What's a Mammal?
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Reptile-Like Physiology in Early Jurassic Stem-Mammals
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/785360; this version posted October 10, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Title: Reptile-like physiology in Early Jurassic stem-mammals Authors: Elis Newham1*, Pamela G. Gill2,3*, Philippa Brewer3, Michael J. Benton2, Vincent Fernandez4,5, Neil J. Gostling6, David Haberthür7, Jukka Jernvall8, Tuomas Kankanpää9, Aki 5 Kallonen10, Charles Navarro2, Alexandra Pacureanu5, Berit Zeller-Plumhoff11, Kelly Richards12, Kate Robson-Brown13, Philipp Schneider14, Heikki Suhonen10, Paul Tafforeau5, Katherine Williams14, & Ian J. Corfe8*. Affiliations: 10 1School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. 2School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. 3Earth Science Department, The Natural History Museum, London, UK. 4Core Research Laboratories, The Natural History Museum, London, UK. 5European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France. 15 6School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. 7Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. 8Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 9Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 10Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 20 11Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material-und Küstenforschung GmbH Germany. 12Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, OX1 3PW, UK. 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/785360; this version posted October 10, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 13Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. 14Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. -
Caesarean Section Or Vaginal Delivery in the 21St Century
CAESAREAN SECTION OR VAGINAL DELIVERY IN THE 21ST CENTURY ntil the 20th Century, caesarean fluid embolism. The absolute risk of trans-placentally to the foetus, prepar- section (C/S) was a feared op- death with C/S in high and middle- ing the foetus to adopt its mother’s Ueration. The ubiquitous classical resource settings is between 1/2000 and microbiome. C/S interferes with neonatal uterine incision meant high maternal 1/4000 (2, 3). In subsequent pregnancies, exposure to maternal vaginal and skin mortality from bleeding and future the risk of placenta previa, placenta flora, leading to colonization with other uterine rupture. Even with aseptic surgi- accreta and uterine rupture is increased. environmental microbes and an altered cal technique, sepsis was common and These conditions increase maternal microbiome. Routine antibiotic exposure lethal without antibiotics. The operation mortality and severe maternal morbid- with C/S likely alters this further. was used almost solely to save the life of ity cumulatively with each subsequent Microbial exposure and the stress of a mother in whom vaginal delivery was C/S. This is of particular importance to labour also lead to marked activation extremely dangerous, such as one with women having large families. of immune system markers in the cord placenta previa. Foetal death and the use blood of neonates born vaginally or by of intrauterine foetal destructive proce- Maternal Benefits C/S after labour. These changes are absent dures, which carry their own morbidity, C/S has a modest protective effect against in the cord blood of neonates born by were often preferable to C/S. -
Post-Release Monitoring of Western Grey Kangaroos (Macropus Fuliginosus) Relocated from an Urban Development Site
animals Article Post-Release Monitoring of Western Grey Kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) Relocated from an Urban Development Site Mark Cowan 1,* , Mark Blythman 1, John Angus 1 and Lesley Gibson 2 1 Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Wildlife Research Centre, Woodvale, WA 6026, Australia; [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (J.A.) 2 Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-8-9405-5141 Received: 31 August 2020; Accepted: 5 October 2020; Published: 19 October 2020 Simple Summary: As a result of urban development, 122 western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) were relocated from the outskirts of Perth, Western Australia, to a nearby forest. Tracking collars were fitted to 67 of the kangaroos to monitor survival rates and movement patterns over 12 months. Spotlighting and camera traps were used as a secondary monitoring technique particularly for those kangaroos without collars. The survival rate of kangaroos was poor, with an estimated 80% dying within the first month following relocation and only six collared kangaroos surviving for up to 12 months. This result implicates stress associated with the capture, handling, and transport of animals as the likely cause. The unexpected rapid rate of mortality emphasises the importance of minimising stress when undertaking animal relocations. Abstract: The expansion of urban areas and associated clearing of habitat can have severe consequences for native wildlife. One option for managing wildlife in these situations is to relocate them. -
Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails proficiencyincommunicatingwithhealthcareprofessionalssuchasphysicians,nurses, or dentists. -
Reproductionreview
REPRODUCTIONREVIEW Wombat reproduction (Marsupialia; Vombatidae): an update and future directions for the development of artificial breeding technology Lindsay A Hogan1, Tina Janssen2 and Stephen D Johnston1,2 1Wildlife Biology Unit, Faculty of Science, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia and 2Australian Animals Care and Education, Mt Larcom 4695, Queensland, Australia Correspondence should be addressed to L A Hogan; Email: [email protected] Abstract This review provides an update on what is currently known about wombat reproductive biology and reports on attempts made to manipulate and/or enhance wombat reproduction as part of the development of artificial reproductive technology (ART) in this taxon. Over the last decade, the logistical difficulties associated with monitoring a nocturnal and semi-fossorial species have largely been overcome, enabling new features of wombat physiology and behaviour to be elucidated. Despite this progress, captive propagation rates are still poor and there are areas of wombat reproductive biology that still require attention, e.g. further characterisation of the oestrous cycle and oestrus. Numerous advances in the use of ART have also been recently developed in the Vombatidae but despite this research, practical methods of manipulating wombat reproduction for the purposes of obtaining research material or for artificial breeding are not yet available. Improvement of the propagation, genetic diversity and management of wombat populations requires a thorough understanding of Vombatidae reproduction. While semen collection and cryopreservation in wombats is fairly straightforward there is currently an inability to detect, induce or synchronise oestrus/ovulation and this is an impeding progress in the development of artificial insemination in this taxon. -
Mammalian Origins Major Groups of Synapsida
Mammalogy 4764 9/16/2009 Chapter 4 “Reptile” Mammalian Origins Early mammal Carnivore Amniota Herbivore Feldhamer Table 4.1 Savage and Long 1986 Major Fig. 3.2, Vaughn, Fig. 4.1, Feldhamer groups Mammalian Origins of Dimetrodon Overview Synapsida Synapsids Pelycosaurs and Therapsids First Mammals Mesozoic Era appear Feldhamer Fig. 4.2 Cenozoic Era radiate Savage and Long 1986 Pelycosaur Skull, jaw musculature, and teeth Cynodontia -- Advanced, predaceous therapsids Pelycosaur Scymnognathus Cynognathus Therapsid Early Cynodont Derived Therapsid/Mammal Primitive Late Cynodont Fig. 3.2, Vaughn Thrinaxodon Fig 4.3 & 4, Feldhamer 1 Mammalogy 4764 9/16/2009 Skeletal transition Extinction of Cynodonts Possibly competition from dinosaurs Pelycosaur Early Cynodonts were dog-size, last surviving were squirrel sized Fig. 4.15 Mammals that survived while Cynodonts went extinct (contemporary) were mouse-sized. Cynodont Thrinaxodon Modern Mammal Fig. 3.5, Vaughn Fig. 4.16c, Early Cynodont Early mammals Changes in land masses Feldhamer 4.11 200 - 250 million years ago Derived characters: Dentary/squamosal jaw articulation Diphyodont dentition 200 MYA 180 MYA Mammary glands Secondary palate Early Mid- Viviparity (loss of eggshell) When? Jurassic Jurassic 65 MYA 135 MYA Early Early Cretaceous Cenozoic Feldhamer 4.5, 4.9 Skull and teeth of mammals 2 Mammalogy 4764 9/16/2009 Teeth and Dentition of Mammals Teeth Heterodont teeth with different functions Differentiated on the basis of function, resulting in increased One of the major keys efficiency acquiring and digesting food. to success of mammals Teeth occur in 3 bones of skull: Teeth of mammals are premaxilla, maxilla, dentary extremely variable with different diets -- more than other taxa Feldhamer et al. -
Vocabulary: Sharks
Grades 11-12 - Vocabulary: Sharks Dermal Denticles – Tiny tooth-shaped scales that cover a shark’s body. Dermal Denticles have the same structure as teeth - enamel, dentine, pulp, epidermis, and dermis. Counter Shading - Having a dark dorsal or upper side and a lighter colored underside. Lateral Line – A row of sensors used by sharks and other fish, which detect vibrations. Cartilage – The material that makes up a shark’s skeleton (not bone), and is also found in our ears and nose. Basihyal - A sharks tongue, composed of a small piece of cartilage on the bottom of a sharks’ mouth. Carnivore - An animal that eats meat. Megalodon - An ancient shark that lived between 5 and 1.6 million years ago. Serrated Tooth - A tooth with a jagged edge that is used for sawing. Dorsal Fin - Primary fin located on the back of fishes and certain marine mammals. Pectoral Fins - Either of the anterior pairs of fins. Barbels - Sensory projections near the nostrils and mouth of some sharks, i.e. nurse sharks. They are whisker-like feelers used to taste and feel. Gills - Respiratory organs that fish use to absorb oxygen from the water in order to breathe. Snout - The tip of a shark’s head. Pup - A newly born or hatched shark. Claspers - Two finger like projections on the rear underside of male sharks. Ampullae of Lorenzini - Pores scattered about the head of sharks that are filled with a jellylike substance that can sense temperature change and weak electrical impulses given off by sick prey. Fusiform – A streamlined, oval shape body. -
Glossary of Common MCH Terms and Acronyms
Glossary of Common MCH Terms and Acronyms General Terms and Definitions Term/Acronym Definition Accountable Care Organizations that coordinate and provide the full range of health care services for Organization individuals. The ACA provides incentives for providers who join together to form such ACO organizations and who agree to be accountable for the quality, cost, and overall care of their patients. Adolescence Stage of physical and psychological development that occurs between puberty and adulthood. The age range associated with adolescence includes the teen age years but sometimes includes ages younger than 13 or older than 19 years of age. Antepartum fetal Fetal death occurring before the initiation of labor. death Authorization An act of a legislative body that establishes government programs, defines the scope of programs, and sets a ceiling for how much can be spent on them. Birth defect A structural abnormality present at birth, irrespective of whether the defect is caused by a genetic factor or by prenatal events that are not genetic. Cost Sharing The amount an individual pays for health services above and beyond the cost of the insurance coverage premium. This includes co-pays, co-insurance, and deductibles. Crude birth rate Number of live births per 1000 population in a given year. Birth spacing The time interval from one child’s birth until the next child’s birth. It is generally recommended that at least a two-year interval between births is important for maternal and child health and survival. BMI Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of body weight that takes into account height. -
Femur of a Morganucodontid Mammal from the Middle Jurassic of Central Russia
Femur of a morganucodontid mammal from the Middle Jurassic of Central Russia PETR P. GAMBARYAN and ALEXANDER 0.AVERIANOV Gambaryan, P.P. & Averianov, A.O. 2001. Femur of a morganucodontid mammal from the Middle Jurassic of Central Russia. -Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 46,1,99-112. We describe a nearly complete mammalian femur from the Middle Jurassic (upper Bathonian) from Peski quarry, situated some 100 km south east of Moscow, central Rus- sia. It is similar to the femora of Morganucodontidae in having a globular femoral head, separated from the greater trochanter and reflected dorsally, fovea capitis present, both trochanters triangular and located on the same plane, distal end flat, mediolaterally expanded, and somewhat bent ventrally, and in the shape and proportions of distal condyles. It is referred to as Morganucodontidae gen. et sp. indet. It is the first representa- tive of this group of mammals in Eastern Europe from the third Mesozoic mammal local- ity discovered in Russia. Exquisite preservation of the bone surface allowed us to recon- struct partial hind limb musculature. We reconstruct m. iliopsoas as inserting on the ridge, which starts at the lesser trochanter and extends along the medial femoral margin for more than half of the femur length. On this basis we conclude that the mode of loco- motion of the Peski morganucodontid was similar to that of modern echidnas. During the propulsive phase the femur did not retract and the step elongation was provided by pronation of the femur. Key words : Mammalia, Morganucodontidae, femur, anatomy, locomotion, Jurassic, Russia. Petr P. Gambaryan [[email protected]] and Alexander 0. -
Onychophorology, the Study of Velvet Worms
Uniciencia Vol. 35(1), pp. 210-230, January-June, 2021 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ru.35-1.13 www.revistas.una.ac.cr/uniciencia E-ISSN: 2215-3470 [email protected] CC: BY-NC-ND Onychophorology, the study of velvet worms, historical trends, landmarks, and researchers from 1826 to 2020 (a literature review) Onicoforología, el estudio de los gusanos de terciopelo, tendencias históricas, hitos e investigadores de 1826 a 2020 (Revisión de la Literatura) Onicoforologia, o estudo dos vermes aveludados, tendências históricas, marcos e pesquisadores de 1826 a 2020 (Revisão da Literatura) Julián Monge-Nájera1 Received: Mar/25/2020 • Accepted: May/18/2020 • Published: Jan/31/2021 Abstract Velvet worms, also known as peripatus or onychophorans, are a phylum of evolutionary importance that has survived all mass extinctions since the Cambrian period. They capture prey with an adhesive net that is formed in a fraction of a second. The first naturalist to formally describe them was Lansdown Guilding (1797-1831), a British priest from the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent. His life is as little known as the history of the field he initiated, Onychophorology. This is the first general history of Onychophorology, which has been divided into half-century periods. The beginning, 1826-1879, was characterized by studies from former students of famous naturalists like Cuvier and von Baer. This generation included Milne-Edwards and Blanchard, and studies were done mostly in France, Britain, and Germany. In the 1880-1929 period, research was concentrated on anatomy, behavior, biogeography, and ecology; and it is in this period when Bouvier published his mammoth monograph. -
I Found a Baby Mammal Now What?
I Found a Baby Mammal Now What? To Find a wildlife Is baby animal hurt or sick rehabilitator in your area, (bleeding, shivering, vomiting; contact No was attacked by cat/dog?) •Your state wildlife agency •Humane Society Yes Can you find the nest or den? •Audubon Society Is it intact? •Wild bird stores •City Animal control officer •Veterinarian (wildlife/exotic) Yes No Call a wildlife rehabilitator. •Coast Guard or Marine Patrol •US Fish & Wildlife Service Place baby in Place baby in •Wildlife Rehab Info Directory: nest/den. shallow box close to (wildliferehab.virtualave.net) where it was found. Keep it warm but out of Unable to reach a wildlife rehabilitator? sun. Call your state wildlife agency or a wildlife Veterinarian. A baby’s Watch for mother for best chance 4-6 hours. for survival Stay completely out of sight. is its mother Mothers won’t return if any people or pets are present. If you are unable to reach any of the Above, see instructions on back of this page: “How to rescue Baby Mammals” Did the Mother return? Yes No Leave the area. Call a wildlife Baby is OK. rehabilitator. If you find a seal pup or fawn: If you find baby bunnies: •Mothers normally leave their babies to feed. •If their nest has been damaged it can be repaired. Look for a •If baby looks cold, hungry, diseased, or shallow depression lined with grass/fur. Place babies in nest with confused, or if dogs, other animals, or people light layers at grass to hide them. Leave the area, or the mother threaten its safety, call a wildlife rehabilitator won’t return. -
A B C Pregnancy Terms and Definitions
Pregnancy Terms and Definitions Obstetrics & Gynecology A After pains or afterbirth pains: Contractions of the uterus that occur after your baby is born, as the uterus returns to its normal size. This may cause cramping for a few days, especially if this is not your first baby or if you are nursing. Amniocentesis: the removal of a sample of amniotic fluid by means of a needle inserted through the mother’s abdominal wall; used for genetic and biochemical analysis of the baby. Amniotic fluid: the liquid surrounding and protecting the baby within the amniotic sac throughout pregnancy. Amniotic sac: the membrane within the uterus that contains the baby and the amniotic fluid. Analgesic: Medication that relieves or reduces pain. Anesthesia: Loss of feeling. There are three ways of doing this: general, local and epidural. Anesthesiologist: A doctor who specializes in the use of anesthesia. Anesthetist: A registered nurse who has special training in anesthesia. Apgar score rating: A system to evaluate the health of your baby immediately after birth. The score can be zero to 10, based on appearance and color, pulse, reflexes, activity and respiration. B Baby blues: A mild depression many women feel in the first few weeks after birth. Braxton-Hicks contractions: Mild, usually painless contractions that occur during the entire pregnancy, but are only felt from the 5th month on. Breech birth: Baby is born feet or buttocks first. C Cephalopelvic disproprition (CPD): Baby’s head is too large for the mother’s pelvic bones. Cervix: the neck of the uterus; Pap smears are taken from the cervix.