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Disposición Al Uso De La Tecnología De Monitoreo Satelital, Como Herramienta Para El Manejo Predial, En Estancieros De La Región De Magallanes”

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Disposición Al Uso De La Tecnología De Monitoreo Satelital, Como Herramienta Para El Manejo Predial, En Estancieros De La Región De Magallanes” UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRARIAS FACULTAD DE FILOSOFIA Y HUMANIDADES “DISPOSICIÓN AL USO DE LA TECNOLOGÍA DE MONITOREO SATELITAL, COMO HERRAMIENTA PARA EL MANEJO PREDIAL, EN ESTANCIEROS DE LA REGIÓN DE MAGALLANES” Tesis de Magister CLAUDIA ANDREA SALINAS BRESKOVIC VALDIVIA – CHILE 2013 “DISPOSICIÓN AL USO DE LA TECNOLOGÍA DE MONITOREO SATELITAL, COMO HERRAMIENTA PARA EL MANEJO PREDIAL, EN ESTANCIEROS DE LA REGIÓN DE MAGALLANES” Tesis presentada a la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Austral de Chile en cumplimiento parcial de los requisitos para optar al grado de Magister en Desarrollo Rural Por CLAUDIA ANDREA SALINAS BRESKOVIC Valdivia – Chile 2013 UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRARIAS FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y HUMANIDADES INFORME DE APROBACIÓN TESIS DE MAGISTER La Comisión Evaluadora de Tesis comunica al Director de la Escuela de Graduados de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias que la tesis de Magister presentada por el candidato CLAUDIA ANDREA SALINAS BRESKOVIC ha sido aprobada en el examen de defensa de Tesis rendido el día 2 de Septiembre de 2013, como requisito para optar al grado de Magister en Desarrollo Rural y, para que así conste para todos los efectos firman: Profesor Patrocinante de Tesis: Dr. Carla Rosenfeld M. ---------------------------------- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Austral de Chile Comisión Evaluadora de Tesis: Dr. Andrea Báez M. ----------------------------------- Facultad Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas Universidad Austral de Chile Prof. Carlos Amtmann M. ----------------------------------- Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades Universidad Austral de Chile A Dios…. A mamá y papá……. A Manuel, Ignacio, Alonso y Vicente mis más grandes tesoros… AGRADECIMIENTOS La lista de agradecimientos sería muy larga desde la familia, los amigos, colegas, profesores, compañeros y todos los que han compartido parte de mi vida… Estar aquí hoy es más relajado que hace meses atrás, termina un camino que no ha sido fácil y que ha tenido sus costos… solo daré gracias a mi familia que aceptó este desafío y que aguantó las locuras de esta mamá patiperra… A las familias valdivianas que abrieron sus puertas para acoger estas mundanas vidas australes que se sintieron como en casa con el carro de cariño que nos brindaron…. A los amigos chilenos y extranjeros con los que compartí gratos momentos, al cuerpo docente y a sus funcionarios administrativos, muchas gracias por todo. Y como no podemos olvidar quiénes somos y de dónde venimos, un extracto de mi tierra…. ”….En memoria de aquellos que forjaron, el patrimonio grande que heredamos Con profunda fe esperamos, a los que vendrán después cuando nosotros, cansados, Debamos dejar la lucha; aquellos que nos reemplacen deben llegar con coraje, Con amor, con esperanza recogiendo de frente al desafío entregado, Que no olviden a la gente que ha dejado el corazón en esta tierra tan bella donde no calienta el Sol.…….. Dios te salve Magallanes, Tierra de heroicas jornadas, de pampa, madera y lana. Por los siglos de los siglos, ¡Así sea... así sea!” Extracto Canto a Magallanes. Texto de Fernando Ferrer Fernández. INDICE DE CONTENIDOS Página RESUMEN 1 SUMMARY 3 1 INTRODUCCIÓN 5 1.1 Objetivo General 6 1.2 Objetivo Específicos 6 2 ANTECEDENTES GENERALES 8 2.1 Características y desarrollo del sector pecuario en Magallanes 8 2.2 Tecnología y desarrollo pecuario en Magallanes 10 2.3 Políticas de innovación 12 2.4 Las tecnologías de la información y comunicación en el desarrollo 14 agropecuario 2.5 Conectividad rural 19 3 MATERIAL Y MÉTODO 23 3.1 Material 23 3.1.1 Definición área de estudio 23 3.1.2 Fuentes de información 26 3.1.3 Encuesta social 27 3.2 Método 29 3.2.1 Entrevista 29 3.2.2 Análisis de la información 29 4 RESULTADOS 31 4.1 Caracterización productiva de la región de Magallanes y de los 31 encuestados en el estudio 4.1.1 Caracterización productiva de la región de Magallanes 31 4.1.2 Caracterización productiva de los encuestados según zona geográfica 32 4.1.3 Caracterización social de los ganaderos de la región de Magallanes y 39 I de los encuestados en el estudio 4.1.3.1 Caracterización social de Magallanes 39 4.1.3.2 Caracterización social de los encuestados 40 4.2 Interés, conocimiento y aplicación de la tecnología del monitoreo 41 satelital 4.3 Factores que influyen en la adopción de la técnica del monitoreo satelital 42 4.4 Conectividad en el área rural 49 4.5 Redes de conectividad social 51 5 DISCUSIÓN 54 6 CONCLUSIÓN 66 7 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 69 8 ANEXOS 81 8.1 Cuestionario. 82 8.2 Cuadro 1. Resultados de caracterización productiva, social, tecnológica 83 y conectividad aplicada a ganaderos de la región de Magallanes año 2012 8.3 Documentos con imágenes regionales presentados a los entrevistados 87 durante la realización de la encuesta 8.4 Dendrograma 88 8.5 Análisis multivariado. Obtención de clúster 89 II INDICE DE CUADROS Página Cuadro 1 Resultados de caracterización productiva, social, tecnológica y 80 conectividad aplicada a ganaderos de la región de Magallanes año 2012. Cuadro 2 Variables de importancia en la Case 1 46 Cuadro 3 Variables de importancia en la Clase 2 47 Cuadro 4 Variables de importancia en la Clase 3 48 III INDICE DE FIGURAS Página Figura 1 Mapa con predios encuestados distribuidos por Comuna de la 24 región de Magallanes Figura 2 Mapa representativo de la totalidad de predios distribuidos en 25 a región de Magallanes versus los predios encuestados en este trabajo. Figura 3 Mapa de formaciones vegetacionales Provincia Ultima 36 Esperanza. Figura 4 Mapa de formaciones vegetacionales Provincia Magallanes. 37 Figura 5 Mapa de formaciones vegetacionales Provincia Tierra del 38 Fuego. Figura 6 Distribución de los entrevistados en el plano factorial. 44 Figura 7 Variables distribuidos en el plano factorial. 45 Figura 8 Profesión de los entrevistados versus asistencia técnica. 52 Figura 9 Porcentaje de vinculación de los entrevistados con Entidades. 53 IV 1 RESUMEN La tradicional ganadería ovina extensiva en la Región de Magallanes iniciada a inicios del siglo XX, no ha cambiado sustancialmente a lo largo del tiempo. Grandes extensiones de terreno han albergado mayor número de animales para aumentar los rendimientos productivos. La situación que se ha producido en Magallanes, respecto a la innovación tecnológica en el área pecuaria muestra que las principales tecnologías implementadas se han orientado a mejorar la genética animal de la raza, la producción de forraje se ha logrado utilizando la regeneración de praderas, sin embargo, aun son dependientes de las condiciones climáticas de la región y no se ha logrado un uso sustentable de la pradera, referido a la buena gestión global del pastizal natural. En cuanto a conectividad la región de Magallanes se reconoce como una zona extrema y aislada geográficamente por no contar con conexión terrestre con el resto del territorio nacional, esto ha obligado, a lo largo de los años, a mejorar la infraestructura vial y la conectividad marítima. Sin embargo, con la globalización de las comunicaciones también se hace imprescindible contar con infraestructura y servicios de comunicación telefónica e internet que permitan una mayor rapidez en las comunicaciones entre las distintas localidades y el resto del país. Esta investigación busca responder una serie de interrogantes respecto de, si los productores ganaderos se vinculan con la tecnología del monitoreo satelital y si es posible 2 la conectividad virtual en el área rural. Para ello se creó un cuestionario que fue aplicado durante el año 2012 a ganaderos distribuidos en las diferentes zonas agroecológicas de la Región de Magallanes, de manera de determinar la disposición de los productores a adoptar la tecnología del monitoreo satelital como herramienta de uso predial. Entre las resultados se pudo encontrar que, si bien los ganaderos tienen conocimiento de la existencia de la tecnología del monitoreo satelital, son pocos los que han recibido asistencia en el tema o han sido capacitados en sistemas de información geográfica, lo que restringe el uso de esta tecnología para generar decisiones de manejo en el predio. Un grupo manifiesta que la información de tipo climática sería un buen insumo que no solo ayudaría a tomar decisiones en el predio, sino también a prevenir situaciones de emergencia durante la época invernal. Y por último un grupo cree que el uso de imágenes satelitales no es en realidad un aporte para el manejo predial. Si bien la Región de Magallanes ha avanzado en el último par de años en la implementación de nuevas redes de conectividad telefónica y de internet, entregando mayor velocidad de conexión en las áreas urbanas, en el área rural, para dar el servicio este va dirigido a mantener las rutas viales preferentemente pues es allí donde circula mayor número de usuarios, quedando las explotaciones ganaderas fuera del área de conectividad. Esto genera que los ganaderos, potenciales usuarios deban pagar un servicio de mayor valor y que muchas veces no asegura una permanente conectividad. 3 SUMMARY The traditional extensive sheep farming in the Magallanes Region started early twentieth century, has not changed substantially over time. Large areas of land have harbored more animals to increase production yields. The situation that has occurred in Magallanes respect to technological innovation in the livestock area shows that the main technologies have been implemented aimed at improving animal genetics of the breed, forage production has been achieved using the regeneration of pastures, however, still are dependent on the climatic conditions of the Region and has not achieved a sustainable use of the grassland, based on the overall good natural pasture management. In terms of connectivity, the Magallanes Region is recognized as an extreme and geographically isolated area by not having land connection with the rest of the country, this has forced throughout the years to improve road infrastructure and connectivity sea.
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