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Contents List of Illustrations ix Series Editors’ Preface x Acknowledgments xii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Freedom, 1865–1881 8 1 Black Ministers Meet with Representatives of the Federal Government, January 1865 9 2 Frederick Douglass Argues for Black Suffrage, April 1865 12 3 Jourdon Anderson Writes to His Old Master, 1865 15 4 Harriet Simril Testifies Before a Congressional Committee, South Carolina, 1871 18 5 Resolutions of the National Civil Rights Convention, 1873 21 6 The Exodusters, 1878 22 7 Black Washerwomen Demand a Living Wage, 1866 and 1881 24 Chapter 2 Upbuilding, 1893–1910 28 1 Ida B. WellsCOPYRIGHTED Speaks Out Against Lynching MATERIALin the South, 1893 30 2 Booker T. Washington Speaks on Race at Atlanta, 1895 34 3 The National Association of Colored Women, 1897 and 1898 38 4 The Negro National Anthem, 1900 and 1905 44 5 Photographs from the Paris Exposition, 1900 46 6 From W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, 1903 47 0002052498.INDD 5 11/9/2013 3:23:29 PM vi Contents 7 Black Leaders Disagree with Booker T. Washington: The Niagara Movement, 1905 52 8 Jack Johnson, 1910 56 Chapter 3 Migration, 1904–1919 59 1 Voices from The Independent, 1904 and 1912 60 2 Letters of Negro Migrants, 1916–1917 68 3 The East St. Louis Riot, 1917 72 4 Why African Americans Left the South, 1919 77 Chapter 4 Determination, 1917–1925 85 1 W. E. B. Du Bois on African Americans and World War I, 1918 and 1919 87 2 Poet Claude McKay Sets a New Tone, 1919 90 3 Emmett J. Scott Reflects on “What the Negro Got Out of the War,” 1919 90 4 Program of the NAACP, 1919 94 5 Marcus Garvey Outlines the Rights of Black Peoples, 1920 99 6 Cyril V. Briggs Merges Race Consciousness with Class Consciousness, 1922 106 7 Langston Hughes on Being Black in America, 1925 109 8 Amy Jacques Garvey Calls on Women to Lead, 1925 110 Chapter 5 Resistance, 1927–1939 114 1 The Scottsboro Boys Write to the Workers of the World, 1932 115 2 Angelo Herndon Joins the Communist Party, 1934 117 3 Ella Baker and Marvel Cooke Report on “The Bronx Slave Market,” 1935 124 4 Richard Wright Observes a Black Response to Joe Louis’ Victory, 1935 126 5 The Southern Negro Youth Congress on Freedom, Equality, and Opportunity, 1937 129 6 The Coordinating Committee for Employment, New York, 1938 131 7 Marian Anderson at the Lincoln Memorial, 1939 133 Chapter 6 Resolve, 1941–1952 136 1 The March on Washington Movement, 1941 138 2 The “Double V” Campaign, 1942 142 3 A Black Army Chaplain Protests the Treatment of Black Soldiers, 1944 142 0002052498.INDD 6 11/9/2013 3:23:29 PM Contents vii 4 Pauli Murray on Student Protests in Washington, DC, 1944 147 5 The Civil Rights Congress Charges the US with Genocide, 1951 151 6 African Americans Petition the President and the American Delegation to the United Nations, 1952 158 Chapter 7 Discontent, 1953–1959 165 1 Thurgood Marshall Reargues Brown v. Board of Education, 1953 167 2 The Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 171 3 Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Writes on Non-Violence, 1957 174 4 Robert F. Williams Advocates Armed Self-Defense, 1959 177 Chapter 8 Revolt, 1960–1963 184 1 Young Activists Form the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 1960 186 2 Ella Baker Reports on the Founding of SNCC, 1960 187 3 Robert Moses Writes from Jail in Magnolia, Mississippi, 1961 188 4 The Freedom Rides, 1961 189 5 Diane Nash Recalls the Early Student Movement, 1960–1961 191 6 Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Writes a Letter from Birmingham Jail, 1963 197 7 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, 1963 206 Chapter 9 Power, 1964–1966 210 1 Malcolm X Reflects on the Approaches African Americans Must Use, 1964 211 2 Fannie Lou Hamer Testifies on Behalf of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 1964 218 3 Bayard Rustin Considers the Future of the Movement, 1965 221 4 Stokely Carmichael Explains Black Power, 1966 227 Chapter 10 Revolution, 1966–1977 234 1 The Black Panther Party Articulates a Platform, 1966 235 2 Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Opposes the War in Vietnam, 1967 238 3 The Poor People’s Campaign, 1968 243 4 The Black Panther Party Convenes a Revolutionary People’s Constitutional Convention, 1970 245 5 Gil Scott-Heron Warns: “The Revolution Will Not Be Televised,” 1971 250 0002052498.INDD 7 11/9/2013 3:23:29 PM viii Contents 6 The Combahee River Collective Statement Explains Black Feminism, 1977 252 Chapter 11 Crosscurrents, 1982–2001 261 1 Activists Call for Americans to Break Ties with South Africa, 1980 262 2 Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States, 1987 266 3 Jesse Jackson Rouses the Democratic National Convention, Atlanta, GA, July 19, 1988 271 4 African American Women in Defense of Ourselves, 1991 278 5 Maxine Waters Explains the Causes of Urban Crises to Congress, 1992 280 6 The Million Man March, 1995 282 7 Angela Davis Describes the Prison Industrial Complex, 1995 284 8 The Hip-Hop Summit Action Network, 2001 289 Chapter 12 Paradox, 2005–Present 293 1 New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin Addresses His City on Martin Luther King Day, 2006 295 2 Barack Obama Believes in “A More Perfect Union,” 2008 297 3 Julian Bond Reflects on Race and History in America, 2011 307 Index 316 0002052498.INDD 8 11/9/2013 3:23:29 PM.

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