) is the main law on drug The Psychoactive Substances Act (2016) has come into classification in the UK. It classifies drugs by the degree of force on 26 May 2016. social harm. The most severe crimes can be punished with a Under the PSA it is an offence to Produce, Supply, Offer to life sentence and unlimited fine. supply, Possess with intent to supply, or Possess on custodial It is amended to add new substances as evidence on their premises and to Import or Export Psychoactive Substances i.e. harm is gathered. Temporary Class Drug Orders (TCDO’s) can any substance intended for human consumption that is capable 24 January 2017 be placed on substances which are suspected to be harmful of producing psychoactive effects. It carries a maximum while evidence is gathered to support classification. sentence of up to 7 years and unlimited fine. Class A Drugs Class B Drugs Class C Drugs Produced on Max. Possession: 7 years & fine Possession: 5 years & fine Possession: 2 years & fine Penalty Supply: life & fine MoDA(1971) Supply: 14 years & fine MoDA(1971) Supply: 14 years & fine MoDA(1971) LSD Cannabis Anabolic steroids LSD related substances Synthetic Cannabinoids GHB and GBL - Tryptamines - Mephedrone (Meow Meow) Khat AMT (Banned Oct 2014) - ‘Spice’/’Black Mamba’ containing MSJ 5-MeO–DALT AM-2201 or UR-144 Tranquilisers and Benzodiazepines (Banned Jan 2015) Amphetamines including - ALD-52, AL-LAD, ETH-LAD, PRO- Barbiturates - Rohypnol, LAD and LSZ Codeine - Diazepam, (Banned Jan 2015) Naphyrone – ‘Rave’, ‘NRG1’, ‘NRG-1’, - Temazepam, Heroin ‘Energy1’, ‘Energy-1’ - Phenazepam Heroin related substances 2-DPMP, D2PM and - AH7921 (opiate derivative) diphenylmethylpyrrolidine (stimulant Banned Oct 2014 found in ‘Ivory Wave’ NPS) Cocaine Methoxetamine (MXE) Magic Mushrooms Ketamine Crack Benzofuran Compounds Ecstasy - Benzo Fury, White Pearl, 6-APDB, PMA 6-APB, 5-APDB, 5-APB (Banned Methadone 10/06/2014) Methylphenidate (Ritalin) (unless prescribed). Substances placed under a Temporary Psychoactive Substances that may Legal Class Drug Order (TCDO) contain classified drugs. Max. Possession: Varies Production: 7 years & fine Legal for over 18s personal use and Penalty Supply: As Class A, B or C MoDA (1971) Supply: 7 years & fine PSA(2016) regulations on production and supply Methylphenidate compounds Salvia Divinorum (Mexican Spice) Alcohol - Ethylnaphthidate (ethyl 2-phenyl- Bromo-dragonfly Nicotine 24 January 2017 2- (piperidin-2-yl)acetate) ‘Cloud Nine’ (‘Gogaine’ and ‘Burst’) Naphyrone - NRG-2 - 3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate Sparkle MDAI (3,4-DCMP) STS-135 Synthetic Cannabinoids - 4-Methylmethylphenidate (L ME TMP) Produced on - Isopropylphenidate (IPH / IPPD) - Propylphenidate (PPH) - Methiopropamine (MPA) Unclassified / Regulated Solvents o Illegal to supply for human consumption o Over 18s may purchase if items are not to be consumed Alkyl Nitrates (Poppers) o can be regulated under the Medicines Act 1968 to fine shops for selling poppers. Possession is not illegal but supply can be an offence. Nitrous Oxide o Illegal to supply for human consumption, except for medical use o Over 18s may purchase if items are not to be consumed .
Recommended publications
  • How Pre-Clinical Studies Have Influenced Novel Psychoactive Substance Legislation in the UK and Europe
    Article How preclinical studies have influenced novel psychoactive substance legislation in the UK and Europe Santos, Raquel, Guirguis, Amira and Davidson, Colin Available at http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/31793/ Santos, Raquel ORCID: 0000-0003-3129-6732, Guirguis, Amira and Davidson, Colin ORCID: 0000-0002-8180-7943 (2020) How preclinical studies have influenced novel psychoactive substance legislation in the UK and Europe. British Journal Of Clinical Pharmacology, 86 (3). pp. 452-481. ISSN 0306-5251 It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14224 For more information about UCLan’s research in this area go to http://www.uclan.ac.uk/researchgroups/ and search for <name of research Group>. For information about Research generally at UCLan please go to http://www.uclan.ac.uk/research/ All outputs in CLoK are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including Copyright law. Copyright, IPR and Moral Rights for the works on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the policies page. CLoK Central Lancashire online Knowledge www.clok.uclan.ac.uk How Pre-Clinical Studies Have Influenced Novel Psychoactive Substance Legislation in The UK and Europe Raquel Santos1, Amira Guirguis2 & Colin Davidson1* 1School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical & Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, UK. 2Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK. *Corresponding author Colin Davidson School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science Faculty of Clinical & Biomedical Sciences University of Central Lancashire Preston PR1 2HE +44 (0)1772 89 3920 [email protected] Key words: novel psychoactive substance, legal high, legislation, toxicity, abuse Running Head: review of NPS pharmacology The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare Page | 1 Abstract Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are new drugs of abuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Free PDF Download
    European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2019; 23: 3-15 Use of cognitive enhancers: methylphenidate and analogs J. CARLIER1, R. GIORGETTI2, M.R. VARÌ3, F. PIRANI2, G. RICCI4, F.P. BUSARDÒ2 1Unit of Forensic Toxicology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy 2Section of Legal Medicine, Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy 3National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy 4School of Law, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy Abstract. – OBJECTIVE: In the last decades, phenidate analogs should be undertaken to re- several cognitive-enhancing drugs have been duce the uprising threat, and education efforts sold onto the drug market. Methylphenidate and should be made among high-risk populations. analogs represent a sub-class of these new psy- choactive substances (NPS). We aimed to re- Key Words: view the use and misuse of methylphenidate and Cognitive enhancers, Methylphenidate, Ritalin, Eth- analogs, and the risk associated. Moreover, we ylphenidate, Methylphenidate analogs, New psycho- exhaustively reviewed the scientific data on the active substances. most recent methylphenidate analogs (methyl- phenidate and ethylphenidate excluded). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature Introduction search was performed on methylphenidate and analogs, using specialized search engines ac- cessing scientific databases. Additional reports Consumption of various pharmaceutical drugs were retrieved from international agencies, in- by healthy individuals in an attempt to improve stitutional websites, and drug user forums. cognitive faculties is on the rise, whether for aca- RESULTS: Methylphenidate/Ritalin has been demic or recreational purposes1. These substances used for decades to treat attention deficit disor- are stimulants that preferentially target the cate- ders and narcolepsy. More recently, it has been used as a cognitive enhancer and a recreation- cholamines of the prefrontal cortex of the brain to al drug.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
    Psychoactive Substances Bill Factsheet: Overview of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 1. The provisions of the Psychoactive Substances Bill will build on and complement the existing legislative framework for the control of dangerous drugs as contained in the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (the 1971 Act). This factsheet provides an overview of the provisions of the 1971 Act. The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 2. The 1971 Act provides the legislative framework for the regulation of “dangerous or otherwise harmful” drugs; the Act applies to the whole of the United Kingdom. The 1971 Act implements the UK’s international obligations under the United Nations Conventions for the prevention of drug misuse and trafficking, namely the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 19611 and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances 19712, which are complemented by the Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 19883. 3. The 1971 Act applies to "controlled drugs". This includes substances or products specified in Schedule 2 to the Act. That Schedule divides controlled drugs into one of three Classes – A, B and C – broadly based on their relative harms, with Class A drugs considered the most harmful. Examples of each class of drug are: Class A - cocaine, methadone and opium; Class B - amphetamine, cannabis and ketamine; Class C - khat and temazepam. In addition, controlled drugs include any substance or product specified in a temporary class drug order as a drug subject to temporary control (see below). 4. The 1971 Act provides for a range of offences in relation to controlled drugs, including: • importation and exportation (section 3); • production, supply or offering to supply (section 4); • possession and possession with intent to supply (section 5); and • permitting premises to be used for certain activities, including the production or supply of a controlled drug and smoking cannabis (section 8).
    [Show full text]
  • Peakal: Protons I Have Known and Loved — Fifty Shades of Grey-Market Spectra
    PeakAL: Protons I Have Known and Loved — Fifty shades of grey-market spectra Stephen J. Chapman* and Arabo A. Avanes * Correspondence to: Isomer Design, 4103-210 Victoria St, Toronto, ON, M5B 2R3, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] 1H NMR spectra of 28 alleged psychedelic phenylethanamines from 15 grey-market internet vendors across North America and Europe were acquired and compared. Members from each of the principal phenylethanamine families were analyzed: eleven para- substituted 2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamines (the 2C and 2C-T series); four para-substituted 3,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamines (mescaline analogues); two β-substituted phenylethanamines; and ten N-substituted phenylethanamines with a 2-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe), 2-hydroxybenzyl (NBOH), or 2,3-methylenedioxybenzyl (NBMD) amine moiety. 1H NMR spectra for some of these compounds have not been previously reported to our knowledge. Others have reported on the composition of “mystery pills,” single-dose formulations obtained from retail shops and websites. We believe this is the first published survey of bulk “research chemicals” marketed and sold as such. Only one analyte was unequivocally misrepresented. This collection of experimentally uniform spectra may help forensic and harm-reduction organizations identify these compounds, some of which appear only sporadically. The complete spectra are provided as supplementary data.[1] Keywords: 1H NMR, drug checking, grey markets, research chemicals, phenylethanamines, N-benzyl phenylethanamines, PiHKAL DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16889/isomerdesign-1 Published: 1 August 2015 Version: 1.03 “Once you get a serious spectrum collection, Nevertheless, an inherent weakness of grey markets is the the tendency is to push it as far as you can.”1 absence of regulatory oversight.
    [Show full text]
  • ACMD Statment of Evidence
    ACMD Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs Chair: Professor Les Iversen Secretary: Will Reynolds 3rd Floor Seacole Building 2. Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF 020 7035 0454 Email: [email protected] Minister of State for Crime Prevention and Antisocial Behaviour Reduction, Home Office 2. Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF 23rd March 2012 Dear Minister, I am writing in response to your formal request for the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) to provide advice on the drug methoxetamine, pursuant to section 2A of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (a temporary class drug order). I have pleasure in providing the ACMD’s consideration of the evidence concerning this drug. In providing this advice I would like to convey my thanks to the Home Office for its provision of information obtained via the Drugs Early Warning System (DEWS) and the Forensic Early Warning System (FEWS). Background In September 2010 internet dealers began to advertise a new product, methoxetamine, a close chemical analogue of ketamine. It was said to mimic the psychoactive effects of ketamine but represented a legal alternative. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) first detected this compound in the UK in September 2010, and has now received reports of its presence in many European countries. Its presence in police seizures has now been reported in samples from many different regions. There has been a rise in visits to the FRANK help site, and to the National Poisons Information Service (TOXBASE) in the past 6 months and also an increased, although small total number, of presentations of users with acute methoxetamine toxicity to hospital Emergency Departments.
    [Show full text]
  • The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 Amendment Order 2013
    EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM TO THE MISUSE OF DRUGS ACT 1971 (AMENDMENT) ORDER 2013 2013 No. 1. This explanatory memorandum has been prepared by the Home Office and is laid before Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. 2. Purpose of the instrument 2.1 This Order in Council (the “Order”) controls the following as Class B drugs under Part 2 of Schedule 2 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (the “1971 Act): (i) Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (synthetic cannabinoids) ; (ii) 2-(ethylamino)-2-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanone (commonly known as methoxetamine) and other compounds related to ketamine (Class C) and phencyclidine (Class A); and (iii) 2-((dimethylamino)methyl)-1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexanol (commonly known as “O-desmethyltramadol”, a metabolite of the prescription only medicine, tramadol). 3. Matters of special interest to the Joint Committee on Statutory Instruments 3.1 None. 4. Legislative Context 4.1 The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (“the 1971 Act”) controls drugs that are “dangerous or otherwise harmful”. Schedule 2 to the 1971 Act specifies these drugs and groups them in three categories – Part 1 lists drugs known as Class A drugs, Part 2 contains Class B drugs and Part 3 lists Class C drugs. The three-tier system of classification (A, B and C) provides a framework within which criminal penalties are set with reference to the harm a drug has or is capable of causing when misused and the type of illegal activity undertaken in regard to that drug. 4.2 Section 2 of the 1971 Act enables amendments to be made to the list of drugs controlled under the Act by means of an Order in Council.
    [Show full text]
  • Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs
    ACMD Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs Chair: Dr Owen Bowden-Jones Secretary: Zahi Sulaiman 1st Floor (NE), Peel Building 2 Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF Tel: 020 7035 1121 [email protected] Sarah Newton MP Minister for Vulnerability, Safeguarding and Countering Extremism Home Office 2 Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF 10 March 2017 Dear Minister, RE: Further advice on methylphenidate-related NPS In February 2016, my predecessor Professor Les Iversen wrote to the then minister for Preventing Abuse, Exploitation and Crime, requesting that the Temporary Class Drug Order (TCDO) on seven methylphenidate-related Novel Psychoactive Substances be re-laid for a further 12 months. This TCDO was re-laid until June 2017, to allow the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) more time to collect the evidence required to provide further advice for full control under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. The ACMD believes that the TCDO has been effective in reducing the prevalence of these substances and that the TCDO level of control was proportionate in the interim. I am now pleased to present to you the ACMD’s further advice on this matter in the enclosed report. The ACMD’s recommendation for full control applies to the seven substances currently controlled under the TCDO and extends to an additional five closely-related substances. These five similar substances have subsequently appeared on markets following the TCDO and are included in this advice due to their potential for similar harms. Recommendation The ACMD recommends that the
    [Show full text]
  • Temporary Class Drug Order Report: 5-6APB and Nbome Compounds
    ACMD Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs Chair: Professor Les Iversen Secretary: Rachel Fowler 3rd Floor (SW), Seacole Building 2 Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF Tel: 020 7035 0555 [email protected] Home Secretary Rt Hon. Theresa May MP Home Office 2 Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF 29 May 2013 Dear Home Secretary, I am writing to formally request that you consider laying a temporary class drug order (TCDO) pursuant to section 2A of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 on the following two groups of novel psychoactive substances (NPS). We consider the laying of TCDOs is appropriate as a pre-emptive measure in advance of the summer music festival season. Both classes of drugs have been associated with serious harm and drug-related deaths. ‘Benzofury’ compounds 5- and 6-APB and related substances are phenethylamine-type materials, related to ecstasy (MDMA). There have been several deaths and hospitalisations in the UK associated with these NPS, although poly-substance use often complicates the case. Research indicates that there is a potential risk of cardiac toxicity associated with the long-term use of 5- and 6-APB. Anecdotal user reports suggest that the consumption of these substances can cause insomnia, increased heart rate and anxiety, with some users reporting MDMA like symptoms. The related compound 5-IT has been subject to an EMCDDA-Europol joint report and an EMCDDA risk assessment exercise. [www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/joint-reports/5- IT] 1 The substances recommended for control are: 5- and 6-APB: (1-(benzofuran-5-yl)-propan-2-amine and 1-(benzofuran-6-yl)-propan- 2-amine) and their N-methyl derivatives.
    [Show full text]
  • MDMA ('Ecstasy'): a Review of Its Harms and Classification Under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
    MDMA (‘ecstasy’): A REVIEW OF ITS HARMS AND CLASSIFICATION UNDER THE MISUSE OF DRUGS ACT 1971 Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs ACMD Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs 3rd Floor (SW), Seacole Building 2 Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF February 2008 Rt Hon Jacqui Smith MP Home Office 2 Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF Dear Home Secretary, The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) recently considered that a review of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) would be timely as there is a much greater body of evidence regarding the harms and misuse of MDMA since the Council last provided its advice to Ministers in 1996. I have pleasure in enclosing the Council’s report. The use of MDMA is undoubtedly harmful. I would therefore like to emphasise that the Council continues to be concerned about the widespread use of MDMA; particularly among young people. Due to its prevalence of use, MDMA is a significant public health issue and we believe that criminal justice measures will only have limited effect. You will wish to note that the Council strongly advises the promulgation of public health messages. It is of vital importance that issues of classification do not detract from messages concerning public health. Forensic evidence shows that MDMA is by far the most commonly seized of the ‘ecstasy-like’ drugs. MDMA is presently generically classified in Class A under the Misuse of Drugs Act with other ‘ecstasy-like’ drugs. The ACMD has not extended this review to other compounds within the generic classification since their use is considerably less than that of MDMA.
    [Show full text]
  • Methylphenidate-Based
    ACMD Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs Chair: Professor Les Iversen Secretary: Zahi Sulaiman 1st Floor (NE), Peel Building 2 Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF Tel: 020 7035 1121 [email protected] Minister of State for Crime Prevention Home Office 2 Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF 31 March 2015 Dear Minister, I am writing to recommend that you lay a temporary class drug order (TCDO) pursuant to section 2A of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 on a number of methylphenidate-based NPS: ethylphenidate, 3,4-dichloromethylphenidate (‘3,4- DCMP’), methylnaphthidate (‘HDMP-28’), isopropylphenidate (‘IPP’ or ‘IPPD’) and propylphenidate. Methylphenidate-based NPS Methylphenidate is a licensed stimulant pharmaceutical and is controlled in the UK as a Class B controlled drug. The methylphenidate-related materials being marketed as NPS have psychoactive effects so similar to the parent compound that they can be expected to present similar risks to users. Although ethylphenidate is by far the most widely available of this group, other variants are already in the market place. In the short term, to address the widespread availability of methylphenidate-based NPS and the associated problems which are being reported, the ACMD has considered the evidence on methylphenidate-based NPS and recommends control of these NPS by means of a TCDO. The attached report contains the ACMD’s consideration of the evidence concerning methylphenidate-based NPS. 1 In providing this advice, I would like to convey my thanks to Police Scotland, the National Programme on
    [Show full text]
  • CREW Booklet
    PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS V2.1 12/16 SERVICE AVAILABILITY Drop-in Monday – Wednesday: 1pm – 5pm Thursday: 3pm – 7pm Friday – Saturday: 1pm – 5pm Sunday: Closed Telephone information Monday – Friday: 10am – 5pm Online information: www.mycrew.org.uk CONTACT Address | 32 Cockburn Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1PB Telephone | 0131 220 3404 Email | [email protected] Main | www.crew2000.org.uk Enterprise | www.mindaltering.co.uk Info and support | www.mycrew.org.uk Facebook | www.facebook.com/Crew2000 Twitter | www.twitter.com/Crew_2000 Instagram | www.instagram.com/Crew_2000 Psychoactive drugs have mind altering properties. They are often consumed to produce a wide range of desirable physical and psychological effects and there are hundreds of substances available. Psychoactive drugs can occur naturally (e.g. cannabis and psilocybin); be extracted from natural sources (e.g. cocaine and heroin) or produced synthetically (man-made) in a laboratory (e.g. MDMA and methamphetamine). People choose to take drugs for many reasons including relaxation, insomnia, pain relief, escapism, peer pressure and social norms, to get high, self-medication, to have fun, to lower inhibitions, to feel different, because they want to, to increase connection with others and music, to increase creativity, increase sexual arousal, curiosity, tradition, religious or spiritual beliefs, to lose/gain weight, to cope with grief, loneliness, trauma etc. People from all strata of society have the potential to consume drugs and we must avoid stereotypes. Most drug use is recreational and not recorded; however, pockets of problematic use exist in a range of settings. The use of drugs is widespread and includes not just illegal substances but alcohol, nicotine, caffeine and medicines - which many people do not consider to be drugs.
    [Show full text]
  • The UK Drug Classification System: Issues and Challenges
    The UK Drug Classification System: issues and challenges Written evidence to the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs as part of its review of the classification of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) Briefing September 2008 Kings Place 90 York Way London N1 9AG 020 7812 3790 [email protected] www.ukdpc.org.uk UKDPC is a registered charity, established to provide independent and objective analysis of drug policy and find ways to help the public and policy makers better understand the implications and options for future policy. UKDPC has been set up with support from the Esmée Fairbairn Foundation, initially for three years. Our objective is to analyse the evidence and explore options for drug policy which can improve the health, well being and safety of individuals, families and communities. Honorary President: John Varley, Group Chief Executive of Barclays Bank Commissioners: Dame Ruth Runciman (Chair): Chair of the Central & NW London NHS Foundation Trust & previously Chair of the Independent Inquiry into the Misuse of Drugs Act and member of The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs Professor Baroness Haleh Afshar OBE: Professor of Politics & Women’s Studies, University of York Professor Colin Blakemore FRS: Professor of Neuroscience at the Universities of Oxford and Warwick. David Blakey CBE QPM: formerly HM Inspector of Constabulary, President of ACPO & Chief Constable of West Mercia Annette Dale-Perera : Director of Quality at the National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse Professor the Baroness Finlay of Llandaff : Professor of Palliative Care, University of Wales & President of the Royal Society of Medicine. Daniel Finkelstein OBE: Comment Editor at The Times Jeremy Hardie CBE: Trustee of Esmée Fairbairn Foundation Professor Lord Kamlesh Patel OBE: Head of the Centre for Ethnicity & Health at University of Central Lancashire & Chairman of the Mental Health Act Commission Professor Alan Maynard: Professor of Health Economics at the University of York Adam Sampson : Chief Executive of Shelter.
    [Show full text]