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1. Tristan Tzara, 'The Gas Heart'

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1. Tristan Tzara, 'The Gas Heart' Notes Dates of reviews in newspapers are given in brackets as in note 5, chapter 3 (11.11.46). PART 1: DADA, SURREALISM AND THE THEATRE OF CRUELTY 1. Andre Breton, Manifeste du Surrealisme, p. 51. 2. Ibid., p. 11. 3. Louis Aragon, 'Une vague de reves', Commerce, automne, 1924. 4. From Nadeau, Surrealisme, p. 45. 1. Tristan Tzara, 'The Gas Heart' 1. J. H. Matthews, Theatre in Dada and Surrealism, p. 18. 2. Michel Corvin, Revue d'Histoire du Theatre, 1971-73. Le Theatre existe-t-il?', p. 21. 3. Elmer Peterson, Tristan Tzara, p. 43. 4. Ibid., p. 35. 5. Micheline Tison-Braun, Tristran Tzara inventeur de l'homme nouveau, p. 7. 6. Corvin, p. 228. 171 French Theatre 1918-1939 7. Matthews, pp. 19-22. 8. Ibid., pp. 22-30. 9. Corvin, p. 255. 10. Ibid., p. 260. 11. Matthews, pp. 3(}..38. Quotes Henri Behar, Etude sur le Theatre Dada et Surrealiste, p. 159. 12. Ibid., p. 32. 13. Matthews, pp. 3(}..35. 14. Ibid., p. 20. 2. Andre Breton 1. Andre Breton,Manifeste du Surrealisme, p. 37. 2. Ibid., p. 34. 3. Andre Breton, Les Pas perdus, p. 9. 4. J. H. Matthews, Theatre in Dada and Surrealism, p. 88. 5. Ibid., p. 90. 6. Ibid., pp. 97-100. 3. Roger Vitrac, 'Victor' 1. Henri Behar, Roger Vitrac, p. 18; 42-47. 2. Antonin Artaud, Oeuvres completes, II, p. 14. 3. Ibid., II, p. 12. 4. Ibid., II, p. 267. 5. See J. H. Matthews, Theatre in Dada and Surrealism, pp. 109-32. From Le Figaro litteraire (11.11.46). 6. Roger Vitrac, Theatre. Paris: Gallimard, 1946. All references to Victor comes from this edition. See Artaud, II, pp. 74-77. 7. Matthews, p. 129. 8. Behar, pp. 185-190. The cast consisted of Juliette Greco, Mylene Gage, Christiane and Monique Lenier, Georges Malkine as the General, Yvan Pench, Claude Laurent, and Michel de Re as Victor. 9. Ibid., p. 196. The cast included Claude Rich, Bernard Noel, Monique Melinand, Uta Taeger, Hubert Deschamps, Odile Mallet, Nelly Benedetti, Alain Mottet. See Jean Anouilh, 'Roger Vitrac,' Le Figaro (1.10.62). 10. Artaud, II, p. 174. 172 Notes 4. Antonio Artaud, The Theatre of Cruelty 1. Antonin Artaud, Oeuvres completes, I, pp. 74-81; p. 252. 2, Antonin Artaud, The Theater and its Double. Translated by Mary Caroline Richards, p. 71. See Bettina L. Knapp, Antonin Artaud, Man of Vision. 3. Ibid., pp. 65, 67. 4. Ibid., p. 116. 5. Ibid., pp. 85, 104. 6. Ibid., pp. 85, 134. 7. Ibid., pp. 135-6. See Oeuvres completes, IV, 'Le Theatre de Seraphin.' 8. The Theater and its Double, pp. 140, 110,46. PART II: FARCE, COMEDY, SATIRE 5. Fernand Crommelynck, 'The Magnificant Cuckold' 1. See Bettina L. Knapp, Fernand Crommelynck. 2. The Magnificent Cuckold opened on December 18, 1920 in Paris. Stella was played by R. Camier; the Nurse by Bianchini; Cornelie by Ferne!; Leroy was Florence; Bruno was Lugne-Poe; Petrus was R. Weber; the Bourgemestre was Guy; the Cowherd was Noel; Estrugo was S. Plaute, the Count was Raoul. 3. Robert Kemp, Le Monde (1.22.46). 4. Guillot de Saix (9.10.21). 5. Actors on Acting. Edited by Toby Cole, p. 441. 6. Vsevolod Meyerhold, Le Theatre theatral, p. 171. 7. Meyerhold, pp. 155-57. 8. L'Oeuvre (18.9.41); Paris-Midi (6.9.41); L'Atelier (13.9.41). 6. Michel de Ghelderode, 'Escurial' 1. Michel de Ghelderode, 'Ostend Interviews,' in Seven Plays. Translated by George Hauger. I, p. 14. 2. Andre Vandegans, 'Les sources plastiques d'Escurial,' Revue d'histoire du theatre, I, 1967, p. 26. 3. Michel de Ghelderode, Theatre. I, p. 238. 4. Andre Alter, L'Aube (23.12.48); Catherine Va!ogne,Arts (24.12.48); Jean-Jacques Gautier, Le Figaro (27 .12.48). 173 French Theatre 1918-1939 PART III: MYTHIC THEATRE 7. Jean Cocteau, 'Orpheus' 1. See Bettina L. Knapp, Jean Cocteau. 2. The cast was the following: Orpheus (Georges Pitoeff), Heurtebrise (Marcel Herrand), Eurydice (Ludmilla Pitoeff), Death (Mireille Havet), Azrael (Alfred Penay), Raphael (Georges de Vos). Sets were created by Jean-Victor Hugo; the costumes by Gabrielle Chanel. 3. Andre Beucler, La Nouvelle Revue Franfaise, 17, 1926; Chronique Dramatique d'etudes (5.10.26); Independent Beige (17.10.26). 8. Jean Giraudoux, 'Ondine' and 'The Madwoman of Chaillot' 1. See Robert Cohen, Giraudoux Three Faces of Destiny and Bettina L. Knapp, Louis Jouvet Man of the Theatre. 2. The cast consisted of Le Chevalier Hans (Louis Jouvet), the Chambellan (Felix Oudart); Auguste (Romain Bouquet), the King of the Ondines (Auguste Boverio), Ondine (Madeleine Ozeray), Eugenie (Raymone), Bertha (Jeanne Hardeyn), Queen Iseult (Jeanne Reinhardt). The sets were created by Pavel Tchelitchew; the costumes, by Ira Belline; the music, by Henri Sauget. 3. Louis Jouvet, 'Dans les yeux de Giraudoux,' Les Lettres franfaises (14.5.39). 4. Robert Kemp,Le Temps (5.5.39).Feuilleton du Journal Le Temps (8.5.39). 5. Emile Mass, Le Petite bleu (5.5.39); Robert Kemps, Le Temps (5.5.39); Benjamin Cremieux, La Lumiere (12.5.39) /'Age nouveau (6.5.39); Lucien Descaves, L'Intransigeant (5.5.39). 6. Andre Wamold, 'J'ai epoussete le buste d'Electre,' Le Figaro (11.5.37). 7. The cast consisted of the Ragpicker (Louis Jouvet), the young man, Martial (Baconnet), the President (Felix Oudard), Irma (Monique Melinand); Aurelia, the Madwoman of Chaillot 174 Notes (Marguerite Moreno), Constance, the Madwoman of Passy (Marguerite Mayane); Gabrielle, the Madwoman of Saint­ Sulpice (Raymone), Josephine, the Madwoman of the Concorde (Lucienne Bogaert); some of the exploiters (Michel Etcheverry, Michel Grosse, Jean Bloch), etc. The sets and costumes were created by Christian Berard. 8. Fabien Sollar, Le Matin (25.12.45); Pierre Lestinguez,XX Siecle (13.12.45); Jean-Jacques Gautier, Le Figaro (20.12.45); Maurice Schumann, L'Aube (21.12.45), Joseph Kessel, France­ Soir (2.12.45). 9. Jean Giraudoux, Le Theatre complet. VIII, p. 44. 9. Jean Anouilh, 'The TraveUer Without Luggage' 1. Jean Anouilh, Pieces brillantes, p. 387. 2. See Alba della Fazia,Jean Anouilh; John Harvey ,Anouilh: A Study in Theatrics; Leonard Pronko, The World of Jean Anouilh. 3. Andre Wamod, 'Interview avec Georges Pitoeff,' Le Fig­ aro (16.2.37). 4. The cast consisted of Gaston (Georges Pitoeff); Madame Renaud (Marthe Mellot); Valentine (Nadine Picard); Georges Renaud (Louis Salou); the servants (Andree Tainsy, Larive, Gaultier, Gobin), the little boy (Ludmilla Pitoeff); Duchess Dupont-Dufort (Nora Sylvere). 5. See Jean de Rigault, Georges Pitoeff notre theatre. 6. Colette, Journal (22.2.37); Edmond See, Oeuvre (22.2.37); Madeleine Paz, Populaire (22.2.37); Lucien Dubech, Candide (4.3.37). 10. Paul Claudel, 'Break of Noon' 1. Paul Oaudei,Break ofNoon. Translated by Wallace Fowlie. 2. Cahiers de Paul Claude/, X, p. 198. 3. The cast consisted of Almaric (Pierre Brasseur), De Ciz (Jacques Dacqmine), Mesa (Jean-Louis Barrault), Yse (Edwige Feuillere). The sets were created by Felix Labisse. The dresses worn by Yse was designed by Christian Berard and executed by Piguet. 4. See Bettina L. Knapp, Paul Claude/. 175 French Theatre 1918-1939 5. Paul Claude!, Memoires improvises, p. 225. 6. Cahiers Paul Claude[, p. 210. 7. Ibid., p. 191. 8. Jean-Louis Barrault, Re.flexions sur le theatre, p. 201. 9. Les Nouvelles litteraires, 30, 12, 48; Raymond Cogniat, Arts (12.12.48); Jean-Jacques Gautier, Le Figaro (18.12.48); Justin Saget, Combat (5.3.48); Robert Kemp, Le Monde (19--20.12.48). See Jean-Louis Barrault, Souvenirs pour de main, pp. 206-215. 176 Bibliography Actors on Acting, Edited by Toby Cole, edited by Toby Cole (New York: Crown, 1949). Anouilh, Jean, Pieces Roses (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1958). Anouilh, Jean, Pieces Noires (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1958). Anouilh, Jean, 'Hommage a Jean Giraudoux,' Chronique de Paris (February 1951). Anouilh, Jean, Art!' (16.11.51). Aragon, Louis, 'Une vague de reves,' Commerce (Autumn 1924 ). Artaud, Antonin, Oeuvres completes (Paris: Gallimard, 1956-70). Artaud Anthology, edited by Jack Hirschman (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1965). Antonin Artaud The Theatre and its Double, trans. by Mary Caroline Richards (New York: Grove Press, 1958). Audiat, Pierre, Paris Soir ( 4.4.39). Barrault, Jean-Louis, Souvenirs pour demain (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1972). Barrault, Jean-Louis, Rejlexions sur le theatre (Paris: Jacques Vautrain, 1949). Jean-Louis Barrault Comme je le pense (Paris: Gallimard, 1975). Baudelaire, Charles, Oeuvres completes (Paris: Gallimard, 1961). 177 French Theatre 1918-1939 Behar, Henri, Roger Vitrac: Un Reprouve du Surrealisme (Paris: Nizet, 1966). ----,, Etude sur le theatre Dada et Surrealiste {Paris: Gallimard, 1967). Bergson, Henri, Le Rire (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1960). Beyen, Roland, Michel de Ghelderode (Paris: Seghers, 1974). Braun, Micheline-Tison, Tristan Tzara Inventeur de /'Homme Nouveau (Paris: Nizet, 1977). Breton, Andre, Manifestes du Surrealisme (Paris: Gallimard, 1967). ---- Anthologie d'Humour Noir (Paris: Jean Jacques Pauvert, 1966). ---- and Philippe Soupault, 'Barrieres,' Les Champs magnetiques [1920] suivi de Vous m'oublierez et de s'il vous plait (Paris: Gallimard, 1967). ----'Lachez tout,' Nouvelles litteraires {1.4.22). Cargill, Oscar, Fagin, Brullion, Fisher, William, O'Neill and his Plays (New York: New York University Press, 1963). Cassou, Jean, Le Monde (22.11.66). Castro, Nadine, Le Theatre de Michel de Ghelderode (Lausanne: L'age d'Homme, 1979). Oaudel, Paul, Partage de Midi (Paris: Gallimard, 1949). ----Break of Noon, trans. Wallace Fowlie (Chicago: H. Regnery Co. 1960). ----Memoires improvises (Paris: Gallimard, 1969). Cahiers Paul Claude/, X (Paris: Gallimard, 1974). Cocteau, Jean, Oeuvres completes (Geneve: 1946-1951). Cohen, Robert, Giraudoux Three Faces of Destiny (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958). Corvin, Michel, 'Le Theatre Dada existe-t-il?' Revue d'histoire du theatre (1971-73).
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